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Northern Star (1837-1852), 22nd February 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 6, FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS, for the Week en...

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      6 The Northebn Star. February 22, I^G.

      6 THE NORTHEBN STAR . February 22 , i _^ g .

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      Field-Garden Operations, For The Week En...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS , for the Week ending Monday , Feb , 26 ( ft _, 1844 , [ Extracted from a Dun ? of actual operations on a number of small farms in Sussex and _Yorkshire , published by Mr . John Nowell of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , Torkshire , as a guide to other possessors of field-garden farms to the labours which ought to be taken on their own farms . The farms selected as models , are—First . That of the Willingdon school , five acres in extent , conducted hy G . Cruttenden . Second . The Eastdean school , also five acres , near Beachy Head , conducted by John Harris . Third . That of Jesse Piper , consisting of four acres .

      at Cruttenden . Fourth . That of John Tumbrell , a farm of six acres , at Jevington , near Beachy Head . Fifth . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite , near Huddersfield . Sixth and Seventh . Two small model farms at the same place , occupied on the estate , of the Earl of Dartmouth , by Charles Tarley and John Barnford . The consecutive operations * in these reports will enable tie curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diabt . is aided by "Notesand Observations " -from tbe pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin . ]

      SUSSEX . Monday . — WiUingdon School . Boys raking wheat stubble from the young clover . Eastdean School . Twelve boys digging for carrots , applying tank liquid , picking up roots and stones . Piper . Getting flints for future use . Dumbrell . From home . _TmisDis . —WiUing don School . The same as yesterday Eastdean School . Digging for carrots , treading and weeding the tares , putting in beans , and planting . ¦ ¦ cabbages . Piper . Cleaning pigs out , and composting the dung with mould . DumbreU . Digging . and stacking litter . Wedsesday . —WiUingdon School . Boys raking clover , ¦ tailing dung ,, sowing a little rye for experiment . - Eastdean School . Boys emptying pigstye tank , carrying dung to potatoe mixen , weeding clover , picking stubble . Piper . Removing potatoes within floors . DumlreV .. Digging , caiTying manure for oats .

      Thubsdat . —WiUingdon School . Boys raking clover . . Eastdean School . Putting in peas , carrying manure for tares , -beading wheat ; picking stones . Piper . Digging ; has a wonderfully fine calf to-day , from the cow he works in harness . DumbreU . Digging , pulling turnips , wheeling manure . Fbidat . —WiUingdon School . Boys raking stubble . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing oats , trussing straw , and clearing the oats for seed . Piper Emptying the tank , pouring liquid upon the mixen . DumbreU . Digging , wheeling out manure , putting tank liquid to rye , _Satckoat . —WiUingdon School . Boys gathering stones off the clover . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy pails , and tank from the cows , cleaning but the pigs , and school room . Piper , Digging for carrots , to he sown in the latter part of March . . Dumbrell . Digging and wheeling out manure .

      YORKSHIRE . Slaithwaite Tenants . —No return . _Cow-PEEDHO . _—Fiffihyiioii ScSooL White carrots and straw . DumbreU . One cowstall-fed with turnips , mangel wurzeL and straw . A _^ cow and heifer led with turnips , carrots and straw . NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Soot . —Provide soot for wheat , or seeds , and sow it about the beginning of March , after the rate of 30 bushels an acre , with 5 or 6 bushels of rough salt . Huhus Compost , No . 1 . —[ "Woody fibre in a state of decay is called humus . '' —Liebig . ]—Compost together , and mix intimately , peat , tanners' refuse , saw-dust , weeds , the greater variety of vegetable substances the better , with 30 or 401 bs . of common salt , and about 8

      gallons of quicklime for each couple of one-horse cart loads of such materials . Turn the heap over several times , and when wholly decayed apply the mixture , along with farm yard manure . It will be rich in humus , or partially decomposed woody matter . This substance in its further decay , when within the ground , nourishes the embryo plant , and is a kind of pap to support it in the early stages of its growth . The base of it , charcoal , in combination with another element , afterwards enters a more mature plant , as food , and thus , what was previously part of a dead plant , becomes , once more , a part of a living one . * - Humus Compost , " No . 2 . —When you have a mass of stubble roots , loaded with earthy matter , sods , and -weeds , and much soil , you ought to ferment it into

      humus , if you would not wish to bring it to the mixen . Garry it to cow or stable dung . Horses' litter is best for such a purpose . Compost it into a humus mixen in the field , as follows : —Place a layer of dung , and then a much larger layer of thc rubbish before mentioned ; proceed and build layer upon layer of them ; see thatthe heap ferments well , and turn it over several times . _Inafewmonthsvou-ioUfindtherootsdecayed , and converted into Yery perfect humus , if tbe fermentation has been properly managed . Never burn such good things as these ; the ashes certainly remain , but the woody part , which in its decay furnishes humus , is destroyed . ThisAwmiw , or its combination humic acid , plays too important a part to be sacrificed .

      Spring Tabes . —[ " In March and in April , from morning _, to night , —In sowing and setting must he yonr delight , " ]—Use care in selecting seed ; old seed will not always vegetate . Reject such as ,, when bit asunder , will not easily separate , and such as are very hard or dark skinned . If you live in the south , you may by sowing early , and in an early spring , obtain a pop of spring tares , and afterwards dig and sow again , two and a half bushels of tare seed ,-, and half a gaUm of rape per acre , and still be in time to sow wheat before winter .

      CONVERSIOS OP THE SPBIXG TaRE INIO THE WjSteh Tare . —The spring and winter tare are plants of the same species , bnt of different habits as to ripening . The change of habit is thus effected : —In autumn , spring tares are sown in a well sheltered situation ; if the plants can be made to stand' over winter , their former habit is changed , and their seed on ripening has become what is called the winter tare seed , and may be sown , in confidence that it will again stand the ' winter , and attain early maturity in spring . .

      Guano as a Maxure . —To Hewit Davis , Esq . —Sir , It is always-with pleasure that I peruse any article bearing your name , and your letter on guano afforded me much gratification . It was high time that some one called the attention of farmers to tho fact that guano does not possess all the good properties which have been attributed to it : at the same time , in some cases I consider it a valuable assistant to the -farmer , but cannot allow that four ewt . is to carry through the whole course of crops . Its greatest use

      is-in urging on youm ? turnips , to get them out of the -way of-the fly , and for green crops , as early vetches . At the same time turnips require backing -with good yard man-ore , to carry them through . I cannot agree with you in your calculation of the composition ofthe crops , as I conceive you are taking credit for elements -which it is not in the power of any man to supply , which I will endeavour to show : — Your table takes 4 , 308 lb . of oxygen 611 lb . of hydrogen 5 , 3741 b . of carbon

      10 , 293 lb . from the soil or land . We will just examine from what source plants in a rreat measure derive these elements . The source of the oxygen of plants is easily perceived , for the water they imbibe contains a great quantity of oxygen , eight-ninths of the weight of water being oxygen . But there are other sources from which it is derived : the atmosphere contains 21 percent , of oxygen , and carbonicacid contains 12 per cent , by weight . From any of these sources a sufficiency is to be obtained ; but it is from the first that plants are supposed to derive their principal supply . The source of hydrogen is perhaps more limited , as it is not known to exist in' nature in an uncombined state , and it is supposed to enter plants in combination -with some other element : and we are limited to water as the

      substance capable of forming that element ( with the exception ofthe very small amount of hydrogen contained- in the nitrogenised constituents of plants ) . And as your table shews , a very small amount of hydrogen , only 6111 b ., water will provide a sufficiency alone , as it is composed of one part hydrogen and eight parts oxygen . The source of carbon is equally evident as that of oxygen and hydrogen . It is from the air that plants derive tlieir carbon , or more correctly speaking , from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere . Again , carbonic acid isv produced by combustion and respiration . It is estimated that the carbonicacid derived from the combustion of coal and wood annually in Great Britain is alone sufficient to supply carbon for

      seven eighths of the arable land of this country . It is estimated that a fnll-grown man gives off , in the course of a year , 1001 b . of carbon , in the form of carbonic acid ; and supposing each inhabitant of Great Britain , young and old , to give off 601 b . per year , the 20 , 000 , 030 wouldgive off 200 , 000 tons , and presuming the other animals to give off twice as much more , the -whole weight of carbon returned to the air by respiration in this island would be about 2 , 000 , 000 of tons , or the quantity abstracted from the atmosphere by 4 . 000 , 000 of acres of arable land . Lapandus found that a plant of _borogo officinalis , after a growth of five months , produced ten times as much vegetable matter

      as the soil in -which it grew had lost during the same period . The experiment of Bourssingauld proved that peas planted in pure sand , and watered with _distilled-roter , and fed by the air alone , nevertheless found in the air all the carbon necessary for their de * Telopmenti flowering , and fructification . May I ask how it can be otherwise ? for if we turn to the noble oak , and inquire when the acorn fell , whence sprung this noble -hjee some centuries back ? K the ground contained one millionth -part of the carbon which the _'*^! _?^ . _? _^ ns , it ; is uie carbonic acid of the atmi _^ nHfe-wMch _liMfiirniEhedail ihe rest ; that is to ¦ _^• i _^ _P _^ . _^ _^ hole : mass of ( thiB noble tree . I am " _^ _WS _^ _M-fQfffit _* nitrogen to go to your credit , at the same time a portion of it is also derived from the _M-hnAAernhAwa '

      Field-Garden Operations, For The Week En...

      ..... . Then if we deductr 4 , 3081 b . of oxygen 61 Ub . of hydrogen 5 , _3-7-llb . of carbon 10 , 2931 b . of elements from _lljOoOlb . of dried matter , it leaves ? 571 b . Even allowing that you have helped to contribute to the supply of carbon by the decay of vegetable matter , and leaving that out of the question , we find that the oxygen and hydrogen ( two elements that you cannot claim to have supplied ) amount to 4 , 9191 b ., or near half the crop you claim as lost to the land . Should I be wrong in my calculations , I hope some more scientific friend will put me right , as the object of my letter is to call the attention of agriculturists to thc value of chemistry . Thos . _Kter Short _,

      Martin Hall . Nottinghamshire . ' Martin Hall , Nottinghamshire . Ok Maxohe . —Sir , —Manure cannot be kept too close together , and the less exposed to the weather the better , but it ought not to be permitted to oyerheat itself . It is the practice of the farmers to fodder their cattle in the fields ; I do not hesitate to say , that such a practice is inconsistent with the improvements ofthe present day ; no man can calculate the loss sustained by such a method . All cattle ought to be housed by night from November to April , if allowed to range a few hours in the day on a rough piece of pasture . Good manure cannot be made in the open field , nor scarcely in a farm yard , if the droppings of buildings are allowed to soak through it ; all farms ought to' be provided with sheds adequate to the quantify of stock for consuming the

      produce for the winter : Cattle require but very little-room if tied up ; there is some trouble attending this plan at first , but in a few days every beast will know its place , they will then be able to enjoy whatever food is put before them , and are not subject to be driven from one place to another by the master beasts of the herd . There are two things ofthe greatest importance on the farm—draining and manure ; it is difficult to say which preponderates . Tou may extol guano , or other novelties , but there is nothing equal to animal manure , as Mr . Davis has demonstrated in his excellent letter . The farmer ' s particular attention should be drawn to this subject now , since steam has so much , superseded horse labour . Where there used to be hundreds of

      stagecoach horses on the highroad side , there is not now one . The urine of the cattle is the most essential thing in decomposing vegetable matter , and every drop of it ought to be preserved ; which can easily be done in the following inexpensive manner : —If the farmyard is on a declivity , so much the better ; if not , let a pit be dug in a " convenient situation , of an oblong form , the one end sloping in until the opposite side is four or five feet deep , if the bottom is composed of hard gravel there is no occasion for it being paved with brick or stone ; the sides ought to be walled up , but if this cannot be afforded strong stakes may be driven in about a foot and a half apart , and roddled up with stout rods to keep the sides from falling in from the action of the frost . No water

      should be allowed to enter this pit but what falls from the clouds , and to its margin the dung from the stables and cattle sheds should be wheeled every day , but on no account turned in , but shook in promiscuously with a fork and evenly together . As to the saving of the surplus urine that is not absorbed by the litter , I would recommend the ' following simple and economical method : —Let a shallow gutter be made behind the cattle to drain into a receptacle -, brick tanks are rather expensive , but in most market towns there are oilmen who sell their large casks for very little money : let one of these be sunk level with the surface as a receiver , and give one ofthe labourers a trifle to attend to it regularly and empty it ,

      when necessaiy , into the manure pit . A boy can perform this work with ease with two stable pails . This liquid should be spread evenly over the surface of the dung by __ a trough extending across or into the middle ofthe pit , with holes perforated in its bottom . Manure made in this simple and inexpensive manner is very efficacious ; one cart-load is worth three or four of that generally procured from farm-yards . A common labourer can do all that is required ; and I think no landlord would object to find the materials to accomplish a thing so desirable as providing substantial animal manure , on which the permanent hopes of the tenant for bountiful crops chiefly depend . —A Farmer of Thirty Tears' Experience , Middlesex , _JSdta .

      The Mortality of London , and indeed of England generally , shows a gradual annual decrease , whilst it is well known the population increases considerably . -The rates of premium for Life Insurance bave been greatly reduced during the last few years , yet the offices continue as prosperous as formerly .. These facts clearly demonstrate that some cause , either unknown or unheeded , must have produced sueh favourable results . Amongst these causes , the increased knowledge of anatomy and the many very valuable discoveries in medicine , will stand most prominent . The small-pox , that annually carried off thousands , has been successfully combatted by vaccination ; and gout , that used to claim its numerous victims , has been thoroughly vanquished by . Blair ' s Gout and Rheumatic Fills .

      A Gentleman ' s Life Saved by taking Hollo-Wat ' s _Prxxs . —A wealthy farmer , a Mr . John Robinson , residing at Wootton , near Bedford , was a short time since informed by his medical man that in two days he _^ would be a corpse . He then measured seven feet round the body from dropsy ; his legs were so full of water , and so large , that they buret in three places . In this dreadful state he dismissed his doctor , and had recourse alone to these wonderful Pills , -which saved his life , and "immediately carried off all the water from the body , and he now enjoys perfect health . This gentleman is well known , as likewise his family , throughout the county of Bedford . Romance rs the Life of a Factory Gnu . —Miss Irene Nichols , daughter of Mr . Nathaniel Nichols , of Monmouth , Kennebec Co ., while at work in a factory in Dorchester , Mass ., some four years since , was _nffi-rfid verv liberal _ira-ws t / i srn to _Mavtiw nnA i > n . WWW WW WMWW V

      — — — — — '— -V _—^ -- — - ..-.,- — _QW -.-., . . .... .. gage in a factory just established there . She , with eight others , accepted the offer . While there , she became acquainted with Ferrera , the present revolting and successful General , with whom she contracted marriage . She made a visit to her friends in Maine , last summer , during which she received frequent letters from Ferrera . She left here in July or August last , for Mexico , via New Tork , where she obtained a license , and was united in marriage to Gen . Ferrera , by his representative , the General not being able to leave Mexico—a step rendered necessary , as the parties were both Protestants , and could not be married in Mexico , a Catholic country . Ferrera is now President of Mexico , having his head quarters at the national palace in the city , and this Kennebec " Factory Girl" now " revels in the Halls of the Montezumas . " Gen . Ferrera is of German extraction . —Kennebec Journal , Maine ,

      Metropolitan Improvements . —Lhe new street from Long-acre to Holborn , forming the continuous line from Waterloo-bridge to the new Holbom-road , has been named Endell-street ; and the fine opening which connects High-street , St . Giles ' s , with Monmouth and St . Andrew-streets , is called Broadstreet . The new street connecting Long-acre with Coventry-street is in such a state of forwardness tbat it is expected to be open for traffic in about another month . Revolution at Ichahoe . —Strange as such a fact may be , it is not more strange- than true . By letters which have arrived in town this week , it is stated that a complete , and , happily , a bloodless revolution had taken place at Ichaboe , at the date of the last dispatches . It seems that in the operations of the

      first six months after the island was visited , a host of agents or supercargoes established themselves on the island , erecting tents and temporary residences . In a short time they had marked off the ground , and laid claim to all the principal _parti-A their own bona fide property , on behalf of themselves and their empleyers at home , erecting loading stages , and selling pits at extravagant prices . Till the revolution no opposition was made to this mode of procedure , and the consequence wis , that ultimately no ship , unless the captain submitted to these land sharks , could get a shovel ' s breadth of ground to land upon . When an agent had a ship loading at his stage , he purposely kept dallying with the work until another ship from his house at home would arrive to take up the berth , although there might be 300 other ships surrounding the little island , and waiting access to the beach . Squabbles and small fights were of continual occurrence , and increased till a sloon of war arrived to

      nreserve order . Her commander remained till he believed his presence was no longer necessary . On tbe following day the demurring shipmasters held a meeting , and it was very soon resolved -that a general reform should , be made instanter . There were about 300 ships at moorings , and each ship-agreed to send her proportion of men ashor with guns and bayonets , mustering altogether about 1400 men . Supercargo town was attacked , and its entire population put to the route at the point ofthe bayonet , and driven into the sea , up to their chins , and the discomfited _landlo-rds there and then made to swear that from that time henceforth they had relinquished all right and title to the soil of Ichaboe , after which declaration they were permitted to return to their respective places of abode . This summary proceeding produced an entire change in the civil affairs ofthe island , and ships are now loading at the rate of 50 tons a day , alter lying idle for months . —Greenock Observer .

      Lewes Election—On Monday last , pursuant to public notice , the nomination of a burgess to serve in Parliament for the borough of LeweB , in the room of the Hon . Henry Fitzroy , who had accepted the office of a Lord of the Admiralty , took place in the Nisi _Prius Court , In the County Hall , at 11 o ' clock precisely W . C . Mabbott , 'Esq ., stepped forward , amidst cheers , and said he had the great gratification of nominating the Hon- Henry Fitzroy , who had so many years represented them m Parliament , as a fit and proper person for that purpose . Having accepted offiee under Government , it became necessary that he should be re-elected , and he had , therefore , the pleasure ofproposing _hinu Mr . R . Flint seconded the nomination . Mr . Fitzroy was then declared duly elected . The Hon . Member returned _4-h .-. * -. _!»• a n * iJ _Ihn t \« u > i » _iMjin / i > B _-fAnminnlAj

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      Loniion Corn Exchange, Monday, Feb. 17.—...

      Loniion Corn Exchange , Monday , Feb . 17 . —The arrivals of wheat , barley , and oats from our own coast , were short during last week , attd the supplies of the latter article from Scotland and Ireland moderate , nor were the receipts of beans or peas by any means large . From abroad a parcel oi * two of wheat , one cargo of barley , and about 1000 qrs . of oats , with fair quantities of beans and peas , constituted the supplies . At tMs morning ' s market there was rather more wheat offering b y land-carriage samples from Essex and Kent than last Monday , whilst of barley and oats the fresh arrivals were trifling . Beans and peas were rather more plentiful , particularly the former article . The weather is now open , though the nights continue frosty . The demand for wheat

      was slow to-day , and though the condition was generally good , considerable difficulty was experienced in making sales at former rates , indeed in partial instances buyers had the turn in their favour . The inquiry for free foreign wheat was likewise very tardy , and so unimportant were the transactions as to render quotations little better than nominal . Flour was saleable in retail quantities at about previous prices . Holders of barley firmly resisted any further decline , and ; with a restricted sale , tbe currency of this day se nnight was maintained . Malt was likewise held at former rates . The principal dealers bought oats cautiously , and even consumers showed unwillingness

      to take more than they required for immediate use j the moderate nature ofthe supplies tended , however , to impart confidence , and good coyn was not cheaper than on this day se ' nnight . Beans moved off in retail without any change occurring in their value . Peas were held at previous prices , but the inquiry was far from lively . The sowing season having been retarded by the late severe weather , comparatively little business has hitherto been done in cloverseed . This morning the trade was , on the whole , firm , and former rates were well supported . _^ Canaryseed was again the turn cheaper . In quotations of other articles there is no alteration to notice .

      H CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . . s s s s "Wheat , Esgex , & Kent , new & old red 12 48 White 50 W Norfolk and Lincoln . . . . uo 43 . 6 Ditto 48 80 -Northum . and Scotch white 42 46 Fine 48 52 —Irish red old -0 0 Red 42 44 White 45 48 Rye Old 31 32 New 30 32 Brank 35 36 Barley Grinding . . 26 28 Distil . 29 31 Malt . 32 36 Malt Brown . . . . 54 Sfi Pale 58 62 Ware 63 85 Beans Ticks old & new 30 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 38 42 Peas Grey ...... 32 33 Maple 33 34 -White 36 40 Oats Iincolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 24 26 — Irish White 20 22 Black 20 22 Per 2801 b . net . s s Per 2801 b . net . s s _Town-made Flour ... 42 44 Norfolk & Stockton 33 34 Essex and Kent ... . 34 35 Irish . .. . 35 36 Free . Bond

      Foreign . ¦ s _s s s Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , & c 52 60 36 40 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 54 32 35 ——Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 44 47 28 30 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 47 2 G 28 Italian , Red . . 46 50 White ... 50 52 30 32 Spanish , Hard . 46 50 Soft .... 48 52 30 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 30 32 . Undried . . 31 32 21 22 Bailey , Grinding . 26 28 Malting . . 31 33 22 29 Beans Ticks * . . 30 34 ' Egyptian . 31 32 26 . 30 Peas , White . . 36 38 Maple . : 33 34 28 30 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 — - Russianfeed , 21 22 15 16 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 1517 Flour , per barrel 25 27 10 20

      London Smitbtield Cattle Market , _Mo-toat , Feh . 17 . —Since this day se'nnight , the imports of live stock from abroad for our market have not been so extensive as in the preceding week , yet they have , for the present season , proved rather numerousthey have amounted to 136 sheep , and ninety-three oxen and cows , all from Holland . To-day there were on sale here seventy beasts and ninety sheep , the whole of which were in yery moderate condition , and sold at corresponding rates . From the official returns , just issued , we learn that the following were the importations in the years mentioned : — 1842 1843 1844 Oxen and bulls .. 3165 1114 3710 Cows 1046 ...... 367 1155 Calves 76 .. ; ... 40 55 Sheep 638 210 ...... 2801 Lambs 10 ...... 7 . 16 Swine and hogs 415 359 271

      The number of beasts derived from our various grazing counties were less than those exhibited on Monday last , owing to which , the increased attendance of buyers , and the dead markets being tolerably well cleared of then- late large country arrivals , the heel trade was somewhat better , and in some few instances the primest Scots ( which were scarce ) commanded an advance of 2 d . per 81 b . In all other kinds of beef , however , not the slightest improvement was noticed . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received 1250 Scots and homebreds ; from the northern grazing districts , 200 shorthorns ; from the

      western and midland counties , 600 Herefbrds , Devons , runts , & c . ; from other parts of England , 500 of various breeds ; and from Scotland , 180 horned and polled Scots . The supply of sheep exhibited a decided falling off , yet it was quite equal to meet the wants of the . trade ; On the whole , a slight improvement was noticed , in the demand , but prices ruled about stationary , though they were fully-supported . The numbers of calves were on the increase , owing to whicli the veal trade was heavy , on lower . ' --terms . For pigs we had . a steady inquiry at full prices . There were on sale about 2000 shorn sheep , and 200 lambs .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . s . d . s . d Inferior , coarse beasts . . . 2 6 2 10 Second quality .. . . . 3 0 3 4 Prime large oxen . . . 3 G 3 8 Prime Scots , & e . . . . . 3 10 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep . . ' . 2 8 3 2 Second quality . . . . 3438 Prime coarse wooUed . . . 3 10 4 0 Prime Southdown . . . . 42 4 4 Large coarse calves . . . ,, 4 . 0 48 Prime small 4 10 5 4 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 32 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 8 Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 4 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 18 0 20 0

      HEAD OF CATTLE OS . _SAI / E , ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) . * Beasts , 2 , 555-Sheep , 26 , 230—Calves , 68—Pigs , 313 . _London Smithfielb Hav _Maur-et . —Coarse meadow hay , £ 310 s . to £ 410 s . ; useful ditto , £ 412 s . to £ 5 3 s . ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 4 s . to £ 5 8 s . * clover hay , £ 4 10 s . to £ 6 . ; oat straw , £ 116 s . to £ i 18 s .: wheat straw , £ 1 18 s . to £ 2 per load . Supply but moderate , and trade tolerably steady . : Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , Feb . 15 . — Since our report of this day se ' nnight the trade has undergone but little change , a fair consumptive demand for flour liaving been experienced in the early

      part of the week at about previous rates ; subsequently , however , sales were with greater difficulty effected , and the tendency of prices was towards a decline . For pats and oatmeal there was , likewise , but little inquiry , without material alteration from the currency of last market day . At our market this morning but few transactions occurred in wheat , although secondary * and inferior descriptions were freely offering at a decline of fully Id . per 701 bs . Flour was only saleable to a limited extent in retail quantities , and must be noted rather cheaper . Oats were in very moderate request , at a reduction of Id . per 45 _lbs . ; and oatmeal met a slow sale at an abatement of 3 d . to 6 d . per 2401 bs . The demand for beans was trifling , and their previous value was barely supported .

      Liverpool Con's Mahket , Monday , Feb , 17 . — We have this week had a fair arrival of flour from Ireland , but the imports of oatmeal and of grain ave of very moderate amount . The trade has at the same time ruled exceedingly dull , and most of the principal articles have again receded in value . The finer qualities of Irish wheat have been sold at Id ., and secondary samples at 2 d . per bushel below the quotations given hi our last . Foreign has been held at previous rates , but has met a very limited demand . Flour must be noted ls . per sack , and _oatiaeal 3 d . to 6 d . per load cheaper . Oats aro id . per bushel

      lower ; 3 s . per 451 bs . the top price for Irish mealing . We reduce _, the quotations for beans by 6 d . to Is . per quarter , and either this article , or barley or peas have moved only in retail , the two latter at about previous rates . No change has occurred in the duties on foreign produce this week . Leeos Cloth Markets . — We cannot report any material alteration in the state of trade in Leeds , except that prices , in consequence of the advance oi wool at the recent London sales , are rather higher . The late severe weather has given a check to the spring trade ; but a speedy favourable re-action is confi dently looked for .

      ! Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Feb . 18 . —With a limited supply of grain here this week , we have no change to report in the value of any article , and the demand is . still confined to the supply of pressing wants . Our principal millers hold oft , waiting for abetter selection in fine dry wheat . Barley maintains last week ' s prices from the smallness of the arrival . Oats , beans , and shelling without change . Richmond Corn Market , Feb . 15 . — We had a plentiful supply of grain in our market to-day , and the prices much the same as last week . —Wheat sold from 5 s . to 6 s . 6 d . ; oats , 2 s . 2 d . to 3 s . ; barley , 3 s . 6 d . to 3 s . 9 d . ; beans , 4 s . to 4 s . 9 d . per bushel .

      Tork Corn Market , Feb . 15 . —The dulness which has characterised the corn trade for some time past still continues , and millers and maltsters only purchase to supply their present wants ; and , if anything , a trifling reduction has to be acceded to , to make sales . Oats are not very plentiful , and the price of good mealing ] qualities is fully supported . Beans as before . Malton Corn Market , Feb . 15 .- —We have a good supply of wheat , but moderate of barley and oats , offering to this day ' s market ; wheat fully Is . per quarter lower ; barley and oats same as'last week . Wheat , red , new , 44 s . to 48 s . ; white ditto , 48 s . to 50 s . , * red ditto , old , 50 s . to 52 s . ; white ditto , 52 s . to 563 . perqr . of 40 stones . Barley , 26 s . to 30 s . per qr . _nfWi at . Oats . Aid . to lOid . ner stone . '

      I ^ ¦ "" L

      i _^ ¦ "" l

      House Of Lords-Monuat, Feb, 17. The Repo...

      HOUSE OF _LORDS-Monuat , Feb , 17 . The report of the Board of Trade upon projected railways was again the subject of diseu 6 _sion in the House of lords . Lord Bboughah , with increased information , renewed his charge against Mr . O'Brien . That gentleman , he gaid , had purchased 204 South-Ea . tern shares as late as December 17 ; the prices instantly rose when it was known who was in the market , and the result did credit to the sagacity of tbe speculators , for the committee decided in

      favour of the South-Eastern lines . Their Lordships were told that these decisions were only intended to assist Parliament , but he maintained that in almost every case they would , although unsupported by . evidence , have overwhelming weight with Parliament , and thus affect most seriously the rights of private property . He objected to the constitution of a tribunal to which such immense powers were intrusted , and suggested that as so much importance was attached to its opinion , the public should at least know whether the members were unanimous . lie wondered whether this was always the case . Rumour said that it was not , but the rule was , that every member signed the report whether he approved it or no .

      Lord Dalhousie declined to give any answer to the Noble Lord ' s questions . He had " wondered" very much , and wanted a solution of his " wondei * ings , "but he should leave him to " wonder" on . The rule of voting in the Board of Trade was the same as that in the Boards of Admiralty dr of Customs , in neither of which was any division of opinion ever explained . These objections , too , to the constitution ofthe committee came toolate . It had been established by consent of Parliament , the extentof its jurisdiction and the nature of its powers had been entirely approved , and it had in no respect exceeded its authority Qr acted inconsistently with the course which had been prescribed for it . He repeated , that its decisions would only be entitled to influence so long as they were founded in reason and justice but he claimed for the system a fair trial , which it had scarcely had when its first report had been but just laid upon the table of the House .

      The Duke of Wellington said , that he had some ac quaintance with "both the Messrs . O'Brien . The one had been a most respectable and estimable military officer , and while the Other had acted as Sir J . Graham ' s secretary he had had every reason to be satisfied with his integrity and zeal . ' Lord Brougham denied that he had ever imputed the slightest collusion to either of these gentlemen , but rejoiced that he bad succeeded in eliciting so much information . So far from " wondering" any longer , he was now entirely satisfied that his information as to the internal dissensions of tho Board was correct ; and as their reports were not like those of the Admiralty or Customs , fjut only the exposition of opinions , he still contended that those members who dissented should not

      sign the report as if it had been unanimously adopted . His objections to the conduct ofthe committee remained unabated , and he thought the public justified in entertaining suspicions when the mere connexion of Mr . O'Brien ' s name with the Soutb-Eastevn Railway had in a few days raised the price of the shares from 13 to 40 . Lord DALnonsiE shortly replied ; and , after some observations from Lord Campbell in condemnation ofthe committee , and froin Lord Wharncliffe in defence of Its constitution , the subject dropped .

      Tuesday , Feb . 18 . The House of Lords sat only for a short time ; and at their rising adjourned till Thursday .

      House Of Commons, Monday, Feb. 17. The H...

      HOUSE OF COMMONS , Monday , Feb . 17 . The House met at four o ' clock . Mr . S . Herbert took the oaths and his seat on his re-election for the southern division of the county of Wilts . : An Hon . Member presented thirteen petitions from as many parishes in the county of Norfolk , for the repeal of the malt-tax , - Mr . T . Duncombe presented petitions from Captain Stolzberg and another , who had presented petitions to the House last session , complaining that their letters had

      been opened in the Post-office . They stated that their petitions had been referred to a secret committee ; that that committee had made a report , part of which they were informed was injurious to the character of the petitioners , and they prayed that if another committee should be appointed they might be examined , in order to have the opportunity of clearing their characters from any imputation . The Hon . 'Membei' then moved that the petitions , as also that of Joseph Mazzini ( presented on Friday last ) , be printed _* wi _. th the votes , as he intended to bring them and the subject to which they referred under the consideration of the House to-morrow ( Tuesday ) . —Ordered .

      Mr . Corhy brought up the navy estimates , which were ordered to be printed . Mr . M . Gibson gave notice , that on putting the resolution of the Bight Hon , Baronet as to sugar duties in the Committee of Ways and Means , he would move as an amendment , " that ho arrangement respecting the sugar duties can be satisfactory or permanent which does not include an equalization of duty on foreign and colonial sugar . "

      PRINCE ALBERT . Mr . P . Borthwick , seeing the Right Hon . Baronet the First Lord ofthe Treasury in his place , wished to askhim -. _vhetliei- there was any truth in a rumour which had appeared in the Morning Post and other newspapers . The rumour was one on which he did not ask for any information , because it was sufficiently absurd and ridiculous to contradict itself ; but monstrously absurd and ridiculous as it was , it was calculated to excite unpleasant feelings . Before he put the question he would read the paragraph itself , — "It is rumoured , and we believe npon sufficient authority , that the title of King-Consort is about to be conferred on his Royal Highness Prince Albert . This , we presume , would be preliminary to a demand for an increased grant . " He wished to ask thc Right Hon . Baronet the question , simply to afford him an apportunity of contradicting a rumour , mischievous , absurd , and preposterous in itself , but calculated to do serious injury [ to the object of the loyalty and affections of the nation .

      Sir lt . Peel . —The House will , I am sure , admit that it is uot a good practice to ask a Minister for explanations as to rumours wliich have appeared in tho newspapers ( hear , hear , and laughter ) , particularly when the Hon . Gentleman who puts the question declares that the rumour to wliich he refers is sufficiently absurd to bo its own contradiction , and wants no explanation from me . ( Cheers and laughter . ) I think that it is rather hard in this particular case that the Hon . Gentleman should put me to the ordeal of answering his question . However , sir , I feel that I must leave it to the discretion of Hon . Members themselves to put such questions or to refrain from them , because I know that inferences are sometimes

      drawn from silence . On the whole , perhaps , _silence would be the best on the present occasion ; but to guard against the possibility of any erroneous inference , I will state , for the satisfaction of the Hon . ( Jentleman , that the paragraph to which he refers is wholly withoutfoundation . ( Cheers and laughter . ) . A discussion respecting the Railway Department of the Board Of Trade , and the recent gamblings on the Stock Exchange , in consequence ' of the business of that board , ensued , the subject being introduced by Lord Howick . Its purport was similar to the one we have noticed as having ' occurred in _the'House of Lords . When it was over the House " considered " on

      THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL PLANS . The House having resolved into a Committee of Ways and Means , the discussion on the financial plans ofthe Government was resumed . Mr . _Gbeene ( the chairman ) having read the question proposed on Friday last by Sir It . Peel : — " That it is the opinion of this committee that towards raising the supply granted to her Majesty , the respective duties on property , professions , trades , and offices , and the stamp duties on Ireland , granted by two several Acts passed in the fifth year of her present Majesty , be continued and further irranted to her Majesty for a time to be limited , "—

      Lord John Russell rose and said , that he had always considered the income-tax as one which might be necessary in time of war , or some other great emergency , but which was , even then , liable to tho greatest objections from its inequality , its vexatious character , and its liability to fraud and evasion . Sueli being its faults , he was surprised that Sir R . Peel should have declared that he would not attempt to modify it , because any such attempt would only aggravate the evils which he was anxious to cure . When he originally proposed to impose the income-tax , he justified it on account of the political and financial difficulties of the country , nnd expressed a hope that by altering certain customs duties lie should so invigorate commerce , and so encourage industry , as to be able to improve the condition of thc people , and to get back in a few years the

      revenue which he was then . _* acrihcing . why , then , had he declined to tell the House on Friday night what had been the consequence of his reductions in the tariff , and to show Unit they wero even now _pvoducinu _, and would continue to produce , an increasing revenue ? Clearly because it was not in his power to do so ; attd hence he concluded , that if the House consented to the Government measure in its present shape , it would give its consent to un income tax , to be renewed , it was true , from time to time , but still to be renewed perpetually . The real question , therefore , for the House to consider was , whether it would consent in a time of profound peace to render the income tax permanent . That being the case , he proceeded to consider whether a permanent income tax would be sufficiently repaid to the country by the benefit to ¦ he derived from taking off certain . taxes , which Sir It . Peel had enumerated to the amount of his assumed surplus of £ 3 , 300 , 000 arising from the proceeds of that tax . Many of the taxes which he had

      determined to repeal were judiciously selected for the promotion of industry and the encouragement of commerce , as , for instance , the duties ' on cotton wool and on glass . He could not , however , see any reason why £ 300 , 000 should have been given away in the auction duties ; on the contrary , he thought that the reduction ofthe duty on fire insurances and on soap—which was now the only tax left on the absolute necessaries of life , so much condemned by Adam Smith—would have been a more expedient and advisablereduction . The Right Hon . Gentleman ' s interference with the article of sugar was also most injudicious and impolitic . Instead of interfering to break down restrictions and to restore the country to a more natural condition of society , he interfered to bring in a constant prohibition against certain countries , which would send us sugars at alowerpricethan that atwhiehwe could get it from our colonies , and that , too , on the pretence that it was the produce of slave labour ! Sir R . Peel estimated the loss to the revenue by his reduction of the sugar duties at

      House Of Commons, Monday, Feb. 17. The H...

      £ 1 , 300 , 000 . He contended , on the other hand , that if the sugars of aU foreign countries were admitted on the same principle as that of our own colonies , there would be no occasion to abandon any part of our revenue . He did not think it right for the Government to propose , as they now did , a permanent income tax without then * declaring explicitly ' whether they considered it as one of the best permanent taxes that could be imposed . If they did so consider it , let them further consider whether they could not , either by a select committee , or by a committee of the whole House , modify the do « ects which were known to exist in it . "The Government , moreover , was not acting upon sound principles , but where great interests were concerned , and where great opposition was expected , was proposing to continue , if not to aggravate , monopolies which it found existing . His view was , that we ought to continue the income tax for the present ; that we ought to make

      some of the reductions of taxation proposed by feir R . Peel , as oh cotton wool and on glass ; but that , as to some others , as sugar , we ought to take a different course . If the question were between a permanent income tax and a continuance of monopoly , he had ! no hesitation in declaring that he was for a short income tax and the relaxation of monopoly . He , therefore , could not give his hearty concurrence to the plan of the Right Hon . Baronet . He would , however , give his assent to an income tax for three years . He regretted that the Government had taken a course which would render it necessary to continue it for a longer term of years ; but he hoped the continuance of so inquisitorial and odious a tax for any great length of time would induce the people to resolve upon setting trade free , and to endeavour , by the benefits which free trade would confer upon their industry and enterprise , to get rid of an impost which it is not expedient that they should have to pay in time of peace .

      Mr , Roebuck was disappointed at the lame and impotent conclusion of Lord John Russell ' s speech , after the manner in which he had impugned nearly every portion of Sir Robert Peel ' s financial statement . Had the Noble Lord made it for any other object than to find fault and to guard himself from any consequences which might result from the changes now proposed ? He , too , should impugn all the plan of Sir Robert Peel ; but , unlike the Noble Lord , he would end his observations with a substantive amendment , on wliich he hoped that the Noble Lord would vote with him . It was a perfect delusion to suppose thatthe income tax was proposed as a mere temporary tax—he should assume it to be intended as a permanent tax , and should contend that its permanence greatly aggravated its mischievous tendency . Sir

      Robert Peel proposed the income and property tax to meet a deficiency in the revenue . The income and property tax were to give him £ 5 , 000 , 000 . That was an amount of revenue which more than covered by £ 3 , 000 , 000 the expenditure for . the public service which the Ri _g ht Hon . Gentleman had to meet . He therefore insisted th at the Minister was bound , first of all , to show that his expenditure was a legitimate expenditure ; next , that bis mode of meeting that expenditure was the best that he could devise ; and , lastly , that he adopted it not only to meet the demands of . the public expenditure , but also to enable him to make great and important changes in our commercial policy . ¦ Now , he should contend that the tax which it was intended to impose was an onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious tax ; next , that the taxes which it was

      intended to remit'were not so onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious * , and , lastly , that there was a mode of meeting the deficiency better than that which Sir R . Peel proposed . Mr . Roebuck then pointed Out , at great length , the unequal , vexatious , and inquisitorial nature of the present income tax . To aproperty tax on realised capital he had not the same objection ; and he thought that if , in addition to such a tax , every man were called upon to return his age and the amount of his income , and if the duty of two or three per cent , were to be applied to the permanent value of that fluctuating income , which could , be' calculated easily as property , it would nearly cover the demand of the Government for the public expenditure . He insisted that the House was bound to inquire , before it rendered such a tax permanent , whether

      the mischiefs it created would be less than those created by the taxes wliich were repealed . Now , none of the taxes which it was proposed to repeal crossed any ofthe great interests of the country . ; The agricultural interest was very cautiously handled in the speech of Lord John Russell , and thc West India interest in the statement" of Sir R . Peel . He wished it had been otherwise ; for he was quite certain , that if the Right Hon . Baronet had not determined to keep up the differential duties . on sugar , he would have had no occasion to sacrifice a revenue of £ 1 , 300 , 000 on that article . He also pointed out the loss which the revenue suffered in the present mode of

      levying the duties oi * . timber ; and insisted that , by a property tax levied upon the principles wliich he had already declared , and by the equalisation of the duties on foreign and colonial sugar , and also on Baltic . and Canadian timber , the demand might be met on account of our expenditure , and the country , might be freed from the odious and inquisitorial impost with which it was now threattoned . He then concluded by moving that the words " professions , trades , and offices , " be omitted from the resolution moved by Sir R , Peel , not with a view of excluding them from taxation altogether , but with a view of subjecting them hereafter to that discriminating scheme of taxation which he had already described .

      Sir G . Gbey called upon Sir Robert Peel , or some of his colleagues iu the Ministry , to explain to the House the grounds ofthe confident expectation , which on Friday night he professed to entertain , that it might be possible for the House , at the expiration of three years , to dispense with the iucomo tax altogether . He was prepared to agree to its reimposition provided that he could be convinced that this confidence was well founded ; but when he looked to the measure which was proposed- as to the sugar duties , he could not bring himself to believe that the revenue derived from that source would be so restored

      at the end of three years as to compensate the sacrifice which the House was now ealled upon to make . In withholding for the present his opposition to the vote for the continuance of the property tax , he withheld it in the hope that he should be able to . get rid of the discrimina . ting duties upon slave-grown and free labour sugar . He concluded by stating that he had heard nothing from the Learned Member for Bath which induced him to assist in carrying out his amendment . The Ciiancellok ofthe Exchequer , in reply to the question , what grounds the Ministers had for supposing that th . e income tax would not be permanent , and on what foundation their expectations of the future were based 1 observed , that his expectations of the future were based on his experience of the past . The income tax was

      originally submitted to the consideration of the House in 1842 , for thc purpose of covering a large deficiency _^ and of releasing a number of articles from restrictions which pressed heavily on industry . What was the situation of Hie revenue on the 10 th of October , 1842 , and on the 10 th of October , 1814 ? In the former year the revenue derived from the ordinary sources of Customs , Excise , A * c , was £ 47 , 000 , 000 . The measures proposed to Parliament in that year , and in the last , for the reduction of taxation , withdrew frpm the public income no less a sum than £ 1 , 400 , 000 ; and yet , on the 10 th of October , 1844 , the same taxes produced not £ 47 , 000 , 000 , but £ 47 , 497 , 000 . He then referred to several finance returns , for the purpose of proving that both in 1835 , and again in 1842 , the revenue was greatly benefitted by the judicious repeal of taxation ; and insisted that upon such data he was justified in expecting that , when this tax' should expire , the country would he in possession of such a revenue as would leave it free to decide whether it would abandon it or not . He then

      proceeded to refute Mr . Roebuck ' s argument that the income tax was unequal and vexatious , and quoted the authority of Mr , Pitt to show that it was inexpedient to make any distinction between realised aud fluctuating capital . He then briefly adverted to the course adopted during the last and present year on the subject of the sugar duties . The Noble Lord had wished to fi ght over again that uight the battle which they had often fought previously upon that subject ; he was not afraid of the contest to whieh the Noble Lordhad challenged him , and would give him a speedy opportunity of discussing that question , when he brought forward , as he should do at a very early period , the reimposition of those duties . The House seemed not to be prepared to object that night to the resolution in the hands of the chairman , and he therefore thought that he should best consult the convenience of the House by reserviug what he had to say in defence of the remission of the duties on cotton wool , on glass , and on auctions , to when the fitting opportunity for them should arrive .

      Mr . C . Woon expressed his dissatisfaction with this explanation . ne recollected that , when the income tux was first proposed , it was on grounds of a temporary nature ; those grounds had now ceased to exist , but it was Viite clear that the income tax would long survive the causes which had given rise to it . Nothing which he had heard that night led him to believe that the income tax would not be permanent . He could not agree with Lord John Manners that it was a tax whicli pressed exclusively on the rich ; on the contrary , it pressed also on the lower classes with much severity , in consequence of the great check whicli it placed on employment . He suggested that the tax should bo extended to Ireland , as he saw no reason why an Irish gentleman , with an income of £ 5 , 000 a . ycar , should uot pay his proportion to the

      income tax . He paid no assessed taxes—why should he also pay no income tax ? He then entered upon a review ot ' SirR _. Peel ' s statement , both with regard to thc probable expenditure and revenue ofthe country during the next three years , and stated that , in his opinion , the Right Hon . Baronet had considerably overrated the amount of revenue which he would receive during that period . He had estimated the surplus revenue which he sxpected to collect at £ 3 , 400 , 0 _« 0 , and the amount of taxes which he remitted at £ 3 , 310 , 000 , and had thus left himself only a surplus of £ 90 , 000 of disposable income , which , under existing circumstance ., was much

      tooinconsiderable . With regard to his vote of that evening , he had no hesitation in saying , that it would be given to Sir R . Peel . There might be a surplus in the year ensuing after the year 1848 , but that would be occasioned by half-a-year ' s receipt of the income tax . In the next year afterwards there might be no surplus at all . If that were so , then the year after that there would be a still greater deficiency of revenue . As men of common sense , they were therefore bound to provide against that deficiency . He thought it was better in such a case to continue the income tax than to impose new _tsa _... Thowgh such was his opinion , he was not to be considered favourable to any plan for placing this tax on a permanent footing .

      Colonel Conolly thought that the advantages which had arisen out of the income tax during the last three years were a sufficient justification for continuing it for three years longer . One advantage of it was , that it had reduced the interest on money 60 much as to enable the Minister to reduce the interest on the national debt . It

      House Of Commons, Monday, Feb. 17. The H...

      had also greatly benefitted the agricultural interest in Ireland , by enabling them to relieve their estates from pecuniary embarrassment ,, and to employ upon them a greater amount of capital and labour . Mr . G . _Bankes complained that Sir R . Peel , _in his financial statement on Friday night , and that the Chancellorof the Exchequer , in his speech of that night , had made no allusion whatever to the distress ofthe _a-ricnl . tural interest , though that distress had been formall y communicated to them . In Sir It . Peel ' s plan everything had been given to the mercantile , and nothing to the _a-n-i . cultural interest . . Why was the establishment of our army so great ? To protect our colonies , and our com . merce with them . Why were the navy estimates to be

      increased to the amount of one million ? Because both in China and in the Pacific new naval stations were necessary to defend the interests of bur merchants in their vicinity . Did the agricultural interest object to this ? No such thing . Then let not that interest , if it were so powerful and' predominant as was stated , be taunted in future as selfish and ungenerous . As to the vote then before the House , those who represented distressed districts could only aet as circumstances permitted . He saw that both sides ofthe House were prepared to vote for the continuance of the Income tax . He had , therefore , no choice , and must accommodate his vote to his situation . The farmers were at present ill able to bear this or any other burden .

      Mr . _Warburto-s thought that if the Government tvere prepared to act with energy , and to lay open all the great branches of trade which could he laid open by the destruction of gigantic monopolies , the revenue mi ght be made equal to the expenditure without the income tax . He differed from the resolution , which not onl y continued but also increased the differential duties on sugar , nis belief was , that the prosperity ofthe country would be increased , if instead of an indirect , we adopted a direct system of taxation . The sum which then reached the Exchequer would be much larger than that which readied it under the present system . He repeated his opinion that , if the income tax were rendered permanent , all the objections to it would vanish * . but , as it was not to be rendered permanent , he considered it to be most unequal and unjust and should certainly not give it his support .

      . Mr . Robert Palmer thought that , if Government were unable to apply any relaxation of taxation to the agricultural interest , it might stUl have avoided the slight of passing over that interest in total silence . Ho hoped that the reduction of taxation proposed by Sir R . Peel might be beneficial to the commercial classes ; but he could not conceal from the House that the agricultural interest was much disappointed that it had no share in that reduction , He agreed that the income tax , as a permanent tax , would be a grievous and intolerable evil ; and he recollected that some years ago , when the present Duke of Buckingham , then Marquis of . Chandos , brought forward in that House amotion for the repeal of the malt tax , Sir 11 . Peel met that motion successfully by stating that there was no substitute for it except the property tax , and by condemning the property tax as a substitue for it almost in as strong terms as any that had been used that evening in that House .

      . Mr . M . Gibson , - in reply to the complaint of Mr . Bankes and Mr . Palmer , that the agricultural interest had been unjustly neglected by the Government , parodied the observation of Sir J . Graham on the Irish question , and declared that concession to the agricultural interest had at last reached its utmost limit . He showed that a graduated scale of duties had been applied to the income of .-ill psr . sons engaged in trade and' commerce under the Incometax Act which passed the House of Commons in 1 C 92 and he thought that a select committee ought now to be appointed to inquire what amount of duty should be applied to the income of those who had capital engaged in commerce , and whether a better mode could not be devised of raising the income-tax on persons engaged in trades and professions . He should vote for the amendment of Mr , Roebuck , though he should have been better _pleasod had his learned friend reserved liis resistance to the income . tax till the bill imposing it was brought in .

      Mr , Miles objected to the permanence of the income _, tax , although he believed that Sir R . Peel had introduced it for three years with the very best intentions , He found that the commerce and manufactures ofthe country were now flourishing , but that agriculture was in a state of the deepest depression . No attempt was made to relieve agriculture from any part of its burdens . He could not ask the Right Hon . Baronet for the repeal of the malt-tax , because the surplus would not allow the Right Hon . Baronet to repeal that tax , and , even if it would , he would not ask that the . whole , relief from taxation should be given to the agricultural interest . But _tvlie-i taxes io 'i-e amount of ! _" 3 , 400 , 000 were taken off , he thought that tha agriculturists should have some share in the remission . He would give the House a future opportunity of deciding whether , in this great remission of taxation , the agrieui . tural interest should not have some share in its benefit .

      Mr . Vv . n * sox Ssmith thought that the llouse was now going to saddle itself and the country with a permanent income tax ; but he could not vote for the amendment of the Learned Member , for Bath , because circumstances might arise within the next three years to induce the Right Hon . Baronet to make some modifications and alterations in . the income tax which he now _jiroposed . He should certainly vote , if such a resolution were proposed , for the extension of that tax to Ireland . He observed that the Right Hon . Baronet had swept from the tariff 430 articles , by winch a revenue of £ 320 , 000 was lost to the country . Would the Right Hon . Baronet haveany objection to state what were the principal articles so removed from the tariff , and what amount of revenue wm lost on each ?

      _Sn * R . Peel defended himself from the charge of being insensible to the distress ofthe agricultural interest , and reminded the House that if he had not alluded to that subject in his speech of Friday night , it was simply because he had entered upon it at some length in a speech which he had made two or three evenings before , lie had the firmest conviction that if the agricultural interest would agree to the continuance of the income tax , and to take their share in the general prosperity which he believed would be derived from it , they would he more

      benefitted by it than if he were to relieve them from seme local taxation , and to burden the Consolidated Fund with a grant of £ 300 , 000 for their benefit . He pointed oat the advantage which the agricultural labourer wouM derive from tiie repeal of the duty on cotton wool in the _diiiiiiiislied price of his clothing , and which the farmer would find in the case of transferring his property , from the repeal of the auction duty , which , though tiie Noble Lord thought it of little value , appeared a very injudicisus tax to his late colleague Sir II . Parnell . Considering that the Noble Lord had described tin p . incn-mp tnx as at & s

      which was the most unequal , inquisitorial , and or . eioui that could bo devised , he was somewhat surprised _sniie compliment which the Sbble Lord bad paid him iiist--- ? that he would give him the support of his vote if a d ';\ i » weve pressed against it . He knew not what the eii , K « the Noble Lord ' s vote might be , but he could assure 1-ini that if he should be restored to office he would tin- t-if surplus of £ 5 , 500 , 000 a very comfortable addition Ic * public income . In reply to the question put to ti » I ? Sir G . Grey , he observed , that three years was but u : _terperiod for the restoration of the revenue , whieli hf _'

      about to remit ; and that , if he could have carried out to own views , he should have preferred to prolong tleesnt ' _Mance of the income- tax to five years . He thought , however , that there was a rational expectation that the revenue would be restored to its present amount at the eudo _* three years . He saw the population increasing , ' ¦ •"• _PJ- _- accumulating , and the means of conveyance greatly _improved . Now , if they facilitated thc app lication ol * th- ' capital to new branches of industry , it would increase tne demand for labour : with an increased demand for _lubour . an increased consumption of articles subject to duty «< " »• take place , and with that increase of consum ption the

      amount of the revenue would _unquestiomibly ll _' ¦ _"* _" mented . He showed that , as the income tax , if 1 » S P _|^ were adopted , would not expire till tho 5 th ot * April . It-- ' , and as he would have a right to extend a credit j * £ 2 , 000 , 000 over the year 1819 , on account of half a _?* income tax then to be received , the benefit to be derivw from the income tax would extend over four years . «* could not foresee what events might occur in that ¦ rf , l , l ) l *' The public , at the expiration of that time , might , from _>» experience ofj _^ its benefits , be of opinion that the iu COI _*' tax should be further continued ; and if so , he oupM W _* to be bound by any guarantee given at present to a ' l 0 , u _^ to expire . All lie should say further was , that he nW this experiment with a perfect confidence that , > vl " _* 'jl t happened , the House would maintain public credit- •' tax was admitted to be much less onerous in itsN » ' now than it was in the year W 2 * and he did ntfc _^' , that there would be any urgen t demand for the re )* - * ' it during the period * for which he proposed » - '

      impose it . Lord IIowick expressed his great disappointment ' _^ " Sir R . Peel had not given a more satisfactory _ansivr " - thc admirable speech of Lord J . Russell , Prom t ' ' speech he saw that the period for the continuance of ' income tax was perpetually moving onwards . Firf * waslo he three years , now they heard-that Sir Rc _^ r ' thought five years better . Tho number of years , in _* * _horiiion , was ever flying before them . He called the al ' ' - '' - ' tion of the House to the fact that the Minister had l « * surplus of £ 90 , 000 left him after his taxes were _rcini"

      and that he made up that surplus by an increased CO * sumption of _sugav , whieh he ( Lord Howiek ) eonsintf ? _--be very problematical , and whieh was calculated _!> 5 " ' '• to produce a million of revenue . If the Right Hon . _^ ronetwere disappointed in that calculation , there " be a deficiency , and not a surplus , in the revenue _^ then dwelt for some time on the impolicy of * _J" _^ differential duty between foreign free-grown and nw slave-grown sugar , for fhe purpose of showing that' * differential duty were abolished , a great stimulus _« be given to the commerce and manufactures ofthe " ° V . He thought that if the Minister had dealt with the o _^ - on the importation of cheese and butter , of foreign sp _^ and more particularly of tea , he would have promote _: interests of the middle and lower classes more than _*• likely to do by many of the modifications of taxa tion he had to propose . "With regard to his vote on tn i _^ sent evening , he had only to say , that he did not se _^ the income tax could be dispensed with atprescn , _^ _^ therefore he should vote for it as a temporary , »• _" "

      a permanent measure . , - _^ -n Sir John _Ttrell thought that justice h & 4 " JoW done to the agricultural interest , either by Lor _^ Russell or Sir Robert Peel , in their capacity as _» ' _^ He taunted them both with inconsistence in tnei _^ rations towards the agricultural interests ,, an _? % voured to convict Sir Robert Peel of it , by qi , speech which the latter had made on Lord 0 budget on the 14 th of February , 1894 . It W _8 S _7 _PJ ( Continued in aur seventh page J

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 22, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_22021845/page/6/