Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 25th July 1846, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, IRELAND. THE ROYAL L0YALS. Dublin, Jult ...

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (1)
    • ffcrngn ittobemettt*
  • Text (9)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      _^ 35, 1846. Thg^

      __^ 35 , 1846 . THg _^

      Ffcrngn Ittobemettt*

      _ffcrngn ittobemettt _*

      —"' . J Will War, At Leaetin Words, * Sr...

      —" ' . j will war , at leaetin words , * _Sr-shoriia my _chanca to happen—deeds , ) _'" _^ _rnidl who war with Thought !" « » V . ak lb-3 " * * lttUe Wrd ' sJns * _Peo ple b 7 andby will be the stronger . "—Brae *

      BEVELATIOiNS OF RUSSIA . * ko . in . _^ _ging ihe last few weeks , paragraphs , repeated in _^ _lietr of * wa'f s have been going the round of the * _jjjh ' press setting forth that the Autocrat , had on f _^^ _t-nat to Warsaw , publicly declared his _inftion of emancipating the Polish peasantry . * Sbether Nicholas intends anything of the sort or a there can be no misunderstanding the object _Sanded to be served by putting forth tbis

      rumour-< ta & object is to divert the attention of western Firope from the cruel persecutions now going on in _rtj '' king dom of Poland . " Hundreds , if not _thou-Hsds , of unfortunate Poles are now suffering the _tuontan tl other tortures , perishing in Russian d * in-£ 305 , or worse still , driven before Cossack whips to cj _- eria ; in the midst of these horrors , the above j _gtaoar is industriously circulated far the purpose of _j garing Western Europe of the humane and excelbut intentions of the tyrant .

      That 5 Iicsous wVH really _emancipatB the Polish _psjsants , we ia not believe ; bnt should he really do _tii , it is perfectly easy to divine his motives . He has _jjtherto thrown every obstacle in the way of the Polish proprietors emancipating their serfs , he did pore , he re-established serfdom after it had ceased fur several years to exist iu the Grand Duchy of _tf & rsaw . Should he now emancipate the Polish peasants , it will be not ont of any regard for their idfoie , but because be will thereby hope to detach Jem from the revolutionary projects of the nobles , i He sees that the Polish nobles have to a greatextent _J « covered that they must free the entire people , if

      jity would be successful in a future struggle . A re-1 « Sotum" for all , hy all , " is now the only chance left is the Polish aristocracy ; and _^ NicHOLis , aware of _$ s _, may purpose , hy a grand stroke of policy , to _weaken Ms entities , by coming before the Polish _gpssesin the character of their deliverer from _slangy . It is possible that by such a politic act be gjght weaken the revolutionary power in Poland for _jtime -but only for a time—the emancipated _peajEt wonld soon discover that his freedom was only _joainal , and that no real freedom could be his until _Viad aided his countrymen in a successful straggle rnnst the _Moscowtedespofem , and restored Poland _toihe Poles .

      Wane the sycop hant press is exhibiting the An _~ _fcjrat in the character of a " Slave emancipator , " it jjsynotbe useless to enquire into the state of the sires ofhis country- We have noticed this subject yijre . in reviewing "Eastern Europe and the _Empct _ifSuholasr hut the repetition will , we dare say , Kt be objected to . Let us see , then , the condition cf tbe great body of the llussian people , in the _gnmtry where the Tsar is all powerful , as Emperor , as tr ? conquest , but by " right divine . "

      THS RUSSIAN SEHFS . _f- * jjsteslly , the _moDjik has retained more of the pnre Sclavonic than ia his manners , customs , and feelings ; but Eras physically be bears no small traces of his admixture nith the Turk and Tartar , beneath whose _rolene groaned 19 Jong ; the cat-like eye standing downward from the lanples ; the nose , of which the nostrils are almost allrajs too visible ; and sometimes not onlv the dark bur md complexion , hut the high cheek-hone , -end the _regular Mongolian physiognomy . It would appear , however , i ? i £ . on the whole , the Tartar and Mongolian type

      became rapidly effaced in Ae -rigorous fecundity of the Sclavonic ; and hence , whilst the European aspect in a & _B \ _ears-predominates , where _two-thirds of the blood _wasorisinally Tartar , the character retains all its tree proportion of Asiatic spirit , though the Asiatic features _may only be occasionally traced in the "faces of individuals . It is this admixture during centuries of servitude , _** r ~ _fit"h has made tbe _deference between the Muscovite _anflFoBsh character , for the language of these two peop le still bears as close a resemblance as the dialects of naay of our Eng lish ccanties to each-other .

      As regards personal appearance , the hideonsaesa of ike women , and tbe-comparative comeliness of _the-men , astt caused the latter tobe considered as handsomeby many travellers . _Thair dense hair , thick beard _anfimustacbi'is , white teeth , and _theloose drapery of their semi-Asiatic dress , are all apt somewhat to mislead ne ; bnt when we see these men as soldiers , cropped , shaven , and _Jressedin clothes which shew the figure , the illusion _Utleriy vanishes ; we £ nd the face , that appeared handsome when hidden by tofts of hair , meaa and _inaxprescre ; the Herculean frames , _-rrhen stripped _ofthesheep-^ _emlj in tooisp * _'opnrlioaedirriiEn ' ificance , and are almrcs distorted by the great protuberance of the stomach , masoned hy the want of nutritions quality in their food , ai the consequent quantity _required . __

      The most _conclusive eridence on fhe subject of the per • said appearance ofthe Russians , is to be derived , in St . ?*& rsmirg , from the e xaminatioaof the imperial-guard—* Hlcction ftom-sisiy millions . There are many _thonnuisaf men all tip to fhe six-foot standard , -and yetit _rsnld actually , be-difficult , when stripped of their pad-& 5 , to find twenty men in a whole division _eqtml to the & 51 promiscuous twenty in Queen Victoria ' s first or settnaiife-gnards ,-or Sines . The moujik inhabits a log-boose , which-he builds * Mh his own axe , with which he is marvellottslj _' _-deiter-«* s ; tbe interstices he _scuffs * with moss ; and he cuts down « aj planes , to a -surprising smoothness , with the . saire iatranieiit .

      Be Enjgian stove is avast stack of "bricks , with a Snail oven , and intersected with flues ; fhe oven > is filled _^ ith wood or faggots , and directly the carbonic aad il ls escaped from fhe fuel , fhe chimney and fhe iron door _tf tbe oven are closed , and fhe place is heated-far the sat four and twenty hours . The bricks , a material very _* _fo « in conducting heat , take several hoors to heat _^ trough , after which they keep parting gradually and _qoahly with the caloric they have absorbed , for tbe next _« _* i and thirty hours . * * * * Ihe moujik , like all classes of Sussians _, is inordinately

      fosaofa vapour bath , and learns to endure a temperattire of steam approaching to 200 degrees Fahrenheit _, _^ _t ec his body is thoroughly heated , it ia generally _bowa that he rolls in the show , or plunges in ice-cold **» ter . At night , the dvorniks , or porters , iu St . Peters"" ghandilostow , in a cold of twenty-five degrees Reaps * -, the intensity of which freezes alcho _) , and converts sitohaH-stones boiling water thrown into the air , come tut _liareiboted and covered only by a cotton shirt and _& ai trousers , to let in the carriages of their masters . _Tiemoujlksare often seen snoring , dead drunk , in the _fflOK , in the severest weather .

      "from facts like these , which arrest the observation of _« e > j traveller , it is not surprising that an idea should tore been imbibed , that extraordinary tower of enduring _"M characterised the Russian people ; bat on closer exa ° hiaviou , wefiud precisely the reverse tobe the case , ; "Tiie most delicate _English or southern ehild , when heated a the vapour of the Russian bath , cannot / eel _thecolda _** of snow or ice . The pails of iced water thrown on _"e bather , feel merely tepid . The simple immersion in ' _•&* coldest water does not even prodace a shudder , whilst _tbsbodv has so great an excedent of calorie to part with ; lo remain in it when the human temperature is reduced % ond a . certain point , which the Bn _^ sians never do . % ht prove dangerous , or even fatal . ine

      The drunken moujlis who are seen sleeping w Qew , having always rapidly drunk a largequantity of _ar-4 nt _Spirits , the body is in ahigh state of temporary fever _, _^ wr sheepskins prevent the rapid escape of the heat % s generated ; " ant when this ceases , the man wakes asd seeks the ins tantaneous shelter of a human habita"fiiia . In an in tense cold , a few minutes only elapse _betteen feeling chilly , and the stagnation of the blood ; no 1 * 0 _erilf can well be more different than to be frozen or 10 te perished . When the monjik is not within reaeh of a Duinan habitation , or where he has not sufficiently _re-Cfteredais instinct before parting with the animal beat , _^ freezes to death . Thousands of peasants die in this ; _^ J every winter in the Russian dominions . j

      The moujik grows wheat and rears cattle , of which **« rapacity ofhis master , during four centuries , has al-* _* *« t allowed him to forget the taste ; he lives almost _en-J" % on rye , fermented cabbage , and a little rank black f _^ _n-seed oiL It is true , there are many other people _~> -Eero pe wbose ataplearticle of food is rye ; it is true , _•" " _l tit potato contains chemically still less of what are _^ _PPottd to be the nutritive portions of food than even * 3 e _, and it is true that there are races almost fed on the j _^ ux But ex perience shews that root tobe so happily _"kpted , as an article of food , to fhe human constitution , j" * man evidently thrives better reduced to the potato , _Athene .

      _* _* be singularly perverted taste of tbe Muscovite peo " _p _indoees them _tore-Juce , before they consume it , a _^ _fi _-e part of the nutriment which even rye grain _con-^ t . They ferment their bread to the third or acetous _^ 5 * -ee ; the black bread of Russia , unlike tbat of all ot _** r _countries , is bitter and sour , and aa _nanisoas in fhe " ¦ - nth as alum . The starch and sugar of tbe grain is * ° l ( _i 3 t by tbis process , that it contains far less nonrish IOt *> t that even the rye-bread of the extreme north , when 1 { ardtj obliges the inhabitant * to mil with the grain _•^ _hidfof thesweettender bark of the pine tree .

      _"obafcjj , the peculiar acidity of this bread and ofthe S _i' ? n * nted cabbage , obliges fhe mouj ik to eat large _qnan-?*** ¦ * « f salt . The biscuit of Russian men-of-war * - * men ? sk made of this bread ; they may be seen soak" _% _itin the sea-water , _fhe weak quality of their food _^ « ft _» m to costume it _tolmmen ie quantitiM ; i »

      —"' . J Will War, At Leaetin Words, * Sr...

      Acidity seems to require much salt , and the joint salt and acid taken into the stomach evidently render necessary a proportionate amount of liquid to wash it down . This liquid is takes in the shape of quats , or water discoloured , and rendered slightly acid , by this bread , or by fermented rye , or else of hut water caUtd tea . » * « * This wretched diet ia the food of ttepurely Musco . vite race—the great body ofthe Russian people . The Tartars and Cossaca , inhabiting the steppes , -where animal food _» less valuable than the produce of agriculture , live principally upon flesh .

      - The moujik is deeply tinctured with veneration and superstition ; he is patient , cunning , eager of gain , dig . honest in obtaining it , and jet generous . He firmly believes that St . Alexander "Sfevsky ( a very prudent and truly Russian saint , ) floated down the river Neva npon a mill-stone ; he never enters an apartment without crossing himself before the _paudily . fraraed picture of tho titular saint ; he is wonderfully scrupulous that the oil burned in the small antique lamp suspended before it on all holidays , should be the pure oil of the olive , as the dignity ofhis celestial patron requires ; and when he has risen to the rank which the ambition of every peasant covets—that of meschinine , or licensed to tradehe swears lustil y by him , to attest the honour of a fraudulent bargain , and inwardly endeavonra to make Heaven a participator ofhis df ceit _, by promisin g the saint a per centage on the gain , to be applied to the adornment of his shrine . And where is the marvel ! He knows thathe can bribe the powerful baron . Ids master ; that

      his master again bribes some one , before whom he trembles ; that his master's master bribes astill more potent superior ; and analogi c _reasonins will not permit hira fa > aonbt _, that as the minister is bribed , so the minister bribes t _*> e emperor , and so the saint may in the end bribe God Almighty . One striking feature in the character of the Moujick is , the rooted distaste he _showB for all agricul tural employment , and his natural love and aptitude for tirade . The Monjiks are generous and hospitable , and a great deal of the drunkenness chargeable to tbem is , what our anthor calls " a loving drunkenness . * " In compensation for many evils , nature has bestowed upon the peasant a mirthful aud contented disposition ; naturally , he is as little cruel as he is warlike or courageous , yet he can be , and often is , excited by unendurable wrongs to most sanguinary retaliations upou his oppressors . Firs ) , as regards the | oppression he suffers under , onr anthor says : —

      1 Practically , the slave Is , In Russia , as completely at his master ' s mercy as any slave has ever been at any period . Be can sell . him . he can strip him ofhis property , he can separate families for ever , he can torture him to death . " liis true that he must evade the law to do all these things ; bnt tbis evasion entails not even a risk , bat merely an additional formality . It is true , an ukase forbids , under severe penalties , the sale of any slave without the land to which , from protective motives , it attaches him ; but the owner may let out slaves , on a ninety years'lease , to work in the mines ot Siberia . He may have two estates a thousand miles distant ; he may order the mother to leave the ' child at her breast on one , and proceed to settle on the other . The law does aot give him the direct right of

      seizing his » lflve _'« property , but he has a thousand ways of extorting it , which he may ' employ , without the necessity of even evading the law , since the law gives him absolute disposal over his serfs time and labour . The author has seen a nobleman amuse himself by making his slaves stand for hours on one leg . It is generally known that some of fhe wealthiest men —tha larger number of the first guild merchants , whose woid is good for a hundred thousand pounds on the Exchange a * St . Petersburg , and who are possessed of that _ssm . er still moreconsiderahleproperty—are mostly slaves . Now , the proprietor of these men can to-morrow order them into his scullery or kitchen , or send them , as swineherds or miners , to tiieir village ; so he can their children , brought np in aUthe refinements-of luxury . The law does not allow Mm to strike a slave , ncless he be a certain number of _mSes removed from a

      police station ; he may then inflict any amount ofcor--poral punishment , provided the _slxve does not die -within three days of it . But if he dies upon the spot , —as no accusation of a slave can-he received against his -master , although -surrounded by 'the whole village , witnesses to the execution , there is no means of 'legally convicting the-cruel lord . On-the other hand , if there be a police station within a given distance , the "master can at any time send his male or female slaves to be beaten with reds . The slave * is allowed to make no defence ; itis not even discretionary with the low police omcial not to inflict the punishment ; he can only limit the amount of ft ; and as _his-real salary is derived from the annual present ofthe master , the latter always finds it necessary * to order moderation instead Of enjoining severity . Tbe -slave may be -sent back as often as the master chooses . If he die -on the spot , 'there is no I responsibility- £ > r any party .

      The patience of these unhappy creatures has bounds , aud'once these bounds are passed , then al . the wrongs that have blighted their existence , " seem to crowd into their present "thoughts , _ancKhe ferocity of their despair has nothing wherewith ose ean compare it . "When the : peasants of an-estate , or ofa certain district , have been writhing beneath an oppression which the author will not venture to describe , but of which , before finishing these volumes , the reader may form some faint idea , some fresh insult or injury , inflicted _when-fhe measure of their patience is full , causes it to brim over , and then is enacted , in deeply exaggerated colours , those sanguinary-scenes of the feudal days of "France , when-serfs arose against their lords with the sole view of taking , one deep draught-of revenge , and then seeking refoge in the grave from the 'intolerable ills

      of life . The unknown Siberia , trith its dimly pietured horrors , ceases at last tohave any terrors for the serf , when he contrasts it with his situation . "The worst that can happen is , that a few hundred should perish under-the knout , the rest of the _villagebe-transported to Asia . That worst is better than his present condition . " "With-this reflection begins the bloody saturnalia ; the proprietor , the overseers , end the : agents of their tyranny , together with their wives and-children , old or pregnant women , and young tender girls , raised in an artificial atmosphere , like exotics , io premature womanhood , all are made to perish in tortures whicb wonld often shame the ingenuity of the Red Indian . The torch is next applied to the dwellings of the lord and his agents , perhaps to the whole village , and the drunken -wretches who have -plundered it perish -in the flames , and drop _rfrom the falling beams like scorched flies .

      These "insurrections have never any political origin ; they have no _connexion ; they are not even inspired by a hope ; they are equally isolated in their -rise and their suppression . "When snch an insurrection has _beenjrat down , tbe ringleaders knouted to deatb , and a few villages transplanted to-Siberia , the whole afiair dies away . It may have been known in the immediate neighbourhood ; it is known to the immediate relatives and friends of the murdered proprietors ; hut it never spreads beyond this narrow circle , and is a subject on which no one cares to dwell . The _$ ress , which , even when inevitable accidents occur , is the last to circulate the public rumour , and then only does so to extenuate their extent , of course never alludes to these gloomy events . It is not allowed in the Rn sian dominions to publish even the commonest advertisement in a newspaper , without previously obtaining the authorization of the censorship .

      "Within the space of about three months from each other , the author became immediately acquainted with t iie two following _instances among the purely Muscovite population : —A young officer received by letter , while he was present , an account from his father ef tbe utter devastation of their estate , with its usual accompaniments of incendiarism and bloodshed . Ia tbis case , the insurrection had spread over a considerable tract of country , yet he never heard it alluded to in the capital except bj _anather sufferer , a neighbour and friend of the first . The next instance , of which it will be as well to abridge the very horrible details , the author learned from the brother of the land steward of the estate on which it took p lace . Be had himself seen this man depart with his wife from hie brother ' s some months previously , to take charge of an estate said to be small and in wretched condition . To judge from his

      conversation , it was evident that he wonld be no very merciful master . lie observed , ' that ihere was no village so poor that something might not be < queexed from it . " The wife seemed rather more eager than the husband . The author saw him start in his Idbitka , in which , _aaongst other things , he embarked a large violoncello , an instrument on whieh he professed himself an accomplished performer . A few months after , husband and wife had both been murdered in a rising ofthe slaves . The brother , in narrating it , spoke of them as the mildest of human beings , aud considered the conduct ofthe serfs as utterly unprovoked ; but however that might be , nothiDg could well exceed the ferocity to which they had been roused . The old woman was scalded to death in a hot cauldron , the steward tortured to death , and his intestines , in derision , twisted into strings for his favourite violoncello .

      The above description of the Russian peasantry , does not apply to the inhabitants of Little Russia , or to the Cossacs . But we have before shown , that the Little Russians , or Ruthenians , are not Muscovites , but more Poles than Russians ; with the former of whom they were once united . And , as regards the _fJossacs , these yet enjoy a state of savage freedomfree , as compared with the Muscovites . It is these two races that form the real military strength of the Russian empire . Bat we have before shown , tbat "Polish ideas" are gaining ground amongst the Ruthenians , who , in their turn , are very likely to " innoculate the Cossacs ; in which case , the Muscovite empire will be shaken to its centre .

      The quotations above ' giveu illustrate the condition of the private serfs , the main distinction between these and the crown serfs is , that while the former areex : osedto the rapacity and tyranny ol their lord or his land steward , the latter are exposed to the rapacity aud cruelty of innumerable agents to whom is

      —"' . J Will War, At Leaetin Words, * Sr...

      delegated the authority of tbe emperor . Nicholas , the promised deliverer of the Polish peasantry , is himself the greatest slaveholder in the world . He is the possessor of upwards of twenty millions of serfs , or nearly as many aa all his , nobles put together . These serfs of the emperor stand in precisel y the same relation to hisa as the private serfs to their own proprietors , and this of course is quite _ihdepen-Vent of their relation as subjects , in which sense they only share with the highest in the land the . degradation of being the absolute slaves of his will

      If Nicholas desires to be an emancipator of serfs , why does he not begin his philanthrop ic (?) experiments upon his own wretched slaves ? Why does not this imperial incarnation of hypocrisy—this , signer of anti-slave trade treaties , this subscriber , to Bible Societies , liberate his own miserable serfs ? We have shown what is the condition and character of these degraded millions , kept in barbarism and , rendered brutal by the system of which _Nicholas is the head , and which he could abolish at once , at least as regards his own serfs—more than twenty millions .

      Men of England , listen not to the lying rumours bf the press ; this Muscovite Moloch is the unchanging and unchangeable enemy of human liberty ; his power is a blight and a curse upon millions of human beings , and must be got rid of . There is no real emancipation for any portion of the people o f Poland but through the annihilation of Muscovite rule in that country . The Poles must emancipate themselves , and will do so , provided you do not aid their oppressor by that criminal apathy which has existed too long , but which we trust will soon give place to—Action !

      To The Electors Of, France. Thb Address ...

      TO THE ELECTORS OF , FRANCE . THB ADDRESS OF "THB DEMOCRATIC COM MITTEB ( ASSEMBLING IN LONDON ) FOR FO LAND ' S REGENERATION . "

      CmzEHS . —On the 1 st of August next , you will be called upon to exercise the privilege confided to yeu by the institutions of your country , that of electing those io whom will be entrusted the power of , _maVing laws for thirty-six millions of tbe French nation ; and who will have it in their power to greatly influence , for good or for evil , the fortunes of not only the _ptople of France , but also the people of every nation in Europe ; Although believers in that sublima truth which France first proclaimed— "Tbe Fraternity of Nations , ; ' we nevertheless _, believe that each nation is the best judge of iti own internal affairs , and the best fitted to legislate for its own moral and material wants ; but . there are questions , not French merely , but European , which , while claiming the attention of France , _mustalso interest us , such a question is that of " Poland's Regeneration . ' * It concerns not Poland only , but you and _ua , and the men of . all countries , because all are interested in upholding civl . lization . and maintaininis liberty against the encroach _, ments of barbarism and the assaults of tyranny .

      It is certainly not necessary for Englishmen to presume to inform Frenchmen of the history of Polish wrongs . The great fact is known to every son and daughter , of France , that Poland , a nation to whomEurope is eternally indebted for the most signal services to humanity and civilisation , has been for the last seventy years the ceaseless prey ofthe cruel and rapacious despotisms of Russia , Austria , and Prussia ; that the most sacred rights of tbe Polish _people—thtar nationality , language , religion , laws , and domeitic usages hare been mdely torn from , them : that during the whole of this period the Polish people have without ceasing continued to protest against the grievous wrongs-of which tbey have been , and are , the _ricthns ; and Siberia , the dungeon , fhe scaffold , and the battle field , have witnessed the sufferings and heroism , not of a few , bat of thousands and tens of thousands composed of bothsexes . and all ages and conditions , in defence of their sacred rights , and that even at _thisinoment Poland is Heeding nt every pore , the result of another struggle—but not the last—forffie recovery of that freedom of _WhicTn she has been _soloag despoiled .

      Every Frenchman is also well aware that the _Pol-es have peculiar claims upon tne _^ sympathy of his couu ti _^ r . You do ndt-need to be reminded of the sacrifices which _PolaudV-sonshave ever been ready to mafce in support of the interests of France ; innumerable battle _fields attest the fact ; and you , Citizens , cannot be unmindful , that but for the heroism of the Poles ia 1830 , a second Cotsack march upon France would have taken place , and the " -Revolution of July" would have had to have ' heen defended on the frontiers , as well as combatted for In the streets of Paris . "We are aware that atthe time we have . 'just spoken of the - *? reneh nation enthusiastically and spontaneously desired to march to the aid of Poland , but was held back

      by the promises and professions of a pretended liberal < Jovernment , who , even at tha moment that Warsaw was succumbing , assured the _French Army and the National Guard that the Poles were _completely victorious ; and which'GoTernment had previously promised the Polish Government the succour of French arras , which promise was never fulfilled . "When Poland , _^ betrayed , by the French statesmen of that tinv > ., had again fallen , and was writhing under the'heel ofithe Tsar , General Sebastiani , with unblushing effrontery , announced that "order reigned in JF & raaw "—at a moment when brave men and unhappy women and children were given np to military-execution , _and-were expiring under the most infernal'tortures ! ¦ '•¦ ' ¦ -

      That "France is not ungrateful to Poland is proved by the hosptiality afforded -to tbe Polish exiles , tbe monies collected on the occa ' sion-of the recent outbreak , and the generous sentiments proclaimed by eveial of jour public

      < men . Bat-something more _isreqnired . Poland needs all the above aids , and more . The barren vote of your Cham _, bers . which annually brings forth— _"lotfiiiip , and tha pre * tended-prorests of an insincere _Minister , are ridiculous rather than effective . These " votes" and " protests " prove those who are parties to them to be either hypocrites or imbeciles . Electors of France 1 we desire to see a body ef French _-Representatives , who , mindful that the mission of France is to propagate and protect the principles of liberty wiU _3 o something more than talk—will-ace for Poland , insist that , whatever Administration rules , that Administration shall act as becomes the honour of the French nation towards the Polish people .

      "We demand for Poland not merely the nominal independence of an inconsiderable portion of that country , but the independence of the Whole as it existed previous to ths first dismemberment , "We demand not fractions of rights for any section of tbe Poles , but the rights of all Poles as an independent people to establish tbeir own institutions and form their own laws , without the leave or ' hinderance of any otherpower . - ; We desire these , not merely for the sake of the Poles , but fbr the sake also of the nations whose governments are at this time the oppressors of Poland , and for tbe sake of Western Europe gravely interested in re-establishing a . barrier against the further encroachments of Asiatic barbarism and retrogressive despotism .

      No language would be too strong to condemn the government of Great Britain for its criminal apathy as regards PolaDd : but we are confident that the British people largely participate in our sentiments on this question , and would hail with joy the commencement of that good work on the part of France which Poland has a right to expect , and Europe looks for . Citizens ! we are convinced that if all Frenchmen possessed the franchises at present confined to a class , not twelve months would pass away without seeing the French Government moving at the head of the French nation en masse tor the liberation of Poland .

      At preseut , it is upon you alone , Citizens , that all the responsibility rests ; if therefore , you turn a deaf ear to the appeal we make to you , if you ungenerously neglect the cause of that heroic people to whom you owe so much , on you will be the responsibility of betraying the interests and outraging the honour of France . If , on the contrary , you do your duty at Frenchmen and free citizens , how great will he your gloiy , how well will you deserve and truly have the thanks of the friends of humanity , not only in France and Poland , but also in Great Britain and throughout tbe civilized world .

      Accept our salutation . Signed on behalf of the Committee , Ebnest Jokes , Chairman . July 16 th , 1816 . G . Julian Harnet _, Bon . Sec

      Gape Of Good Hofe » Deatb Of A Jewish Gs...

      GAPE OF GOOD HOFE » Deatb of a Jewish _GsKThBUAir leading _oifina Colosists . — It having been reported that a considerable body of Kaffirs had been seen on tbe west side ofthe chain of hills skirting Graham ' s Town , a party of mounted burghers mustered to proceed to the spot , together with a company of about fifty discharged soldiers on foot , and a light field-piece . The mounted force was under the command of Mr . Joshua D . Norden , _Fiftld Commandant and Captain ofthe Yeomanry , who met with his death while nobly . heading his men , under the circumstances following : —Before reaching the top of the hill , Mr . Finnaughty , who was acting , in conjunction with Mr . H . Fuller , as guides to the yeomanry , requested that the commandant would allow him" four or five men for the purpose

      of looking into the ravineson the opposite side ofthe ridge , separating the Kareiga _kloofa from those which extend up from the Kowie , in hopes of discovering three horses of his which bethought might have strayed in that direction . That request was granted , with instructions that they should not on any account proceed beyond the sound of ree -1 ! or be long absent . ' Mr . Finnaughty accordingly rode forward _, and saw at the foot ofthe slope leading to the farm of Beggelly a horse , but not one ofhis own , Suspicious , from the position in which the animal stood , by the side of a tangled thicket , that it might have been p laced there as a decoy , he declined descending the hill ; and on returning , perceived as he came in sight of a large ravine , called the Buffalo Kloof , several Kaffirs running along the bush in a crouching posture , and taking shelter aroonc a _cluster of round projecting rocks , interspersed with aloes , and

      Gape Of Good Hofe » Deatb Of A Jewish Gs...

      which _^ stretched along the side of the kloof near whicli the yeomanry in two parties then were . Finnaughty instantly drew up his horso , and fired both barrels of his gun to attracf the attention of the yeomanry _, and then wared his bat to point out the position in _ which the enemy were . Mr . Norden immediatel y ordered liis men to advance and . by an impulse of gallantry moved forward to w -j u . Kafl" _* s lay in ambush , accompanied by six of his men . During these movements he had fired both barrels of his gun , had re . loaded , and ordering bis men to dismount , had ap . proached to within a dozen paces of the rocks mentioned , when a ball from a Kaffir , crouched behind one ef them , and upon which his gun rested , pierced bis head , aiid befell without uttering a sound . This Kaffir , it is said , paid dearly for his temerity , being instantly . shot by Mr . Taylor , the surgeon of the corps , and who was in turn fired on by twelve or fourteen of tho enemy ' s _sharpshooters , fortunately

      without _ellect . Finding themselves ambuscaded b y a superior force , and having lost their leader , the bughers were obliged to retire ; but on the following day they determined on an endeavour to recover the body of the commandant , and a _strone force moved from tbe town under th care of Colonel Johnstone . This party consisted of the Yeomanry Corps , thc _Sportvng Club , Mr Meurant ' s Hottentot Company , a detr _^ h . ment of the 90 th rvgmvant . a considerable _number of volunteers , and a _three-pounder field piece , _forcing altogether a rather imposing , _thouich irregular force ; They were allowed to proceed to the spot _without tho slightest interruption , and indeed without _neeing a single Kaffir during the whole line of _marc'ii . The body ot the deceased was found within abou t fifteen paces of the spot where he fell , but in a mo et shocking mutilated state . The ruthless savage * , not content with the deatli of their enemy , had treated his remains with a degree of barbarity ar _^ indignity

      which language dare not describe . ; The -mangied remains were borne to Graham ' s Town on . the gun carriage , wrapped in a cloak , tlie _' ninrnful cavalcade returning to town in the same ' - _undistur- ' _oed manner aB they proceeded . ' The only incident worth naming being an act of such good feeling as t , o deserve record ' _itseems tbat the men of the 90 th , regiment , being much debilitated by long service , in a hot climate , and by their recent long overland march from Algoa Bay , manifested , on reaching t ihe foot of _Foest ' _s Hill , a long and toilsome ascen t , excessive fatigue-On seeing this , one of the _rnoun _* xi civilians proposed tbat they should relinquish the ir "dorses to them , and that they who were bo much 1 jotter able to endure fatigue , should march on foot . . This was most cheerfully agreed to , andinafewn jinntesthe wholb of the eompany were mounted on V ge horses of those who thus voluntarily exchanged : places with those in the line of march .

      " On Tuesday , the 28 th r , f April , " says the Graham ' s Toivn Journal , "the rem ains . of . Field Commandant Norden were _consigned . to tbe silent tomb , and , as expected , was followed by all the military officers in garrison ,, and by a Is _j-ge concourse of inhabitants .-Theceremony was con ducted according to the impressive ' ritual ofthe Jcw / _iah church , to which deceased belonged . The coffi n was entirely without ornament , . _ajhdwas borne from the carriage to the grave by those only ** of his own _persuasion ., Each member , of his family , beginning with theeldestson . cast _someearfh into the grave , at jd which was not quitteduntil it had been entirely fil ' ied in . The lamented deceased lias left , a widow , a native of New York , and several children , to mourn the loss of an affectionate husband and a _teader / parent . It is an occurrence worthy of

      record in tlie annals uf British warfare , that an individual of the Jewish persuasion fell as the leader of a party fighting in'the common defence of the country . " A , _* Rabjs Boott foe the Kaffirs . — In the attack on Major Gibson ' s escort , 57 waggons were left in the _hriur . s ofthe Kaffirs , containing officers' baggage , and a d the camp equipage of the ofiieers of the 7 th Dra _fjMra Guards , so that many of tbem have nothing ''but tbe clothes tbey stand in . One waggon was said tohave been laden chiefly with swords for the Cape "Mounted Rifles . The waggon with the medical supplies was also captured by the enemy in tbe ford . They rifled it © fits contents , carrying away a good -deal ofthe physic , and actually eating , as it is _posi'tively affirmed , a considerable quantity of " 6 lister -salve ! A go d deal of laudanum was also taken , and it is said , drunk .

      India. Frightful Accident At Loodiana. O...

      INDIA . _FRIGHTFUL ACCIDENT AT LOODIANA . On the afternoon of the 20 th May a fearful storm passed over the station , and during the same the violence of the wind became so tremendous that in less than five minutes the whole of the barracks of ber Majesty ' s SOth Foot , together with the hospital , were levelled to the ground , burying man , woman , and child in the ruins . " It is quite wonderful any ofthe poor creatures escaped , but the loss of life and the number of wounded is distressing in the extreme . " Of the truth of this remark the _following frightful return will afford the most melancholy evidence : — Killed—1 sergeant , 3 corporals , 1 drummer , 45 privates , 14 women , 20 children . Total 84 . Wounded —3 sergeants , 5 corporals . 118 privates , 4 women . 5

      children . Total , 135 . Still missing--4 privates . The loss of life in the villages adjoining Loodiana is said to be very great . The wind blew with terrific violence for a time , and it seemed to concentrate its violence on the mud or kucbr brick barracks of her Majesty ' s 50 th regiment . The 6 th company barracks first fell a victim to thc fury of the element , and within five minutes of its fall every barracks shared its fate , the only parts saved ofthe whole nine buildings were the ends , i . e ., the sergeants' quarters ; they , having * some support inside , withstood the storm . It seems the barracks have been built on a new principle . It is urged _tihey were only temporary buildings , run up hastily to shelter the regiment .

      Be it so , * but as they have been standing more than two seasons , it is to be feared tbat good solid brick barracks would not have been thought of again , though originally designed , had not these been . blown down . This is an awful proof of the penny-wise and pound-foolish system . Inever witnessed so awful a scene of desolation and death as the barracks presented thiB morning . That part ofthe station looked desolate enough before . The Sikhs having destroyed the roofs of several bungalows and one splendid looking hospital , even these filled you with gloom when you looked at them ; but to thera you have now to add nine barracks , and the recollection that numbers of human beings have perished in the ruins .

      Luss U*' The Bombay. Castle By Fire. The...

      LUSS U * ' THE BOMBAY . CASTLE BY FIRE . The first alarm of fire was given to the Captain at about a quarter to twelve on the night of the 27 th of May ,. thiB ship then lying at anchor off Saiigor _, and upon coming upon deck he found the ship was on fire on the gun deck close to the main , hatch , but this , owing to the _excellent arrangements of Captain Fraser and his officers , well seconded by the exertions of the crew ( Chinamen and Lascars ) was speedily got under . Shortly alter this it was "discovered thatthe vessel was also on fire forward dose to the chess trees ; and the deck was immediately scuttled to allow of water being poured upon the burning part . All exertions were used to subdue the fire , but the Lascars became so alarmed atthe progress of . the flames that the control exercised by the officers

      was much weakened , thought they continued to exert themselves in every manner that could be looked for from British sailors . Seeing how desperate endeavours to save the ship must prove , as the flames were rushing through the main hatchway—the captain ordered one ofthe _( _juarter boats to be launched , and the woman and children put on board . Thanks td the excellent arrangements whioh bad previously furnished the boats with oars , rudders , & c , this was done with comparative l y little difficulty , and the boat safely delivered ber freight on board the Ellen , of London , which was , with several other vessels anchored near the spot where the Bombay Castle was lying . Almost immediately after the boat had left the vessel the Lascars who were in the fore part of the ship ( communication with the stern bein «» by this time cut off by the flames ) , launched the jollyboat over the bows , but she was almost immediately the rush

      swamped by made to get on board her Others attempted to get away on spar ? , and such rafts as individuals on the spur of- the moment could frame-and it is to be feared that many if not most of these perished , but the number had not when I left the spot , been ascertained . Signals of distress had been made as soon as the fire forward was discovered , and those of the vessels near at hand who had buats ready for the emergency , sent them to aid in bringing off the people . The Cove sent two boats , and the Duke one , for the purpose , and Were the means of saving many lives by their exertions . Captain Fraser and some of his officers remained on board till the deck was burning beneath their feet , and quitted the vessel only when every one that could be removed had been duly cared for . It is impossible to say too much of tlieir self devotion and gallantry throughout .

      Mr . Childs , the pilot , with his leadsman , Mr . Smyth , showed themselves as cool , zealous , and energetic as men could possibly be . Mr . Childs , who left the vessel in the first boat , immediately on reaching the Ellen , calhd for a Volunteer crew of British sailors , which was instantly furnished from the gallant fellows on 1 oard—and returned with them to aid in bringing away the people from the burning wreck . Every hospitality and attention was shown to the sufferers by the vessels which received them . Tbe Bombay Castle at i a . m ., was one mass of flame , anil at a quarter past three the masts fell in succe ? sion over the side , and she drifted from her anchors down upon the Caspar land . ' Shortl y ; before , taking the ground she _ b ! ew up—the explosion destroying about one-third ofthe ves * el—what remained of her continued to bur n till daylight . Nothing has been saved beyond the clothes which each hurriedl y put on when the alarm of fire was given—the shi p ' s papers and a few instruments which Captain Fraser- brought away alone except **! .

      Luss U*' The Bombay. Castle By Fire. The...

      ADAM * SMITH . AND * RICA R 2 > 0 . , ( To the Xditor _tf ihe Morning Tost , } Sib , —True / the , principle ot Free Trade has been sanctioned by the legislature , and the friends of that measure , would now have the question between tbe adv _a-rttageousne-ss of the home and the foreign trade to b & considered as finally settled . " Had Mr ; 'Cobden demonstrated the soundness of the principle of Free Trade , there would be some cau _> e of complaint , should the pertinacious opponents of truth still refuse obedience to the voice of wisdom . But , "Shv whenit is proved tbat Mr . Cobden ' s belief in the loose doctrines of Free Trade is founded oh Adam Smith and Ricardo , and when it is demonstrated that those authorities are in direct contradiction ' to each other , and that neither have established the truth of Free-trade princi ples ; when , also , Sir Robert Peel avows his only authorit y to be Mr ; Cobden , surely reason may well demur to a verdict founded on such hollow and irrational

      premises . The august and stately Jury which has given the verdict in favour ef Mr . Cobden cannot add authority to the voice of felly—it cannot give the force of truth to the promulgation of error ! The voice _. of wisdom may have been unheededthe power of , truth may have been resisted—it is too much ; however , to expect , even at the bidding of Sir Robert . Peel and tbe The League , thatthe best interests of the nation shall , without remonstrance , be sacrificed at the _shiine of falsehood . I am oldfashioned . iVevere the wisdom of our forefathers . I love-truth , although it be greyheaded . I may be obstinate— "impracticable ; " term my failing what you will , I never can believe thatthe _queationis _fina'lv disposed of , although , by a delusive trick , it is enveloped in a mist . 1 will not believe that wisdom can all y herself with folly—that truth can shake hands _>« ith error .

      IWenleatfas the task may appear , it is the duty of _tbo-e who believe that the decision of the legislature-mil . I he triumph of The League , is founded in error—Ht-Ht . by' irrefragable proof to establish that fact ; and next , to propound the truth to the people .. . _? ¦ _:-,-, ¦ .-. . That the mind of the publie haB been abused in this matter , I think I have demonstrated in my last letter . I might leave the premises without further proof , ' until Sir Robert Peel and Mr . Cobden had shaken' the testimony I- bave _produced . There is . however , one point on which it may be useful now to enlarge . : ! Mi - I have shown that Mr . Cobden rests his proof of the _advantageousness of Free Trade on the testimony of Adam Smith and Ricardo . He says they have settled-the question—that " they have clearly demonstrated the obvious truth , which no longer admits' of doubt to the honest inquirer "—and that " therefore all _attempts at further discussion should

      be sedulously avoided as' supererogatory , and calculated only tomvstiiy a plain and unembarrassed question . ' ? - _; "• ... . - . _- " ¦ •¦ Now , Sir , I will-place in juxta-position the statements of these two authorities , upon whose testimony Mr . Cobden so entirely , relies . Let them solve the question of the " increase of the nation ' s wealth" by home dr by foreign exchange of the products of our industry . If it is evident that on this point ( the only point _in'issue _) they differ wide as the poles , then I have certainly proved that Mr . Cobden is mistaken ; that all the labours and the triumphs of the League are founded in error ; that , in fact , the " great and comprehensive measure" isneithevmore nor lees than a great _natiokai . mistake ! : Hear , then , what Adam Smith and Ricardo say , and while you read bear in mind it is because these two " philosophers" have demonstrated the truth of Free Trade principles that Mr . Cobden disdains to " reason" on the subject . In their hands he is content to leave . the question * . —

      _iDAM _SMlTH . _aiCAHDO . j " The capital which is " This argument ( the aremployed in purchaaing in gutnent quoted in the oppoone part of the country , in > site column from ' Adam order to sell in another , the Smith ) appears to me to he produce of the industry of fallaoious ; for though two that country ,- ' generally re- capitals , one Portuguese places by every such opera- and- one English , be emtion two distinct capitals ployed , as Dr . Smith supthat had been employed in poses , still a capital will be the agriculture or manufac- employed in the foreign turps of * that " c ' ou * ntry , and trade double of what would thereby _enablet [ them _tojWit . . be . employed in the home tinue ( na (« _mpfo ! 'meiit . When - trade . . Suppose that Scotit sends out , from' the _rfisi- land employs a capital of

      denee of fhe merchant , a one thousand pounds in certain value of commodi- making linen , whieh she ties , it generally brings exchanges for the produce back in return at least an of a similar capital emequal value of other com . ployed is making silks in modities . ' When' both , ate England- ; two ' thousand theproduee of domestic in- pounds and a proportional duslry , it necessarily _' * re- quantity of labour will be places , by every such opera- employed hy the two countiou , two distinct capitals , tries . Suppose , now , that which had both been em- England discovers that she ployed in supporting pro- can import more linen from ductive labour , and thereby Germany for the silks which enables thtm 10 continue that she before exported to Scotsupport . The capitalwhich land , and that Scotland ( lis .

      sends Scotch manufactures covers that she can obtain to London , and brings back more silks from France English' corn and manufac in return for her linen than tures to Edinburgh , neces- she obtained before from 8 ABH . T replaces' by ' every England ;—will not Engtuch operation , ' two British land and Scotland _immedicnpitals which' had both ately cease trading with been employed in' the _agri- each other ; and will not the culture or manufactures of home trade of consumption Great Britain . ' " '" " _'•' _.- "¦ be changed for a _fereign _i " The capital employed trade ofconsumption ? But , in purchasing foreign goods although two additional cafor _Aome ; -consumption , pitals will enter into this when this purchase is made trade ( the . capital of Gerwlth the produce of domes- many and that of France ) , tic industry , replaces also , will not the same amount by every such > operation-, bf Scotch and English

      ea-TWO distinct 9 Capitals , but pital continue to be em-ONE of _fhem only is employed ployed , and will it not give in supporting domestic Indus , motion to the same quantry . The - capital which tlty of industry as when it sends British goods / to For- was engaged in the home _tugal , and brings back trade ? Portuguese goods to . Great Britain , replaces , by every such operation , _onrj * onb British capital , Thb other 18 A _Poetdouese one . -Though the returns , therefore , - of tbe foreign trade-of consumption should be as quick as those of the home trade , the capital employed in ie uiU give but _one-Baip of the encouragement TO THE INDU 8-

      TBT . OR PRODUCTIVE LABOOB OP THE ' _CODNTBV . Now , Sir , I' wish the Protectionists carefully to mark these two extracts . For my present argument it matters not which author has tho best and strongest reasons . It must be remembered that these are the words of the two men op whose testimony Mr . Cobden has , from the beginning to the end of his agitation for Free Trade relied . He has repudiated and condemned all argument—all " appeals to reason , " inn the bare assertion that these two authors have " clearly demonstrated" the _advantageousness of Free Trade . lie has succeeded , strange as it may appear—he _fawsucceededin preventing " discussion "

      —ne nag convinced the Premier and the Legislature , and many ' of the people , that Adam Smith and Ricardo have settled the question . On that erroneous conviction the whole code of our commercial laws has been revolutionised . And yet , Sir , the above extracts demonstrate that Adam Smith and Ricardo arc at the most complete variance ! The former asserting the superior advantageousness of the home trade ; the latter declaring ! the "fallacious ' - ' character of the , former ' s argument , and asserting ( not proving ) the advantageousness olforeign trade . The one being a Protectionist , the other a Free-trader , _* but , according to Cobden , Sir Robert Peel and all Free-traders are bound to believe in both t

      Such is Mr . Cobden ' s victory . Ile has been the advocate of those whose " inextinguishable desire for gain" impelled them to seek for universal competition ; he has , in the total . absence of " discussion , " succeeded in convincing his Ministerial opponent thathe is right . Instead of arguments be lias furnished names ; and although those names are in direct antagonism on the point at issue , helms completely bewildered and mystified his antagonist , and has'forced him to surrender at discretion . ¦ It is not for me to discover by what subterfuge Sir Robert Peel will excuse himself for the weakness he has manifested , by falline into Mr . Cobilen ' _s _tran .

      His eulogy on the " reasoning" powers of a man , who repudiates all reasoning and discussion , must pass for so much vapour . Had Sir Robert been silent on Mr . Cobden ' s great abilities , it might have been supposed thatithe Premier had some " reason" for revolutionising our commercial code * , now , however , we are authoritatively assured tbat Sir Robert Peel has been deluded by the advocate of Thc League—that _hehasnuotherfoundatlonforhis' _-great and comprehensive measure" than the contradictory theories of Adam Smith and Ricardo ! The world Las never before furnished an instance of so large a stake having been _. committed , to tho award of _ao much

      _ignorance . ' A 7 , ° _^ ° r two on , the . theory of Ricardo , as opposed to thti « Wky » of Adam Smith , may be usetul , as exhibiting tho danger of committing the national interest * to ,: the management of " _philoso-, \ Jl K _iSSriS _^ R _*;™ ? & n ! thi » e . _» amounts to thin-that Great Britain is no longer to remain a manufacturing nation for it is _self-evident that , if _& , S _^ for the silks she before exported to Scotland , then , Germany will be the cheapest niarkeMor hncn , as well for other countries as for England , and Scotland must ; in that case , cease to manufacture linen . And , " if Scotland discovers that she can obtain more silk from France in return for her

      Luss U*' The Bombay. Castle By Fire. The...

      { men than she . obtained ibc'bro from England , " it is quite clear that France will be tbe _cheaprst mar-» _n / i _% . wdIfor other countries as for , Soot . % . ? 2 . ? _Sla . nd must cease to manufacture silk . _, f ? " ? Ji "IS '""! and Scotland would commit suicide ! _fpSosopk _^ T _™ merely fc 0 gralify _'•** _vwity _^ If my deduction from Ricardo ' s premises be erroneous . let Mr . Cobden show why other _nati-niis would buy their hnen . in Scotland , when tbey could obtain ; _lt , as Ricardo states , cheaper in Germany ? Or , jwhat could induce other countries to come to England _forsilk when , as our " philosopher" proves , they can buy it for less money in France ?

      It is manifest that Ricardo ' s theory , when understood , cannot be acceptable to Tht League . As for Mr . Cobden ' s other authority , on the point at issue , . " the increase of the nation ' s wealth , " Adam Smith is decisive in favour of home trade , or internal ex . change , and as decidedly opposed to Free Trade . No matter , Mr . Cobden was engaged to carry a point , and he has been successful . Do I blame Mr . Cobden for having duped the Piemier ? I view him aa the chosen advocate in a bad cause , who has succeeded in bewildering the judge and jury , and bas thus obtained an unjust verdict . He might know , and no doubt did know , tho weakness of his case . It was his business to shelter his client ' s ease , and screen its defects . He has proved himself a verv adroit and clever advocate .

      What shall be said of Sir Robert Peel ? His was theplace ot judge ' . He was sworn to protect the nation _againsj the intri gues of The League . Ue has , either from ignorance or something worse , relied upon the special pleading of an interested advocate , and without / . * reason" or evidence be bas sacrificed the nation _s interest to those whose mottoes _are—_ */ The main source of the _presperitv of this country is its manufacturing industry and enterprise . "—Sir James Graham . And"To give capital a fair remuner ation , tbe price of labour must be kept down . "— William Huskisson .

      Yes , Sir Robert Peel has delivered the interests of this great empire into the hands of those who , according to M'Culloch , their great apostle ,-aro governed by "the inextineuishable passion for gain , the passion for accumulation , which has no limits 1 " Are we Englishmen , Christians , quietly to witness the triumph of tAat" passion ? " No , noteven atthe bidding ofa Bishop ! : I am , Sir , ; Yomb _respectfully , Richard Oastler . London , July 8 , 1846 . P . S _.-rHad the Protectionists spent one-quarter the money in defence of the principles of-the Constitution that has been ; spent by the leooue in order to give free scrope to "thepassion for gain , " we should not have witnessed this disgraceful fall of so many statesmen .

      The question now is—How is the lost ground tobe regained ? A general election must soon take p lace .. What steps are meanwhile to be taken to remove the mist from the minds of the people ? Not a moment _^ should be lost . R . O .

      Ireland. The Royal L0yals. Dublin, Jult ...

      _IRELAND . THE ROYAL L 0 YALS . Dublin , _Jult 20 . —The usual weekly meeting of this body was held to-day , Captain Broderiok in the chair . He called upon tie members ; * - * do all tin j could to put an end to the dissensions whicb had sprung . up among them , and to rely upon O'Connell , their long-tried and able leader , aiid . not to be led astray by men who bad made great professions but had done nothing for Ireland . He called upon the people of Ireland to look to moral force alone for the repeal ot the Unien _, and never listen to per ? ona

      who spoke of resorting to physical force . Tliose persons , if they looked to ulterior measures , got admission into the association on . false pretences . In all countries where physical force had been tried , it failed , and would never be approved of by O'Connell and the Catholic clergy of Ireland ., They ; would accept good measures from the Whigs ; but would not be the less determined to obtain repeal . 119 called upon the people of Ireland to rally rouud the ' association , and reject the men who would create dissension in it .

      Mr .- . O-NEu . L next addressed the meeting . •¦ He read a lefcler from Airdrie , in Scotland , from a repeal warden , Mr . _M'Canley , who expressed regret at the recent disputes in the association ; but the rallying cry of the repealers of that town was "O'Connell , Repeal , and moral force . " The speaker then went on to say , that they _acknowledged no other leader but O'Connell , and were all animated with one sentiment , the desire and the determina * tion do achieve repeal . The assoeiation was based on th _« principle that repeal was to be sought for through moral force , alone . Those who advocated any other should enme forward with a substantive resolution . Mr . O'Neill proceeded to enforce the doctrine of O'Connell ef proceeding towards repeal by moral force alone . A voice-It was _O'ConueU advised the compro . _miae at Dungarvan . ( Cries of " Order order . " )

      , __ Mr . 0 'Nku-i , —I'll allude to Dungarvan , if you like . It the repealers had decided upon con _testing Dungarvan , you should expend for the election a large amount of tbe , funds of the association ! for no candidate would himself expend some three-or four thousand pounds for a few months' sitting in parliament . Mr . _Stbeie—And let me add that we should be beaten .. The rent for the week approached £ 160 .

      The "-Liberal" Kings. (From La Reforms.)...

      THE " -LIBERAL" KINGS . ( From La Reforms . ) . We should not have thought that liberty was so well protected , In a few days hence she will ho longer stand in need of her . natural defenders , since her old enemies are now embracing her cause . We are talked to every moment about liberal Kings . Yesterday it was in " Prussia ; to-day it is in Sardinia . The spectacle is truly wonderful . We are shout to see in all parts - of Europe Royalty wavmg the banner of the Revolution J The value of the liberalism of the King of Prussia , ' with his fine promises , is well Known . The liberalism nf the Sovereign of Sardinia is pretty nearly of the same stamp—only that the scene is better played beyond the Alps than beyond the Rhine . It is easy to convince one ' s self of this .

      It is but a very sh ort time since the Royalty which reigns at Turin assumed this parr . But the comed y has progressed with rapidity . King Charles Albert has found supple and docile instruments at hand , who have hastened to second him ; and certain counts and mar . quisses havo deigned to scribble a few pamphlets to re . commend the . Snrdlnian Prince to Italian " patriotism . Such has been act I . ofthe comedy ; the curtain now rises for the second . Articles have been very adroitly slipped Into certain journals , « hose readers have been enabled , en awaking , to learn the generouB designs of Charles Albert . There are even _hcinfj prepared at this moment long pleadings in favour of this liberal Sovereign , and if we are not _mistuken , they will soon be found in oneof the first compilations of Paris .

      Hitherto tha King of Sardinia acts but little bv him . self . Wait a moment . This great Monarch also does a little on his own account : he ha « permitted the puhlication iu his states of certain heoks whicb concealed a few hardiesses ; and he is not far from restoring all its liberty to that soul of Ital y which has been _ri-presscd for centuries . All these manoeuvres tend towards the same end , and are inspired by the same design . A generous idea has _pre-oceapicd for some years the attention ef all the intelligent and polished spirits of Italy . This idea is that ot national unity . If all these

      members of the Peninsula , divided and separated by diplomacy , could only be united at last—if an these branches of the old national tree were to be reattached one day to the same trunk— -if the Appennines wen- to _afc tact to them all the party of this powtTful organism which have ceased to form a single body ! Such is the most ardent aspiration of Italy . This is the idea which lives in the hearts of her fine inhabitants , and which seems to be fortified there every day under the weight of those numerous tyrannies of which it is the pasture land ; Tho cry of Machiavelli now bursts forth in every Italian bosom , .

      , Well ! the new Borgia who is to restore to Italy this unity , so precious and so neceBsary , is Charles Albertthis excellent King of Sardinia , who also entitles him . self , for his amusement , the _Kinfi- of Cyprus nnd Jerusalem . This is at all events what they are trying to persuade the Italians . Such is the object of those intrigues which are knotted together on all sides , and which have passed from a _fewboolts into the per " ed _** cal press We should have disdained to say a single word about this farce , if it did not conceal some danger . The neoDle wha suffer easily accept the hope of a better future This _sontimentiatothem a great source of strength , hecaow it eternally protests against despotism ; but it also ea . poses them to illusions which too often only end in bloody disasters . '

      It u possible , assuredly , that Charles Albert may de-Sire put unity of Italy in a certain point of view . We are persuaded that th « fabulous Monarch of Jerusalem and Cyprus would bo very glad to reign from the Alps to the sea . Ou this condition , he would doubtless rid Italy ofthe contact of foreigncrs _. _supposing hehad the powerof _sodoin-j . This powcrfailing him , there remains to him the pleasure of an ambitious dream , and why should he not undertake to arm Italy for that dream ! The most vexatious thing that could happen to him would be to fall , but the misfortune would not be so great , after all . The Prince of _Casignnn is there . This heroic mask

      would fall again , and the sinister face of the _executioner of Austria would reappear through the broken mass * . ' I We do not wish that the Italians should reproach us f pr having insisted on these reminiscence * . ' What aught least to fail the victims' is memory . ' It cannot fail in Italy after so many wounds ami afflictions . . i But tyrannies are becoming so hostile that they can . riot be too much unmasked . It is to-day especially that one may repeat the energetic words of the Scriptures—He rains nets npon the people . "

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 25, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_25071846/page/7/