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Northern Star (1837-1852), 26th July 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 1, THE LAND

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      The Land

      THE LAND

      To The Members Op The Chartist Co-Opera-...

      TO THE _MEMBERS OP THE CHARTIST CO-OPERA-1 TIVE LAXD SOC _ETI . * Mt Beau Fciexds , —The subjectof the Land , and }; f : _-v to make it available as a means of establishing - « a fair day's irage _forafiurday's work , " has now lieeorac _ihcan-ahsorbing consideration with the work-- _^ r classes ; and as jou canvass the subject among _foiirscives , it behoves me as the originator and _faxnvto of the plan , to feed you with the knowledge ihat _yoa are P repare _' - now to receive ; going on jradnallv , as the whole question of agriculture , of _pjlhii-al economy , of wages , of representation , and ,. * * _csiitincc itself , is bound up in the question of thc

      Land . You will receive all that I say as mere _sug-# ; u ,, r . s for yonr consideration hereafter , and not as " . * . ' _. _-ctation ; " but as no other man has so much at _staue as 1 hare in thc success of the project * . and as ] _u-j _& r _*"* _**""**** - _tho subject better than any one else w jjo is interested in its _J-uceess , you arc bound to -irticr my advice to that of any other person , when it _j-ij-spj-ortcd by reason , by facts , and by practice * _} - < . b ini _' -. t bear in mind that to yon and to all con " i : _it-ic _* . wilh our Association , thesubiectisa new onc ; - ¦ ai therefore you will not receive anything as

      _"el-icir . 3 , " except sneh documents as bear thc _signal-re cf the whole body of the present managers _, "ft ' e have the power and the right to suggest ; but Efiihcr the power nor thc right to alter or amend tb * ru _' cs , until such time as 2000 members shall | . e enrolled , when the then directors , under the _aai-iioa oi the shareholders , can rcahe such _aUeiat-ons as a majority shall deem to be _j-ivu _^ c . I cannot mahc a plaything of thc 3 d * j _+ r wcelv of the honest subscribers , any more than of the paid-up sliares of the wealthiest . My honour , mv character , my - very existence is involved in tl *

      success of this measure , and rnthc purity of cv _^ _tyirr . n--acr . en con-. ectcd with it . I have been loo * ri _^ l _w finds husbandry and _caongh of land for eve _^ - j dividual to cultivate on his own account , as tl _# \ , u \ _% _- _' _nvMiisof escape for the _worlnngdasscs , ever _* _- _* _cc I was capable of judging en any subject : and tevyrin rny life-did I contemplate * hny other mr _iQS _tfxeilemptioa for you . In struggling with _^ n for thc Charter , I have told you ten thousand times thai if ' . he _L'tnd _wasl-jclxd up to-day , I won' /} it 6 i _f _^ . ma o f-j for the Charter to-morrow . " Iv enlurcd io telvia ti-ot * u the midst of the raging storm -of JS 3 _U _ai _;< l IS 12 . I repeat it now .

      I bare been much thwarted and _"harassefi on this c _^ cct . _AYlicu thc "Binninghsm _"Confcivnec _nnani-1-i . n . rk , and wisely , adopted the 3 _ABj p ' _-u , * „* _-j _g . _^ the _aerhaoijv of the hnavish for a £ Cas 8 a triumphed mr the judgment of the p \ -agent ; arsA 1 , _ameng < *! ie : s , was compelled to "lr _jte vtry fee" til ! _coms-ssaE * had resumed its . _- _"hce . That time has na-- " * -UTivcd- I aad these _trfe ) --rent with me have ir ' amphed . Throughout-J _Jjc-aguatioa of the subject , fur oar enemies always sb _py _& . from -discussion , much

      _livery aud much more _-R _^ y uas been used by our _c-iieniics to lake yea off- _& £ -ng . it scent , tliat you may "k * r .. y--tinc-l in the cha ; _« . * Mr . _-O'Brien has _ojiposed Be with what he is pleased to call " fii _* st priu-« iik _* i- ; " forgetting i Jiat withoat some knowledge « jf the Land-sad its capr 2 iilitics ,-i 1 iat lie must lack the _'iia _?! important _J-x-eivletkc cf the whole subject : whVs he p laces bef cruris not a "mere problematical , Ir . ii ti yKTfcciig in tpossVAe substitute , lie proposes tkit Gavcraiacat : _i-Muld buy up all tha Und of the

      country ; end th _si _tla pcoy fle -sliould become Land _f-Tjs to the _Gifver . uncut . That is , in plain language , thai : _lte p . _npk s ' _K'ttld h ; y tke -Land for tiie Goreni uc . it ; ant that Government should be the director . jSuw / _suri-asc fjtat society was in such " an advanced > i . - . te" as to si akc tliis scheme at all attainable , I -would ji : sta = k . w :: trc tiie purchase r . _ionci * is _to-cesie f _. _viaf In faef-, his proposition is such a couglomcra ati «! -t' land , _curr-K-ey-, _Iia-pi-ovcd aud iiupravcablo value , fascinating prineiplu _. and inipossil-le _aeewnpiislancijt , that it reminds cue ofa dog with his tail in his insula . ; a thing without _bczinaing or end : : ir .:: _i-e must onknrav that he may have _s . lucid

      interval now n ** i : then , tc see his own _pliiintasnia govi ? - Onthe _oths-riiaod , a man of _tlis name of . lam's ilil ! has propauuded another scheme ; but it Is _sc iIn . ros 323 . I-f _ri-HcuioiK , and its propounder having rrf ' _af ' _.-l to _latss in discussion _upaa it , it may I ' . * _cjn-irdcrcd as eensigned to the _toaibof the Capulcts . ? io * : t e na _« _poar John _Waifcin- * , who would establish li : _s-suj *> y _ujirm the greater madness of poor O'Brien . 'i ' _iii-i r ' ietnr : t-al hero ; this compiler of parables ;

      t _' ils _wiiol- _^ ale _de-i ' _tr in fiction ; tn : s tradsecr of Liaory , _aadwiik-iancr effects , has been employed by the _J-sa-: a » , not to eufae-i _an-itnotions of his own , for lie has none , hut £ -5 a DK _^^ t _^ t _** - * * ' - ' d _^ _w 5 _" -- _I _' o 0 _** _- " tii :: g . I am going to slay Ma with his own jaw-bone licit * is his death warrant . Just read the _foUcwiug _TO-sage fr .: _; n his letter that appeared in last week ' s - Lv _* _--. _'X a ; : d then judge of liis respect for _"juEticc " aad the " poor man's rights . " He says : —

      J ' .. ** -, it na ? not i « r acts of riu-Iia-uent tj : at tiie present lril'loivmrs obtained i _^ _ssassion ef tlieir laud ; _but-a-5-jl-TKi ! v hy _con-jUe _**! , Iv * nft or _graxxt fur public _serriscs , and _*!« ' _.--tiga-v . and sale That cultivation by which tlieir _iii liave "b .-Ki _xt-sCercd more _valuable fi _*« ni aj ; e tc a ? c , wz _£ _ciT . _* c : cd _liy the _jirej _. rietors , or their ti-Hants , cr-those irana tlicy cmj-luy-. iL A _**^* e 3 t euautity of the land was ui : 3 . _---. r-.. j . ria : t _.-d _cither by _Sasois or _Xoruians ; it was call-. - _c-1 -. uuioulau . l _, and was left-Tor tiie use ef the people . Thus _cuiui-suns Ihe _propJe have still a _rijiit to—their _churls lo _iiictn cannu * . _1-e denied , and _ou-jlit not be _rejssltl ; here is _saSdeiit of the : c _fortl . _'elr use , uife-mt _Ir-airiiiug on the _orcuiiL-d soils , whicli ao one , who holds

      ilia Kghl of _i-r- _«; h . _-r ty sacred , would do or thuik of daws . Tis tT-M _tiat tli-. * _jirtser . t _i-H-iowutrs have , iu some _inj-1-. _bc-. _'J , * _ri-nch--.- _« l oa die pr ; , _p-.-rrr- _* f lh »* _iwople ; hi _' . _tZS "tlic- jic _. jiie did iu » t * _jn : evtat them at the _tisn-j , tlicy csi . i _. ct T « _-nrer it now , _uWwat _so' : iii ! . _'nsatic-u to those who have _Tivkhci-J it ; or _without-violatin- _** the rights of occupaaw : <> i pi-i _* £ * . _ri- > tiiia . 5 > v . then , what _d- > yau think of that /—and from a _-fflOikin Athenian , too . Would not a sentence of _reissui _* _" _** - * npoa such nonsensical _stuiF bz an _insu-t t _* j yonr cgmawn _seme ? I ewillOt _rtxwf a upon it ; but

      1 will tell Mr . Watkins the precedent ihat hc lias _funii ? aec . If some one should steal a pair of boots from Ilr . -Vvatkias , and get them , soled and heeled ; and should Jlr . Watkins dissever the thief , all that the " owner by conquest" hss to say is : " no , si . ; I _luvcisiprovidtiiem ; and il usald be unjust to _«¦ _'< them from . *•« now . " " But as the people did nut prc-Tcnt _theia at the time , they c-mnot recover it now . '' What does the reader think of the justice of this _•* ' Lidepeadent English Chartist ? " Again , mark the cstinniion in -hieh this ltegeaer-iior holde those for whom he writes , ile says : —

      lJ « a-s . -iher : ai ; -uteof the Gracchi , who did not want ti- -MsiM the land _natiaaa : _jir - perry—who never _thou-fht _ofikjal-sard atJil _^ _j : hat who _incwly wanted the win * -u-c . ' -ia _. I . _listHL _^ _e-i ny _lort-j the peopl- * , and -. vere _wHIiv - _^ _--kt _v £ t _!*« _- * k = _s , ai lc _= sl > that a rest _eliould "be _paiil f _.-v h is - _"lu-pahlie - , iut they were niurd _.-re-l hy _t- _; _earis"t-.-.-n- .. -T . ane * the very i ? e < . pl _** for _wacm they were strnspiixz jellied L _* i mardcring them . So would it be again , - fur-the - _** o .:. _>* -u . Britons are even more digeueraXe than ihe _-uicKat Kobuuis . So , then , the _luodeia Britons are even mere degenerate _ihaii ihe -inck-iitKom 5 nsI Isn't he a Iii win to write far sTavee ? and a very fitting tool for _Car-i-nter aid the _bragus- ? 1 hav-i-now dene with fosl t _' ne seeead : and having

      • so far cleared _tUe rub _' _ilsh , I shall _prcceid to re Tiew _tl : » pha of tha " Chartist _Co-operalifC Land & n > f » . " Wiih the rales as they now stand , I have nothing to do , fether than tc observe that such a 3 ier .: l ; _-ia . - . as _sp-sear prudent i * the 2000 first _eulaUed _slnrehald _** _-:- ? , will , I am _fisre , be chcerfnl ' y _a-lopisd by them , aad as cheerfully accepted by ali " _subis'iaeai sahscTibers . I shall amv pro .: e _** l to show _ths plau .- « . _'il- iy « f that portion of the plan which suggests itself SS to" _fil tering , and toujidl of promise to mauv _"ooi r * . 'cn who _douotun-lmt _^ lthe _saljject : 1 _nTean thc _ipromhc to give two acres of land , a cott _^ _j £ 1- j a _^ U , to ca « , _sufeiilier who has only paid . £ 2 " 1 _& - 1 _icahaiarUon

      _- of the large sum of £ 1-5 each L _^ f _** e capital , is what _wafe muj mics , _^ _^ S _^ S _* _? m jC _^ tl 18 _^ Mt-aa _wbole , the " _tESV _*?** _^ I' _^^ onou gh . Uutvou _Re take _thesulgec-tasa whole ; and bear in mind _^ \ : tT i mtI us ed m _Vropouudins the plan hn , _, _r T that ad _« _•* I treated the Still _?^ f wffl ! » 0 _^ y 5 j „ st as any other tlu . gth . it . lob . , , _^ _^ _j . _^ ; raisgn t _T'TT ' _^ ¦ aBse _^ c Plan of _Mn & ns knd _Jr £ _iTir S , le | T ' ' SeIlin S i 4 at _*^™ Z 1 ™ f _^ _^ ***** _Bevl _* yet teen _atjmjtea : bat I have y « to learn what stSeof _iZr _" x S , " g 0 verai , ae •• vholes- * . l _« a . id retail -- - & ail o : _Iier commodine _?) io the _j _^^ d

      To The Members Op The Chartist Co-Opera-...

      aucof land . £ 15 abstracted _frou the original capital , I some say , would render the r , ro ertv bv so much the less valuable , when rented . or the purpose of further purchase . I admit it ; a _* _jd have laid it down that land bought at twenty-live years' purchase by thc society should be sold at twenty years' purchase : partly in _consequer , ce of thc abstraction of this very £ 15 ; and _partly because the amount paid ior thc land arjr \ cottage of each holder would not be value for _tiventy-five years' purchase in the first _insUjtntx _. The difference between twenty years and tw _euty-nvc years' purchase in onc hold ' mg of £ 5 _ycaiJT- Talue , would be £ 25 ; that is , the £ 5 yearly rei - t sold at twenty-five years' purchase would

      bring £ ' p 2 _s- and sold at twenty years' purchase , itwould _tjrjjjg , £ ioo , or five years ' rent less . I must I _* " _j _- _* Tesumethat every mau would be agoodsubsi : _*' jtlalteiiantat £ 5 a year for two acres of good 5 a nd _, * -, urchascd at a , value in rent _^ of 15 s . an llCl'e , a _' _.-ottage , « nd- £ I 5 capital ; and , answering with my Ufe if necessary , I would undertake to say that not « ec man in ten _thor-sand would either fail in payment of his rent or let his holding to any other person . If the premises aro admitted that an English working man will pay £ 5 a year for such holding and £ 15 capital , as I teve stated , which none but a maj niae will deny , I shall , in the first instance , deal with jt hc question as the proj . cvty of an individual , and ! _«<•<• tlm _n-snlf ; _. I shall take a sufficient amount for

      thc location of fifty occupants , at two acres cach , worth 15 s . an acre . Two acres of land at 15 s . an acre , at twenty-five years' purchase £ 31 10 Cost of cottage 30 0 Capital advanced 15 0 £ 82 10 Cost of fifty holdings at £ S 210 s . each £ 4125 Annual rentof fifty holdings at £ 5 each ... 250 Now , if any capitalist in England was to build fiftv cottages on one hundred acres of ground , _wc-lii 15 s . an acre , he would get £ 6 or £ _/ , or even £ S ayeai for each , without the inducement of the £ 15 at all

      aud could let thein as fast as he could budd them . So that one principal ingredient left out ofthe calcu lation by cautious men is the important fact , that the people cannot otherwise get land at any price ; and further , that thc -exact amount that each man en cultivate to thc best advantage with his own labour is thc most _bcnei ' cial quantity he can have . No man should have a sod more or a sod less thau he cau beneficially use . He loses so much of his labour for every sod too little , and hc loses rent and taxes for evcrv sod he has too much . I shall now proceed to

      strengthen my position by facts . It is a fact that men give in many counties in England at thc rate of £ S , £ 9 , and £ 10 per acre , for portions of acres , as •' allotments , " that have never let in large parcels for more than £ 1 an acre ; and yet not onc occupant of the smallest allotment would give his bargain up for double tlse enormous rent paid . Sec what Mr . Linton , of Sclby , has done ; see what Samuel Briggs , of Oxfordshire , has done ; see ray work on Small Farms for what I did myself , in three years , with one bad field .

      Before J treat thc subject commercially , I shall make a few general observations . I presume that a tenaiitwillg ! vc £ 5 ayearlbrwliatcost £ S 210 _s . ; or _. in other words , tliat we shall sell the £ 5 a _3 _* carfoi- £ 100 . "No , no , " says one and another . Now , 1 ask if there is any wholesale dealer in shawls , hats , tea , snuff , wines , cloth , iron , or any other retail commodity that would not make that much profit upon , an _CSneaJitnre of - £ 33 10 s . ? MetVmhs I hear some one

      answering , " IIow many make less ; and how many fail , and make nothing V To that I reply , that any poison dealing . in those commodities under the same favourable cireiuu- _'taueos that we could deal with the Land , would make double thc profit ; for it must be always borac in mind that we should never fail of tenant- ? , and they must be presumed never to fail of customers , but always to be turning their capital as fast as thev can buv aud sell .

      I shali now proceed to treat the subject commercially . Let me ask , how banking companies , that discouut bills at -i and SI per cent ., with Bank of England notes , divide the enormous profits they make , bat by the clubbing of their monies ? _Uow do _Icaavanec Companies , who compete with onc another , vicing in the redaction of policies , divide such enormous prafits , except upon the principle of clubbing their monies ? And are all attempts to release thc _ivc-rldng classes from bondage to be branded as futile , ridiculous , and insane ? Bear in mind that I have always stuck to my text upon-the question of the Land . ; and as some other branches cf the subject will require illucidation , do uot lose sight , of what 1 _ii . _ive _afkr-fcimc and often -asserted : firstly , that

      good land is cheaper at a proportionately higher cost than had lead is : secondly , that any man of common prudence and moderate industry , will pay the fcesimiileforany amount of -land that he can cultivate by his own labour iu four , or at most in five years . That is , that the man who takes two acrcsof land for £ 5 a year , and especially if he gets £ 15 to commence with , will , in five years at the farthest , te able to pay the purchase money , or £ 125 , twentyfive years' purchacc , for his hslding . whieh would make it his for _ev-cr without paying any rent . This may beat variance with " first . principles ; " but all I have to do is to get enough of . land for tiie present generation from die plunderers of former generations , to teach the peophvihe value of what they have lost : and when thc possession of two . acres by a family

      shall " press too hardly" upon the people of future generations , they trill have my " post mortem . " consent in 10 , 000 years to make some other _arrangem-.-nt ; but 1 shall not expect to see it . One other branch of the intricacies by which we arc told wc are _siii-rcundcd , is the folly-of calculating _afixed price finland , aud a fixed rate of rent . Again , I say , that those for whom I write , and for whom the Convention acted , must be supposed to have some brains When wc estimated the vent at £ 5 a yeas , wc apportioned it upon the presumption that the . quality of the land io fetch that rent woald rate at or about 15 s . an acre : but as no one presumed when hc took a share that he was to pay £ 5 . a year for land that was only worth 12 s * an acre , neither could any one have supposed that he was to get two acres cf land ihat was worth 25 s . an acre for £ 5 a year . Every

      man must have understood that , starting at a prc-ST . ir . ola value , a fair graduated scale of rent would be laid on ; and happy the man who gets the highest priced land . _Suppose the society purchased land _, _wovthifiu on aeve upon advantageous terms , I presume that thc rent woald he £ 4 10 s . a year ; and if they purchase laud worth 20 s . " an acre , I presume the rent would be £ 5 10 s ., making np the exact difference in the price inthedilierenee of rent : and when I get my

      _aliotj-. r- ; ii , if I have an option between £ 10 a-ycar for land worth M an acre , and £ 4 10 s . for land worth 10 s . an acre , I will take ihe best . I may fairly presume that about .- £ 1 an acre will be the highest price at which land would be purchased . Our prindples are fixed / and onr object national ; but onr detans . nni rules , as I stated in thc outset , do not partake of tinimmutability of thc laws of the Medes and Persians . What is best , safest , and most satisfador . . win , 1 have no doubt , be adopted by thc shareholder * ff . _( -niselves ; always guarding against thc remotes : of

      _e _^ ssce jobbing . 7 vriU now make a few observations upon the mode _« _W subdividing system . I _^ aii _^^ t _^ Hut Of

      To The Members Op The Chartist Co-Opera-...

      society begins and finishes with 2000 members . This limitation will make most against my argument , as the move extensive the society the more rapid and easy the fulfilment of all thc conditions . Suppose the society formed , then , of 2000 members , having paid up £ 5000 , at £ 2 10 s . a share . Suppose the money to be paid ; and the thing promised , to be two acres of land that would let at 15 s . per acre , a cottage that has cost £ 30 in building , and £ 15 capital , for a rent of £ 5 a year . Uevc , iu passing , I will observe , that the same rule that I have applied to the purchase of land will equally apply to the building of _cottaccs . All would be on the same

      plan ; while some may cost £ 10 and others £ 20 . Thus , some may cost £ -10 where they are built at a considerable distance from materials ; some maybe built for £ 20 where materials are on the spot . A portion of my care will be to look out for estates so lltliatcd . For instance ; in oue of my previous letters I mentioned an estate of 113 acres that was to be sold , within twcilty-ono miles of London , aud within onc of a railway station . Since I wrote that letter , a friend of mine has purchased that estate for exactly £ 13 15 s . an acre . There are two quarries upon it , and as many old farm buildings as would build twelve cottages . There is one cottage ou this farm with a little patch of land for which . thc tenant pays £ S a year , lie has not the twentieth part of an acre . I have been all over this estate twice . TiVii

      ts not onc acre oi waste npon it . There _ari now thirty-two acres of wheat , besides other crops ; and I have not seen as good wheat anywhere this year . I offered my friend £ 500 for his bargain , but he would not accept it . There arc , however , " as good fish in the sea as ever were caught ; " and I mention this farm to strengthen my assertion with regard to the value of land in the market . ' I now return to thc subject I left . Suppose that 2000 members have paid up £ 5000 ; and for facility of calculation I will take the even number of fifty as the number of shareholders to be located at a draft . Fifty allotments , at two acres each , would be 100 acres , which at £ 18 15 s . an acre would

      cost £ 18 , 5 Fifty eottages , at £ 50 each . ., 1500 Fifty occupants , at £ 15 cach 750 Cost of locating fifty occupants £ 4125 Thus ihe cost of locating each fifty occupants would be £ 4125 , leaving £$ 75 of the paid-up capital in hand . The rent of fifty holdiugs , at £ 5 each , would be £ 250 . -The society would sell the fifty . illotments at a disadvantage , ifsoldinayear ; and not to the best advantage if sold in two years : but if sold at the cud ot three years , thc estate consisting of fifty holdings would sell as high as the ground rent of a thriving bank , or as high as a quit or crown rent ; because at the end of thc three years the land would be _woi-t _!; much more than doable what it originally cost : and

      instead of tnen selling for twenty years' purchase , it wosld fetch more than thirty years' purchase . The price of land varies according to thc security it presents to the purchaser . " Thus , twenty , years' purchase would be tho price of land where it was let about tho value ; that is , 5 per cent , for the purchase money ; twenty-five years' purchase would be thc price o f ordinarily f avourably let land , that was held at or about the fair value ; that is , 4 per cent , (" or the purchase money ; thirty years' purchase would be given for laud where the tenant had cither a good beneficial interest for ever ; or iu case thc farm would let at the expiration of his lease to a good tenant for the same rent or something more ; that is , 3 } per eent . upon the purchase money . Thirty-five and forty years' purchase is not wnfvequently given for land as the safest investment . For instance : if A owns lam !

      in _* i ' _ce-, that is , if it is Ins own for ever , worth say £ 100 a year , for wliich B only pays him £ 10 a year for ever . The security for thc £ 10 is worth £ 100 a year : and B , thc tenant , or any onc else , will give A thirty-five or forty years' purchase , because it is the very best security in thc world . Precisely the same as regards funded property . Lenders take less than they will upon mortgage , because they can exchange it or sell it move easily . Now , you must understand all that ; and I trust that those who have never considered the land in a- commercial point of view will understand it also .

      I go back again to wliere I left off . Suppose that fifty occupants have been located at a cost of £ 4125 , and that they pay £ 250 a-year , and that tliere is left in tbe society ' s possession a surplus of £ 875 . Instead of selling thc estate so let , and so certain to rise in value from the application of so much labour , I , if i _> vas mine , and I had embarked as an individual in tiie speculation , would mortgage it for £ 1000 , instead of selling it for £ 5000 , or at twenty years' purchase . I would theu add £ 125 of thc surplus of £ 875 , to the £ -1000 borrowed on mortgage , and locate fifty more . Mind , this illustration applies to any other number as well as fifty ; and as 1 find that thc

      £ 875 of an original surplus makes seven times £ 125 , thesniii that we should add to each £ 4900 borrowed to make £ 4125 , which each fifty allotments would cost , it wiU be seen that the eight first allotments _niiglit be perfected without the sale of any of the land , while tho society would stand thus -. — 400 occupants paying £ 5 per annum each ... £ 2 , 000 Mortgages on thc allotments 23 , 000 As I am determined that this letter , _whichhas cost me no little time or calculation , shall remain as a bone for the disa ff ected to pick if they can , I shall riddle _tlw whole subject while I am upon it . Let mc now presume that eight drafts , at fifty each draft , have been located in two vears . That is , that the societv

      has bought S 00 acres , built -100 cottages , and given £ 15 to each of-100 occupants ; that £ 23 , 000 has been borrowed on mortgage at four per cent ., the interest on which would be £ 1120 a-year . The rent of 400 hold insg at £ 5 each , would bs £ 2000 a-year , leaving an annual profit in favour of the society of £ 330 per annum . And now what I do assert is this , and I will abide by the decision of any twelve men of common sense . I do assert , that whereas the lirst allotment , if sold at onoe , would be dear at twenty years' puvch * i 3 c , oi _* £ 5000 , though it would fetch it , that at the end ofthe first two years it would fetch thirty years' purchase , or £ 7500 so that at the end I will say of four year- ; upon that amount o ? purchase alone the Eociety would stand thus : —

      Original capital paid up £ 5 , 000 Borrowed on mortgage 28 , 000 Total £ 33 , 000 Sale ef eight estates , consisting of 50 allotments each , at 30 years' purchase of £ 2 , 000 a year ¦ £ 00 , 000 Leaving a balance of £ 27 , 000 in tlic hands of thc " society , after paying off the £ 5 , 000 original capital , and thc £ 28 , 000 borrowed money . This calculation presumes that all the allotments would have been tenanted for the requisite period of two years , which _, though not exactly the case , furnishes a fair illustration ; as some would be more and some less ; while what had been done to the most improved would uc ample guide for a purchaser of what would be done to

      the remainder . Now , this sum appears large ; bv . ' . iu accounting for it I am going to solve tho riddle ivhieh no one else will solve for you . You yourselves arc too apt to be struck with wonder at the am ount of power you possess in your united strength , _^ w , pray observe this fact ; aud , if you treat all the rest uf my letter lightly , read the following with attention . I have estimated thc increased value given io die land by the expenditure of 400 men ' s labour upon it for four years , at £ 2 7 , 000 . This is what is called the improved value . Well , if 400 men work at one shiUing per day each , for one week , they will earn £ 20 ; if they work for 300 days in the year , they wil ! cam £ 000 ; and if they work at thc same rate for four years , they will earn £ 24 , 000 . Now I will solve _liie riddle further , by seeing if the _rfave-trtyners would

      To The Members Op The Chartist Co-Opera-...

      be satisfied with a less , profit from the same amount _ofjaboui _* . Suppa _|?; _-tiicn , that the 400 men work , ibiir each , for _fiirmcrsholdiiig" 100 acres of land ; I ask any man living if each of those employing four men would not expect to make iii the foui' years £ 240 profit , or £ 15 a year of a man ' s work ? "Now , herein lies thc difference . "When thc profits upon _lahour-arc thus distributed among a number o f employers , the labourers never can sec their value individually oi collectively : and this is what tlicy will not teach you . I make a savings' bank of the land ; and all the profit that I require-above , living is oncshillin _** per day ; while Chambers and the Malthusians tell vou that you should savo move than that amount .

      Add to this calculation the dift ' eroncc between the value of labour , dope for a slave-owner and labour done for oneself--and " the fact that every man will have some of _hisvfamily to help lum , and who will sav that I have overrated the increased value of the soil ? or that I hive not triumphantly refuted the absurd notion of . '' . failure ' ' ? "O , but , " says some sage , '' they may hot improve the land . " Then they cannot have workedeven . four hours a day . . But 1 contend that _tlify ? would work like slaves until they had _made-thi hiriil theiivown . ' : V , ' for ever . " 'To finish this branch of my subject , I now assert that tlic free labour of those 400 men would be worth much more than five shiUings a'day per man and family ; and that would be just five times £ 24 , 000 , or one hundred

      and . twenty thousand 2 _> ounds . Thus is the riudle of united labour solved for you . My impression is that not one acre need be sold ; and that the process of location would uot be retarded ; that our object should be to enable the occupant , of each division to become purchasers f or ever of their respective allotments ; and this I pledge myself each can do out of his savings in less than five years . All this , however , is matter for future consideration . lean only say that the move I consider thc subject the higher do my spirits rise : andif Iliad 100 , 000 men in England associated in this holy work ot regeneration , I would show the landed _orlstosracy , —whose " tool lam , " thc power they possessed when a people were united .

      My valued friends , —I have now written you a long letter . To those who shall consider it too long , * -awl they arc many—their name is Legion—let your answer bo , that hundreds aud thousands of volumes have been printed upon the commercial traffic of Bills of Exchange ,. Insurance , Shipping , Policies , and other subjects , all and every onc involving the destruction oi' your rights , and thc rights of labour , to establish a commercial code of honour forthe government oMiccnswl thieves and pliindevcvs , aud that this one letter is the only treatise upon the commerce of agriculture that over has boon written for the working classes . To you I dedicate it . Read it , and judge of your power , and blush for the slavery that vou have so long and _sa tamely borne . I trust that

      I have not been an unprofitable spectator of tho J world's transactions . 1 have read of revolutions . __ 1 have seen ono form of Government substitute ! lor another form . I have seen Governments change hands . I have seen jubilees to commemorate those changes ; but I have not seen one piuiiclc of benefit conferred by one , or all , upon those who ave doomed to perpetual slavery by their own divisions . Ihave taken part in all the exciting turmoils for the las * _, twenty-one yews of my . Ufc * , aud I have long since conxc to tiie conclusion that pvUtical equality can only spring from social happiness . That is , that a sufficient . number of the population of n country must be cognisant of their individual value before tlicy will struggle with life and limb for political freedom . I am aware that . the more brawliiia politician-- who bellows nonsense about

      the " rights of man" and " political equality , " will ever have cnth usiastie disciples : but tlicy ivill always be too few to take the oppressor ' s knuckle out of the collar of tho oppressed . I was mocked by those who deserted us in 18 _* J 9 , because I promised you the Charter with their aid . And had Attwood and thc Birminghani shopocrats remained faithful , wc would have had it . This change , thank God , they cannot mar , though tlicy dread it even more than the Charter : and with God ' s blessing , and your help , before I eie I will see the knee of the capitalist bent at the shrine of Labour , instead of seeing the neck of labour humbled before the shrine of capital . Yes , I trust to sec the day when the most valuable of all commodities , _labour , shall be estimated at its full price by lis owner ; and then J shall have lefttiieworld , when I do go , belter than I found it . Ever your faithful friend ,

      Fkargus O Uosson . l' . S . —I beg to call your attention to the following communication from our friends in France , who appear determined to struggle on in the good cause . It will do for " WiLUui Wbu-I-may-Gbt-it , " this week . P . O'C . Nailors' Arms Inn , _Itouan _, July 22 , 1815 . Dear Sir , —T havo many times thought of _imsim-hi- _*; the filthy trash of tlic T . vvcpcnny Lloyd ' s ; batbein _} , - at a great distance , and postage bciiv _^ expansive , I have made up mv iiiiud to answer the _hungry _growlers in the -joldeii Ian . ju : i'j' of _i' 20 17 a . oil ., the value ofa hill you will find _CllUlOScd , tlm amount of eight shaves ami expenses ; making in the space of ono month £ 80 lis . 3 d . I have sent to you from tliis place . In answer to " IVilliain _IVish-Iniiiy-Gct-it , " 1 can oiily say that he has not got half that I mean to give him from _tloucii . Let the following meeting sneak i'or itself- —A publie meeting was held at tiie "• Jailors '

      Anns Inn , on Sunday last , > Su ! y 2 i ! th , at three o ' clock p . m ., when the large room was crowded to suffocation ; Mr . John Gehhcrd , sen ., was called tothe chair . He opened the business of the meeting by introducing the district secretary , who had consented lo deliver a lecture on the nil inijiui'Caiic _s-ibject of the Land . The lecturer commenced hy taking a rapid glance at the various societies Ihat _iiad heen _having i ' ov their obieet the removal of the suifcriugs aud privations of the working elasscs . " Most nf them , U < J said , had _Ive-in destroyed for the want oi unity of action and perseverance among themselves ; leaving the privileged and unprincipled to act , think , and judge for thein : hut he ( hanked God thata brighter day had dawned . The ' uulu- > ti _* _ums classes and honest mechanics hail fomm out that if a nation ivas to be free , thoy themselves must strike tlio blow . The lecturer then _brie-Iy _explained the six points of . the Ciiiirtev , aud co _. nbal « : l the many and uut > i * i-u _* i <> led _chnvges brought ngai . ist tiie Chartist body . Having explained what persecution had fallen to the lot of thus .- Chartists who had eudea .

      voured to uencht the whole Unman race , no commenced the all important subject of the Land . The time liad now arrived , he said , when the subject of the Land was become a national question ; a question in which the _majority of the _woi-km ; , * - bees was taking a very prominent mid important part . Ite was proud to see ' so many of his countrymen and brother exiles meeting together that day , to give their assistance to the movement wliich had for its object the locating of tiie honest artisan upon the soil of his native land . . Many were the objections brought against the scheme by parties who seemed to glory hi the distress attending the working man . lie would say . " search the four great Hooks , and they would there li : id that the uuly iual . li _\* ation for a living was by tlle sweat- of the brow . * Tiie lecturer then mad tins laws of the

      Chnvtist Co-operativ . 6 Land Society , and explained them as he went along . Re rebutted the arguments of the _enenries of the plan . JFe read several quotations from tiie . _Voi-l / wrti Siar , ami concluded by _ealling on the liicstiu _** to give tiie scheme tlieir serious attention , and join the society ; for every member would then be doing his share to _bi- ' _mg thc present state of destitution to an end , Ohiv let them get possession ofthe land [ hey had been robbed ut ; aud they won !;! soon find that _15-i-riautl would be in reality _Wtiatslw now is in nnmo- ' * Great , Glorious , and freer 'file wiivk of enrolment then begun ; the- result will appear hy the amount of cash received . Al ' _tii * a r . oto of thanks to tho lecturer and chairman , the _meeting separated at sight u _' clock , highly delighted . Several b . 'wi * -. were sold , and many promised to become members .

      ___J^J) National Trades.;. . Joumal. •*—...

      ____ J _^ J ) NATIONAL TRADES . ; . . JOUMAL . •*—* ¦* - *»*— , _ __ _~ ™ _ll _^ _? _*^ _-l- _~ _- _~ J _^ * ' _^*! _- _? _- \ f , _* y _+ _** _tumn i _. _* _a-i _^ _- _w _^ _**< _i t _| j _;^ _- _* _CT" _« _nrtn _*^ _^ r _^^ _wf . _^ . _-e—trf-rr _^ ' _^ _'ea' t ***>* - or _*^ - « _- * _srf . _- ! _--it-. _** >* _---i- _*** _y- _*^ _C _* t _»»' . VOL . VIII . NO . 402 . - LONDON _SATFTRTMY _TFIIV " 9 fi- ; "lfi / l _* 5 " "" _**& wg _rnvsiPExcn _ot . _~ _~^ ' _UVPAU _lJiS _, OAlUhVAl , J VLil _^ 50 , lO-kO . Fire ShHJh _«*| i-and _Sisiicnct _'»»»» " _Qiiartei _*

      Molly Magtjlre To Mr. Fargus O'Conjfor, ...

      MOLLY MAGTjlRE TO MR . FARGUS O _' CONJfOR , ESQ . _Hkspkcted' Sin , —1 give you great _thanhs I ' m * putting my letter to my children in your paper . A shoemaker of thc name of [ wc suppress the name ] tahes a _Aonhcru Star ; aiid ive meet bv nights , when it arrives , to read it . The reason for mv writiii " these lew Jm * s to you now , is , that vou wi ' ll _nublisn "

      the letter l semi inside to mv children ; because , enough 1 sent it to parties here that I _thought would _m-iutu , tacy rci _' nscii _, because it puts the " saddle Oil the right horse . Honoured sir—from my letter vou will s"e _, and the people of England will see , what wc complain ot ; and the people of England will sec that it is noytuc bnxon either at home or abroad , but the Protestant and Roman tyrants in Ireland that oppress us : lor , honoured sir , where thev have power , there _s not a p : n to choose between them ; onlv thi little ( -atholicii > tiu \ wom , as he thinks , notbein _* , ' ? .

      Protestant , will make the *> oor of his persuasion put Up ivithh ' _is tieatiuent without conipb . iniii' _*' . lioiiouved sir , —I am over three score and ten ; aud 1 remember tlte rebellion of " . IS , and Emnief l ' s row , aud the " White boys" of 'Si , when your honour was the only man in the whole county of-Cork that stood up for the people at the _risk of your life . ] remember also how you were obliged to lly your country * , as the mad-men that had tiio making of the laws would hang you if they cau » ht you , _llomiuml sir , —Wc arc tired of waiting fur tho relief that Lord Devon ' s Commission promised us ; and we sec the Repeal is farther off than over it was , while we » el no account of thenioney wcseml to get it with , liummvedsiv , —I will trouble you no more at present , but subsciiue mysel f Your humble and respectful servant , . 'Molly Maouiri _* . molly ' s letter to her oiiii . duk _*** .

      My dear Children , —As the Lord Lieutenant , and the Protestant Archbishop of Dublin , and the commander of thc forces , and _I-Vcd S ! _ia w , the Recorder , ail _Jinglisli Protestants and Orangemen , hav ..- decided toseml more police anion-, 'you , to bulehei- you as tlicy butchered the poor peaceable Irish women and nieii _atlhillinhftssi" and were acquitted by tlieir ownpurly , being a majority of the jury ; aud as " these police sent here will be tried , if they shoot yon , by the noblemen and gentlemen , aud asked for them to protect themselves against that punishment that their own deeds makes thein dread- —xjou must be _v-vry cautious in what you do . My children , always _i-emcmoci * the story of tlw bundle of sticks , and stick yi : t-: gbt . ii _* _ii ! Do not go iu threes or fours , or anywhere but where I cell vou * .

      tov be sure that bad men will get among you , or thc police will bribe them with government money . What they will do is—they'll get some one lo gct ' a few of you badly armed to moot in some lonely place : and they'll have notices written themselves to sliaiv tliat tho meeting was planned by your mother ; r . o that it will all be put down to mc and my _eiiihh-t-u : and then my children that is ignorant of the trie ! ' : will l * c frightened , because they will not , have any more confidence in their wise parent who never led them into any mischief . So that what you'll do is this : never meet but when 1 call you _toother , and don't mind what others say to you for you know the police will have no more pay or bluou-money when the county- is quiet ; and therefore they'll keep it disturbed if they can .

      My _cbiklvcii -. tlicy call us murderers and butchers : but see the way wo are treated . Look first at Itatllcormac , where over thirty poor Catholics were inhumanly butchered by Archdeacon Rider , Major Collis , and Captain Bagley : and when a verdict of " wilful murder" was returned before thc hmv ct . voiicrs of the county , by thc whole twenty-three jurors unanimously , see how an Orange Grand J my , without hearing any witnesses , tiihkh' out tue mi . l ! Surely the case called for trial , at any rate ; but there was no trial ! and the murderers ' are still at large , walking about and livinjf on you , upon tithes and hall-pay , Onc of tho _miii'deror-j wm actually invited by Lord Beerhaven , the high sheriff , to be oil the Grand Jury that ivas to _tx-y himself ! My children , isn't that enough to makeoiie _' s blood boil ? _Reineiuuev , too , thai unv _kVioii-la '•• , P _.-ii-liji . iiiniifc have never vet asked for sntisf _. ' _- . ctiou for the innocent hlootl that

      was shed at llnthcoiinac . And then look at the slaughtering at Ballinhassig the other day ! Sec that the orderly of Mr . Kelly , the hbap _killeii , a policeman , was allowed to give evidence . His mime is Richard Hickman . The police were all acquitted Shooting a poor innocent woman and six or s _^ ven innocent men , and wounding more , is " _jusnyuiiLK _iKiMiCiW'" in Ireland , when the poor suffers : liutwiii : s . t rich jus- sVFFKns , then it is "A _i- 'OUL MURDER l" aud " a dark stain on tho whole nation ' . " You sec , my children , how ; i respectable gen tieman contradicted all that the poiiee- swore to about Tom Steele when he was in _th « county bsve ; and that wiil shun * you that tho police wiil swear anything : and sure it ' s fur that ihcy arc paid . Then , my children , see how Mr . Booth ' s brother ami his

      wife impiorcd him to give up Itis _enmiiii- _'siou . and all baeauso they knew that his tyrannical acts hail rendered him odious to the _peopic _Wln-uevw- the people are oppressed they ave told to look to the law for redress ; and when they look ( o the law tliey are only insulted , by verdicts ot * "justifiable homicide . " If the Crown is forced to _prosecute , an English Crown solicitor , paid by the Government , will take ' are to give tiie accused an Orange jury , and so kt him off . What , then , are wc to do ? Let any one read the account given by the Devon commission oi our groat hardships , and ask himself what steps ouv rulers have taken to remedy them ; and if they have taken none , we must either bear them , or remedy them ourselves : and how are we to remedy them ,

      except by ourselves ? My children , you hear every day of war with England , Sometimes about a drunken little queen , they call Pomcroy , living thirty thousand miles oft ; and a man of the name of Pritchard , and this drunken woman was near hewing ail Europe at war : and if our fh _# , —that is , the En _. _/ Ush ffag , —\ s insulted we must go to war : but if tlic whole population of Ireland is Siiifei'iiig great want and privation , sueh as ua other country ever suffered , we must remain at peace and look to the law when wo are are butchered , ond then suffer oxi . One -party _tclis us wc ought to be quiet rind happy , because wc aro not taxed ; and another party taxes us , that wc may get our parliament buck ; and tells tis that it is the Saxons that oppress us . My children , we are taxed ; and it is not tlio Saxon that taxes or that oppresses . Tits

      Land is what wk want at a lair rent ; ami wo ask no more . And is not the Catholic laiulloril ami tho Catholic middle man , as hijr , and ii bigger , tyrant ami oppressor than the Protestant ? And why is he to be excused ? oniy because he gives a pound ' to thc Repeal rent out of the £ 1 . 00 that ite dra _* _js from you ! We are taxed because ouv members ot * Parliament give tlic Government their support upon condition of treating us as they please ; and the _shoneeiis that return them get protection from the memJers . If Ireland was at war , our members would not vote for thc money to carry it on , unless tliey got jobbing and pickiii !* at home out of its : for there is nothing to be fleeced but the poor Irish Lambs . \' es , my children ; let bad men call you what tlicy may , ' l only ask any just man of common sense to read Lord Devon ' s report , and call you other than Lsmbs it ' hp . _nnii .

      _Mypliildrcn : If they give us a commission to inquire into all the murders that they cull " _justifiaiili ! homicides , " and the justifiubfe homicides that THEV call " murders , " I will ' undertake to prove that thc people have been inhumanly butchered , while all law has been violated by those who have unhappily fallen victims to that vengeance which the law denied to the oppressed . My children : Is it not murder when the rent is paid up ! and more than paid up , to drag a xvliola innocent and industrious family from their hovel xo rausit nr the uoad _sii-:-: ? Is it not i . _wr- ? e >* to shoot thc widow's son , her only [ iron in old age , coming out of his widowed mother's door , ' because he refuses to pay tithe f Is it not murder ti ) shoot poor _Joli-iaii :-. Holland , ac _Ijailiiiiuissig , tlle i ' llnoeent young wife of an honest , Irish labourer ? Ail !

      _liiyclnldreii ; _tf the grave could spea / s , tlw _vi-jmis m _* domestic _BUTCHt'tiv would far outnumk'r those of Saxon misrule ! I 3 . it then out * own burden at home must be made more easy to bear , bv keeping our thoughts always upon those afar off . Wc can , by the union of our own powers , do something for otrr _.-clvesul home : but we aro weak and powerless _against those parties that arc in England . My children : listen to tiie parental advise o ' f your fond and aged parent . 13 c not too fond of taking away life ; and , above all things , abstain from exciting drinks ; as one drunken man , may , in his madness , commit our whole familv . iloiu no intercourse with tlio _limilUh lord-lieutenants and his orange council ' s "protective force . " They arc sent down to butcher you in cold blood , orlo hang you by stratagem and false swearim-:

      iherctove , my children , avoid them' . Whoever ol my children shall be seen conversimr with th _.-ni , or iii company with them , I will disiiilioril forever , as they are degenerate and cannot love their country or tlieir country's cause . _-MychildreiijlovejusticeaiulfeariiOt ; hale oppression , and swear one tonnothcr that you will not _lon-jer boar it , cither from the foreign foe or the domestic tyrant . Bo imiitd ; be firm ; be cautious , my children ; ami when you have tntiinyhed , those who now mock you will say , that Lord ' Devon has roused a spirit in our breasts ' that makes us blush for what we have too tamely home . Tbe world has been told that wc live worse than English beasts ; and that ¦ we endure privations that no other people upon the face _ofth'i earth could endure ! O , my children , slia !! we be thus branded as wiilimr slaves bv those who five

      upon our sweat , and prosper by our disunion ? Ko , my children ! The God of . Nature and of Justice cries aloud against our oppressors ; lie / sour God . IVc are " the _psople of his pasture , and the sheep of his fold . " My children : wu must , have tiie land for thc value , ami pay no tithes . My children : if an _inquost is held upon a landlord or magistrate who haye oppressed tho poor , there is great weeping , and wailing , and pomp and ceremony ; and always a verdict of " _w'u- _'i . 'L MfiiDEiti" and more police to guard their brethren : but if scores of poor men are butchered , policemen are examined and a verdict of "justifiable homicide" is returned . ' and no sonvnv over iny murdered children , although the parsons tell _ns ' _-thaV " all men are equal in the sight of God . " My children : if wc have been made worse than brute beasts bv conquest , wc must gain our freedom hy the same

      means . That God may bless and P _^^ _-Tg- _" _? dear children , in all your _ngiitcoii _* * _un 0 ., rtaknigs , is thc sincere wish of , , _ .. . >• _-... '„ ... _\" um _' ibmlawl _affesuonate .. i-. m-. im , Molly . uaguirb .

      Jij^Ip Ent-Eutgnu?-*

      _Jij _^ _ip _Ent-eUtgnu ? _- _*

      Franc*.. Tm* Uri* Arncciv Is Ar«Iw.-^ ™\...

      FRANC * .. Tm * uri * _Arncciv is Ar _« iw .- _^ _™\§ _™ Paris paner _, of Tucainy . that it wa- . i - _«* - _>¦•*) _« b _' raucc , " a duke , tho _Govoni _.-r-t-cif-. _''YV- * _* : ;! ' in line , Uu » eitu « l , who ¦¦ Lium _.-. l a *" -- * " ? ' '' - _'" , ) , ' mortal atrwitv of tlic _Jteiini . I _' -o _** ' _r _^''* " - _' * eJ _' _' sicr was oniv ' u . c _--. _okc _* ' or the _sre _* - * li _S-i _**' - _'*' _--- _** poor _haiv-unm v . ! u . v _.-. mld have beet , ' - ¦ hen or shot i ' or disobedience uf _in-dm . The _uu-l = ;'! S ¦ _jot . crcpi out _through any of _tko-. e ercieu _** _k ' _- _* _-- _;¦«•'* - ¦ ! nu _- * sitivc press is ever _iii-eiiim : _li-r the j'uMie . w spy throu » . i . No ; it is written , _nvoweii , 'my , ctonied ulieiiiy bv thc •• ei . ius who nihlwl a mv . invention to tho ii ' rt of war ! The official . l / twn _' _t-ai- . _Jyvrien , in a _ionj- article , _ilcicuilin-, ' -tho _coiivci-siou of tlm cavern of bahra into nn oven I ' m * the bai . _hv , ni' upwards

      of 800 men , wbnicn , awl _chiUhen ft-.- < _* ic vultures , who ivirriwl awiiv their ilesh j _. ioeen _:-: _' . ! , . states that Marshal _Vhu-cainl , _forcsc-fnijj the .. _¦ ¦ •} :. "' V ihe tribes int .. their cave .- * , ordered Cuini _' . ei IM ; ¦ . ¦ _•!* to do _cxacilv what he did . 'i _^ o IV . ri . s _papciv mv that the article haa been vriuen by _ViiigeamV " . _- . iinself , the cojuroeniaries iiro lho . < e of onr Afrie . _in L ' _tesar , and we believe the _ff-acrlion . '' The n _-j-:-i * . < ibility ot Marshal _Ik-jeand I ' m * ( itis horrible ii . ' _* -ir , " sip a private leiier , " is held here to be . » . _> _.:-. blishcd by ono _word—euf-utc— wiiich oeciiis in " < i > Moniteur Ahurkn . l M » v * lv . «\ V . _us « au . \ was , '' ¦• v ? " _v-W- _" _- _*} _* - _^ W * - _meiit _. ilw . _*" . 'tlic iuuitur of the _liiasijai * e in the luie _Traiisnoiifiin , 1 _' aris , in Aprii , IPoi , v . ! _h-i Iue entire of _t-heiiiliahiiaiiisofiiie _UottKC _^ o . _-ii m that street were—men . v . vmen . and ehiidi _* eii-rhi _>* . ; . iwred by tho ruthless Set ! ' _Hvgitm-iit _tiei-hiK uiioei _* . . his . ori . _ci-3 . The recollection of this feat in _aiifwici _*;' - _iuygested to him no doubt this iicwatiwiiy , '" " ""' ¦ ' - '¦

      SPAIN _, "fin * . Pnr . _ss . —A decree issued by the . _-. overnnient , abolished ( rial by jury in tlw en ** ' *} ' . _*? ' ' _- ' . ' enees committed by the iircss . ' The jourti' iti ? : _pv- 'est against ir , but in * vain . * The press is now _asci . _^' . _Hcly under lnartiall . iw as anv town in Cawiliiiiia .. ' . ' -. dispatch , received ut i ! _-iii" : e ] . . > mi the 1 * 1 ih , " _••>*>"• the-general _eonimaiuiin-r at _It-nalada , . _iriU . iune . _i-.- _* _! ¦* _eompkt * dispersion oi' die _insur-jcnls near Torn , an- ran hour ' s _iii ; iitin _^ . A sceond _•"• _iitiiei'injr , _noni ' _/ ' ervcra , has been _ei'iuiliy _dispev _^ d , ami the _sv . ' _-ai . _' _-shm was SCllCl-cli . _SW'TaMRLANj ) .

      The _T . iivr . —1 ' _Jn-.-iii _* . 'the _sitting of tho " : _V-H the Helvetic Diet ( _lisei'ssuii tiio qu _& tioii _r-jhtnV . * > n the revision nf thc federal c " _-Hip _* . _u-. t . A mnj . r . _* i _* y of eight against ( he expediency of discussion _t-r .- ; - _* * t . 1 it to be nut oil' ti ! l next year . The principle ii' a total revision of Ihe _eonii-aet liad , therefore , _ou _' y -rained the eoncHrreiicc ot * _ilic five niosl-radical en . *' . us—Berne , Argovia , Basle ( country ) ,. _filaris , and ' - a ; ul .

      c ap- ; ) .. An arrival from tbe Gape of f-nod _i . ¦ _*••< . ' _, _bl'h . _j'illg tho elates down h > the i ' - _^ tl ; of May , n _.-. _'ivd London on Monday morning . ' By tin ,- ' convi ; _- _;; iv .: there are accounts Irani Natai , v . _'hi ' _-jh are Hot v _:- _- _-y _ihvotirabl © . The Beers appear tu be "really di _** : i . i lied at the delay that _li _.-i-j taken _pliwo in . wi _' a .-. Ji . . . _* " the land claims , ivhieh , by _kcupi- ' _-jj up a tl .. * . _.- . ¦ of uncertainty respect-iiii ; ultimate oec * : p : iti > ' ; . hns much retarded _iuiju'oveaiei . t . Iu the ! tu : . _' .. ' . i .. _* . _* the restraint which has been imposed upon tin- Moors has

      given coniiiience to the aboriginal uv . _' _-. _'s in the vieinitv , who arc now , in coitse < jUC _' . iv . \ • iroaiening serious _aggro-jijiwis , iim ! _midenii :: t . v situation of thc _fraiitier farms insecure and _i ! _aii- _* . T ' .. it . _* . in _ilhtstratiou of tliis sl : w _* _ ol _' _lhiiijjs we give the following extract from a paper published iu r . ii > -. - _liony , called the- Altttuti _' cr : — " Tim _Ktiiivs ave _ivilrui- ' . v _.-j , though nunlKiM-viiil . mid _hu-i ' ii ninii !» . r < uw _. »' i _.:--i . ' _* - 9 * jS _* _i-nili _. P . I aUiidJiueouui _* -., iluvu , Natal , _Liugeiii . I ' _aieiUoppen , _lYL- _'i-Uzim _** _: ; , _Tu-jcla _, Moot River , atui / I-.:-. ' .- !!' ' !* Mountain . Tlit : v have as vet committed no _iiinrdcw , but

      those inhabitant ., whu _iivoBUMuw _.-af .: ¦•• . . _"Ka-u appear unwilling in await this occurrence ; . ' . * . . ' have had a too sad experience of that-people , am , " _iji-jy now prepare _thc-niseives for a . movement wl ;' . u will more closely _n-semliie a _iotai abandonment » : ' _li-c country than any _oihc-r event , since the ih'si . * _.-. _'i . ' _-.-i _.-n-iit , ol ihe _emiyi-av . U . The whole _neighbouri-od •'' - ' ••* - U ' . ucoiuas will be _nbftinh _' . ieii ; the Tialf oi ' thep' -pie at Moo " River are about to depart ; and nc _- . iv .- ' livkki : _^ ' _preinu'iitinas are bin' : made _iVum t ' _-- - _iSushmatis _Ivivei * u . the T _* .: _* _-f ! n " so that withi : " . ¦•• _• •">• or three 1

      _nio : ; t ! is 'I _' ii . _'tci'inanixb-ii _**; will _pri-lr _* : :- ••< : the only inhabited ..-lace , _livory wliere farms . ¦ ¦ _:-.. : 'i ready seen abandoned ' ; _bdhliiii's and plantation- _iv'U ' . uint" to thciv _natni-al Unto -, ami it' imv _jinv-.-.-m' _-ut should slumber a low months _lomjor , it w ! : ' - ' .: ilno 6 oiia fide occit ;>>' ed lands at all . It wm _* _'i b- mrf '; _. * to assert " that this removal is _snh-ly sitiribtii ; _- ' _. - ••< a spirit o £ rebellion _against the _uiilisii ! _n-ve _* nmc : i . We know very many , whom we . eould name , _« ¦ ' - , •• i-. ad firmly resolved no ; to _1-oavc their _dwellm ; _-.-,: _i-nid it- be at all _pi-actieablc lo stop _with-wc any : > , : _•»; "• sacrifices ; but what do thev iw . v sav ? Those ..:. <> _isui no

      occupied places wiy , ' ! ii _* . _* t of all ive _oonlts _.-. <> i . _'ceupy our places on account of t . e liislnrbed sl .-. r- _--1 ' _tiie country —am ! were _obliged , ior ihe purptw ., ' _fiimnai protection , to Jive- in companies on H . c ••« . > h ! -ied places , until we should _cvi'iitually be _einiiiled k- _t ; , ko _possession of our-own land .- ;; the _proeii'miitmii of thc goveriior ueprivos us of all claim ' •¦ my hinds ; wc now wait from day to day , fn . iu i ; _-. ¦ ¦ _¦• :, u : to month , ami f ' riiiH year to year , ami _cium-J lv . tr . ' whether anything at all wiil bo _acceilcti to us ; in . 'he meautime _woarelofrdcstitutcofijii' _.-i ' _.-i _.-ofiui !'" : ; _-.:- ' _' - - _\ . _ii-ibiisinc ' _-a , anil wil ! shortly become _basihrni-t ; ••> • _* _; _.-. oniy kept ill _Iciuliis" _sti'ini-s _, and will oveutna'iy * _: : d ourselves deceived ; it is better to be relieved livm -h . it suspense at once , toi * ei « i « nte nil hope , am . t _> . .- ¦ ¦ >¦ :: : _ui asylum elsewhere , where wo may at . ' east . V : > re scciu'e . _** Those luivin _*; occupied lands , say , ¦ iv _.-.::: « _. not-make any impi _* _.-- _*; _enii' ; its on onr own _pl-v-r .-: we do not know whether the terms _unoi ! _iv . ' iieh . ' ¦ .- will

      eventually obi ... . in the -tame will be ac ¦• c ; . l ; ... _*! ..- ; whether the extent of hv _. ul _albitled to cach _piav •„' :: 1 he consistent ; whether we shall have n . ii , _* e intermixed with tiie Ka'ir . _** orr . ot , and _wiicn _nttr '<•' ' _., - ¦ ' ¦ -nrsleave , wc will besides be too _nw-h expii-eii ' _.-. ' - -iv distant farms , ami may be suddenly att _;** . _3--. ' ¦} ¦ : tli ; , ! l and predatory bauds aud butchered , \ v . i _'> . i . _'iv nearest _ut'io'hbiiuvs will not learn the far ; ' ' _••'' .- !¦ . ihe lapse i of some davs ; wc arc therefore cm- ¦¦•• !' . ¦ ¦! t leave . '"'

      INDIA . _\* _NDCiiIXA-OVEni ... _\ _N . i ? MAIL . The usual Extraordinary Express , ";¦ . _-. _^ _i-ipation off the _Overliiiid Mail from iiulia , _feai is- i i .. i . ; _.-li' ! iat am early hour on Tuesday movniii _^' , w ., | . -. _* , \\ h * cs iVomi { _Jalcui-taof . iune ord ; fie . m _lioiiib , '•• ¦ •'• ' . ' " . _iadrasjoff the same date ; ami final _Cliina m' - ' _- . w -::. d \ April ,, Tho news _Ijnm-j ' ii by this convey- ' _i ; _.:: •¦ ¦ _-. ' _eniiipara- > tivcly little pniilieal ' _unpoi'tanee ; v . '¦> : ¦• . r ' nc onlyj * local _evvin of interest is tiio passim i . u-. mv Tarilff Act . ituiiiom _* . ' were curiv . it oi' •• _-. _..- _:..:-.-. _- . - . his for thee renewal" of _iiostilities in tho i _* Vr _*>;' - _' , : .:- ' _-iieisat noo remote period ; but thero appoars _; , ¦ •• ::: little _pi-o-ibability that they wil : liiivi ' br _' . m n-. -i-: in l . ahorcc , no pretext iiad arisen for _I ' _tv-di - !' _-. _-.-i-:-..- in . ? . 'I'liae : itanee _Itau been _iiidaeii'i to _ivitiidn--- :- • _patronage-ei from _Ghoiilab _Sinnii , v _.-iio _iiati , it wi : ; _,- ¦ ¦ : t ! cnil _* ivd , l „ been promised tiio Wuzeewliipi a /! -u uppointciidi her brother . Fcwnhir Siis | ih to tin-. ; f ; - _.-. lie _haaiai been denuded ufiii-, _ea-braiul is at . V .---.-- to _vctirct'Ci

      again to tiie _luiis ; an _alieriialiv .: •; : ' . h he wilUJI probably avail ! iiui _.- ; ei ;' , if the lestiii _.- ¦ ¦ ¦ -ite _sacri-tiiiees _.-siiall iiavy prove . ! mi _: u _.-- \ u _,.- ;; . 1 ¦ -oructivo . _- o .. Meanwhile the _timetioiiary by winy .:: b : ' .. ¦ - been _Kiip . _pphmtcil is not without- his im _p-v ' _--.-:. ! _-m . Froinim Aligli : iiii _.-, l ; ui we learn _th-il- _Yi- _^ c - _* i _" F . _i , _* _:.-:.,:. _* : * : ¦! has _re- _'Clilitinished , for the _moii-.-jsi ! :, his d-. _^ _lnn : ¦ .-, _= .-. hawunr ,, There has been aeomiler-ravobitivi ; ' _.- , . _' _-.. , i ; : ; _-i . irhlcfrsbi was _b- _^ un by tiie iLs _* _-ji _.--sii : ation of ; k ¦¦! : : ' _wiio _liathdl _-ulviseiltiii-iji d Iviii _' _. _' . s _abdicati-ii ! , ii- !; : ¦ _-a'cscnccic . Deprived of this powerful ami _iniii-.-ii _; . _i-ii . _. . iviscr , thchc : _yotniijusiii'pw was Weed to yiei . l <\ y ! _i ; .. [ _.-ii : d to _hisiiss father , and _inililiaaffairs havea .-. _* _.: Iii ; : v _i-cverteded ] to the posit im ) i « which they _wci-. !• ' ; -: ' the _lOtlltli December last .

      f rom fJniSA wc have some tew _itr-. r .. . " importamni intelligence . An attack hits _i-eai ; . _. _*• . _'«; _Ihestrectct ::: of Canton , by _a-bndyo ! " _C'ii ' mes _' _, i ; . i _.- _' . i ' . _!; - _SIuu . _MrAii _Mimtgoniei-yiMiiviiij , Mr . Jacks .. ! ., ii ,.- ¦ . _¦; . ,-consukill and the _itev . Mr . . _iia-. _itiw , : ! x < _-..- \» r :. r . \ < . _* h _« _jj ! ai « dBa _UicgeHiiemcii were : * , ; : _ant \ lical :.:. ; , _, ;¦ / ; ad , and 3 ii is _saiiUhiiiUoveninr Davis lifts _Si _^ i _:.:. _' _---.- ! a _strotioni _ivmonstriHice lo the " pi _* _.--vi » ifial ;; : _i-V ;; ' . _i _/ s" nn th th i _sabi-ret . An eztraordimiry _tivuif-n _; -ti _.-ri ! :::- _occuiTCTe . ' at-Shanghai , wln _.-rc a _luirapc'in iv _.-ii'i _* .-. _; . _eiaimituini ihonppellatien da " ilritish _ini-rtintni , " is reportcrtc ; io ii . ive bm'Jta lorcha , _«;• bo _.-ir , : >> , ' _--hiy-i ' - ! -eve « tHltt terns _buvileii , ior the _purpr-se of levy iii- ; a kind d << "black inaii" from the _nativu-snm-.-jIiu-.- _'b- ' .-itsbrinun !! ing ; opium up lim river . Tnis vo _/ . "j ! » ,,, intnistcstcc

      to tlic _mana-iciiiciit ol a _... _hii-aina _*! * -: tn ; . _>; _i- ' owqinqinii fmriicrly a Ganlnu . shraii ' ; im ; , tin- _Maii-. _iiivi-is _. havirvirr discovered the . scheme , arrested this individual , an am put him to tiie torture , when he d _\ _- ; : < _-u ; _,-v . ' about 111 111 persons as his aeeimvpiices ! After _havii-.- been suisuiii ¦ . ' . cccd to cruel torture for iibout a wi- ; - ' ., , hewas In l » headed , ami about twenty ofhis _i _.-iuV : " . rates , wl wil mm been sciy _/* d , m / derwent n . _simiar _j-niiisiinienienn Ihe greatest possiblecxcilemeiit . :. sm : _iv _-.- beiieveevec was occasioned , ami in the _niid _.-. _i of ;; the Jiritiriti merchant . —uk eausa oi * ail thi * , eve .. _!* v r _; , _i' . _lilfiodsiiisiua —withdrew _ir-rni . _Siiaiyhai . _ikn-h 1- : * _.-. stwv , _* y :. Kivcn in the C ' V , ia « . i _. Wi . Kolf » oii ; is _,- :. > _.. ; .. > - been ev evv _eiiatc'l , and it is said thai some _-ij _^ ii . ) - wnecs to ' _tooi place at Amoy mi the occasion of t ; . o _il-. a . _iiruii'c of lit" 111 _britisii troeps , iluuigiitheir exact ; . .. = ai _.-i-: _auki-owiowi _" _i'l-om Siiii ;; i ; ierc in . -v .- s has arrive . ; : " i ..- * ., ; a ! lossossi tUe barque Ct » I : i : _jibi-s « . t . fJ . _ivti-i . _o--L _i . _' _.-i . _- . _i-ii _.-i vVal . _oikow _>/ y "HtrtKinir on a um . ' . _- . o . u v _« A iv . --:, ¦ _,-, ¦ _-.-,. - _:- . r _Straiirait . 1 ite crow ami _jia- _* . e _*!< . _l-jv' _reaei-ed _^ . _^ nv hsafoaiec

      , ill the boats . ' hu i _.-i _^ _-.,..,,.,,,. * on ., . - . , ! _--i in the boats . _'j'Jiu i « _i-.-ioisj *;« iv . . si _* n r ; , -, _u-rofthanmim to Hie captain jor his _iwu _conthmi o ; , ; _hc occasioisioM

      Cnoni.Kv.-A Ine-.Ii,,- W,!I He .-..,;.! ...

      Cnoni . Kv .-A ine-. ii ,,- w _, ! I he _.-.., ; . ! * _* , . ¦ * _••** . ] .. _* _, ;; . . ¦ . craoon , at two _uUwk , at No . 0 . p .- ; _.,... ¦ street , : ct ,, 10 , _'in a _1-r-ui . u of the Ghartht _(* . ; _,.-. ...-arc La Laa bUClCtV .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_26071845/page/1/