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    agriculture anu immature 6 THE NORTHERN STAii June 28, 1845

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    ;, FIELWJARDEN OPERATIONS. For tiie We& ...

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    AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Agricultural, li...

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    Cwttst Jntelugeiue.

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    TO TIIE CHARTIST BODY. Friends, —I last ...

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    Joist Report of the Inspectobs of Factor...

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    gecflmttsi, -OTetuesi, & imquesits*

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    Alarming Fibe at Clapham-Rise. —On Sunda...

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  • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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    Agriculture Anu Immature 6 The Northern Staii June 28, 1845

    agriculture anu _immature 6 THE NORTHERN STAii June 28 , 1845

    ;, Fielwjarden Operations. For Tiie We& ...

    ; , _FIELWJARDEN OPERATIONS . For tiie We _& cotmencingMmday , July 1 st , 1841 . I Extracted from a Duet of Actual Operations on fi _resmanfcnnson tiie estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model _ftrnis on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at _Sfcuthwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be . undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at WiUingdon and Eastdean , of

    fiveacreseaca , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . SecondL Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several privatemodelfenns near the samepla . ee . _Theconsecutiveoperationsinthesereports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diabt is aided by "Notesand Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for tiie ti ; :: c raid season , which we subjoin .

    "Cau yon keep a pig ! You will find a pig thc best save-all that yon can have about a garden - and he will pay _j-ou weU for Ms keep . "—The Her . fi . W . Kyle ' s lecture Note . —The scliool farms are cultivated by boys , Viho in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for tiie master ' s benefit , which renders tiie schools _selt-SCFf okhxo . We believe that at Fandy Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventit to titc master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate _tiair land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , & c , to convert tlieir produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christinas may be divided , after paying rent and levy amongst them in proportion to their services , and be wade thus indirectly to rearii t / ieirparents in a tean tiie most grateful to their feelings . ]

    SUSSEX . _MoXDAT—Wdlixxgdon School . Boys digging , and manuring with tank liquid for white turnips after spring tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging , and planting cabbages , watering them , weeding and hoeing _potatoes . Piper . Hoeing lucerne ; hoe it deep . Dumbrell . Sowing soot and lime on the turnips , to drive away the Hy , cutting np tare stubble . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Boy 3 doing the same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Boys planting cabbages , manuring and watering , weeding mangel wurzel , cabbages , and turnips . Piper . Applying tank liquid to the lucerne . Dutnbrell . Cutting tare stubble for litter , planting cabbages . Wednesdat— WiUfngdon Scliool . Boys digging , and anplvimj tank liquid for white turnips after tares .

    Eastdean School . Boys emptying pigstye tank , sowing rape and tares for green food , hoeing potatoes . Ilper . Hoeing potatoes ; remove the bloom as you go on . DumbreU . Transplanting mangel wurzel , cutting np rye grass . _THURsniT— WiUingdon School . Boys sowing white turnips and harrowing . Eastdean School . Boys hoeing potatoes , nipping thc blossoms from them , weeding oats and barley . Piper . Hoeingpotatoes ; do not break or bruise the haulm . ' DumbreU . Earthing up potatoes , transplanting parsnips . Fbidat . —WiUmgdon School . Buys digging , and applying solid manure for white turni ps after spring tares . Eastdean School . Copions ram , boys in the school or slatting straw , and _learninn- to make hcc-hi \ es . ' Pf per . Digging tare ground . IhmbrtM Ear thing up potatoes , transplanting mangel wurrel .

    Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys earthing up po tatoes . Eastdean School . Boys transplanting potatoes , sowing white turnip ' seed , cleaning out piggery , portable pails , and school-room . Piper Same as before . DumbreU . Hoeing carrots , digging np tare ground , digging up rye grass .

    TOBKSHIKE . Sutithwaite Tenants . C . Varley , sowing swede turnips , planting swedes , manuring for and planting turnips , mowing grass . John Bamford , weeding and hoeing swede turnips , earthing potatoes , and planting swedes . COW-FEEDKG . WiUmgdon School . Cows fed on tares in the stall . DumbreU ' s . Two cow 3 stall-fed with tares till Friday , afterwards with clover . C . Varlcy ' s . Stall-fed on peas and gras 3 .

    XOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Fauns of Field Gabdexixg at Eastbourne . — [ "Providence nerer sends mouths but it sends meat , "—< Xd _ProtttvA—Ihave been favoured with a letter from Mrs . Davies Gilbert which shows , in a most striking manner , what has resulted from Belgian tanning on hcrestates , _andinspircs hopes ofits success elsewhere . "John Harris , " says she , "the Eastdean schoolmaster , who was taken from thc Eastbourne Union House a few years ago , with his wife and seven children , last Michaelmas-day , the very day it became due , paid the last rent ofhis land of five acres ; after -which 1 saw hu two cows , which are thriving in tiie stable—one pig nearly readv to kill—another with

    thirteen nigs a month old—a stack of oats—six pits of potatoes in the field—turnips , mangel wurzel , rape and clover growing . It being Saturday , his sons werc thrashing ont his wheat in the school-room , while his scholars werc digging his land , much of which was ready for the next crop . " How remarkable the contrast with what follows , contained in the same letter . "I had a maid who lived with me thirteen years , and married my coachman who had lived with me seven years . Taking a farm of , I believe , 100 acres , he sank his own money , and his relations say died of grief for the loss of it , leaving Ms widow with three cliildren , who is come into my house , and I hope will lire well as schoolmistress oil five acres

    Humble "Wealth . —I" Man U the masterpiece of creation : he is better than money , house , or land . " ]—I select another instance in Jesse Piper . He evidently with much , satisfaction , at Christmas last , being ont of debt , described the treasures of his Utile farm , mure precious to him than the rich man ' s abundance . From an acre of wheat , except two or three rods , he liad thirty-seven bushels of grain and 130 trusses of straw : aud ten stray oxen had destroyed him several bushels just before harvest . He has 250 bushels of potatoes , from three-quarters of an acre ; four tons of turnips ; two tons of carrots : Ms lucerne

    he has cut five tunes , the worth of it 30 s . ; onions ten bushels , worth £ * 2 ; carrot seed £ 1 ; turnip seed 10 s . ; barley , four bushels , 12 s . ; four bushels of peas , worth 12 s . ; hay , one and three-quarters tons , worth £ -5 ; one cow , worth to him quite £ 10 a-year , and last year he bought one for £ 4 , which will calve in three weeks , and sell then for £ 8 ; and to crown all Ms riches , three hop , each weighing twenty-sis stones !! Much better situate was this poor but intelligent man , than if he had been in the Union house , as might have been the case , at the cost of his own maintenance and that of Ms family broken down in spirit , discontented , and unhappy .

    Agricultural Chemistry. Agricultural, Li...

    AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . Agricultural , like every other branch of indastry , is capable of great improvement , from the application of well-established scientific principles . It can never chum to rank as a separate science , but must be considered as one of the most ancient , most use ul , and most honourable arts . When we review the numerous and wonderful discoveries of modern chemistry , and their successful application to every other art oflife , we cannot repress ihe hope and belief , that agriculture will advance in the general march of useful knowledge , and not merely receive , but reflect back , some rays of fhe light that now beams from so many points . Impressed with this hope and belief , the attention of tne reader is invited fo a few facts in

    chemical philosophy , which appear to be the most fully estebhshed the most easy to be comprehended , and the best calculated to reward inquiry by their application to agriculture , 1 . Plants and animals , being endowed with life , constitute what is called the organic kingdom of nature , because they arc furnished with organs orintruments adapted to the niaintenanee of that life . The material of which they are constructed—that which forms the roots , stems ' , leaves , fruits and seeds of plants—the blood , flesh , « fcc ., of _arumals—is termed organic or agonized matter . 2 . Physiology is the study of the living powers , or vital functions of animals and plants . This is a very extensive and fascinating branch of sciencebut we

    , ran only touch upon it incidentally as we proceed . There is , however , one proposition of phvsiology now generally admitted , which we shall take _' for granted , ottemse all the mquiries of agricultural chemistry will be vain . It is this : that animals and plants can create nothing ; that every thing entering into their composition _, how much soever it may bemodifiedand exalted , so to speak , by the marvellous powers oflife , isi derive-3 from without—from their food , orfromthe _ai j or soil . A cow , for instance , supplies us with milk and beef ; bnt shederivestheelementarymatter of j ddch mak and beef are composed from the food taken into the stomach , carried into the circulation , exposed in the lungs to the air . & c How the food of

    the cow is converted into beef is a question of physiology ; it is a vital process , which imemistry cannot mutate or expbin ; chemistry _^ can -decompose , but cannot r ecompose , _oi-gamcmsfier . The chemist , in-¦ fc _& J E" i _^ ' ' 8 taTCh _ior sawdust intohis a * iks and alembics , with adds , alkalies , and the _&^ _Jrt csa J * " ™ * something like dne into sometmS _^ _) dis s at _lart _thatthese _W _/ a _^^ -LT _^ _** 7 J ™ 5 ? charcoaland _^ the _^^^ _^ -f _^^ eanpe . _'' He cannot _bftofrKtatoj hh _^ S _^ ' - - _^ ere is life in the _prmcig _^ hichbW _tf _pofsses the living but the cause of _e _^^ _ot-- *" _^ * organisation _.

    3 . The chemist can decompose organised matter , and resolve it into its elementary constituents , which are few in number—admirable in their properties . 4 . 15 we put a piece of wood into a gun-barrel , or other iron tube , closed at one end and loosely plugged at the other , so as to permit the escape of smoke , and at the same time to exclude the air , we can heat the iron tube red hot , and observe smoke issuing for some time by the sides of the plugs . If we examine the contents of the tube , after it has grown cool , we shall find the wood retaining its size and shape , but lighter than before , and quite black in colour . The wood is now converted into charcoal . If the heat were

    continued for hours or days , guarding against the admission of air , the charcoal would undergo no further change or loss of wei ht ; but whenever we make it red-hot in the open air , it consumes away , and in its place wconlyfindafewashes . Wood , therefore , consists , 1 st , of something volatile which flies off of itself , or exhales away by heat ; 2 nd , of charcoal ; which , in close vessels , is not volatile , bat fixed , yet is combustible in the open air' 3 rd , of ashes , that the fire leaves behind . 5 . If we treat in this way seeds of wheat , or bits of carrot , beet , potato , sugar , gum , cotton , flax , flesh , hair , silk , & c , < fcc ., we resolve them all by fire into volatilematter—charcoal , ashes .

    6 . If , instead of a gun-barrel or iron tube , we employ a suitable glassretort and receiver , with some other apparatus easily procured , we can collect _everything driven off by the fire , can separate and examine these volatile products . Chemists have collected them , and tried upon them an infinite number of experiments ; they have obtained , or produced , so many other singular matters , that their very names are enough to terrify the beholder , environed as they arc with cabalistic symbols , wliich the present state of chemical science is found to require . Hard indeed would be the lot ofa contemplative agriculturist , if a knowledge of all these cruel names were essential to

    thc success ofhis inquiries . Such , however , is not thc case ; itis enough for him to learn , that the sum of all the chemist _' sknowledgethns obtainedismercly this , tbat every material partof everything that has lived upon the earth may be resolved into a very few elements , the four principal ones being oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , and charcoal , which last is termed by chemists carbon . 1 . Now , oxygen and hydrogen constitute water ; oxygen and nitrogen form the air we breathe : so that water , air , charcoal , and a few ashes , are the primary elements or materials from which have sprang every living thing ; every beast , bird , fish , and insect ; every treeand green herb , and into which they all return when bereft of life .

    8 . Again : water , as we shall see , consists of two kinds ef air , oxygen and hydrogen ; charcoal , as wc have just shown ( par . 6 , ) is easily burnt away in thc open air , being dissolved into carbonic acid gas ; so that , in point of fact , plants and animals are nothing _morethanairandashes . A contemporary philosopher ofthe first rank ( M . Dumas ) goes , howerer , rather too far , in concluding that" plants and animals come from the atmosphere and return into it . " Those substances which enter the juices of plants in very minute quantify , and which constitute their ashes , are proved more clearly every day to be of vast consequence in vegetation , and of commensurate interest in the operations of agriculture . Nor must we forget the bony skeleton of animals , though the latter , consisting principally of lime and phosphorus , may be kept out of view for the present .

    9 . But , in the first instance at least , we cannot apply ourselves to any subject of chemical inquiry so profitably , in every sense of the word , as to the four cardinal points—oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , and carbon . These four elementary bodies are diffused above , below , and on every side ; by their unceasing influence , their actions and re-aetions , their combination and decomposition , they minister to the life , growth , death , and decay of all organised beings . The study of these elements the illustrious Lavoisier appears to have selected with admirable sagacity , and to have pursued with unremitted perseverance , inspired and supported by the conviction , that by the agency of theso elements all the stupendous changes manifested on the face of thc globe , and all the inscrutable operations of animal and vegetable life , hare been and arc accomplished .

    the , atmosphere . 10 . The atmosphere is supposed to be about fifty miles high , gradually decreasing in density or specific gravity , as it rises above the surface of the earth . At the level of the sea , the atmosphere presses with a force of 151 bs . upon every square ineh of surface when the barometer stands at its average height . 11 . Atmospheric air consists principally of two gases , named oxygen and nitrogen . 12 . Besides oxygen and nitrogen , atmospheric air always contains the vapour of water , carbonic acid , and other gaseous matters ( par . 8 ) . But chemists ,

    speaking of atmospheric air , or common air , suppose a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen , free from all impurity , and in every 100 measures , containing 21 measures of oxygen and * 79 of nitrogen , lt is a general opinion among those who have attended to the subject , that the constitution of the atmosphere , so far as regards the proportion of oxygen and nitrogen , is nearly -uniform at all quarters ofthe globe , and at every point of elevation above the surface of thc earth : this view ofthe subject has been called in question by Dr . Dalton , but may be admitted at present as sufficient for all practical

    purposes . 13 . There is an elementary substance called phosphorus , in appearance not unlike wax or tallow . Like these matters , it is combustible ; but they ean be decomposed—they can be resolved into carbon and hydrogen . Phosphorous contains no carbon , no hydrogen , nothing more elementary than itself ; itis therefore deemed a simple or elementary substance . If we set a piece of phosphorus on fire , anu hold a bellglass over it , the p hosphorus burns a short time , and is then extinguished . It has the property of consuming all the oxygen of the air , confined by the bellglass , expeditiously and completely . The same object maybe obtained in a more quiet manner , and more instructively , without setting the phosphorus on fire

    at all Dry a stick of phosphorus on blotting paper for a minute or two , then put it into a wine-glass . Set the foot ofthe wine-glass in water , and invert the bell-glass over it as before . B slow degrees the water will rise in the inside ofthe bell-glass , and at the expiration ofa few days , in warm weather , the phosphorus will be found , by slow combustion , to have devoured about one-fifth ofthe air , andtheremaining four-fifths will be found entirel y altered , not in appearance , but in properties . It will no longer support flame of any kind , and a small animal confined in it would die for want of breath ; hence it is sometimes called azote , or azotic gas—lifeless air . It is now , however , more commonly called nitrogen , "because it may be obtained from nitreor saltpetre .

    , 14 . _^ When chemists analyse air , they mostly find it sufficient for the purpose they have in view to ascertain the proportion of oxygen ; and as they consider oxygen the purer portion of air , they term the instruments by wliich it is measured , " Eudiometers / ' tests of parity or virtue . To effectuate this object , there are many other contrivances , whieh , like the experiments above described , abstract the oxygen andleave the nitrogen behind . But no ingenuity has yet accomplished the abstraction of nitrogen from atmospheric air , so as to leave the oxygen pure . Nitrogen is not merely shy , reluctant , and furtive , in forming combinations ( indeed it is often hard to say how it does come to be combined at all ) , but it seems always on the watch for an opportunity to regain its free and

    independent condition , and frequently bursts away with violence . Some of the most dangerous chemical compounds , those which explode on theslightest touch , derive their formidable character , their fuhxxinatixxg property , from this element . 15 . Kitrogen , combined with another element , _hydrogen , will be found worthy of deep attention and study in the state of ammonia , audits compounds . Combined with oxygen , nitrogen forms nitric acid , one constituent of the nitrates of soda and potash . But ammonia and the nitrates must be postponed for the present . 16 . Oxygen constitutes more than a fifth of the atmosphere in which we live , eight-ninths of the whole quantity of water on the surface ofthe earth ,

    and , besides existing in great quantity hi all animal and vegetable bodies , if forms at least one-third ofthe total weight of the crust of the globe . On oxygen , the _Sroeesses of combustion and respiration are depenent ; the functions of animal and vegetable life are sustained through its agency ; and dead organised matter , uniting again with oxygen by the process of decomposition , becomes the food of a new race of plants . 17 . It has been shown ( par . 13 ) that atmospheric air , deprived of its oxygen , will no longer maintain the flame oT a taper , or that sort of combustion which is called respiration , and is essential to animal life . We may expect , therefore , that pure oxygen gas—air with nitrogen—will support combustion with more brilliance than common au * . Accordingly itis found , that a wax taper , a stick of phosphorus , charcoal , sulphur , and even iron-wire may be burned in

    oxygen gas with an evolution of much light and heat . Animals confined in oxygen gas do not , however , live long ; it burns life away too fast . But with this we have little to do : it is enough for our purpose just now to learn , that the atmosphere consists of two gases , mixed together in the proportion of one part , or a little more , by-measure , of oxygen , to four parts of nitrogen ; and that the one , oxygen , supports combustion and respiration ; while the other , nitrogen , extinguishes flame and animal life . 18 . Chemists , as we have already noticed ( par . 14- _**) attach more importance te oxygen than to nitrogen ; bnt it may be taken as a general principle , that aU articles of food are enhanced in value by tiie proportion of nitrogen they co & aixt ; and that among the substances which , acting as manures , yield food to plant ? , those which contain the largest quantity of azotized animal or vegetable matter contribute the most to enrich the soil .

    wathk . 19 . Sir Isaac Newton conjectured that water contained someinflanmable ingredient . Our illustrious _wmntryman , the Hon . Mr . Cavendish , discovered ita red composition about the year 1766 . WateV is found to consist of oxygen , ( the gas we have already wns _^ reimparagraplw _ie , 17 , and 18 . ) and

    hydrogen , another gaseous element , which derives its name from this property of forming water with oxygen , though the latter constitutes by far the greater portion . In every nine ounces , pounds , or tons ot water by weight , there are precisely eight ounces , pounds , or tons of oxygen , to one of hydrogen . This is a fact of great importance to be remembered . Chemists have taken infinite pains to ascertain the point with accuracy . One of the most recent and most precise ( M . Dumas ) burnt together oxygen and hydrogen , until he had obtained above a quart of water , in a series of very difficult and delicate experiments , the

    result of which " enabled that eminent philosopher to pronounce the composition of water to be , by weight , exactly onc part of hydrogen and eight parts of oxygen . These arc termed combining proportions by pne , chemical equivalents by another , atoms by a third ; —by whatever name they may be called , these simple numbers represent the constitution of pure or distilled water , from what source orwhatclimate soever it may be obtained—whether at the level of the sea , or the summit of the highest mountain—thawed from an icicle—condensed from a steam-engine—poured from a thunder-cloud—or deposited from a mist .

    20 . Hydrogen ( sometimes called "inflammable air , " because it is combustible in oxygen gas or in atmospheric air ) is the lightest substance in nature . When oxygen and hydrogen are burned together in the oxy-hydrogen lamp , one measure of oxygen is found " to combine with two measures of hydrogen _exactlv . Whenever water is decomposed by voltaic electricity , thc two gases are invariably collected in the same proportion—two to one by measure * , if these he mixed and fired by electricity , they explode together , the gases disappear , and water is produced . Now , as water consists of two measures of hydrogen to one measure of oxygen , and as this oue measure of the latter weighs eight times as much as thc two measures of the former , it follows that oxygen is sixteen times heavier than hydrogen . The combining equivalent of oxygen is therefore said to be sixteen .

    21 . It would seem that , bythe process of vegetation , and in many operations connected with agriculture , water is resolved into its two gaseous elements , and that sometimes thc oxygen , sometimes the hydrogen , sometimes both together , produce , by composition and decomposition , effects which at first sight could hardly be expected from clear , bland , tasteless water acting upon nitrogen or charcoal , whether tinder the mysterious influence of vital power , or the no less admirable laws of chemical agency . As wc proceed , we shall gradually learn to appreciate the results of this never-ceasing activity of the elements of water . ( To be contixiued . )

    Cwttst Jntelugeiue.

    _Cwttst _Jntelugeiue .

    To Tiie Chartist Body. Friends, —I Last ...

    TO TIIE CHARTIST BODY . Friends , —I last week gave you an outline of my proceedings during the preceding week , and shall now proceed to nan-ate to you the course of my subsequent conduct : —

    MACCLESFIELD . On Tuesday the 10 th inst ., at half-past seven in the evening , 1 attended a public meeting in this place , on the usual spot , —Park green . Mr . Allen , who presided on the former occasion , was _unanimoasly called to the chair ; and after a few introductory remarks , introduced our old and faithful friend , Mr . John West , to the meeting . He entered into a length y and elaborate exposition of first principles as applied to the land ; shewed thc manner by which the aristocracy became possessed of the vast estates of which they now proclaim themselves the indisputable owners ; elucidated in clear and forcible terms the necessary consequence to society of thc usurpation of the great raw material by a elass , particularly when

    idle and vicious , sueh as are those from whom our governors arc selected ; and conoluded a most effective address by exposing the ignorance of those who adduce the state of Ireland as a proof that parcelling the land out in small allotments must necessarily be an injury to the working classes—proving that the SOB-LETZI . VG" _srsmi , with a want of proper tenure , and not the small farm principle , was the great operating cause _^ against the happiness of tho people of Ireland . This fallacy is often put forth by ignorant and interested persons against thc small farm system . After Mr . West had concluded , I was oalled upon , and explained the Land Plan of the Convention , which seemed to give much satisfaction . I took up the objections urged against thc plan , and replied

    to them . This brought out a person who had mounted the hustings evidently for tho purpose of opposition . He stated that ho was a stranger in the town , but having read the objections put forth , and hearing of the meeting , hc had resolved upon attending and hearing for himself : but Mr . Clark had anticipated his objections , and replied to them , so as to leave him nothing to say . Thc chairman was about to dissolve the meeting , when a Mr . Carruther , the leading man of the League in Macclesfield , commenced an attack on Mr . "West for his opposition to the principles of that party ; and insinuated that the motives which prompted such opposition could not be pure . To this Mr . West replied in a good-huniourea and happy manner , announcing his readiness to meet any

    man the League could produce , and discuss the question with hini . In reply to this , Mr . Carruther stated that Mr . Timothy Falvy was about visiting Macclesfield for the purpose of lecturixig in opposition to Mr . West , when the latter would have an opportunity of testing his anti-League opinions . Mr . West at once accepted the invitation , hoping that there would be no shuffling ; and that as Mr . _Camither was the accredited mouth-piece of the League , he might take his word that Mr . Falvy would meet liim , to which Mr . Carruther assented . Should this " setto" come off , the inhabitants of Macclesfield may expect a treat _, and thc League a dressing . God help them ! —On Monday morning I left Macclesfield tor the Potteries , the distance being about twentvnulos ,

    partially through thc most delightful and romantic district of Cheshire , famous for the fertility of its soil and the abundance ofthe crops produced from it . If any argument was wanted to convince mc of the superiority ofthe rural over a " rattle-box" life , I had it in the enchanting scene that opened up before me . There was nature decked out in her gayest attire , compelling thc enthusiastic admiration of the most callous and indifferent . The trees were bending beneath the weight of a luxurious foliage , the feathered tribe in the full enjoyment of liberty , warbling their notes of gladness , " looking proudly down on the " Lord of the Creation , " and as it were inviting the contrast that their relative positions could not fail to provoke . Here and there , though

    thinly scattered and dotted over thc scene , stood the white-washed cottage , the emblem of peace and content ; _, surrounded by woodbine and partially covered by the " ivy green . " The corn was sending forth its nutritious shoot , and the grass wore that healthy colour which indicates thc prospect of a " good crop . " Indeed , the whole face of nature presented a most promising appearance . From this enchanting and enrapturing prospect , a short time introduced me to the smoky and murky atmosphere of the Potteries , wliere I had agreed to meet , for a third time , in discussion , Mr . Evans , editor of the Potters' Emmintr , on the subject of " Home Colonisation versus Emigration . " At the request of Mr . Evans , I consented to hold the discussion at Burslem , the

    stronghold of the Emigration Society : thou { fnI was aware that I should necessarily have a great deal of prejudice to contend against , as I was not only to oppose their " pet man , " but also their darling measure , which , as It had been represented to them , would put them in possession of a paradise , as compared with anything that could possibly be done at home . However , I had full reliance on the _superiority of my principle over that of my opponent ; in addition to which I had , on the two former occasions , fully satisfied not only the general public , but numbers of the Enugrationists , that with the means it would take to transport themselves and families to America , they might be made comfortable in England . The meeting , like the two former ones , was crowded to excess .

    Mr . Evans travelled over the same ground he had traversed on the previous occasions , and I of course was compelled to follow Mm . The discussion was carried on with pretty good temper all through , and we separated with a distinct understanding that we had both been victorious . Many however observe , tliat as a proof that Mr . Evans feels he has lost ground , he has , in last week ' s Examiner , promised his friends that if they will but attend to him that what he failed to do in the discussion he will try to do through the columns of the Examiner . In " the discussion he stated that the corn to be grown by the Potters' Colony would be sent through the Canadas into England and sold in our market , where it would of course have to come in contact with our

    homegrown grain , and thus the Potters , removed from the manufacturing market in Hanly , would go to America to become a competitive power against our agioultural labourers . That ' s " out of the frying pan into fire , " with a vengeance . In a former number of thc Examiner , in reply to some observations from Mr . O'Connor , Mr . Evans says , that the main object of the society is "to remove the surplus labour from their trade , & c ; " the plan he proposes is . to send the surplus Potters to the United States , where they could carry on the potting business . . Now , when it is understood that nearly one-ffdrd of the entire potting trade of this country is carried on with America , the ordinary run o mankind will be at a loss to discover how the Potters who remain at home are likely to be

    benefitted by sending out a number of persons to America to execute those orders which they now have thc execution of at home . Certainly Mr . Evans and his friends are justified in denouncing the Chartists of the Potteries as enemies of union for refusing to tolerate such trash as this . I would tell Mr . Evans , however , that he may write himself black in the face ere he will be able to convince the working men of the Potteries that Yates , _Benington _, Oldham , and a host of other noble fellows ( some of whom have shown their devotion to union by twelve months on the treadmill ) , who are now struggling to emancipate their country , are at all mimical to combinations of the Trades . If they refuse to listen to the folly of emigration , I think it is by no means a proof of a want of sincerity

    To Tiie Chartist Body. Friends, —I Last ...

    in the cause of humanity : and from what I know of these men , I feel conscious that any of them would rather be " a toad , and feed upon the loathsome vapours of a dungeon , " than stand up in the presence of a meeting of their townsmen , and eschew all their former opinions , even though they might have held the " extravant notions o f the Socialists . " No , no , Mr . Evans ; not one of them would do that . And yet they are made the subject of repeated attacks from your pen—covertly , I admit—but not a whit the more manly on that account . So much for the Potteries ..

    BILSTON . On Thursday evening I lectured here to a large audience , on the subject of the Land . Mi-. Powell presided on the occasion ; and after I had spoken , an old friend , " Daddy Richards , " addressed the meeting at length , and with considerable effect . The result was the formation of a branch of thc Land Society . BIRMINGHAM . On Sunday morning I addressed a numerous meeting ( numerous , seeing that it was a Birmingham one ) , in _Duddeston-row , ou the measures ofthe late Convention , and was listened to with much attention . Mr . Williamson also spoke on the subject of union , severely lashing the working classes for their callous and disgraceful apathy .

    BILSTO . V . I attended here again on Tuesday , for the purpose of delivering a second lecture on the Land , but on mv arrival , I found the whole population of the district in a state of high ferment , m consequence ot the ruffianly conduot of a party of thc " Rural Blues , " who had , as far I could learn , made a savage attack upon some working man , who resisted ; and several other working men interfering on his behalf , they were all arrested , and duly committed to Stafford , to be tried at the sessions : the committing

    Dogberry being a tyrannical coal king . I saw a number of brave (!) policemen armed with cutlasses , talung the men off to Wolverhampton , amidst the most dreadful groans I ever heard . I addressed a meeting in the Chartist Room , Stanley . strect , " Daddy Richards" in the chair , and he joined me in pointing out the foll y of such petty interferences as had taken place with blackguard policemen . We both reconimendod them to steer clear of such conduet , and the meeting separated . —Thomas Clark , Birmingham , "Wednesday .

    GREENWICH . The _Enclosure op Commons Act and the Chartist Co-op £ rative Land Society . — The assembly room of thc George and Dragon Tavern , _BlackkeathhiU , was on Monday evening last completely filled with a highly _-Respectable audience to take into consideration the _anovc subjects . Mr . Firth was unanimously called to the chair , and having briefly opened the proceedings , called on Mr . J . Morgan to move the adoption of a petition . Mr . Morgan read at leneth a petition against the Enclosure Bill of thc

    Earl of Lincoln , also praying for the repeal of all Enclosure Acts , and the restitution of the land to the people . He said public meetings were called for the purpose of testing public feeling ; but it unfortunately too frequently happened that the few took upon themselves to think and act for thc many . ( Hear , hear . ) The promoters of that meeting , however , hoped that the audience had strength of mind sufficient to think and act for themselves . Sir Robert Peel had recentl y attributed our present anomalous condition—a condition which showed the extreme of

    wealth and the extreme ot poverty—to our high state of civilisation ( laughter ) , whilst Lord Brougham had most blasphemously attributed our miseries to Divine Providence * , but let the people only persevere in their present course , and they will soon convince ( he most sceptical that their miseries and difficulties are the result of neither the onc nor the other , but the sure results of class legislation , ( Loud cheers . )—Mr . Benington oordially seconded the motion . —Mr . P . M'Grath , in rising to support the petition , was received with niueh applause . He said , when we consider the grievances of the Seop le , and the nostrums provided to alleviate theiv istresses—when we find people stupid enough , oi wicked enough to propagate the doctrine that this

    land of ours will not grow food enough to support its inhabitants ; when we find Lord John Russell telling the British House of Commons that nothing but a national system of emigration can effectually remedy our ills , it is time for us to look round and see if our own native soil will not sustain in plenty , comfort , and happiness the whole of our population . ( Cheers . ) Able men , staticians of great renown—men who do not hold Chartist principles—these men , whose authority has been admitted by the Government , have given testimony that the lands of England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales will support more than three times the amount of their present inhabitants . ( Cheers . ) Strange as it may appear , wc meet here to ask the Parliament of the United Kingdom to

    restore the land that has from time to time been stolen from us . Aye , my friends , it is a fact , that the land has been stolen from us ; and did you now venture to set your foot on what was once yours , in pursuit of tho wild animals that run across it , or the wild birds that fly over it , you would subject yourselves to imprisonment , or , perchance , seven years ' transportation for " poaching . " Could we only obtain a restoration ofthe stolen lands , and employ the people thereon , it would at once relieve thc labour market of its surcharge , regulate the wages in the artificial market , and surround the mass of the people with the blessings of peace , prosperity , and happiness . ( Great cheering . ) He was a " first principle man ;" and as such looked upon the earth as man ' s

    inheritance , thc gift of the Creator to liis creatures in common . ( Loud cheers . ) How was this precious gift lost ? Look back to the time of the Norman Invasion . Behold the "heroes" cutting the throats and murdering the inhabitants , and then parcelling out the land to their retainers . But did murder and pillage confer a " title ? " Did it _jifctify tho descendants of the perpetrators in starving the industrious millions to death ? ( Loud cheers . ) When a Scotch nobleman was once asked what "title" he had to his estate , he drew his sword , threw it on the table , and said , " There is my title deed . " ( Hear , hear . ) We are frequently told that we have " a glorious constitution in Church and State ( laughter ); and that under its protection thc sun never rises on the palace

    of a tyrant , or sets on the cottage of a slave . " The only difference between slavery at home and slavery abroad is , that thc foreign slave works for one master , who looks to his welfare as he would to any other piece of property ( hear , hear ) , while the slave at home works for axiy master who will be graoiously pleased to allow him . ( Hear , hear . ) The life of thc savage of the desert is far preferable to the " civilised " "free-born" Englishman . The savage rises in the morning , takes his bow , and traverses majestically his native forest in quest of prey , without the least dread of the accursed Game Laws , and returns at night laden with the spoils of the chaco , to enjoy it in hia own wigwam , surrounded by his own free and healthful family . 0 , how different was the lot of the

    poor English man or woman , stewed up in the unhealthy atmosphere of a factory , and whose only lot was—work , work , work . ( Hear , hear . ) Perchance the English labourer is employed on some Government w > rk ; well , he turns out to work at six in the morning , continuing at it until night ; and no sooner does he attempt toleave his employment for the night , than officers search his hat and his pockets , for a man can't be poor but he must be a thief . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , the free-born Briton reaches the street with his two shillings and sixpence . Arrived at the grocers ' , he essays to spend it . Here he is taxed fifty per cent . H « j next strolls into thc public-house to be taxed seventy-five per cent . ; and alas , while excited by the dram , and buried amid the fumes of

    tobacco , he so far forgets himself as to sing " Britons never shall be slaves . " ( Loud cheers . ) If the people did not bestir themselves , and that quickly , the Earl of Lincoln and the mania for enclosing would not leave them a vestige of their common lauds . ( Hear , hear . ) He could not agree with the idea of the people transporting themselves , whilst there was so much land at home in want of cultivation . —Thc petition was put and earned unanimously . On thc motion of Messrs . Morgan and Bigg , it was unanimously resolved , that the petition be signed bv the chairman on behalf of the meeting , and that _' it be forwarded to Admiral Dundas for presentation to the House of Commons . —Mr . Stallwood moved the following resolution : — "That this raeetine view with

    delight any attempt made to restore the soil to the keeping of its rightful owners , thc people , and hereby pledges itself , individually and collectively , to support the Chartist Co-operative Land Plan . " Mr . Charles Bolwell , in seconding it , said he thought it admirably calculated to remove the surplus hands from the labour market , and to create a good home market with a steady consumption . He could sec no reason why any man should be a "Lord ef the soil . " No man had a right to hold another in serfdom . Thomas Paine _hadjwell observed , " God did not create rich aud poor , he only created male and female . " ( Loud cheers . ) He much feared it was to thc apathy of the workers that their miseries might be traced . Thev had allowed

    others to think and act for them , and the class legislators had first deprived them of the franchise , and then despoiled them of their rightful inheritancethe land . ( Loud cheers . )—Mr . Gathard , secretary to thc Lambeth Distriet of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , begged the attention of the meeting for a few minutes . He had seen in a certain newspaper a letter signed " William Wish-I-may-get-it . " He could not look at this production but as a fiction . He unhesitatingly asserted tliere could not be any such person as that letter would represent . In the first place , instead of thc society being dead , thc

    district to which hc had the honour to be secretary had made such progress that it now numbered one hundred members ( loud cheers ); and at each meeting considerable accessions werc made . Only let "William Wish-I-may-get-it" assume a corporeal shape , ' and attend the next meeting of his district , and he ( Mr . Gathard ) would undertake to return him any sum he . may have advanced On account of a share or shards —aye , if there were fifty of them . ( Loud cheers . ) He wonld however assure that meeting that no application of the sort , as represented in that letter , had been made to him as secretary . On the contrary , everything went on most harmoniously

    To Tiie Chartist Body. Friends, —I Last ...

    and prosperously ; and he was very happy to find that their exertions in this borough were also crowned with success . ( Great cheering . ) The resolution was then put and carried with aeclamation . A considerable number of rules were disposed of , and several shares taken up . Mr . Abbott , in an excellent speech , moved a vote of thanks to Messrs . M'Grath , Stallwood , and Bolwell , for their able assistance . Mr . Swcetlovc seconded the motion , whicli was carried unanimously . A like compliment was paid tho chairman , and thc meeting dissolved .

    MANCHESTER . The Lanb ! the Land !!—A public meeting was held in the Carpenters'Hall , Garrett-road , Manchester , on the evening of Sunday last , for the purpose of hearing a lecture on the all-important question , "The Land , " by Feargus O'Connor , Esq . The hall was crowded in eveiy part by a most respectable audience , amongst which was a goodly sprinkling of thc middling classes . Mr . John Smith , a factory slave , was unanimously called to thc chair , who said , that he was proud to preside over so large a meeting ofhis fellow-townsmen , but prouder still at seeing their old and tried friend , Mr . Feargus O'Connor , amongst them ( loud cheers ); more particularly as they had seen objections made , during the last

    few weeks , to the plan ofthe Chartist Co-operative Land Society , in Lloyd ' s Weekly Newspaper , by a man who did not give nis name . Mr . O Connor , no doubt , would reply to that gentleman , and likewise explain the principles of thc plan . He would therefore introduce that gentleman to their notice . Mr . O'Connor , on vising , was greeted with several rounds of applause , which having subsided , Mr . O'Connor said , he had a request to make , and that was , that they would allow Mr . Grocott to read his ( Mr . O'Connor ' s ) letter , from the Star of Saturday , as in that letter was given Mr . James Hill ' s plan of the National Land and Building Society . This would be doing more justice to Mr . Hill than that gentleman had shown towards him ( Mr . O'Connor ) . Mr .

    Grocott then read the whole of the letter , which was repeatedly cheered , after which Mr . O'Connor said , they would now be able to judge of the plan propounded by Mr . Hill ; or , as he ( Mr , O'Connor ) designated it , the " Seventy-five Assurance Company . " He had to stand thc whole of thc opposition of the wess ; of that of ambitious individuals , and that also of pot-house coteries . Much of his time was taken up in answering them . The reading of the letter , which tliey had heard , would enable them to _dcuide which was the " horse-chesnut" and which thc chesnut-horse . Mr . Hill said , by £ 20 shares thev might secure a room in a house for life . Why , if they would give him ( Mr . O'Connor ) 2000 £ 20 shares he would , in six years , give every shareholder a luhole house and ten acres of good land , freehold

    for ever . But Mr . Hill said it was not necessary that the shareholder in the " National Land and Building Association" should have paid up the whole of the £ 20 . A person at the age of 60 , who has paid £ 1112 s ., would be entitled to onc room in a wellventilated house for life ; and a man at thc age of Ih years , having paid little more than £ 5 , Avould be entitled to a like priviloge . This was indeed the "horse-chesnut ; " for Mi' . Hill was asking twenty per cent , more than any assurance company in England _, lie wished to establish individual ixidependence . This was opposed , from the petty shopkeeper to the Prime Minister : by all who lived b y the labour of others . Under thc present system , it is a difficult question to ascertain , "What is man ? " There was no saying now

    "k man ' s a man for a' that . " Mr . Dixon , of Carlisle , had 3000 men employed under him and his partners . Every man of these 3000 was at the mercy of Dixon . So it was with the Holdsworths , the Binleys , and all the rest , whether they employed 1000 or 100 men . An individual employed by these parties could not exercise the inde 2 > _exidence ofa man . lie was bound both by the caprice of the employer and the necessities of his fellow-workmen . He therefore wished to place a band of them on the land , to prove the importanee and value of individualism . This was ouly to be accomplished b y co-operation amongst the working classes ; for neither the manufacturers nor the aristocracy would help them . They , therefore , must help themselves . The object

    of all the Hills and others was to rob him of that confidence which the people placed in him . But he thanked God the more he was attacked the more confidence they had in him . ( Loud cries of " We haye , " " we have . " ) He would pass over the doubts of Mr . Hill , "that the direebsrs might die ;" or "the treasurer might be unwilling to give up tlio money . " But there was not one word about Mr . Hill , or the possibility of that gentleman ' s going to America with the funds of the National "Seventy-five Assurance Company . " He ( Mr . O'Connor ) had refused to become either the treasurer or the sub-treasurer of the Co-operative Land Society . He had refused to touch a farthing of the funds : but whilst he did not handle the money

    himself , he would be like the dog in the manger , he would take care that not onc fartliing of it should be expended for any other purpose than that for whicli it was subscribed . All that hc would have tb do with the society would be to take the whole of the trouble ; and when they were located on the land , he did not think they would grumble even if hc did go to America , with his bag full of trouble on liis back . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Hill had not mentioned the important question of raising a natural standard of wages by taking the " surplus labour" out of the artificial market . What he ( Mr . O'Connor ) meant was simply this : if it took 300 men of any trade to do the work of a particular town , and if 100 more workmen in that trade came to the town , the . result

    would be that tho 400 , in less than one month , would receive less in wages than the 300 did previously . In answer to those who said , do you want to send all the people on the land ? he said , no : but if the 100 had had the chance of going on the land , the 300 would have the chance of keeping up their _-vrages . Aud if an " improvement" should take place , so that 250 could do the work of the 300 , then he ( Mr . O'Connor ) wanted the fifty to havo land to go to , by which they could support themselves , and at the same time enable their brethren to keep up the price of labour in the artificial market . Thank God , a

    poor Irish demagogue had forcod the land question on the press of the country , and done something towards leading Republican America to an examination of the all-important question . In 1832 , he wrote letters to thc Irish landlords on thc question , and again in 1841 . Mr . O'Connor concluded an able lecture by calling on all present to consider the question . He sat down amid long , loud , and oft-repeated cheers . Several questions were asked of Mr . O' Connor , which he answered to the entire satisfaction of the inquirers and the audience . Mr . O'Connor then remained until a late hour enrolling members and disposing of cards and rules of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society .

    HANLEY . Staffordshire Potteries . —The committee ofthe Hanley and Shelton Working Man ' s HaU beg most respectfully to inform their friends and the public generally that a second deposit of £ 315 s . has been made towards the Land fund ; making in all the sum of £ 50 and upwards , which has been paid . They request that all who are friendly to the above object will at once come forward and assist them in this laudable undertaking . A general meeting of the shareholders will take place at Mr . J . Yates ' s , Miles Bank , Shelton , on Monday evening next , at seven o ' clock , for thc purpose of electing officers for the ensuing year .

    BLACKBURN . Lanb . —Another meeting was held here on the 24 th inst . of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , when more new members took out shares and paid tlieir entrance money . Wc shall continue meeting every Tuesday night , at eight O ' clock , for the purpose of enrolling members and transacting the general business of the society . We have no doubt but that this town would be one of the first and best in all Lancashire if we had some of our worthy friends to give a few public lectures on the subject . We shall meet at Mr . George Nurton ' s Temperance Hotel , King-street . Friends desirous of purchasing rules ot the Chartist Land Society may do so by application to the said G . Nurton .

    Joist Report Of The Inspectobs Of Factor...

    Joist Report of the _Inspectobs of Factories . — Factory Office , London , June 4 . —Sir , —We , the undersigned inspectors of factories , appointed under the Factories Re gulation Act , and the Act [ 1 Vic , c . 15 ) to amend thc laws relating to labour in factories , have now thc honour to report to you that we met here on the 27 th of May , according to previous arrangement . At this meeting , which _nas been continued by adjournments till this day , we hare read over the reports made by us for the quarter , from July 1 to September 30 , 1844 , and from that date for

    seven months since the amending Aet took effect , to OTtii of April last . No circumstances have occurred on which it seems requisite for us to make a special report ; but we havo all of us pleasure in stating that , in consequence of tho provisions of the amending Act , of which we have had seven months' experience , thc factory law is now much more easily and effectually enforced . We have the honour to be , Sir , your most obedient servants , Leonard Horner , T . Jones Howell , Robert J . Saunders , J , _Sti / _art .

    The Right Hon . Sir James R . G- . Graham , Bart ., onc ef her Majesty ' s Principal Secretaries of State , & c . « fcc . die . A Man ' s Face Saved from being Eaten away , by Holloway ' s Pills and Ointment . —James Webb , residing in Robin Hood-court , Leather-lane , Holborn , had a large hole through his cheek , and several other ulcers eating away the flesh ; from different parts of his face . He had been an in-patient of _Charing-oroBa Hospital for six months , under surgeon Partridge , but met with nooure until he cured himself by means ofthe above extraordinary and miraculous medicines , which are , when used together , a certain remedy for any ulcer or wound , however long standing or dee . perate . Webb is known to hundreds of persons , being a brewer ' s drayman , and in the streets of London every day .

    Gecflmttsi, -Otetuesi, & Imquesits*

    _gecflmttsi , -OTetuesi _, & _imquesits _*

    Alarming Fibe At Clapham-Rise. —On Sunda...

    Alarming Fibe at _Clapham-Rise . —On Sunday morning , shortly after two o ' clock , a fire was discovered by police-constable 41 V , in the lower part of the premises occupied by Mr . John White , bread and biscuit baker , Larkhall-lane , Clapham-Rise . The family , consisting of several persons , who were asleep at the time , were with difficulty aroused b y the constables , and by the time the engines from tne parish , Southwark-bridge-road , and Waterloo-road stations of the brigade and the West of England office had arrived the fire had made rapid progress , the doors ofthe dwelling having been incautiously broken open , contrary to the directions of the superintendent of the London fire-engine establishment ( Mr . Braidwood ) , who has long since issued directions to the police not to permit any such incautious practice

    When the engines were got to work it was found impossible to save Mr . White ' s dwelling , so the attention of the firemen was directed to the preservation of the adjoining premises , which were happily rescued from the violence of the fire . Mr . White ' s house is not only gutted , but the front walls on Monday morning about five o ' clock fell inwards with a fearful crash , and the gable at thc eastern emi is so dangerous that it must be taken down . How - the fire originated has not been ascertained . The damage , wliich amounts to about £ 500 , is thus stated in the official report of Mr . Braidwood ;— " Mr . White ' s premises , burnt down ; contents and buildings insured in the Sun Fire-office . Mr . S . Davis , hairdresser ; considerable damage to contents and building ; contents not insured ; building in thc Sun Fire-office . Air . S . Stroud , chandler and general dealer ; contents considerably damaged : building only insured . "

    Explosion of Gunpowder . —Between six ar . d seven o ' clock on Saturday an alarming explosion of gunpowder took place in the proof-house of the Gunmakers' Company , _situateonthesouthsidcofCliurchlane , near Whitechapel Church , which blew out the whole range of windows ofthe workshops , and did great damage to the glass ofthe houses in the neigh _, bourhood . The explosion took place while the men were loading musket barrels for the purpose of proving them , and is supposed to have been caused by something brittle in the powder with which a lad was charging one of the barrels . There were several vessels containing powder on a bench where the lad was at work , and whicli exploded at the same time , The men escaped unhurt , but the lad had one of his fingers blown off , and he is otherwise seriously in . jured .

    Frightful Tragedy . —Constantinople , June 4 . Last week a fearful tragedy took place on board the Austrian commercial steamer Inipcratricc , on her way from Trebisonde to this port . She touched in coining down at Samsoun and Synopo , and at the latter place received , on Thursday night , amongst other passengers , two Candahar dervishes , brothers , who had been expelled from Trebisonde and Samsouu by the local authorities , on account oftheir bad reputation . The day following , between two and three o ' clock in the afternoon , after these individuals had swallowed , itis said , a copious dose ofkhashkhash , or some other maddening drug , they said their prayers , and , then arose , shouting in a tone of delirium , " Hoo ! Hoo ! " ( thc cry of dervishes in allusion to thc name ot

    the Deity ) . One drew forth a pistol and discharged it into the back ofa Greek in " the cookhouse ; and both , dagger in hand , began roaming about the deck like demons , killing or wounding all who fell in their way . The firer of the pistol being seized by onc of thc _^ crew , Captain Clician , who commanded thc steamer , went up to disarm him , when the brother of the fellow made a lunge at him from behind with . his dagger , which fortunately passed between his left arm and his body , cutting" his clothes without touching his person . ' The captain on this retreated , but as arms had in the meantime been brought on deck , he seized a musket and instantly transfixed onc of the dervishes through the neck , whilst the other monster was felled to the earth by a blow from a water bucket which had been snatched un b . v a sturdy six-feet

    stoker . The crew , now armed , came up , and the writhing dorvishes were quickly dispatched , but unfortunately rather too late , for thoy had already killed one man and wounded seven others , of whom two are since dead , whilst others lie in the greatest danger . A Turkish iinaum ( priest ) received a slight cut , but it may have been accidental , as the men brandished their weapons iu all directions . Among the victims mortally wounded was Mr . Marinovich , agent of the steamers at Trebisonde , a gentleman well known there , highly esteemed and universally regretted . He has left behind him , unprovided for , two lovely daughters , aged twelve and fourteen , who lost their mother ( a woman of extraordinary beauty ) some seven or eight years ago , by that cruel malady the plague . The mate ofthe steamer received three veiy severe wounds , but it is hoped that he will

    recover . Mr . Smith , the proprietor of the shooting gallery in Holborn , expired on Thursday morning last , from an abscess caused by the wound in his back . It may be remembered he was shot last July by the Hon . Mr . Tuchet , who was triod , and acquitted ** on the ground of insanity . Murderinoin Jbst . —A very singular circumstance , involviug a duel and death , took place at Cincinnati last Tuesday . An Englishman named Robert Bland kept a tavern in that city . On the afternoon of Tuesday ( as we learn from the Coxnmercial ) Mr . Bland got to arguing with one Samuel Powell on the subject of snooting at a mark , and eaeh had been boasting of his skill . From shooting at a mark the subject turned on duelling , when Bland went behind thc bar in Mb tavern , and took un a pair of pistols .

    letting Powell take his choice , signifying that thev could determine the point by a trial of skill . As they both went ovit of the tavern door Mv . Bland said to Powell , " the pistols are loaded . " Tlicy had agreed , it appears , to fire at a distance of twenty Steps , but after taking their positions , in the manner of duellists , thoy each walked two or three paces , wheeled , and both fired ! The result of this was , that Mr . Bland was shot , the ball entering the right side , and then passing through the region ofthe chest to thc point of the shoulder-blade , wliere it lodged . He lingered till about half-past eight o ' clock next morning , when he died , leaving a wife and two children . Both parties in this tragedy were natives of England , and what led to it is a mv ' stery . During the night following Mr . Bland stated that "he had not intended to kill Powell , and was glad hc did not . " —New Fork Paper .

    A Female Fiend . —A Mrs . Reed , under sentence of death at Lawrenceville , Indiana , forthe murder of her husband , after several ineffectual attempts to hang herself , has confessed not only the poisoning of her husband , for which she was condemned , but two other persons before , as well as the murder of a nephew , for his money ; and , as though these enormities were not enough , she has also confessed having caused thc death of two children by starvation . —Hew York paper . Aocidbnt . —On Saturday a frightful occurrence took place in the _shm-buildinsr yard of Messrs .

    Wieram Blackwall , by which a fine young man , named George King , aged 18 , has received such serious injuries that his life is despaired of . It appears that he was employed in oiling some portion of the machinery , when by some means he became entangled in the straps attached to the drum ofthe engine , aud he was whirled round and round with fearful velocity for three or four minutes . The poor fellow was _ex tricated in a dreadful condition , when it was ascertained that his left thigh was completely smashed , his left shoulder dislocated , and his right arm broken , besides having received several cuts and contusions about the head , face , and chest . —Evening Paper .

    Destruction of Seventeen Houses bv Fire . _—Qc Thursday evening week , about six o ' clock , the inhabitants of Southmalton , Devonshire , wcre alarmed by the cry of "Fire ! " which proceeded from the dwelling-house of Mr . Thomas Tout , builder , or a house contiguous to it , situate in East-street , and burnt ivith great fury for several hours . Notwithstanding three engines were quickly on the spot , no fewer than seventeen dwelling-houses wcre entirel y destroyed , and others partially so , and many others unroofed . Awful and Fatal FntE . — _Bheslaw , June 14 . On the 9 th inst . the village of Alt Berun was almost wholly destroyed by fire , only a brewery and two small houses having escaped . Two sick females and eighteen children perished . Nearly all the houses were constructed ot wood .

    Assassination . —On the 12 th inst . M . Baron Mayor , ofGharnas ( Ardeche ) , assistant justice ofthe peace for the canton of Serrieras , and Member of the Council of the Arrondissement , was assassinated bv a man of Picardel , who had previously stabbed his own wife in three places , and thrown her into a well . M . Baron died instantly . The wife ofthe murderer , who wm the daughter of M . Baron , is still living , and hopes of her recovery are entertained . No cause tor these sanguinary acts is stated by the Courrier de la Drome , f rom which we derive the account , nor is it said whether the assassin has been arrested .

    Railway Accident . —The down train upon thc Eastern Counties line which left London at a quarter past four p . m , on Monday , was detained for about twenty minutes at Margaretting , under the following circumstances ;—On its arrival near Peacock ' s , Margaretting , ahorse , the property of Mr . Hardy , strayed through a gate which had been left open at a level crossing , and at the instant the train came up the animal attempted to cross over the line , * the oonscquencc was that it was cut to atoms by the engine and the first carriage , wliich , however maintained

    , then- position upon the rails ; the succeeding carnage was thrown off , but bythe _excellent management ot the driver the train was brought to a stand-still without the slightest injury to any individual . A body of plate-layers , who were fortunately at hand , speedily replaced the carriage upon the rails , ana locked the wheels , when the train proceeded in safety . The carriages upon the train wero six in number , ana were all well filled . The horse , we are informed , nae been turned off the line twice before during the os ; —Essex Herald .

• Citation
  • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 28, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_28061845/page/6/