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    ITALY. ' " . THE FRENCH IN ROME. The fol...

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    Mrs. Smiih O'Bries and her children retu...

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  • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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    Italy. ' " . The French In Rome. The Fol...

    ITALY . ' " . THE FRENCH IN ROME . The following account of the surrender of the city , and subsequent events we take from the _< Daily News ' : — Rome , July 1 . —At the conclusion of my letter yesterday afternoon , the operations ofthe siege were still proceeding actively , and before evening , the Romans , worn-out and disheartened , lost the Villa Vast _^ ello and the other positions beyond the walls which they had till then occup ied . Many reasons combined to render their condi tion every moment more desperate , and the advance of tbe Fiench more certain . The loss of numbers of officers , the similarity of _dressbetween the Roman line and the French troops

    ( by which some nocturnal surprises of fatal consequence have taken place , ) the discouragement produced by seven or eig ht hundred men being put hors de combat , and , above all , the unremitting shower of bombs and grenades poured over the Roman positions , made the prospect of another night of hostilities and bombardments alike horrible aud hopeless . The possession of the Villa Vascello , immediately opposi te the Porta San Pancrazio , with which it communicates by a covered way , left the- French , -morally _speaking , complete masters of the gate ; and , to render the entry more sure , their battery at the Villa Quattro Yenti was unceasingly employed in opening a breach in the bastion on the right of the gate , so as to be able to attack at every point at

    once . . The report of General Garibaldi towards the close of the day was to the effect that he could hold his positions until about eight o ' clock , beyond which time he considered the Janiculum as untenable , and proposed , a s the only p lan of defence practicable ( should the government intend to continue " any defence at all , ) to withdraw the troops to the left side of the Tiber , break down the bridges , and leave the leights ; together with Trastevere , and , in fact , everything on the right bank , in the power cf the enemy . Ibis plan , which would have placed the whole city at the feet of a ferocious army , whose mortars and heavy artillery experience shows us would certainly not have been left inactive during the night , was not recommended by Garibaldi , but merely mentioned as the only remaining method of opposing the enemy ' s

    progress . The National Assembly , after having duly weighed all thej _»* os and cons , came to the resolution , as you are already aware , to " discontinue a defence which -was no longer possible , but to remain at its post . " Thus no political concession was made , no point given np ; whatever change will henceforth take place -will fas under the influance of foreign bayonets and in consequence Of superior force . This determination being taken , the triumvirate directed the municipality to take the opportune steps for the safety of the city , in consequence of which that body wrote to the British and American consuls begging them to repair to the French camp in order to prepare tbe way for treating of those details which peculiarly belong to the municipality of Some .

    The British consul replied to the members of the deputation tbat he did not consider himself justified io acting without previously consulting the body of foreign consuls , and that , in his opinion , it was unnecessary for consuls to go to the camp merely to prepare the way for the municipality ; but that if they met with any obstacle to their reception on the part of General Ondinot , he should then suggest to his colleagues to accompany him to the French camp ,

    and-use their united endeavours to mitigate the horrors of war , beyond which he did not consider himself called on by the necessity of the case to act . This plan the municipality adopted , and despatched a dragoon with a flag of truce at half-past ei ght last night , announcing the determination of the National Assembly , and stating that three memhers of the municipality ( the senator Sturbinetti , with De Andreis and Pasquali ) would follow shortly after , to request a conference with General Oudinot .

    The first result of this deputation has been that We Lave all passed a quiet ni g ht , without the danger of being burnt or brained in our beds , an advantage to be the more appreciated when it comes immediately after such a night as that of the 29 th . Amongst the many reasons which determined the National Assembly to discontinue the defence , I may mention that of a scarcity of ammunition . The continual firing , during two months , in one direction or another , had nearly exhausted the stock in the city ;

    and the French not only intercepted the supplies sent from the provinces , but took the trouble of destroying all the powder-mills and iron-foundries in the neighbourhood . Their last exploit in this way has been the complete destruction of the long-established powder manufactoiy at Tivoli , by 1 , 600 men , under the command of General Sanvan . A superior officer of artillery reported yesterday that tbe ammunition -would barely suffice to keep up eight or ten hours ' more fire at the rate then going on .

    The bombardment , too , interrupting the silence and tranquillity of the night , began to produce a certain degree of trepidation ; not iu the lower classes ( for they are heroically disposed even now ) , but in the middle ranks of citizens , unused to hardship , and unwilling to see their wives aud children destroyed by Ondinot ' s projectiles . Much praise is due to Mr . Moore , the British consul at Ancona , for his assistance in facilitating the departure of those unfortunate refugees who have compromised themselves in the late events , and there is no doubt that our consul here will , on the score of humanity , adopt a similar course .

    Half-past Two , p . m . —I have just learned the actual state of negotiations . The deputation was well received by Oudinot , who did justice to tha bravery with-which the city had been defended , and desired ihe deputies to form the conditions to be observed on the entry , of the French troops . They are as follows : — 1 . The French army will enter Rome , and take op the position it shall think proper . 2 . Those Soman troops which , by common agreement General Oudinot and the ltoman commanders , will be destined to remain in the city , will perform the service of the city and the Castle of St . Angelo jointly with the French troops . 3 . The Roman military

    authorities will appoint various quarters for the other troops ef all arms who will not remain in the city . 4 . The communications with Borne , now interrupted by the French army , will be again free . 5 . The preparations for defending the interior of the city , being now useless , will be removed , and free drculationre-eslablisbed . 6 . Individual liberty and the inviolability of persons for any antecedent act , as well as the safety of property , will be guaranteed indistinctl y to all . 7 . The national guard is kept in active service within the limits of its institution . 8 . France will not interfere in tbe internal administration of the country . Such are the conditions now under discussion . '

    It is said that Oudinot requires the Castle of St . Angelo all to himself , but that the other articles will meet with no opposition . Tbe Triumvirate resigned this morning , it being contrary to _Mazzini ' s principle to yield . The Assembly is now uncertain -whether to elect the consuls , as decreed by the constitution of the "Republic , or to appoint a new triumvirate . In ease of Oudinot's ' refusal to grant reasonable terms , hostilities will be furiously renewed . St . Pietro in Montorio and the right of the Janiculuca are still held by the Romans , and the French lines are a stone ' s throw off . So much exasperation prevails in the city , that thc shopkeepers this morning commenced rending down the French signs and inscriptions which the more fashionable of them had hitherto displayed for the attraction of foreigners and winter visitors . We have an armistice of fifty hours .

    - Jolt 2 . — -Yesterday afternoon I visited the Porta San Pancrazio , and tbe principal positions still in the ' hands ot the Romans . These are the gate itself , -with the wall to the left of it as far as the first bastion ( which is occupied by the French ) , the road leading down to the city , the Pauline fountain , with the surrounding vineyards , San Pietro in Montorio , and ailbelow that church . On the right of the gate , the most important point is the Villa Savorelli _, formerly Garibaldi ' s head-quarters , but now almost rained by tbe French cannon . Garibaldi himself was visiting his outposts ' whilst I was there , and was enthusiastically cheered by his attached followers , in the full sight and hearing of the enemy ' s soldiers , who were crowded on the first bastion , gazing down on the noble city at their fcet . >

    ' The National Assembly last ni ght concluded its voting npon the republican constitution with all convenient dignity , and replaced the ex-triumvirate by _namin-j the citizens- _S-dieeti _. ' _Calandrelii , and Mariani to that office . The assembly also _disensse , _thearticlesof _^ a „ -ultimatum , which ,, _lieing drawn up was taken to the F « neh camp this morning at seven o dock by five members bf the taunicipalily .: This _ffife _£ _^ _f ? _W * _" _™* ' _and _«•• city _is-conffl— I _**»* " -ports , more or lass alarming , upon the subject . Tbecorps of Lombards has just Mowed the remams of its colonel , _thejostl y-Iamented Manara . to

    Italy. ' " . The French In Rome. The Fol...

    the church of St . Lorenzo in Luciua , where the funeral obsequies : were celebrated . A numerous body - of staff-officers attended , and yollies wererfired on the Piazza , as a last salute to the deceased commander . Thus has perished another of Italy's heroes . Rich , young , and noble ,, he devoted his life courageously to the cause of his country , and bis last words were' Viva 1 ' Italia 1 Viva la Republica !' Jolt 3 . —The closing act of the Roman drama ( at least for the present ) has arrived attest , and the wind-iip brings on events one after another as suddenly as in the final chapter of one of Scott's novels . In orderto resume the narrative where it left off yesterday , I ihust'ihform you that the terms offered by General Oudinot were such as to be quite inadmissible , by _: the' munic i pal deputation , the only guarantee forthe lives , liberties , and prop erty of

    compromised individuals being the ' honour and liberal principles of France ! ' A moment of great uncertainty followed—desperate resistance was again thought of . The Ponte Quatro Capi was partially demolished—but the evident destruction of the city , and the unavoidable sacrifice of thousands of lives , without after all obtaining the end proposed , induced the Assembly to persist in its decree of offering no farther opposition to the French , army , and-to declare that it yielded to superior force , without approving or agreeing to the proposed conditions . An eloquent , although vehement , funeral discourse was nronouhced in the church of St . Lorenzo by Garibaldi ' s chaplain , io which , aftereulogising the valour and virtues of the deceased Colonel JVIanara , he proceeded to deplore the late course of events and the evil fortune of the Roman * arms , and entreated the

    people not to be led away by the hypocrisies of the seventy purple wolves ( so he termed the cardinals ) , or by the sacrilegious benedictions of the bloodstained pastor about to be brought back by French tyranny . Crowds of listeners applauded the enthusiastic preacher . " In the afternoon preparations were made for the departure of those , regiments desirous of following the waning star of Garibaldi , and the Piazza of St . John Lateran was appointed _^ their rendezvous . About ten thousand men of different corps met there towards sunset , on being withdrawn from the gates , ramparts and other points of . defence previously occupied by them , and were addressed by the

    hardy general in a frank and admonitory tone . He informed them that he would willingly take for his companions in arms such as were not intimidated by the thought of dangers and privations , but he entreated such as * * had no stomach to the fight , ' to remain behind whilst it was yet time , as it might be their lot , in the adventurous course tbey were about to pursue under his guidance , to undergo more than usually fell to a soldier ' s share . Accounts differ very much with respect to the actual number of men who ' set out with the general during the night , it being variously stated at four , six , and twelve thousand , with cavalry and artillery , but it is certain that detachments ; are continually following him with

    baggage , carts , horses , & c . His intention appears to be to gain the mountains above Tivoli , and tbence probably the range of the Abruzzi , where he will be safe beyond the reach of French and Austrians , and ready to act on the rear of either when an opportunity presents itself . It is said that Generals Bartolucci , Galetti , and Roselli accompanied him , as well as the ex-triumvir Mazzini , so that the principle and the action of republicanism are still in company although in exile . Nor are they indeed inactive in Rome , ; for , in spite of a French army having occupied ihe city , the deputies of the National Assembly solemnly proclaimed the constitution of the republic from the great balcony of the Capitol this morning at twelve o ' clock .

    The French troops have as yet only occupied Trastevere and the ; bridges . The 53 rd , 36 tb , and 22 nd regiments of infantry , with the 1 st battalion of Chasseurs d'Orleans have- been destined to these posts , and a picquet of _gensdarmes a cheval is quartered at the barracks of the carbineers , at the Piazza del Popolo . So disorder whatever has taken place : the soldiers are "walking about without arms , and their good behaviour and li ght-hearted insouciance seems to produce a favourable impression in Trastevere . They exchange black looks , however , with some stragglers of the Lombard or Garibaldi legion , who cannot so soon forget the desperate rivalry of ' the imminent deadly breach . ' The - Speranza' of Rome , of the 2 nd , publishes the following proclamation of the late Triumvirs to the people of Rome . - It is dated the 1 st _.-

    Roman?!—The Triumvirate has voluntarily resigned . -The Constituent Assembly will announce to you the names of our successors . The Assembly desirous , " after the success yesterday by the enemy , of saving Rome from extreme dangers , and of preventing other precious lives from being lost , without any advantage to the defence , bas decreed the cessation of resistance . The men who had governed while the struggle continued , could not continue to govern in the new state of things that awaits you . The mandate confided to them has ceased de facto , and they have hastened to return it into the hands of the Assembly . Romans ! brethren 1 — You have signed a page wbich will live in history as a warrant

    ef the energy that slumbered within you , and of your future acts , which no force can deprive you of . You have given a baptism of glory , and a consecration by generous blood , to the new life whieh dawns over Italy , a collective life , the life of a people that will and shall exist . Under the republican banner you have redeemed the honour of our common country , which in other parts the acts of traitors had contaminated , and monarchial weakness had reduced to naught . Your triumvirs , returning among you as simple citizens , are happy in the conscientious feeling of their pure intention , and in the honour of having associated their names with your heroic deeds . A cloud now arises between _y- _** ur future destiny and you . Itis but the cloud of a passing hour . Be constant in the conscience of

    your right , _asd m the faith for which many of your bravest brethren died a 9 its armed apostles . God who hath collected their blood , is your security . God wills that Rome be free and great , and she shall be so . Yours is not a defeat , it is a victory of martyrs to whom the sepulchre is the road to heaven . When Heaven shall shine resplendent with resurrection for you—when shortl y , the price ofthe sacrifice you have joyfully encountered for the sake of your honour , will be repaid to you , may you then remember the men who shared your vicissitudes for months , who now share your sufferings , and who will to-morrow , if necessary , mingling in your ranks , fight your hew battles . The Roman Republic for ever ! The Triumvirs , G . Mazzini , C . _Armellini , A . Sapfi .

    The following is tbe letter in which Mazzini announced his determination to resign : — ' My conscience forbids my announcing to Gen . Oudinot the decree of the Assembly of the 30 th of June . ¦ I was by your mandate chosen a triumvirate to defend the . Republic and Rome . The act you now refer to me the execution of , changes that mandate . I therefore feel myself freed from it . I resignit again . _intojour hands . ' _-.- ¦ July 4 . —The number of troops that left Rome with Garibaldi appears not to have surpassed three

    or four thousand men , hut the mass of the army will , if not hindered by the French , shortly follow in the same direction . The National Assembly decided yesterday , in a secret meeting , to appoint a committee of nine of its members , charged " to accompany the army , to direct and communicate the result of its operations , and in case of the Assembly now sitting at the . Capitol being dissolved by force , to represent in the provinces the sovereignty ofthe people . . Mazzini , who has not as yet left . Rome , Cernuschi , Sterbini , and other influential deputies of extreme principles , were named for this office . The

    entry of the French troops , cm , masse , did not : take place until seven o ' clock yesterday evening , but the gates -were occupied by them at a much earlier hour , and small partiesi of founand five at a time ; were to be seen . walking about the streets as early _ashbbhan imprudent thing for the general to allow , and one that-was very near producing more fatal results than , those already : to be 'deplored . The ' public mind was too exasperated' to look . calmly on the authorsof '

    , ; so much ' mischief , ) and the few officers who ventured into _/ _cafesV- _eatinglhouses , or public places were immediately . _'left alone in _fheir- _gldry ' byjhe Romans abandoning ; their vicinit y . Some _priests .-and spies , who were more amiable in their manners and ) went so far as to applaud the new arrivers iu a public manner , weie killed by the people on the ' spot , and one or two unwise French stragglers . were only rescued by the national _RUatd from a similar fate . . * _ : ¦¦¦

    . The mainbody . of . the army was saluted , on the whole line of its marchthrough the streets but especially wtheCorso andPiazziColonria . withtremendous _shoutarof « : Viva la Republica RomahaV _'Vivajritalial ' _l'Death ; to Oudinot * ' 'Down with the priests _I _' _^ ithbther ' _compliments 6 f a more practical-Mti » e , : _sufiT » ' > as -31 _^ 5 % tin biickets and other noisy missiles atthe heels of the soldiers , so as to interrupt the movements of the platoons , and required a menace with levelled bayonets in order

    Italy. ' " . The French In Rome. The Fol...

    to put a stop to similar demonstrations . As soon as the " long array of military closed , and the last ranks defiled past the great cafe Ruspoli , the people seized the national flag , the Italian tricolour , which always waves from the . cafe balcony , and bore it aloft with stunning cheers , amidst tumultuous crowds , immediately after the French troops . At Piazza Colonna , a melee took p lace , the rear ranks of the soldiers charging with their bayonets , in order to capture

    the banner . The unarmed leaders of the people tore open their waistcoats , and in their enthusiasm oppo sed their bare breasts to the steel points of their enemy ' s weapons , exclaiming , Strike _us- ~ kill unarmed men , ye infamous papal assassins ! ' An exhortation which fortunately , the soldiers ' did not think proper to act upon , nor did they appear very proud of the figure they cut on their entry into the Eternal City , amidst the execrations of its unfortu nate and ill-used inhabitants !

    A proclamation from the National Assembly , published in the morning , announced the arrival ofthe French , and recommended abstinence from all _vengeance , as useless and unworthy of the dignity of Roman citizens . General Oudinot and his staff were disgusted by the national guards at the _corpsde-yardes on his passage not rising or paying him the military salute due to his rank , and the barricades had to be pulled down by the French soldiers themselves in the absolute dearth of Roman labourers . At dark the troops were consigned to their various quarters , _nor rather bivouacs , for they passed the

    night on the principal piazzas of the city . It is affirmed as pos'tivel y official that , since the ' commencement of the expedition , no fewer than 52 , 000 men of all arms have left Toulon for the Roman States . _"Is-Jt surprising that , with such an ariry at its gates for two months , Rome should have yielded at last ? And yet , had not bombardment been resorted to ( an expedient never employed in honourable warfare after a breach bas been effected ) , the struggle might have been . protracted , some time longer , and brought to a murderous barricade conflict at the last . : '" > .

    Considerable discontent and some alarm have been produced by the' entry bf the . French troops Having been proceded by ho proclamation ; andthe absolute silence of Oudinot , who , with bis staff , has taken up his residence at Palazzo . Colonna . ( the French em- ' bassy ) , raises a suspicion that military law 'is to be the order of the day , and thousands of compromised individuals . consequently implore the protection of the British flag . Our consul ,, in concert with the Roman ministers and police authorities , is exerting himself most humanely in their bebalf , and has already given several hundred passports for the almost only remaining seat of liberty , England and her dependencies .

    As to the remnants of the Roman army , they are to occupy the positions of Ronciglione , Spoleto , and Rieti , for which towns they are leaving the capital in detacbmentB , chiefly by night , with their arms , artillery , and baggage . Of the movements of Garibaldi nothing is known as yet , except that his corps succeeded in marching into the Canipagna without further molestation than that offered by the scouring parties of French cavalry . One of tbe vicims of popular fury yesterday was the Abate Pefetli , a welt-known character , * and an intimate friend of a physician who has anextensive practice amongst English visitors at Rome , byname Pantaleoni . Some sneering and Imprudent allusions from these two _individvals , as they went down the Corso in a carriage , roused the jealous susceptibility

    of the already irritated bystanders . The carriage was stopped , and the two anti-liberals . attacked so furiously , that it was only by defending himself vigorously with a sword-stick that the doctor succeeded in making his escape , whilst the Abate , less active or less fortunate , fell pierced with several dagger wounds . Thus , crimes which ¦ _* _ have been unknown here for months are sanguinarily renewed on the entry of the * soi-disant' friends of order . ' It is to be feared that the excessive disdain with which the _Roiaans treat the French ( appearing more like victors than vanquished ) may lead to some tragic scenes ; but it is at tbe same time just to acknowledge tbat much forbearance has been hitherto displayed by the new comers . Three Romans were this morning arrested by the French , but were subsequently handed over to the local authorities .

    Fresh bodies of cavalry are . continually arriving this morning from Monte Mario ; Ponte Molle , and the surrounding Campagna—chasseurs , dragoons , and gendarmes—hardy , soldier-like men , that would certainly look , with surprise and contempt on the two or three hundred Roman horsemen , who , with Garibaldi ' s five and twenty lancers , presumed to take tbe field against their numerous and disciplined regiments . The following is the proclamation published by General Oudinot at his entrance into Rome on the 3 rd instant : — - ' INHABITANTS OF ROME .

    * The army sent by the French republic into your territory has for its mission to re-establish that order which is the wish of the people . A factious or erring minority has compelled rae to the necessity of assaulting your ramparts . We are masters of the city . We will executeour mission . In the midst of the tokens of sympathy with which we have been greeted , wherever the sentiments of the real Roman population were not in the least dubious , some hostile clamours have beeu heard , and have obliged us to use immediate repressive means . All good men , the true lovers of liberty , may now take heart , - but let the enemies of order and of public tranquillity learn , that if any oppressive manifestations , excited by a foreign faction , should be renewed , they will be put down with rigour . In order to give to public

    security positive . guarantees , the following dispositions are decreed -. — pro -tern . All the powers of the state are united in the military authorities * These will immediately associate with them , in the " exercise of these powers , the municipal authorities . The x \ ssembly the government , whose violent and opp ressive reign began with ingratitude and terminated in an impious appeal to arms against a nation friendly to the Roman populations , the ' clubs , and political associations , have ceased to exist . All publications by means of the press , all handbills not authorised by the military authorities , are for the present forbidden _, he crimes against person and property are to be referred to the military tribunals . General Rostolin is appointed governor of Rome . General Sauvant , commandant of the city . Colonel Sot , town major . ' ( Signed ) . Oudinot . '

    It seems tbat Oudinot has sent to the tope the keys of Rome . He has established his head quarters at ; the Corsini palace . It . is said that _. M . de _* _Corcelles -will be civil govenorof Rome ; and _Monsignor Robert ! pontifical commissary . The commissary of _Ancohs , Domeriico ' Savelli , has published a decree re-establishing the old papal * authority in the provinces of Urbino Pesaro , Macerate , ' ; Ancona , Termo , Ascoli , Camerino , and Loretto . . ' ...: ( Fromthe .- Morning Chronicle . ' ) ; Romb , - July 5 . —Last evening , at a quarter past seven o ' clock , as the Roman Constituent Assembly was sitting , it bein g in permanence , and under , the temporary presidence of Mv Buonaparte , eidevant

    Prince de Canino , a French officer , - attended * by a strong escort of infantry , presented himself in the hall of the'Assembl y at tbe Capitol , and fiummoned the _^ members to disperse . . M , . Bu 0 naparte remonstrated , saying that they onl y ' sat there in consequence of _theexpra _^ the , people of the Roman stales , over whose liberties . it was . their duty to watch . Rut he spoke in vain ; The officer observed that his orders were positive , _^ and "that there - was no alternative ; and the members in consequence withdrew amidstmurmurs * of ilV-iuppressed indignation . Thus has a forieigh army taken upon itself to dissolve a body whicli is as legitimate an expression of the popular will as the legislature that , sits at the Palais de _Bourbon-Conde .

    More French infantry were moved in last night . Rome is occupied in force j' strong _^ patrols ' of cavalry and infantry marching through the streets ; and large bodies of men bivouacking"in all . - tlie' public places . ThO . barricades have mow ' . nearl y ' disappeared . All access to ; Monte ; : Piacioj' ' or , passage by ' the ! great staircase which leads to . _Trinita del Monti , is debarred by ; pickets of f Frerich ;; soldiers , _Mhe freedom of loebniotion ., being ; . - . thus farther abridged- j In the _Piazzadef Popolo , ifrom which radiate- the three principal lines of streets ,-are - six pieces ~ of ; artillery of large calibre , _twoXof them placed at the : opening of the . Corso , * so as to ' sweep ' the _' _streef _. '"' . ' ; ; : ; . ( FroW ' the ' -Dail y _J _^ pJ _^ i ' \ : : v , ' : It _seeds ' that Mazzini has taken refuge on board _thei : Bu ) ldpg , with , Ayezzaria and . Prince _' Caniho ; The English steamer sailed with " them to Malta . *

    -The following i proclamation _^ _was-published at Rome on the . _btht _^ r ., ¦ - Inhabitants of Rome' !—The general commanderin-chief of the Frerieharray , has named me governor of your city * , 'I assumethis character with the firm intention of seconding energeticall y _^ by all the means ininypower , ' the / measures . _alreadj- * 't & e tj ; by . the _general-in-chief _fri'Secure your traDquilKty and protect your persons and your property . I take the following measures : —From this day—I , Crowds in the streets are prohibited , and . - -fill be dispersed b y

    Italy. ' " . The French In Rome. The Fol...

    force . 2 . The retreat will be beaten at nine p . m . Circulation in the streets shaU-cease at half . past nine . -At that hour public places shall be closed . 3 . The political clubs which , contrary to theproclamation of the General-in-Chief , have not yet been closed , shall be so by force , and the proprietors or householders of the places where such circles mi ght be found to exist , shall be pursued with the greatest rigour . 4 . Every violence or insult offered to our soldiers , or to those who are in friendly relation with them , every impediment laidin the way of

    provisioning the army , - shall be immediately punished in an exemplary way . 5 . Physicians and public functionaries alone " will be allowed freely to walk the streets at nig ht . They must , however , be furnished with a pass signed by the military authority * and shall be escorted from station to station to the place they intend to go . Inhabitants of Rome ! you want order , I will guarantee it to you . Those who intend to prolong your oppression , shall find in me an inflexible severity . The General of Division , Rostolan . '

    The Pope , on receiving the keys of the Portese and San Pancrazio gates of Rome , named a commission that was to proceed to the Eternal City to arrange , with M . M . de Corcelles and an Austrian agent , the mode of his return to Rome . The French , Belgian , and Spanish ministers have gone also to Rome for the same purpose . It is said that an engagement bad taken place in the vicinity of Rome , between the French and Garibaldi , and had been unfavourable to the latter . Three regiments of Roman infantry and one of cavalry had been preserved , the others dissolved . Cernuschi , one of the members of the late commission of barricades , has been arrested by General Oudinot . Rome bas been declared in a state of siege . -

    The private correspondent of the ' Opinione ' of Turin writes , on the 5 th : — ' Hostile demonstrations continue . When a Frenchman enters a coffee room , all . the Italians withdraw . Several' innkeepers , being afraid to lose their native customers ; have refused , to _loijge the invaders . If , in the streets , a Frenchman apply for information , no reply is returned to hira . Such is the situation of Rome . The English and American consuls are our sole protectors . Tbey deliver _passportsto those who demand them , and are always ready to extend their protection to the patriots who claim it . General Oudinot endeavoured by fine promises to prevail on Garibaldi to give up the French who fought under his orders , but the brave Italian left the French Cossack all the shame attending his proposition , and replied that , in order to arrive at his soldiers , he should pass oyer his body . '

    The Avvenire of Turin has advices from Rome up to the 7 th . It states that Ciceroacchio has been arrested ; that most of the soldiers of the Roman army have applied for their discharge , and that only afew hundreds remain , notwithstanding the denomination of the Roman army they receive in their proclamations . All superior functionaries have given in their resignation en masse , notwithstanding their having been warmly pressed to remain . General Roselli and his staff have refused their adhesion to a government the nature of which is still open to conjecture . The municipality of Rome has published a proclamation declaring that it has no hand whatever in the measures taken by the

    military authorities , and that it remains at its post to protect the interests of the citizens . Garibaldi had been seen by a waggonoi' in the vicinity of _Montei-otondo _, with plenty of ammunition and provisions . The Tuscan authorities atthe frontiers do not allow Italians with British passports to pass . '" , _*' The Corriere'Mercantile of Genoa states that , by an order of General Oudinot , all tho treasury bills issued by the late Roman government are to be presented within ten days at the treasury office to receive a ' new stamp . The civic guard is dissolved , and will be rcomanised on its old basis . A _general

    disarming has been ordered in tbe city of Rome for the 8 th . From the 10 th all persons found in possession of arms are to be judged by court-martial . Householders in whoso houses arms are found concealed , are liable to the same process . "Whoever refuses to give up his arms shall be forced to comply by military measures . Tlie French sentinels at the gates are to visit carefully all carts and packhorses leaving the town , and arrest all persons who may attempt to pass with arms and ammunition , or precious articles . The gates of San Lorenzo , _Sal'ira , and Angelica , are closed . M . de Corcelles and M . de Rayneval have arrived at Rome .

    Letters from Genoa state that a steamer had arrived there with a large party of Lombards , Tuscans , and other Italians , who had taken part in the defence of Rome , and who had escaped after the surrender of tho city to the French . The Genoese authorities refused to allow them to land , and the French consul also refused to give them pass ports for Marseilles , so that tho captain of the vessel was at loss how to get rid of his cargo . On the 11 th , when tho letter was written , the question was not settled .

    The Pope has addressed an autograph letter to General Oudinot on the occasion of receiving , the keys of the city of Rome , presented to him by Col . Kiel , who was despatched to Gaeta fov that o _\>*) cei . His Holiness congratulates the General on ' the triumph of order over anarchy gained by thc French arms in Rome . He expresses his ho _* ne that Divine Providence will remove the difficulties that may still exist . He adds that he does not cease to direct his prayers to Heaven for the General , thc army , the French Government , and the French nation . The letter was dated Gaeta , the 5 th .

    THE WAR IN HUNGARY . _Eossulh and his ministers ' issued on the 27 th ultimo , at Buda-Pesth , a proclamation calling upon the * people in the most emphatic language to rise iu arms against the invader . The burthen of this remarkable appeal is , 'Arise , arise , or be for ever fallen ! ' ' The campaign' against the _Austro-Russian army is called the 'Crusade . * It is manifestly intended to work on the religious feelings of the people , and to add spiritual wings to their patriotism .

    .,- Dembinski was in Pesth , where he was well received . But this great commander seems to have resigned his post at the head of the _anty of the north , which has been taken by Visoczky . The motive assigned for his resignation was , that he was prevented from carrying into execution hiss plan of breaking into Galicia , Perczel was also at Pesth , and charged with the organisation ofthe ¦ crusade . ' The Lumber of people who bad joined the crusade is reported at a figure truly incredible . According to letters from Pesth , Kossuth had , on the 1 st of July , announced in placards the retirement of the government with the ministerial offices , & c ., to . Szegedin , assigning the aptroach of the Russian army as the ground . The change was effected on ihe 2 nd . Before setting out for Szegedin , Kossuth

    issued a proclamation calling Out the landsturm . All men from fifteen to sixty , are called upon to meet at the ' Rukesfield , near Pesth , to take up _trms against the Russians . The alarm which prevailed in Pesth was naturally great , and the Austrian party in ihe town were already bestirring themselves . One , aud not . the least of the embarrassments after the retaking of Pesth , would arise from the Hungarian hank notes ; which are the only money there , being prohibited from circulation by martial law . Haynau persists in enacting the part of an Attila . Both the towns of Szerad aud Czigard , which sided with the Hungarians in the battle fought there , were , by bis orders , sacked and burned , to , the ground , "fresh executions bad also taken place in Presburg . All the members of the Committee of National Defence

    of the Debreezin parliament ; ' who fall prisoners into the harids of the Imperialists , ' are by a new [ ordinance of Haynau , commanded to be . shot or hanged immediately , and the idea of Windischgratz , who made tbe , Jewish communities responsible for the smuggling , espionage , & c , of their single memlier , is adopted by Haynau . . i * Inthe'Warsaw Gazette ' appears the third bulletin of General Paskiewitch ,, detailing the operations of the Russian army in the north fromithe 20 th tothe 23 rd June . The dhief matter _reported . is General ¦ Rudiger _' s encounter at Szeben , which has been already described , General Grabb ' s operations on the Arvaand Upper Waag are also given ; from which it . appears that his head-quarters ' were siill ; at ; _AlsorKubin , on , the A ' rva . He inade two

    _reconnaBa-acea ia that mountainous district , one extending a few leagues along- ' the road to : Neu ' tra , through . Turany , _and'Zufzan tO : St . Martin _^ and th e other , to Rosenberg , ; meeting , with ' , - _barribadesi of felled timber , defended bysmall guerilla bands / with whom a few shots were interchanged . ' - j _** - _*•' , , ; On the fitti and 6 th , several waggons of wounded _^ efe brought iiitp Presburg . ' , ' ' . _* ; . We extract'the following from a correspondent to the 'CologneGazette ' for the _^ 12 thof this _«&&•& ' •—' , _Faom thb _, Western Sbat _^ o * f ; War . — The

    news concerning the state of affairs . before - Comorn is yery . obscure .:: The district of ; the ; Waag is shot yet left by the Magyars .- Haynau has again caused two ViUages"to be pillaged and then laid 'in ashes ; whilst he at the- same " time fills' the « Presburg Gazette '; _withi / sentences of _'deaths . Southwards , on the . Croatian _frontier , ; the corps , _fdrmed by the junction of Zeisberg ' s and _Nugent _' s , and _whlc _^ had been brought to a numerical strength of 17 , 000 men bv troops from Istria and Ital y has assumed the oftensive at Pettau , and will proceed from _Warasdin

    Italy. ' " . The French In Rome. The Fol...

    against the Drau line . * A flying corps under Major Dondorf is intended to act in the region of the Plat _, ten lake . f From the-Nobthebn Seat of War . —The Russians advance slowly and surely , surrounding the country with ' a great army-net . The main amiy has entered Pesth again according to reports circulating in Vienna , but we rather think it is ' still in Debreezin . Concerning the corps sent to _Tok & y which forced there the passage of the Theiss , a report in the-New Prussian Gazette' from ' Galicia says : — . 'The commanding General , Tzadajef , marched rapidly from Tokay against Debreezin , and hasprobably by this time ( on the 1 st or 2 nd inst . ) occupied it without serious resistance .- A whole division ( four regiments ) of light cavalry flew along with its cavalry before it like a storm , to prevent the insur-• • r

    gents from carrying off their stores of provisions , & c . The manoeuvre , by its very surprise appears to have succeeded , and the whole corps ( tWeiity-nve battalions Strong in infantry alone } thereupon entered Debreezin . From here however [ Tzadajef marched immediately with a part ef his troops against Szolnok , in order to gain this ' important position on the Ttieiss and near the railway to Pesth . The latest intelligence says he was still on his march thither and would reach it without difficulty . ' In Galicia the Russians are collecting another large army at Przemgel , with the intention of occupying all the principal towns and strong points of the kingdom ; sixty or even _weighty thousand men are to remain permanently there . The Polish nobility are therefore flying already from their estates , as for instance the Princes Sapieha , Pohl , Dwernicki _, amongst others .

    Southern Seat op War . —Here also the news is of the same obscure nature . The Ran has again retreated from Zomboc . The fortress of Arad _, hitherto in Austrian hands , has capitulated . . The details concerning the entrance of the Russians into Transylvania and the capture of Kronstadt , do not differ from those that have already appeared in our columns . The Russians it seemed endeavoured to carry at one and tbe same time ( on the 19 th of June ) the three passes which lead to Kronstadt , viz .,

    tbe Toisbnrg and the Tomosch passes in the south , tbe Oytos pass in the east . Luders commanded in person at the Tomosch pass . The Russians in their bulletin admit their loss to have been not inconsiderable , and mention among the slain a Col . _Wrangel-The Hungarians , they say , lost 100 killed and wounded , and 150 prisoners . The bulletin makes no allusion to the corps advancing in the east ; the column that penetrated the Torsburg pass encountered only a feeble resistance . .

    The' Presse' has news from the south to the effect that Bern was concentrating bis force at Perlass . and making gigantic efforts to force the passage of the Theiss near Titel , and effect a junction with Perczel . The fortress of Temeswar and the vast steppe surrounding it had been completely evacuated by the insurgents , and the imperial troops were concentrating to prevent the junction of the two Hungarian

    armies . It was announced at Jassy that a new corps of 20 , 000 Russians was expected there to reinforce the army in Transylvania . The' Cologne Gazette' of the 14 th inst . contains the following interesting communication : — ' It was in the evening of the 3 rd of July that the entrance of the Russians into Debreezin took place . Solitary Hungarian armed bands , who attempted to oppose them , were scattered , and thus on the 3 rd they

    entered Hadhaz , a town of the Haiducks , about twelve English miles from Debreezin . This latter city is a straggling place , quite open , built like a village , and not to be defended . In order to save the town from destruction , the magistrate appeared in Hadhaz before the Russian general , and voluntarily offered to him the submission of the town . This was accepted , security of property and of the person was promised to the inhabitants , and then towards evening the Russians entered .

    The same account says subsequently , without stating on what authority . « In Transylvania , Bem has concentrated at Hermannstadt an army of 36 . 000 men , in order to attack the Russians . ' The _head-quarters of _ Haynau on the 10 th were still at Nazylgman . Generals Schlick and Simbs . chen were attacked by cholera . The reports which have prevailed during some days of Georgey _' s sickness are now succeeded by a rumour that he has died of his wounds . The 'Wiener Zeitung' says that it is at least certain that he is severely wounded , and that for the time being Klappa commands in his stead . -

    The capture of Arad by the Hungarians is confirmed . The ' Cologne Gazette' of the 15 th has the following : — "That Debreezin was abandoned by them could not surprise us . In the present moment the possession of the mountain towns must be more important to the Hungarians , for they are better qualified by nature to keep in check a hostile invading army . By the fail of D & _brec-i _™ , the _-w-ay to Waitzen , and also to Pesth , are free for the Prince of Warsaw . We shall see which of the two he Trill choose . In either case the main army of the Hungarians , under Georgey , runs the risk of being surrounded and destroyed . Hitherto it has been enabled decisively and victoriously to maintain its

    strong position at Acs against Haynau and Paniutin . Should Paskewich , however , march through Pesth and Grau up tp bis rear , nothing then remains for bim than to retreat to Comorn , and let himself be shut up . Should the Russians choose the road to Waitzen straight against Comorn , he may then be cut off from the fortress , and he would be obliged to beat Haynau offensively , so as to open an outlet for bis army . These very reflections induce us to regard with surprise the giving up of Kremnitz and SchemnkHo the Russians without a struggle , and we should ask where Dembinski was , had we not been recently assured that he ceases to commandbut where is his army ?

    Letters from Pestb _, of the Gth _, show no trace of discouragement . The land will really hearken to the summons of Kossuth , and rise for a general crusade . On the 3 rd , there were assembled ou the Rakos-field above 25 , 000 men , ready to proceed wherever they were sent . Every one of them wore , as an emblem of recognition , a white cross oil his breast . On the 6 th , the people at Pesth knew nothing of the entrance of the Russians into

    Debreezin ; and precisely on the 3 rd , when said the entrance was achieved , 400 Russian _prisariers , coming from Acs , were escorted through the city , these battle days of Acs ( pronounced Atsh ) , are said to have been the most disastrous for the Austrians of any that have yet * been fought in Hungary . 2 , 000 Russians—the fact is ascertained beyond a doubt—lost their lives on an entrenchment , which was left to them by the Hungarian ' s / and then blown up .

    Vienna , July 12 . ~ The government rumour here is that the Austrian Marshal Schlick has occupied Pesth , which town has been evacuated by the Magyar army some days previously . Pesth itself is of no importance in a strategical point of view . It is rumoured that Jellachich had been forced to retire to Belgrade , having been surrounded by Bem and Perczel . An important correction has to bo made as to the Statements circulated with regard to the successes of the Austrians .. General Grabbe has made no advance _alongithe Gran , butremains still in his quarters at Kubin . Ontheother hand , an Hungarian descent is much feared-in Galicia . ' The doubt will

    shortly be set at rest whether the unresisted advance of Paskiewitch has been tho result of discouragement of the Hungarians , or stratagem . Sot long ago . there was -much talk about a general rising of the Poles . It appears not wholly impossible that we are at present on the eve of such an event , and that tho object of engaging the corps of Paskiewitch far in the heart ofthe country is a part of a system of tactics concerted with the Poles ..: It . is evident that if a Polish rebellion were now to break out , the-Russian army , or rather the . Russian _empil'O , might be placed in a _vciy critical position . Meantime , the fact of Poland being declared in a state of siege seems to hint that something , of this sort is really on foot .

    The only fact of importance reported from the scatof war is the conquest of Arad by the , Hungarians * which took place on the ' -2 nd irist . This strong fortress , " situated in the' Upper Banat , ' on the banks ofthe Marbsch i was held by ' a garrison of 2 , 000-which-had " stood a siege of ' nine months . It was 'difficult to take , the ¦ citadel : being well furnished with stores , by art and nature nearly impregnable , and'Commanding the town O'Arad ( Old Arad ) , " which lay at its' foot . * , Uj-Arad _( New-Avad ) has been long in the hands of the Magyars . Tho siege was conducted by General Gaal , formerly : colonel of

    engineers in the Austrian service , and : employed at Olmutz and at Milan . ' Jellachich had attempted to relieve the place in vain , -The defeat which he suffered at O'Beckse _/ and which ; as usual , ** his gasconading bulletins represented as i a brilliant ; victory _^ crippled himin such , a way that he was as little able to _* _raise-the siege of Arad as of Temeswaivalthough the cessatiottof the _blookadd'of tho la & t place has been falsely announced at least ten times by the Vienna papers .: The capture of Arad" is , at the present moment , of great importance to the Hungarian cause . The battle in whioh tho Ban cUims a victory at Topolya , between Sove and Theresiopel , is by tlio Magyars represented as . haying terminated in

    Italy. ' " . The French In Rome. The Fol...

    their favour after much bu _> odshed , which is tho _moroprohablo version , as _JgUae . liicli _. inconseauenco _, fearing to be surrounded at _Sova , retreatod to Iitl , where strong entrenchments have y . een thrown up The position ofthe Imperialists army * of the soutU is extremely critical , as the Magyars wiJ evidently make desperate exertions to keep this side clear lor retreat . Vienna , July 13 . —The Magyars havemet with fresh reverses before Comorn . The correspondent ofthe ' Morning Chronicle ' adds—I open by letter to say that Buda and Pesth are in the hands of the Imperialists . There are different versions given of the fact , and nothing as yet is known for certain . ' _-. 1 . l _*» nnAal * e * A ¦ _arVtin'U I * C "Ml

    GERMANY . BADEN . —During the night of the 8 th the bombardment of Rastadt had been suspended . It appeared that in the course of that day the garrison niade a sortie , and attempted to force their way through the Prussian lines , but . that after a sanguinary contest they were obliged to return to tho fortress . The village of Niederbuhl , in thc immediate vicinity of Rastadt , has been set on fire by tho bombs ofthe besieged ; the _conflagration lasted all night ; three streets were reduced to . ashes . The fever is raging amongst thc Prussian troops before Rastadt , the heat to which they aro exposed being intense . In two places where the Baden soldiers

    who had abandoned the cause of the insurgents were temporarily detained , serious riots amongst them have lately ensued . The Deutche Zeitung gives some particulars relafive to tbe sorties ( for it appears that more than one was made ) from the fortress of Rastadt . . On tho 8 th inst . those sorties took place in three different points , the object being ( according to the testimony of fugitives from Rastadt ) not so much to escape at that time as to weary the besiegers during the day , in order to have a better chance o £ making good their general sortie during the following night . . . . - . The black flag waves over several points in Rastadtas signs that the contest is to be till death .

    , The commander-in-chief there ( so says tho corres . pondent to the Augsburg Gaselte ) is the ox-artillery Prussian officer Willich , a man of great firmness , military talent , and personal honour . Ho was a victim ofthe ex-military Prussian despotism , which strove to quell all intellectual feeling m the army . Itwas not supposed that he would surrender the fortress while alive and in command , neither was it supposed that the men under him would think of surrendering , desperate as their cause now evidently was . Some desperate resolve , some bloody catastrophe was considered not improbable , as the closing scene ofthe Baden insurrection .

    According to letters from Carlshrue , ofthe 12 th , discharges of musketry in the interior of Rastadt had given rise to the impression that the two contending parties—the one in favour of surrendering the fortress to the Prussians , and the other resolved to hold out to the last—had come into collision . On the other hand , the accounts from the Prussian camp before Rastadt are of-a melancholy nature . The typhus fever is carrying off many victims , and numerous wounded Prussians continue to arrive in Carlsruhe . Up to the 12 th inst . there were 400 wounded and sick in the military hospital of that city alone ,

    A letter from Zurich , of the 11 th , states that Sigil , the commander of a body of the Badener insurgents , had consented to enter Switzerland with his men , and allow them to be disarmed , ¦ The Deutsche Zeiiung' announces the entry of Royalist troops into the city of Constanz , and consequently the occupation of the whole pf the Grand Duchy of Baden ; with the exception of the fortress of Rastadt . That fortress is subjected to a close blockade , but the bombardment bas not yet recommenced . The garrison is meanwhile a prey to typhus fever and other distempers .

    POLAND . Polish Frontier , July 11 . —The whole king dom of Poland has been declared in a state of siege ; and hence the frontier is so hermetically sealed that , saving the post , none are let pass . Among the natives none are permitted to move from one village to another without a regular passport , while often insuperable difficulties are set in the way of obtaining such a legitimation . In fact the whole country is completely paralysed and reduced to a state of immobility .

    FRANCE . There has been excitement latel y at the _Ejole Politechnique , in consequence of the conduct of M . de Vaudrey , one of the pupils , who informed the authorities of the conduct said to have been held on the 13 th of _Junejby au old pupil of the school . This act of M . de Vaudrey , so exasperated the young men of the school , that they insisted on the dismissal of the offender , and threatened that if he didnotcomply with their wishes they should resign . Government has threatened to dissolve the school , and the pupils have since returned to their duty . - The Terror . - —The town of Albi , where dis . turbances lately took place , bas been declared in a state of siege .

    Berlet , an old soldier of the 15 th Regiment , was on Monday condeinned to death by a court-martial , for having abandoned his post when ordered to attack a barricade in the Rue Aumaire on the 13 th of June , and for having uttered seditious cries . The prisoner had long been noted for his Socialist opinions , and he had grumbled excessively at being obliged to act against the insurgents of the 13 th . On Wednesday forty soldiers , who had been guilty of insurbordination , were sent from Lyons to join the companies of discipline in Africa . Arrests continue to be made in the environs of Lyons , in connexion with the recent political events . On Wednesday morning six men , among them five soldiers , were taken to the prison of Roanne with chains round their necks .

    Some rather serious disturbances tookplace in the evenings of Sunday and Monday last at Moulins . The 7 th Legion of the National Guards of Paris bas been dissolved . A few days ago three individuals were condemned to imprisonment and fine for uttering seditious cries at Albi . Since then groups of men and boys have paraded the streets every evening singing revolutionary songs , and crying - Vive _Ludru Rollin 1 ' They also stationed themselves before the Prefecture , tbe Marie , and before a scaffolding , called the ' Altar of the country , ' which was surrounded by tricoloured flags , and surmounted by a painting of the Republic , with the bonnet rouge . On Sunday the crowd was

    more numerous , and the singing and cries were more menacing . Three of the crowd were arrested , but the others loudl y demanded their releasd At length the assemblage became so threatening that a detachment of horse-artillery was marched to the ground . The soldiers attempted to disperse the people , but tbe latter responded by pelting them , and uttering cries of death . The soldiers then made a charge _^ and another shower of stones flew on them . Eventually the gathering was dispersed . Three or four soldiers were grievously , wounded ; one was

    knocked off his horse by a stone , and' as he was rising an enormous paving stone struck him ou the breast , causing blood to flow from his mouth ; he lies in an alarming state . Among the rioters six or seven were wounded j all are men of the worst character . A young man , a student of the college , had two fingers cut off by a blow from the sword of an artilleryman whilst attempting to throw bim off his horse . The next day six companies of tbe 40 th Regiment were sent to the town . The stories thrown at the artillerymen were , it 13 said , so numerous , as to fill several carts . ¦ ¦ ;

    By a decree of the 13 th instant , published inthe ' Moniteur , ' General Lamoriciere has been appointed Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of France in Russia . I '¦¦ _-. ' _:. . ' . - •'• _- . •' _ Accounts from Bordeaux ( saystho -Times , ' ) state that the Socialists in that city still continued to disturb public tranquillity . : On the night of the 12 th more than 500 persons assembled before the townhall , and insulted and outraged the " gendarmes on duty . Several of the rioters were arrested ; and it is proposed to disband a battalion of the National Guards who countenanced these revolutionary proceedings . - '

    Alietter from Arbois , in the department of the Jura , states that a serious ' conflict took place in that town between the Socialists andthe 9 th -Regiment of Light Infantry . The Socialists endeavoured to seize the soldiers' muskets when they were off their guard , but they were defeated in . their attempt , and several of these desperadoes were arrested _^ , : The « Courrier du Gard' Has the _follbwinRt—We are informed , that a ; disgraceful demonstration , in which the Minister of the Reformed Church was

    present , has just * taken ' place in the commune of CalveESbn ., , 'An infant was presented at the baptismal font , enveloped in red ctotiies , and ' wearing a _^ M _^ roK _^ e ottitshe ' ad . The cortege entered the church- singing patriotic songs and uttering cries of 'Vive Barbes ! ' - Yive Ledru Rollin ! ' ? Vive Ia Montagne V The' minister welcomed this impious and _Seditious masquerade , ' and , without stating any objection , baptised the * child by the name of Ledru Rollin given itbythe parents . ( Continued ' tothe Seventhpage . j

    Mrs. Smiih O'Bries And Her Children Retu...

    Mrs . Smiih _O'Bries and her children returned to Limerick from Dublin on Wednesday last . SUo has gonofor the present to the house , of her father , Mr . _Gabbatt , of Limerick .

• Citation
  • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 21, 1849, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_21071849/page/2/