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Northern Star (1837-1852), 22nd March 1845, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, WONDERS of THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. TJiee...

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    • POPULAR ' WORKS NOW PUBLISHING B" W. .DUGDALE, 37, HOLYWELL-STREET •nmil-i htt*i"-
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      March 22, 1845. The Northern Star. 7

      March 22 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7

      Fovtiwx Motemmte

      fovtiwx Motemmte

      " And I Vriu War, At Least In Word-?, (A...

      " And I _vriU war , at least in word- ? , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , With all who war with Thought '" " 1 think 1 hear a little bird , who sings The people hy and by will he the stronger . _"—Braos

      « sWTT 7 _FRLAM ) . —THE JESUITS—THE SWITZE " HOLY ALLIANCE . " _Notwithstanding the immense aids and appliances -with which the despotisms of Europe are surrounded ; notwithstanding the huge armies , the truculent priesthoods , the base writers , and corrupt politicians which are at the command ofthe European Governments , to keep down liberty , and stay the progression of nations ; notwithstandingallthis seeming strength , rottenness i s at the base , and the _canker-Tvorm of corruption at the heart of the tyrannies , old and new , which , begotten byfraudand force upon ignorance and disunion , hare so long outraged the earth , and made ? he world a hell of -suffering and tears .

      The recent events in Switzerland prove the truth of this assertion . Because the Swiss are divided into two parties—the one . Conservative and Federalist ; _fieoth _(* , I ) _emocraiaeand Unitarian—because ihe one favours the educational rule of the infamous Jesuits , and the other has _pm-Iainied war to the death against the hated sect ; because the Swiss have shown some indications to settle their differences , as angry men often will , by blows * because of these things , the " strong Governments" and tiie " great powers" have wellirigli gone into fits , fearful lest "the peace of Europe" should be "disturbed , " -which in plain English means , fearful lest should a melee arise in the heart of Europe , the strife being for principles , the conflict might become contagions , in which case sceptres and crosiers , crowns and mitres , thrones and altars , might , perchance , have but poor chance of escape from the European overflow of the democratic

      Java . Disgust and contempt cannot fail to have been excited in the ureasts of all true men who have watched thc diplomatic doings of England , France , Austria , and the other despotisms in relation to the Swiss troubles . Swagger and fear are so nicely mixed _tiiat it is difficult to say which preponderates . Insolent in the consciousness of the brute force at their command , these "big bullies" threaten the brave Swiss with foreign intervention . At the same lime dreading a war , in which nations as well as armies might ultimately take part , the whine of affected forbearance and hypocritical moderation is made to ludicrously mingle with the impudent threats aforesaid . Their threatening and their whining alike exhibits their terror . Tbe despots are conscious that

      _iheir idol of bras has but feet of day . The Helvetic Confederation is divided into twentytwo cantons , comprising , we believe , about two millions of a population . The constitution for the reneral Government of the country is federal ; that is , similar to the constitution of the United States _, is in the American union , so in the Helvetic Confederation , each canton or state provides for its own internal government , and the cantonal constitutions may lie cither aristocratic , shopocratic , ordeinoenitic , just as the vox populi may decree . But as in America so in _Switzerland , the whole of the cantons are bound together by a federal compact represented in a general Diet or Congress , which Diet discusses and decides upon the foreign relations of the republic , and all questions affecting thc safety and well-being of the entire nation . Three of the cantons are

      firstclass , or directing cantons , known by the name of " Vorort , " each ruling for a special term . These three are Berne , Zurich , _^ and Lucerne . At present Zurich is the governing canton for the term of two years , dating from the 1 st of January last . As in all old countries , the aristocratic principle dominated in most of the cantons , until within the last few years . Switzerland was certainly for centuries in ikhiw a Republic , but in fact was really a collection of oligarchies , in which , as in most other countries , the few ruled the many . Of late years this , to a certain extent , has been changed . Radical revolutions have within the last fifteen years taken place in several of the cantons , and constitutions on an ultra-democratic basis have been established in

      several . These changes have of course excited violent animosities between the defeated aristocrats and the Tietorious people ; hence one cause of the agitation which has pervaded Switzerland for some time past . Another exciting cause of dissension has been that prime cause of division and disunion inall nations , religious intolerance . Themajority ofthe Swis 3 are Protestants , _bntalargeinhiorityareGatholics . _Inmostinstanccs , we believe , rrotest * _mtimaMtofea \ ismM found co-existent , whilst , where Papacy remains entrenched , aristocracy also remains intact ; though to this rule there are exceptions , Catholicism and RadicalL-m being in some parts found hand in hand . Indeed , in Switzerland , as in all other countries , the Democratic principle is -marching onward , andpenelauu tue _inouliisiut in uiu

      _-. _g < -. > _eu _n- _** - _* _-ascs _Jguunuicu < fraud . The first cause of the present agitation is , that the Government of the Catholic canton of Lucerne thought proper to recall the expelled Jesuits , appointing seven of them to superintend ihe education ofthe youth of the canton . A large number of the Lucernese themselves were opposed to the introduction of these priestly instructors , and rose in arms against the Government . They were , however , defeated—a number killed , others thrown into prison , their property confiscated—and subjected to other punishment . In their attack on'the Government , the insurgents were assisted by "free bands" from other cantons ; and this invasion , nay , the existence of the "free bands , " is another bone of contention ;

      the authorities of Lucerne demanding reparation for the invasion of their territory , and the disbanding of the " free banaV themselves . The insurrection in Lucerne—the interference of other cantons with the affairs of that state—and the object sought to be accomplished by the insurgents and invaders , immediately excited the greatest agitation throughout the country . The Catholics regarded their religion as attacked in the persons of the Jesuits , and the Conservatives declaimed against the invasion of Lucerne as a violation of tiie state sovereignty , and an infringement of the general compact . On the other hand , the Liberals burned with resentment for the defeat of their friends , declared the introduction of thc Jesuits into Lucerne to be inimical to the liberties of the entire confederation , and demanded the

      _mtmerenee of the General Diet to expel the Jesuits ; failing in which , they vowed to expel the hated themselves byforce . But another cause of agitation Is to be fonnd in the alleged aim of the Radicals to annul the federal compact , and make of Switzerland one united Republic . It is this alleged design of the Radical party that has mainly excited ihe fears of foreign governments . A great Republican state , " one and indivisible , " formed in the very heart of Europe , must of course be most distasteful to the crowned brigands . Itis hardly necessary to add , that such an example would in all probability be fetal to the power of surrounding despots . Hence their alarm ; hence their diplomatic notes and threats of intervention .

      Thus the three questions which at present distract Switzerland are—1 . The Jesuits . 2 . The Free Bands . 3 . Thc Reform of the Federal Compact . To stay the agitation , and settle the differences between Lucerne and the other cantons , the " Vorort , " or Directory of Zurich , summoned an Extraordinary Diet . The Diet _w-is _^ summoned : but now came the allimportant question of what should be the instructions given to the deputies from each canton ? The deputies to the Diet are appointed by the cantonal Councils of State . Upon their election taking place , the deputies receive instructions as to the votes they

      _ehall give upon each of the special questions for the deliberation of which the Extraordinary Diet has heen convoked - and these instructions result from resolutions put to the vote , and decided hy the majority of the Council . The Council is itself , during its sittings , obliged to give attention to thc popular voice * and now comes an illustration ofthe way " they manage these things in Switzerland . - " In the canton of the Pays de Valid , the people , to the number of _thirtr-two thousand , petitioned the Council io vote its instructions to the deputies , for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Republic ; on the opposite side , only one thousand eight hundred petitioned for the non-interference of the Diet . The Council , by a majority , responded to the latter , and voted for non-interference against the wish

      ofthe mass of the people—the result was , the people rose tn masse against the Council . In a few hours 15 , 000 of the petitioners appeared in arms , and by moral force —{ not a gun was fired , not a drop of blood shed ) _-HCompellcd the Council to abdicate . "WLile their hands were in , thc gallant Vaudois thought they might as well kill two birds with one stone , and as they had " put down" thc favourers of the Jesuits , they mig ht as well " putdown " aristocracy at the same time . Accordingly , thc constitution of the exclusivcs was overthrown , and a _proY-x ]„; . ; , ] govemnient formed , charged with the work of franiina : a new constitution , the basis of * _| Should _I ) C L _^ _rviBSAi . Scttrac-e . The history of this bloodless and glorious revolution is so important , that we feel fully justified in reprinting the following account of it : —

      OES tvA , Feb . IC—The aftair of the Jesuits has produced iu die Canton deTaud a complete and radical revoluuon _Xha resolution -upon -that question adopted hy the Couucii of state of the Canton de Vaud , on the 13 th , not _Lfcingjn conformity with the wish expressed hy 32 , 000 petitioner '' , popular assemhlies have heen heldin all parts of the canton . . ihove 15 , 000 of the inhahitants of the nei _ghhourhig country arrived in Lausanne on the 14 th , and the Consequent excitement is very great The Council Of Shite immediately called the inhahitants to arms , hut very few attended to the call . The soldiers joined the _peorfe , and crhd out— "Down icifli Vie Council of State , «* 9 tCU _uiffi _ttt JeSUili . * Three hundred soldiers , who had miherto remained faithful to the Council of State , having refused to receive ammunition or to take part against fhe _people , the Council found itself deprived of all support ,

      " And I Vriu War, At Least In Word-?, (A...

      and , having no means of resisting , the members resigned en masse . On the 14 th , at half-past two in the afternoon , the people held a general meeting in the Place de Montbenon , when several resolutions were adopted calling upon the Council of State to yield to the wishes of the petitioners , and afterwards to dissolve itself , in order that a constituent assembly might be elected in its stead . The meetin g afterwards proceeded tothe election of aprovi - sional government , of which thefollowing arethemembers Henri Druez , Councillor of State , President ; Louis Blancheray , Jules Muret , II . F . Scher , Member of the Grand Council ; Jean Schopfer , Jean Mercier , Charles Veillon ,

      Jacques Verest , Louis Bourgeois . Messrs . Muret and Schopfer not heing accepted , Messrs . Briatte and Wenger were substituted for them . The provisional government inimediately puhlished a proclamation announcing the change which had heen made and the resolutions of the meeting . In the evening of the 14 th an immense numher of people from the country round Lausanne arrived in the town , and on the morning of the 15 th another meeting of people was held , which was attended hy more than 15 , 000 persons , most of whom were armed . This meeting declared the Grand Council dissolved , and immediately called on the people of the canton to meet and elect a new

      Grand Council ; and tt also passed a resolution to the effect that all citizens , without exception , were entitled to vote at elections . The meeting also resolved that the new Grand Council should he entrusted with the reform of the constitution ; ana laiddown as a basisof that constitution whieh would be imperative on die Council of State , the establishment of tr ialbyjury , the reorganization of tiie tribunals of justice , and the mating of the civil and . penal laws more democratic . The meeting afterwards adopted instructions to he given hy the deputies of the Canton de Taud to the Diet . These instructions are the same as those proposed hy the mino _> rity of the ex-Council of State . —Messrs . Druez and Briatte were elected deputies to the Diet . The meeting finished hy resolving that those occupying public employments should he dismissed , hut that they should continue in their functions till then' successors should be appointed , provided they adhered to the principles of the revolution _, the new Provisional Government was afterwards instilled at the Castle , amidst the acclamations of the

      people . This is the glorious revolution which the mendacious Editor of the Times has the brazen effrontery to denounce as "one of the most outrageous of popular movements" on record 3 Of _allliars , of all miscreants , surely the most detestable are tbosewho , commanding the press , sell themselves and prostitute their pens to do the dirty work of despotism . Compared with such , Jcdas was truth and purity ' s very incarnation . It is unnecessary now to dwell upon the course pursued by the other cantons , previous to the assembling ofthe Extraordinary Diet . Some of the cantons , like the Vaud , instructed their deputies to demand

      the expulsion of the Jesuits from the whole of Switzerland ; some of them , like Geneva , wished merely that the Diet should join in a friendly but pressing invitation to Lucerne , to rescind its decree relative to the Jesuits and others , like Friburg , protested against all interference , declaring that the admission of the Jesuits into Lucerne was an act of sovereignty on the part of that canton , which the Diet was incompetent to interfere -with . On the 24 th of February the Extraordinary Diet assembled at Zurich . The session was opened by a speech from the President , from which we give the following extracts : —

      The first cause ofthe agitation which has seized upon a great part ofthe Swiss people is incontestibly in the recall of the order of the Jesuits to theological instruction at Lucerne . Already , in the Diet of 1844 , the dangers which a number of the confederated states anticipated , were pointed out with force , hothin the faetof the propagation of this order in the midst of Protestant and Catholic populations , andin the political influence which it exercised on one of the three directories . In this point of view , the letter of convocation ofthe directory has clearly and faithfully exposed these apprehensions ; it includes the expression of my most intimate convictionhut these warnings Have remained without effect . The sentiment of attach on its dignity and right prevailed in the aanton of Lucerne . It is in vain tliat- Zurich again

      < i amicably made a last attempt ; we have more than ever acquired the experience ofthe path entered on , when the confederated members cling to what appears to them admissible by the terms of rigorous right , and that without impartially weighing the consequences which this obstinacy may bring on our common country . To this sad experience , on the other side , are joined the most alarming manifestations—the territory of a sovereign state has Deen violated in an unqualified manner , by the free corps of the other cantons , and the free corps hare attempted to overturn the order of things existing in this state . These undertakings arenot met with any repression , and the guilty parties have remained unpunished . No deeper offence could he _tjven to the federal _compact . Since then , in the interior of Switzerland , all have heen constantly under arms , in the fear of a new disturbance .

      in fine , the constitutional authorities have heen worsted in one of the most flourishing cantons , because they did not vote an inquiry iu the sense desired by apart of thc population . In another state public tranquillity has been gravely- troubled b y the same cause . It is USdeSS tO dwell longer on thc imminent dangers which menace the federal alliance , should questions of the deepest gravity not he decided by the authorities in virtue of a mature examination , hut by decisions produced by acts of violence . To remedy the evils of the country , to re-establish and consolidate the peace wliich has been profoundly disturbed between the confederates , such is the principal task ofthe supreme federal authority . To the cantons only belongs the finding of proper means to do so , and to apply them .

      I shall endeavour to direct your deliberations with impartiality and calmness , and I shall look to your kind assistance . The liberty of deliberation will be in no way invaded . Tins is guaranteed by my canton and its people , who are the friends of order . 1 declare the Extraordinary Diet opened . We shaU K $ ume the subject next week . - " ¦ "ST" Moke Frauds of Pbiestcha-ft . —The following appeared in the French papers the latter part of last week . It will be seen that Bishop Aksoijoi has a rival : —

      The Archbishop of Paris has published a pastoral letter , announcing that the following relics will be exposed in the church of _JJotre Dame on Monday , Tuesday , and Friday next , being Passion Week , viz .: —A considerable piece * of the true cross ; the crown of thorns ; and oneof the nails ofthecross . Theserelics , winch , belonged to the Saiutc Chapelle , were given , at the period of the Concordat , hy the "Emperor Napoleon to Cardinal de Belloy , Archbishop of Paris , to he preserved in the treasury of the metropolitan church . They were saved atthe time ofthe first devastation of the Archbishop ' s palace in July , 1830 , and have ever since heen kept concealed .

      §&Gt;Tum Aito Met

      _§> tum _aito met

      Wonders Of The Electric Telegraph. Tjiee...

      WONDERS of THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH . _TJieeleetvietel-igTaphisoneofthefinestapplications of abstract science to the practical uses of common life . It furnishes a proof , and a striking one , of the proposition , that the pursuit of abstract truth , for its own sake , is a duty always incumbent on those who have the qualifications for succcssfiil research , even where thc immediate consequences of that research present no apparent value , and where the «« bono cannot be clearly determined . Abstract truth is one ofthe noblest objects of human pursuit , and will endure long after the practical uses to which we may appl y it are passed away . Scientific truth is , " nevertheless , inevitably the parent of good , and its votaries are ever benefactors .

      'Ihe philosopher is a philanthropist and a patriot , even though he may not always , like the Sage of Syracuse , be able to overthrow the enemies of his country hy the engines of his science . Even while he seemingly trifles , he may be achieving the highest purposes of life . The primitive electrician , when rubbing on his sleeve the bit of amber or wax with which to hunt a feather through the air , was preparing the first steps to a valued discovery . The thunderrod of Franklin and the thunder-belt of Harris originated in the chamber amusements ofpliilosophieal speculation . When _Galvani was making dead frogs dance on the table , he was preparing for one of thc most important inventions of recent times—the Electric Telegraph .

      Since the time of the Marquis of Worcester , if we except the steam engine , there has not appeared any invention more congenial to such studies as his , or more worthy of his genius , than the electric telegraph . It is the realisation of his wildest dream , and more . " Bow , at a window , as far as eye can discover black from white , a man may hold discourse with his correspondents without noise made or notice taken ; and a way to do this by night as well as day , though as dark as pitch is black , " was one of his rarest devices . " How , from your chamber , to hold discourse with yonr correspondent 100 or 1000 miles distant , so tliat your questions asked , and commands given , shall pass more rapidly to his ear or eye , than they would if spoken to the same person standing within the walls of your chamber J" this is the more astonishing problem , of wliich we have now the solution in the electric telegraph of Messrs . "Wheatstone and Cooke .

      The electric telegraph now on the South-Western "Raihrav is the most important yet erected in this countrv , in man y respects . First of all , it is to perform the usual functions of an electric telegraph for thc railwav , communicating orders and messages along the line according to the instructions of the directors and managers . Next , it is to serve the important use of communicating between the Admiralty here and the naval establishment at Portsmouth . Por this purpose , -we believe , the communication will terminate in the Admiralty at

      Whitehall , at this end of the line , and in the apartments ofthe officer in command , at Portsmouth . We presume that a similar commmunication will soon be effected with the Arsenal at Plymouth . The South Wales lines may also carry the telegraph to Milford , another of our dockyards , and thus it will take place that orders will , at any instant of time , with the quickness of thought , be transmitted to the great naval stations of the countiy from head quarters , and from each to any of the others , or information be returned from them to head quarters , with greater speed than they could formerly be carried from the

      Wonders Of The Electric Telegraph. Tjiee...

      great room oj the Admiralty to the secretary in the adjoining apartment . The energy whicli , in case of emergency , this would infuse into every department of the service , must be of incalculable service to the country . For all practical purposes , the dockyards and arsenals of our navy may then be considered as transported from their present remote situations into the very board-room ofthe Admiralty , at Whitehall . This is the second use of the telegraph of the Southwestern Railway : the third is to throw * open to the public tins means of communication at the office of the railway company on the payment of a very small fee . When the use of this shall have become general , you will make appointments for conversation with your friends , not by takinfr a journey of eighty or

      ninety miles to London , Southampton , or Portsmouth , but by each party attending at the hour of assignation at the respective telegraph offices in the town where they reside . You will then enter the office , take a chair , and ask the telegraph , " " How do you do , Thompson ? " At that moment the telegraph , will say , " How do you do , Thompson ? " to your seated friend at the other end in Portsmouth . He will then , of course , reply , through the speaker of the telegraph atyourown end , " I thank you , Smith , I hope your gout gives you less trouble this fine morning . " These preliminaries over , more important matters may be entered on and discussed , without impediment , until the quarter of an hour you have paid for is expired , and vou have to rive war

      to your successor and his amiable friend . This is not a hypothetical case—but was , mutatis mutandis , the commencement of our own first interview ( parr lance rather ) through the South-Western Telegraph . An important point is established by this telegraph , which had not formerly been decided , It was doubtful how far weather might interfere with the transmission of the electric current . Thc sleets , thaws , and fogs that have intervened since it waa erected haye given ample opportunity to judge of this effect . It is found in fine weather the power ofthe current is not sensibly impaired even by transmission through eighty miles ; that is , the indication produced is nearly as strong at the further end as at that from which the signal is transmitted—the diminution of

      power being not above five or ten per cent , in fine weather . Mr . Wheatstone has employed a beautiful little yolta-metrie apparatus for the purpose of detecting this difference . It is an ingenious modification of the usual apparatus for the decomposition of water , rendered much more delicate . By this , it appears , that the greatest amount of loss by transmission through twice 88 or 176 miles , is in the worst circumstances fifty per cent . By using powers therefore of double thc intensity required in the most favourable circumstances , he finds it easy to insure the perfect working ofthe apparatus , even in the most unfavourable condition . The general arrangement adopted on this line is that which Mr . Cooke and Mr . Wheatstone , after

      their experience , now considerable , have discovered to be best . The wires which communicate from one end of the line to the other , are no longer closed up in a concealed iron tube , but are conspicuous to the travellers in passing along the line . All along the railing there are upright posts , erected at equal intervals , which rise higher than the top of the carriages , and along the tops of these posts continuous wires are carried in a manner similar in appearance to an ordinary wire fence . Thus all is visible and accessible , so that if defects should arise they are at once detected and easily remedied . The wires depend b y porcelain eyelets from the posts for the purpose of insulation , and are protected from corrosion by being covered with zinc . These arrangements are now so practically perfect as to leave little more to be desired .

      Two methods are used to communicate the words from one end to the other . In one plan there are two wires employed in the work—these wires ' are independent of each other , and give the signals by affecting each one needle . Two _needlee serve to give all the letters ofthe alphabet . The attendant stands before a plate like the face of a clock ; on it are seen two hands or pointers ; both these point up and down when they are affected by the electric current . When the attendant wishes to make : the instrument work he turns a handle to the ri ght , this puts a coil on . the right in communication with the positive side ofthe battery and affects the needle to the right , and the moment the attendant sees this motion take place

      he immediately returns the handle to its former position ; the action ceases , and the needle having made one oscillation to the right , hangs vertical as at first . He has thus made one signal , for the wire which he placed in communication with the battery at this end , ends in a coil on the ri ght of a needle at the other end of ihe communication , and causes it to deviate to the right at the same instant with the deviation of the needle at this end . The operator at the other end has thus seen exactly what the operator _, at this end has done—in short , the needle at his end makes exactly the same deviation to the right which the needle at tliis end has done , and at the same instant . This deviation may , if we please , stand for the letter A .

      Let us next suppose that the second needle at this end is , by a second handle , made to deviate also to the right , and again to hang straight down . The second needle at the other end at the same instant deviates to the right and then hangs down ; this shall stand , if you please , for the letter R : the attendant at this end now turns both handles at once to the fight ; both needles at both ends deviate simultaneously to the right , and being seen by both are then allowed to lapse into a state of rest—this double deviation may stand for the letter E . The letters now transmitted form the word

      The attendant next makes the first needle deviate to the right , restores it , and instantly makes it deviate a second time—at both ends the first needle has made therefore a double oscillation to the right : let this stand for the letter Y .: He next gives the second needle at both ends a double oscillation , and this stands for the letter O—and a . double oscillation of both needles to the right , and at both ends , indicates the letter "U . We have thus the letters indicated at both ends of the word

      TOU . The attendant next repeats one oscillation of the second needle to the right , which gives us at first the letter R . One oscillation of both to the right gives , as formerly , the letter E -, one oscillation of the first needle to the right gives the letter A ; all witliout a new character . Let us now begin with oscillations to the left . Let one oscillation to the left on the first needle stand for D , and a double oscillation to the right being Y , and we have already transmitted the last word ofthe question , READY ? The answer may be returned by a double oscillation to the right for Y _, a single oscillation on both for E , and a single oscillation to the left , on the second needle , for S . So that you are assured you . are understood , and have your reply back over eighty-eight miles in the word ,

      \* ES . Thus , by the combination of single oscillations with double and triple oscillations , either singly to the right or left , or simultaneously to the right or left , you get . ill the characters of the alphabet from a couple of needles . And you do so by the motion only of two handles by the two hands of the operator , which do not require to leave the instrument for an instant . This may be done nearly , if not as rapidly , as common speaking—certainly more rapidly than vocal spelling of the words . Tliis very simple combination is , we believe , Mr , Cooke ' s .

      A second method is by an exquisite little combination of Mr . Wheatstone ' s . The letters of the alphabet are all engraved rouud a circular wheel . To speak you only turn each letter round to a fixed point , and the same letter is shown through a small hole to the reader at the other end . This method is most ingenious—to thc inexperienced , it seems the easier and simpler—any one , by very slight instruction , can thus talk confidentially to his friend at the other end , without the presence of a third party ; but the mechanism is too complicated to be understood by a description , without mechanical illustration .

      We have thus endeavoured to impart to our readers some of the impressions wliich a visit to the telegraph has made on ourselves . We think tliey will understand as much of its nature as to convey to them a 6 ense of the great value of the invention , and the important influence it may exercise . "R ailways ave messengers of civilisation , peaceful links tending to bind countries in ties of closer intercourse ; as guarantees of peace , they protect from war . The electric telegraph will accompany them . They are now covering the Continent — extending across the desert—about to span India from Calcutta to Bombay . Where will they stop ? There is a raUway now on its way from Pctersburgh towards Moscow : will it stop there ? The direction of that

      line , if prolonged , leads to China . Between "Petcrsburgh and Pekin there is scarcely a hill ; Moscow is , therefore , but a first-class station on the way to Pekin . __ We will not speculate on the date of the completion of such a line just yet , but return to what is imminent and in si ght . From London to Southampton there is now an electric telegraph . Mr . Wheatstone is now on liis way" to Paris for thc arrangement Of a telegraph in France . It may soon be completed from Havre to Paris ; from Paris to Marseilles there will be a continuous line of railway , and a telegraph on it ; thus we reach the Mediterranean ; thence Egypt , across thc desert , and so to Bombay and Calcutta . We mav cross to _Belsrium . where an

      electric telegraph already exists . We shall soon have one continuous line to Venice ; then across the desert , and finally from Calcutta to Bombay , a 3 , before . Does such a prospect , so clear , so certain of bringing so near home our many friends and brothers now in the other hemisphere ; not bring home to our hearts the conviction that we are just entering a career of social improvement , based on _scientific discovery , the beneficial effects of which it is difficult to foretell , but impossible to over estimate ? The South-Western Telegraph is not yet open to the public , but we hope it soon will he . Our readers will be glad to learn that the authors of the invention are among the few who reap the reward of scientific research in pecuniary form , Government pay >

      We Believe, £1,500 A Year For This Teleg...

      we believe , £ 1 , 500 a year for this telegraph , which has been erected for their use and the proprietors ofthe railway and the inventors ofthe telegraph conjointly , — Atheruzum .

      Extraordinary Occurrence At Iuiucombe.— ...

      Extraordinary Occurrence at Iuiucombe . — Between five and six o ' clock on Thursday morning a tremendous land-sli p tookplace from thc top of Hillsborough , opposite the entrance ofthe harbour , from a height of . more than -100 feet , down to a spacious beach at the foot of the cliff , filling the broad beach completely , and estimated at more than 1 , 000 tons . Just as thisslip took place a sloop was entering the harbour . The men on hoard , not expecting such a fall from the cliff , were not a little astonished . The crash was awfully grand . Portions ef the cliffhave continued to fall during the day , and the crown of that majestic hill is materially altered in appearance . —North Devon Advertiser .

      A Hard Skull . —The bullet whicli Bourselot fired at his . wife , in the Rue du Four St . Germain , struck her on thc forehead , which exhibited a wound of the size of a five-franc piece , with a black spot in the centre , which made the surgeons believe it had penetrated into her brain . When they were going to sound the wound , great was their astonishment at finding , on washing away tho blood , that what they had taken for a hole in her skull was thc very bullet itself , which had become flattened , as happens when , in the practice of firing , thc mark is an impenetrable plate . Little hope , however , is entertained of the woman S recovery . —Galignani's Messenger .

      Dreadful Calamity at Algiers , —The Moniteur _/ l ? _gereeri of the 10 th inst . announces the occurrence in that city of a dreadful catastrophe . At ten o ' clock in the evening of the 8 th , the gunpowder deposited in the stores of the park of artillery took fire , blew up that buildin _* --, and occasioned the destruction of various others situate between it and the Admiralty , which was fortunately spared . A portion of thc cascmated rampart , placed between the old Spanish tower , called Pegnon , and the harbour , and the houses built against that rampart , were entirely destroyed , and tlieir inhabitants buried under the ruins . Thc pavilion occupied by M . PaJard , the subdirector ofthe artillery , the quarters of the operatives ofthe artillery , and engineering departments , and the dwelling ofthe Commissioner of Marine , were

      levelled with the ground . The house of M . Segretier , the dtiectprof the harbour , experienced thesame fate , with the exception of the parlour , in which were then assembled some twenty persons . Shortly before thc explosion Madame Segretier , hearing her son crying in an adjoining room , left her guests to inquire the cause of his tears . She proceeded thence to tho dining-room to order tea , when the house fell in and killed her . Only one lady of the party , Madame Sylvestre , the wife' of the Admiral ' s secretary , was slightly wounded . The Admiral immediately repaired to the scene of the disaster , and the troops and Marines were called out to afford relief to the unhappy sufferei ' s . The explosions took place simultaneously in twe magazines , separated from each other by the fosse that extends round the old Spanish tower , and

      the fire , kindled in one by an unknown cause , immediately communicated itself to the other . Those magazines contained but a small quantity of gunpowder , which could not have produced so destructive an effect , and it was supposed that some unknown depot of gunpowder , buried there previous to the conquest , may have contributed to give additional intensity to the explosion . Forty-three workmen ofthe artillery , thirty -one _pontooners , ten artillery-soldiers , and two engineers , Were found dead in their quarters , and thirty were more or less desperately wounded . The sergeant-major of the armourers ahd his wife and child likewise perished . The controller , M . Piron , expired after undergoing the . amputation of his leg . Five other sub-officers suffered the same fate . Commander Palard was also among the victims of that terrible accident .

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      JUST OPENING . MESSRS . MILLER AND JONES , TAILORS ' AND WOOLLEN MAPEBS , . 158 , OXFORD-STREET , CORNER OP MARYLEBONE-LANE . AN Extensive Assortment of the Best Goods , made and unmade , always on hand . Bought for ready cash at the cheapest and best markets . To be sold for ready cash only , so TnAT the disagreeable _necessitv or CHARGING HEAVY PROFITS TO COVER BAD DEBTS MAT BE AVOIDED . Single Garments and Suits of Clothes in great variety , and at low and honest prices . Gentlemen ' s superfine dress coats , cut and finished in the first stylo , £ 115 s ., and upwards . Cloth , cashmere , doeskin , and tweed trousers , 9 s . 6 d _., and upwards . Valentia , toilenet , and quilting vests , 5 s , Cd ., and upwards .

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      OPENING OF THE OLDHAM WORKING MAN'S HALL , IIORSEDGE-STREET . TIIE Directors feel great pleasure in announcing to their friends , patrons , and the public generally , their intention of opening the above spacious building in Easter week next , in the following _oi-dei _, via ., on Easter Sunday , March 23 rd , 1845 , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., will deliver a Lecture in the large Room of the above Hall , to commence at half-past two o ' clock in the afternoon . In the evening the , above-named gentleman , together with Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , will eaeh deliver a suitable address , to commence at six o ' clock . On Easter Mon .

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      _^^ J ? _^^

      London Corn Exchange, Monday,. .Maucu 17...

      London Corn Exchange , Monday ,. . Maucu 17 . _— The supplies of English wheat , barley ,, and oats were moderate during the past week , and of beans and peas the receipts coastwise were not larger than usual : froni Scotland the arrivals of oats were hberal , and those of barley : tb a fan * extent ; there was also a tolerable supply ' of the first ofthe two last-name * articles from Ireland . At this morning s market there was a small' show of wheat by _land-cam-ieo samples from the neig hbouring counties ; not much _, barley'fresh up , hb ' r avc'ic the receipts of oats large , cither ' coastwse ' o _^ 'from"Ireland , Of beans there was a faii ' -V _lisnlii * _- ' - ' biit tfciis . particularly white

      boilere , were . rath ' er _scarce . '"The _weatherc- < iii _* _tinues very severe / _imdlasi _i _nigh ' twe had a heavy fall ; ' of snovr : The condition * of the wheat'was generally good , 'baring been improved by ' tlic late drying win d * ; ' the stands ' were consequently Cleared' without difficulty * , * at prices quite equal to those current on this ' My _sennight" . ' - and in partial instances ' " rather more mon ' ey was ' obtained . Foreign - wheat was likewise saleable _St'iully previous rates . In bond nothing of interest _tfaW- ' p ired . Flour moved off rather ' filbwly , but the ' _-fBi ' tie of the article was well supported . For _redby _r . ne malting barley the inquiry was more active than of late , and other sorts were certainly not cheaper tlian-011 Monday last . Maltcontinuednegleeted , and quotations remained about the same as before . The

      principal dealers bought eats cautiously , and tlic demand from consumers was far from lively , English and Irish were held veiy firmly at the * currency of this day week , but tor the ordinary kinds ot Scotch feed rather less money was in partial cases taken to clear vessels coming on demurrage . Beans did not sell freely ; and former terms were , with / difficulty realised . Peas were in steady request , and previous prices were readily paid for good boilers . 'Die impossibility of commencing field work -has greatly checked thedemandfor clovcrsccd , ami comparatively little has _hithertojbecn done in the article ; prices were , however , fully as high to-day as at any period of last week . Spring tares brought rather more money . Canaryseed moved off tardily . In other species of seeds there was little ' doing . CUMtENT PItlCES OP GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL

      QUARTER . —British . s 8 SB Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new &¦ old red 4 'i 4 % White 50 64 Norfolk aud Lincoln . ... do 43 4 C Ditto 48 50 Northum . and Scotch white 42 46 Fine 48 52 Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 44 White * o 48 Rye Old 31 32 New 30 32 Drank 35 36 Barley Grinding .. 26 2 S Distil . 29 31 Malt . 32 35 Malt Brown .... 54 56 Palo 57 61 Waro 62 6 * He . _ins Ticks old Anew 30 33 H . 11 T 0 W 32 37 _Pigeon 38 40 l ' eas Grey 32 33 Maple 33 34 White 36 38 Oats Lineolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 I ' otato 24 28 Irish "White 20 tt Black _2 U 21 Per 2801 b . net . s s I Per 280 lb . net . s S Town-made Flour ... 42 44 | Norfolk Si Stockton 82 38 Essex and Kent .... 33 35 | Irish 34 35 Free . Bond

      Foreign . is as Wheat . Dautsic _, _Konigsburg , _fcc 02 58 36 38 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 52 32 34 Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 44 41 * . 26 28 Russian , Hard 44 4 G Soft ... 44 47 26 28 Italian , Red . . 46 48 White ... 50 52 28 32 : Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 6 ( 1 28 32 Rye . Baltic , Dried , ... 30 31 Undried . . 30 82 2128 Barley , Grinding . 25 27 Malting .-. 38 33 20 28 Beans , Ticks . . 30 33 Egyptian . 31 32 24 28 Peas , White . . 3 fi 38 Maple . . 32 84 28 80 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russianfeed , 21 22 15 16 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel -. ... 24 26 19 2 *

      Lo . vdo . v Smithfield _Catile Market , Monday / ) March 11 . — Notwithstanding the severity of the weather , the importations of live stock from abroad , since this day se ' nnight , have been on a somewhat extensive scale , they having amounted to 100 oxen and cows , together with SO sheep , all from Holland . Although there were some well made-up animals amongst them , by far the largest portion were of unusuallv inferior quality . The beasts were disposed of at from £ 8 10 s . to £ 19 ; the sheep 28 s . to 37 j . per head . From our own grazing counties . the arrivals of beasts fresh up to-day werc season . ibly ' extensive . As to quality , there was , compared with that noticed oa this day se ' nnight , a slight improvement , yet it was by no means first-rate . The attendance of buyers was numerous , yet , owing to tho dead markets being

      heavily supplied with last week ' s arrivals , the beef trade was in a very sluggish state . The primest Scots and homebreds mostly found purchasers at last week ' s quotations , or from 3 s . lOd . to 4 s . per 8 lb ., butthe value of all other breeds was with difficulty supported : in fact , in some instances towards the close of the market a slight abatement was submitted to by the salesmen for such qualities without effecting a clearance . The bullock droves from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , comprised 1800 Scots and homebreds ; from the northern districts 300 short horns ; from the western and midland counties , 600 Devons _, Hevefords , runts , & c . ; from other parts of Eneland . 400 of various breeds ; and from Scotland

      110 homed and polled Scots . The number of sheep was rather limited ; lioncc tlic mutton trade was somewhat active , at an improvement in the currencies _, obtained on Monday last of 2 d . per 8 lb . —the best old Downs readily producing 4 s . Od . per 8 lb . Generally speaking , this stock came to hand in fair condition . From the Isle of Wight , 10 lambs were received per railway ; but the supply from other parts was rather limited . The lamb trade was inactive , and we cannot give prices with any degree of accuracy . Upwards of 4000 of the sheep were out of their wool . With calves we were scantily supplied ; yet thc veal trade was inactive at previous figures . Prime small porkers sold steadily ; other kinds of pigs slowly at last week's quotations .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking tha offal . s . d . s . A Inferior coarse beasts ... 2 6 2 8 Second quality . , . . 2 10 3 4 Prime large oxen . . . 8 0 3 8 Prime Septs , & c 3 10 4 8 Coarse inferior sheep ... 2 8 3 4 Second quality .... 8 6 3 8 Prime coarse woolled . . . 3 lo 4 2 Prime Southdown .... 4 4 4 6 Large coarse calves . ... 3848 l ' rimc small 4 10 5 0 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 39 0 targe hogs ' a 18 3 8 Neat small porkers ... 3 10 4 4 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 16 0 20 0

      HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books of fhe Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 636-Sheep , 21 , 840—Calves , 04—Pigs , 320 . IIiciimohd Conx Market , _Mamm 15 . —We had a good supply of grain in onr market to day : — "Wheat sold from 5 s . to Cs . Cd . ; oats , 2 s . 3 d . ' to 3 s . 3 d . ; barley , 3 s . Cd . to 4 s . ; beans , 4 s . 3 d . to 4 s . 0 d . per bushel , Manchester Conx Marrat , Saturday , March 15 . —The improved feeling apparent in the trade here last week was in a great measure checked by the dull accounts received from Mark-lane on Tuesday , and the demand for flour has subsequently continued only on a moderate scale for consumption : the previous currency was , nevertheless , fully maintained . In cither oats or oatmeal there has been but little passing , and to effect sales of tlic latter article somewhat lower rates must have been conceded . At our

      market this morning wheat was held firmly for fully the previous currency , and in sonic instances for a slight advance . Tlic transactions , that occurred , however , were onl _y to a trilling extent . A fair , but b y no means extensive sale was experienced for flour , without variation from the prices obtainable on this day se'nnight . In the value of oats no change can be noted , although tlic inquiry was very limited ; but , with a languid demand for oatmeal , this article must be quoted 3 d . per 240 lbs . cheaper . Beans were in moderate request at late rates . _Liverpool Cattle Market , Monday , Maroh 17 . —There was a similar demand for both boasts and sheep at market to-day as last week , witliout any alteration in prices . Beef old . to C _> id ., mutton _CJd . to Tid . per lb . —Cattle imported into Liverpool , from the 10 th tothe 17 th March : —117 S cows , 0 . calves , 3439 sheep , 72 . lambs , 9 S 9 C * pigs , 11 horses .

      Leeds Cons Market , Tuesday , March 18 . —We have a limited supply of ail grain for this day ' s market , the weather having been very severe and winds contrary nil liist week ; wheat is firmly held at is per qr . advance ; as , however , there 'is * , only an indifferent show of good qualities thc demand to-day is not active . Really fine barley is becoming scarce , and fully maintains late prices , while low descriptions remain dull . No change in oats , beans , shelling , or other articles .

      THE AVEKAOE _P 1 _UCES OF CORN , POR TIIE WEEK _ENDIMJ MARCH 18 , 18 4 , *) , Wheat , Barley . Oats . Rye . Beans . Peas . Qrs . Qrs . Qrs . Qrs . Qrs . Qrs . 5090 , 133 C 5 S 4 — 421 55 £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s , d . £ s . d . £ S . d . 2- 6 Gi 1 12 7 1 2 3 | — I 16 0 i 1 19 7 Leeds Cloth Markets . —Busines still continues brisk , but manufacturers make great complaints of low the price paid for their goods . Stocks are low . Liverpool Corn Market , Mon pay , March 17 . — The imports of each article of the corn trade since

      this day week have been light . Tin * duty on . foreign , barley has advanced by ls . _ _, say in Us . pci' qr . . _. iVfc last Tuesday ' s market a fair businesswasdonein . wheat , Irish fully maintaining thc ' advance '' noted ' . at the close of last week . Several parcels of' bats wero ' also taken at fullprices . Flour and oatm ' eiit met -a ' moderate demand , without change as " to _vala-3 . There has since been" less activity * 'in the trade ' generally ' , ' but thc quotations are unaltered . A _fev small lots ' of good grinding barley haye been , sold at 4 . 8 . per _COlbs . Beans and peas have gone off in retail at previous rates . A parcel or two of "United States sweet flour have changed hands in bond at 17 sV to 17 s . Gd . per barrel . ' ¦ ¦ - ¦ ' ¦ *

      Maltos Corn Market , March 15 . — "We have a moderate supply of all grain offering to this day ' s market . : Wheat m good demand , and rather deajer ' barley _^ and oats , same as , last week . Wheat , red , new , , 44 sto . 48 s ; white ditto , 483 to 50 s ; red ditto old , -i 8 s to 51 s ; white do ., 50 s to 54 s per qr . of . 40 stones . Barley , 26 s to . 30 s per qr . of 32 st . Oats 9 _Jd to _lOJd per stone .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), March 22, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_22031845/page/7/