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Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st March 1846, Edition 3 of 4, Page 8, ¦ aiisli Printed by OOU-AI. M-GOW AX. of IB, Great Wiiul'"')!'" street. Uaviuarkot, in the City ot W cstiuinstm- ,it >"uJ

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      House Of Lo Rds-Momttt, Maucii 16. Jtine...

      . _Lord" & . BiL * rra _* cK <» bs ( a _* vcd , that it would be impossible to couciudc the debate on tlie timber duties witbia she hoars , lie therefore suggested tbe propriety of taking ihc debate on the thabcr duties on Thursday . The debate ou the second reading of the Corn Law Bill would then come ou upon Friday , aad he believed it might termiuate on Friday week . Sir R . P _* iel believed it generally happened , when predictions were uttered as to the length ofa debate , that they bad a tendency to realise themselves . There was a very confident prediction that the debate on the second rcadiug ofthe Corn Bill would end on "Friday week . The question , therefore , was , whether

      the _ltaaae _nreferred a six nights' or a tour ni _guis debuts . - ( Cheers and laughter . ) lie was inclined'o preferafeurnizkts ' toa six nights * debate . ( Ooutkued _"biightec _!) He rather thought the best p lan would be not to interfere with the imp _, _- " _»« M _£ ; oission on railwavs fixed for _Thursday , but to take tbe debate on the timber duties on _hriday . lie would then move the second reading of the _^ orn _lmpori « fion Bill on Monday , with the general understanding that the speeches should be so shortened as to allow tbe debate to be concluded on rnday next week . («• Hear , hear , " from Lord G . Bentinck . ) The other orders were then disposed ot . and the house adjourned at a quarter to twelve o ' clock .

      HOUSE OF COMMONS , Wednesday , March IS The house met at twelve o ' clock .

      FEVER ( IRELAND ) BILL . On the order of the day for the house going into committee on the Fever ( Ireland ) Bill beiug read , Mr . P . Schope rose to move , pursuant to his notice , an instruction to the said committee , " That the guardians ofthe several Poor-law Unions in Ireland be required to relieve with food all such destitute persons within their unions as may be in danger o perishing from want , or from _dissasc , the consequence « f want . " He called the attention of government to the present state ot the Poor-law in Ireland , with the view to its adaptation to the pressing exigencies of the Irish peasantry . However much it was to be hoped that the measures which had been devised for the relief of this distress would be sufficient , still

      there were various circumstances now occurring in the sister kingdom justly calculated to excite very great alarm . The extensive exportation of Irish grain to this country could not be carried on without detriment to the population from whose resources it was withdrawn . Another dreadful incident was the wholesale system of evicting tenantry from their holdings , now prevailing in Ireland . The relief afforded by the v . niun workhouses was altogether inadequate for this wide-spread distress . It was requisite _, therefore , that government should promote the employment of the able-bodied poor by some such undertaking as the recovery of the waste lands in Ireland .

      Mr . S . Crawford seconded the motion . He insisted that , though some of the Irish landowners might voluntarily discharge their duty towards the peasantry , yet a compulsory measure of poor-law relief was needed to render that assistance general . Sir J . _GuAUAMexplainedthat the object ofthe Bill before the house was merely of a temporary nature , it being only intended to afford relief from the fever at present raging iu Ireland . The proposition submitted by Mr . Scrope could not bs entertained without opening up the entire question of Poor Law relief in that country : it ought , therefore , either to be reserved until Lord J . RusseFs motion on the state of Ireland came before the house , or else to have been framed into a substantive measure . It was a

      mistake to suppose that the law at present enforced no relief for the poor iu Ireland . It was considered , however , that the existing law was unequal to the present emergency , and hence the measure before the Louse had been introduced by government . He then recapitulated the different provisions of the Bill . A legislative restraint upon the exportation of Irish grain had been recommended . Such a proposal , however , could not be adopted , without increasing rather than diminishing the distress sought to be xelieved . Parliament had already voted nearly half amillion sterling to promote employment in Ireland . Nevertheless , government were disposed to listen to

      any proposition which mig ht be offered respecting the recovery of waste lands or any similar project . It bad been , however , considered by government most important to adapt the measures _thsy had recommended to the peculiarities of the Irish law , as well as with an especial reference to tbe feeling ofthe Irish people . For these reasons they had thought it unwise to adopt , as the foundation of their mea sures , the tests tbat had been incorporated in the English Poor Law from tbe period of its first establishment , in tlie reign of Queen EfuabeiL It would be unwise to pass a measure of the kind suggested by Mr . S . Crawford , as the inevitable effect of such an enactment would be the introduction of a

      torrent of pauperism , which would be dangerous to the owners of property , as well as most prejudical to the interests of all classes of the Irish community . It was better to provide for a temporary emergency , such as that now at hand , by measures such as those - which had been submitted by government to that Iiouse . These measures , he emphatically declared , were given not at all in the way of dole , but iu accordance with the demands of right and justice , and only as a fair equivalent for the contributions paid by the Irish people iuto the national exchequer .

      Mr . W . Smith O ' . _Bbien * considered that , as the present measure would override many provisions of the existing Poor Law in Ireland , specified complaints of the mal-administration of tbat law ought to hare "been preferred to Parliament with a view to justify the passing attke proposed enactment . He objected also to the extended means of local taxation , as well as to the increased power which would be conferred npon the Irish executive by this bill . The commercial projects ef government , there was reason to believe , would materially benefit Ireland by augraentili the value of her exports- Government mi ght _tffect still more for the relief of the Irish people by raising a tax upon absentee landlords , and by the advance of loans for tho furtherance of railway

      schemes , now standing still for want of capital . Mr . \ Yaku * t . insi-ted upon the superior utility of a Poor Law in Ireland to compel the Irish landlords to fulfil their natural obligations by affording relief ia their starving fellow-countrymen . The present state of the law was a robbery on the English labourer . Many thousands of Irish labourers ( and he did not blame them , he wished tbey would all come ) came into tbis country at the commencement of the harvest and obtained work . They remained about two mouths , and then returned to * Ireland with the pniceeds of their industry in their pockets . Was it fair , that just when the English labourer hoped that bis wages would be raised by an _increased demand for labour , and that the time _h-id arrived when he

      mi-ht hope to lay by _something for the winter , thousands of men from a _foreign country —( _laughter , _jmd " hear , hear , " from the Irish members ) , —yes , the labourers were foreigners to them , and thousands of them came and beat down his waxes by increased Competition , and so frustrated all his hopes . Sir J . Graham bad proposed a fever bill , which he said was of very limited operation , but it was too evident that the evil was of a most extensive aud lamentable character . Ue ( Mr . Wakley ) knew it would be alleged that the workhouses in Ireland were not full ; ana no wonder , the poor _lnif-ht as well starve out of the _hoUSfe-. an iu them . ( Cries of " Oh , oh ! _' * and * ' hear , hear . ' ) He could not understand the Irish character , for he found the Irish geutiemen whom he

      had met to be a hospitable and hilarious set of men ; but what was the workhouse dietary of their poor feUow-c'iuntrymen ? The highest cost of maintaining au Irish pauper ina workhouse was 2 .. per week ; and iu many of ( he returns the cost uf food , clothing , and necessaries , was stated to amount to , Is . 4 d ., Is . oil ., Is . Sd ., and It . 9 d . per head per week . ( Hear , hear , j In one case he _observed the clothes were state I to cost one penny per _wi ck . ( Hear , bear . ) Could any person wonder , then , that the poor were not in the workhouses if they could keep out ? ( Hear , hear . ) For what condition must a mau be in who would jjo to one of those places , where his provisions , clothe .- - , & c , would cost upon an average but ls . flJ . a we _.-k '( ( llear , hear . )

      After referring to a pamphlet published liy Dr . Corrigan , to shew thar , _disease and death would be as extensive as it was in lSl 7 , unle .-s immediate preventive measures were adopted , and quoting the statistics of the epidemic at that period , Mr . Wakley said : —It was stated , but it was a iibel to state , that the Irish people were in a state of destitution , ! , because they were idle and lazy . A greiter falsehood with regard to any people or nation was never uttered . ( Hear , hear . } A fouler calumny was never circulated against any community . ( Hear , hear . ) "What did they witness in London ? It was a fact worthy of notice . It was wd : kun \ -n that the severest labour performed iu Luudou was that performed by tho bricklayers' labourers ; it was in his

      ( Mr . Wakley ' s ) opiniou thesevere-t lab-jur performed in England . By whom was that labour performed ? By Irishmen almost toa man . ( llear . ) He believed there were 20 , ( 100 bricklayers' lab . urers in London aad its suburbs , and there were not probably 100 Englishmen amongst the 20 , 000 . What were their wages ? Eighteen shillings a week ! Well , within twenty miles of London , the wages of the agricultural labourer—in Buckinghamshire , for instancedid not exceed 9 s . or 10 s . a week ; but so terrific was the labour performed by the bricklayers' la . bourers , that the English labourer , who earned but 9 s . or Ids . a week did not come and seek for the work at which he could earn double the money . They shrunk from the work , which was _chetifullv

      undertaken by the Irish labourer , and which , infact , the English labourer was incapable of performing . ( Hear , hear . ) That showed bim that no roan was more _wiL'iug to work than the Irishman , if he had the opportunity , and whathe ( Mr . AVakley ) dcsircd was that he sh' . uid have the opportunity . It was now acknowledged that millions ot the Irish people _sub .-i ? ted on potatoes , that a loaf of bread never entered the poor man ' s door ; and was it just or fair that while civilisation was advancing around them , that whilst other classes progressed in comfort and in wealth , that whilst new luxuries were being added every day to the lists ofthe enjoyment : * of tin : n va i thy , the poor of Ireland should be found in as bid a _i-i _.-ndition as they were 100 years ago ? It was a _uisgiacc .

      House Of Lo Rds-Momttt, Maucii 16. Jtine...

      not to the present , but to all governments in tins _county , andit was a disgrace to the Impena 1 Pa * . _liamcnUhat measures _^ to remedy this state of tlun . es ( Hear , hear . ILs opinion was , that the advantage ol tke English poor over the Irish poor was owing to the statute ot the _J . 3 d of Elizabeth , and that if the Irish poor had the benefit of that act they would bo in as good , and even in a bettcrcondition than the poor of England . "Until they bad such a law tbe social , or physical condition ofthe labouring classes would not be improved . Mr . Shaw averred that the Irish landowners were not indisposed to adopt a good poor-law ; though he did not coincide with Mr . Wakley as to the precise character of such an enactment .

      Mr . French thought that all the measures proposed by the government for the relief of Ireland were peculiarl y infelicitous . There were no documents which justified the unconstitutional power given to the Lord Lieutenant by the bill under consideration ; and on the ground of the patronage which it would confer the bill was highly objectionable . If fever hospitals were required , it might safely be left to the landlords of Ireland to provide them . Capt . OsnonxKsaid , the foundation of all measures for the relief of the Irisb poor should be employment . Iu that country the capital of labour had hitherto

      been neglected . ( Hear , hear . ) This was disgraceful to every government whicli had existed ; it amounted , in fact , to an abrogation of the functions of government . ( Hear , hear . ) It had been proposed to tax the mortgagee for the benefit of Ireland but a move mischievous doctrine could not be advanced . As regarded Irish landlords he thought the attacks so frequently made upon them were unmerited : they were as good as , if not better , than English landlords . The _landlords whose tenants were most comfortable , whose estates were best managed , whose rents were most punctually paid , were the absentee landlords of Ireland , the Duke of Devonshire , Lord Stanley , Earl Fitzwilliara , and others .

      Mr . M . Milxes referred to the heavy incumbrances upon Iris !* property as a bar to the adoption of auy extensive improvements in that country . Colonel Rawdon had felt extreme gratification in heariug from the lips of the right hon . baronet the Home Secretary , an avowal which he trusted would henceforward be acted upon by him , and one which was almost made in the precise terms used so often on his own side , namely , that the time was come when the government must " make up its mind to legislate upou Irish subjects with Irish feelings . ( Hear , hear . ) He hoped and he believed tiiat the expression of such a sentiment on the part of the government constituted a new era for Ireland . ( Hear . ) Sir W . Somerville ,, Lord Ebrington , Mr . Fitzgerald , i \ ir . J . O'Connell , and Mr . Butler having expressed their opinions on the measure , Mr . F . Scro e withdrew his amendment .

      The various clauses were then agreed to , and the third reading ofthe bill fixed for to-morrow . The other orders having _bsen disposed of , the house adjourned at a quarter to six o ' clock .

      HOUSE OF Lords-Thursday , _Marce 19 . Lord Brougham asked Lord Clancarty , if a witness under examination before tlie committee on the Irish Poor Law had refused to produce certain papers , and that he had been fortified in his refusal by the Poor Law Commissioners themselves ? This question having been answered in the affirmative by Lord Clancarty , Lord Brougham vehemently inveighed against this breach of privilege , and ended by denouncing the _commissioners for being influenced in their proceedings by a fear of the press . The Metropolitan Buildings Bill was read a second time , and the house adjourned at a quarter to seven . HOUSE OF COMMONS-Thursoay , March 19 .

      FEVER ( IRELAND ) BILL . Public business was commenced by Sir J . Graham moving that the report on the Fever Bill be brought up . After a short conversation , the report was agreed to , and the bill , at a later hour of the night , was read a third time and passed . On the motion of Mr . _Elpuisstosb , leave was given to bring in a bill to limit the duration ef polls in counties at contested elections of members to serve in Parliament to one day .

      RAILWAYS . Mr . Morrison moved for a select committee to inquire whether , without discouraging legitimate enterprise , conditions might not be embodied in Railway Acts better fitted than those hitherto inserted in them to promote and secure the interests of the public . The experience of the last few years had proved that the railroads had caused a development of traffic beyond all calculation - that cheap fares wero the most profitable for ihe railway companies , and that low fares produced such ample dividends , that the companies were not injured but benefitted by them . He , therefore , intended to propose that the committee should be directed to inquire whether tbe rate of fares ought not to undergo revision every

      twenty years . He also wished to bring under the notice of his committee the propriety of granting terminable leases instead of leases in perpetuity . This was a matter which concerned the house and the country rather thun the railway companies , provision always being made for tha creation of a sinking fund to repay them , at the expiration of their lease , the _capitid which they had expended . As their leases were daily becoming more valuable , it was the duty of the house to prevent them from becoming perpetual monopolies . Arguing from the example oi Belgium and France , where the fares were much lower than in England , bo thought that , if these leases were granted for forty years , the railway companies would not object to such an

      arrangement . Mr . Maxgi . es considered that this motion had a much wider scope than that which appeared on the face of it , for he thought Its object was to reconsider the principle on which our public works had been hitherto conducted . That principle had hitherto been to give free scope to the application of private capital to public works ; but the principle advocated by Mr . Morrison was to place that capital under the restriction of government . He called upon the house to look at the results of the two principles as exemplified in practice iu England and France respeitively . We had constructed 3051 miles of railroads , and France had not constructed more than 376 .

      Mr . Paiirer took up the monetary view of the question , and recommended a restriction in the number of Railway Bills to be passed this session . Mr . Hunsox had not intended to have _ti-ken any share in the present debate , as he understood that the motion was to be granted by government .. If he could have convinced himself that he should have any prospect of success , he would have moved a direct negative on the appointment of this committee , because he believed that the house was iu possession of full information for legislation on this important question without it . He denied that low fares would ever produce auif le dividends , especially where large capital wassunk in ihc construction of public works . Mr . _Lauouciiere did not believe that on the whole the profits of those who had engaged in these maguincent undettaluu « s bad been enormous , nor did he grudge them those well earned gains which they

      had acquired by their intelligence aud enterprise . But there were circumstances in the present state of the expenditure on railroads which did require immediate attention . There was something besides the employment of capital which ought now to be considered by the government and the public . We were fast approaching a state of _thittgs in which the whole international communication of this great country would be in the hands of four or five great companies . That consideration took this subject out oft he ordinary course of commercial policy . Some o ntrol ought to be devised to prevent this power from being lodged by a lew amalgamation oil ' s in the hands of a few private individuals . He should suppurt the motion for a committee , aud he hoped that the government would give Mr . Morrison every assistance in leading its deliberations to a safe and satisfactory conclusion .

      Sir Geo . Clerk , said , that to Mr . Morrison ' s committee he would give every assistance in his power . In so doiug , he did not wish to throw discredit on the enterprising individuals who had established railroads ; but there were many suggestions in Mr . Morrison ' sspeech deserving of inquiry , and every facility would be afforded to him for prosecuting it by her Majesty ' s government . After speeches from Mr . Ilayter , Lord Ebrington , Mr . Entwisle , Mi * . Hume , Mr . P . M . Stewart , Lord Worsley , and Sir G . Grey ,

      Sir It . 1 ' eei , inferred , that the course which Mr . Morrison would take iu the proposed committee , of which doubtless he would be chairman , would be in conformity with the very able pamphlet which he bad written . He appeared to labour under the impression that there had hitherto been great errors in our railroad legislation , aud to propose for inquiry two questions—1 . Whether it would not be desirable to establish some tariff of prices , to which all railroads , seeking the intervention of Parliament , shoidd be compelled to conform ; and 2 . Whether it would not be advisable to adopt the French system , and to give the different companies only a temporary interest in tbe railroads . To illustrate these subjects , Mr . Morrison would probably place before the committee a quantity of information respecting foreign railroads , lt would take some time to collect that evidence ; but what , in tho

      meanwhile , was to be done with the railroad bills now in progress ? He recommended the committee to attend to that subject in the first instance . He was of opinion that it errors of legislation had been committed with respect to railroads in past years . Parliament had a right to _correct them now , and to apply new principles to new companies which c _^ ine before it , aud , even in case of old companies which came to demand extensive additional privileges , to apply princip les of correction as preliminary conditions to granting them . The question then arose whether Parliament _woiildsuspend legislation for the present session , or would insert in all future railway bills a clause rendering the companies liable to any general bill whicli P-iriianu-nt nikjht hereafter- pass ( lie tiiought _ili-it it would lie found diilicult , in « i « m _* _cums , lo apply liii- * _resci-vauun in years lo mum , though there might , be no diliiculty in _passing it _nu-. v

      House Of Lo Rds-Momttt, Maucii 16. Jtine...

      At any rate , some early report should be made by this committee on the subject of legislation . Ho gave his ready assent to this committee . Its inquiries must be useful lor railway profits and railway monopolies , and railway interference with all kinds- . of property battled all calculations which were made two years ago . Lord J .. Russell considered that some delay had occurred in the railway legislation of the present session in consequence of the statement made _bySir R . Peel at the commencement ofthe present session . It would have been much better had these matters been taken into consideration by the government at the opening of the session than b y a committee now . The Chancellor of the Exchequer highly approved of the proposed committee , and would be happy to give his attendance at it . Mr . Baring , Mr . _Horsnian , and Mr . Wawn , successively addressed the house , after which Mr . Morrison replied .

      The motion was then agreed to , and the other orders of the day having been disposed of , the house adjourned at half-past eleven o ' clock . HOUSE OF LO RDS- Frida y , March 20 . The house sat for about an hour , and forwarded several bills a stage , but nothing of public interest transpired during the sitting , if we except the fact that Lord Stanley , on presenting some petitions against the government measure _? , showed an unabated hostility to them , and that the Duke of Richmond gave an intimation of discussions iu the Lords as long and as tiresome as those in the Commons . IIOUSE OF COMMONS-Fridat , March 20 .

      OREGON . On the motion for reading tbe order of the day , Mr . Borthwick . rose to put the question of which he had given notice , " whether it is the intention of her Majesty ' s government to present to this house copies or extracts of any correspondence which may have passed between the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and her Majesty ' s Minister at Washington in relation to the Oregon territory V Sir R . Peel said that the Queen ' s speech , and the expressions used respecting it by Lord J . Russell and tbe public men on both sides of the house , had not been misconstrued in the United States . He thought

      that no public advantage would be obtained by laying on the table the communications which had passed between her Majesty ' s government and our Minister at Washington . The negotiations had not yet been brought to a conclusion , and it was not usual to place papers connected with them on the table of the house before they were closed . He would produce those which had been published in the United States , but none others . The order of the day was read for the reception of the report on the Customs ' Act ; and the clerk having read the resolutions respecting the importation of timber ,

      The Marquis of Worcester moved that they be erased . The question having been put , a long pause occurred , during which no member rose . Silence was at length broken by Mr . II . Hinde , who expressed his astonishment that no member on the Treasury benches had risen to explain the reasons which had induced them to propose this great and startling change in the timber duties . A Jong and dreary debate ensued , in which the case of the shipowners was advocated by Messrs . Chapman , Harris , Palmer , Borthwick , Henley , and Lord G . Bentinck . The speakers on the government side were Mr . Cardwell _, Mr . Hume , Sir G . Clerk , and Mr . C . Buller . On the division the numbers

      were—For the resolution 232 Againstit 109 Majority for the resolution ... —123 The result wa 3 received with cheers .

      TURNPIKE ROADS ( SCOTLAND ) BILL . Mr . F . Maule moved the second reading of this bill to prevent the sale of spirituous liquors at tollhouses . Mr . _Forbbb objected to proceeding with such a measure at that time of the night . A division took place , and the numbers were—For the second reading . ; . ... 45 Againstit 13 Majority —32 The other orders were then disposed of , and the house adjourned at one o ' clock .

      \ 8 - ' Tfle Northern Star* Mabch 21, -1...

      \ - ' _TflE NORTHERN STAR * Mabch 21 , -1846 .

      Cfcartfet -Entemgentt

      _Cfcartfet _-Entemgentt

      Oldham. On Sunday Last Mr. D. Donovan De...

      OLDHAM . On Sunday last Mr . D . Donovan delivered a very energetic address on the political aspect of Europe and America , in the school room of the Working Man ' s Hall . He was listened to with great attention . At the ckse a vote of thanks was unanimously passed for the able manner in which he had handled the subject .

      LONDON . THE EXECUTIVE OF THE NATIONAL CHARTEH , ASSOCIATION TO THE CHARTIST BODY . Friends , —The cause of liberty m eastern Europe has again arrived at a momentous crisis ; Poland , tyranny-execrating , liberty-adoring Poland , is once more in arras , resolved to exterminate the murderous despotism by which she is tormented ! Tins is cheering intelligence ; it will send a thrill of joy throug h tbe heart of every patriot in the world ; it will fill the mind of erery democrat with glad expectancy that the emp ires of despots are . about to receive a shock ; and that the bravery of Poland , after many years of excruciating misrule , is on the eve of being rewarded with that inestimable blessing which is the basis of all others—Liberty .

      Poland is in arms ! to extirpate the power of the three stupendous despotisms under wliich she writhes . Brave , unsubduable land ! The odds against her arc fearful , but the victory is not always to the strong . That tho wisdom of her councils and the valour of her deeds may secure her speedy triumph , should be the aspiration of every soul that yearns for the elevation of the human race . That her heroic conduct may become a bright exemplar to all nations , and the fate of her foes a terror to all tyrants , should be the fervent orison of every patriot throughout the globe .

      Let the cold moralist , who , when all things are m a state of quietude around him , deprecates the employment of physical force under any circumstances , contemplate the state of Poland for the last fifteen years , and say whether he is not amazed that human nature could remain so long passive under so many aggravated provocations to resistance ? Behold female honour sacrificed 'to the concupiscent brutality of armed slaves ; see the dungeons filled with those whose virtue rendered them obnoxious to tyranny ; the

      friends of freedom writhing under the tortures of the murderous knout ; the boldc . tand bravest , with myriads of little children , forced to pine away life in the dreary regions of Siberia ; a relig ion proscribed ; the national language forbidden ; and the expression of opinion interdicted ! We say , let the moral philosopher contemplate Poland thus circumstanced , and hard must be his heart , aud icy his soul , if he applaud not this development of her spirit of resistance , or hope not her speedy triumph over her brutal and ruthless foes .

      Friends , the success of the Polish struggle must redound to the weal of the democratic movement , not only in our own country , but throughout the civilised world . The achievement of liberty by Poland would act like an electric shock upon the torpid nations of _king-curbed Europe . It would afford a lesson to mankind replete with invaluable instruction , the moral of which would be , "Go and do likewise . " lt would arouse the world from its criminal lethargy , for there is a national as well as an individual spirit of emulation , which is stimulated to activity by brilliant national triumphs . Every nation from democratic America , down to our poor starved , insulted , and degraded neighbour Ireland , is deeply interested in the issue of the Polish movement .

      We have beheld with pleasure that in Frauce aud Germany the current of public feeling flows favourably . They have evinced their sympathy for Polish patriotism—their antipathy to the arrogant assumptions of the spirit of despotism . The democrats of Paris hare already attested the sincerity of their devotion by liberally subscribing in aid of the Polish cause . The Parisian press asks , what is England doing ? We ask , what will you do ? Eternal infamy would be our deserts if we longer remain passive spectators of this glorious struggle . Our object

      in this short address is to arouse you to vigorous action ; wo appeal with confidence to the pure spirit of democracy to sustain England ' s high character as the foe of the oppressor and the friend of the oppressed . Poland , in her present perilous position , having three of the strongest military governments in Europe arrayed against her , supplicates your aid —your sympathy . SaaJl she call in vain ? Heaven forbid ! Frauce and Germany arc before us , America only awaits intelligence of the movement , to pour out her enthusiastic aspirations in favour of Polish nationality .

      Up , then ! ye brave , ye noble-minded Chartists !—ye who in your own country always take tho lead in everv enuobling movement ; up ! we say , to the aid of Poland . We know that the misrule of your own system of government makes poverty your lot . Nevertheless the poorest among ns can give something , and where-is the Chartist that will refuse his mite for so holy a purpose as to free the limbs of our Polish brethren from the galling manacles of ruthless despotism ? Friends , wc entreat you , for the honour of Urilish democracy , by your love of liberty , by your horror of slavery , at once to commence this

      ennobling work . Hold your meetings , * collect your mites , and forward them immediatel y tu the Northern Star . Convince tho world of yonr ability to appreciate a noble cause . Let the heart y cheer of your sympathy go forth to the Polish patriots to iuspire their hearts and nerve their anus lo deeds of glory in defence of their country . _I- ' kauuus O'Connor . _Cu-usro- 'tiKu Doyj . 1 _* _. Thomas Ci . _aiik _, Pii . _'mi'M'Gkath . Thomas Mautin _Wh-jelbh , Secvctarv .

      The Exiles' Restoration Committee To The...

      THE EXILES' RESTORATION COMMITTEE TO THE TWO MILLIONS OF PERSONS WHO PETITIONED FOR THE LIBERATION OF FROST , WILLIAMS , AND _JONLS . Friends , —Although you have failed in your noble endeavour fo snap the chains of the captive patriots , and to solace with their presence the hearts ot their bereaved families , you have nobly done your duty . That the royal clemency has not been awarded to them , is not your fault . What could be done legally and constitutionall y has been done , but we must not relax , we , must-do it again and again , unt il success crown our efforts . We congratulate you upon tne ( support which your champion , Mr . Duncombe , received in the Ilonso . when nleadinir the cause or the

      exiles . You will remember that three years since , when he submitted a similar motion to the consideration of the Commons , that only four members supported it , whereas on this occasion it rece ived the votes of thirty-three . This is an improvement in our position , which is some compensation for the toil , trouble , and expense of the late movement . Judging from tlie tenor of the _important debate whicli took place upon Mr . Duncombe _' s motion , we consider the case of the patriots more hopeful than ever . In the course of it , Sir J . Graham said , " that tho royal mercy was unlimited , but tbat under present circumstances he could not , consistently with his duty , advise the release of our friends . " He further said , " that he did not hold the doctrine

      that the royal mercy should be for ever closed against them , the remission of their sentence _i « os a question of time and circumstance . " Such language from a Tory Secretary of State may , we think , be fairly regarded as the precursor of a more favourable view , on the part of the government , of the case of Frost , Williams , and Jones . Wc now beg your attention to the course which strikes us as the most advantageous to pursue . The next battle on behalf of our friends must be fought on the electioneering hustings . Many of the liberal members gave our cause their opposition , a circumstance which must n & t be forgotten for them . Many others , including Mr . O'Connell , who had promised his support , left the Ilouse a few minutes previous to Mr . Duncombe ' s motion coming

      under consideration . Thus this gentleman reciprocates the Chartist sympathy evinced for him and his co-adjutors when in the clutches of power . Friends , we may with confidence predict that a general election is at hand . We , therefore , recommend that every locality forthwith proceed to organise the friends of Frost , Williams , and Jones , possessing the franchise , so that on the occurrence of a general election , they may be prepared to wait upon the candidates , and pledge them to vote for the return of these much injured men ; and we also call upon those who are qualified to vote throughout the different boroughs of tlie United Kingdom ( but who Iwve not as yet availed themselves of the right ) to proceed immediately , and get their names enrolled

      on the rate books , as such a step is absolutely necessary to ensure them votes at the election . There is no difficulty in this proceeding , and if there were , we feel assured that your devotion to the cause of justice and humanity would enable you promptly to surmount it . We . call upon London , Bristol , Birmingham , Leeds , Manchester , and Glasgow , to set an example worthy of imitation to the smaller localities . Depend upon it , that a requisition signed by four or five hundred bona fide electors presented to a candidate , wishing him to vote , for the return of our friends , would exercise a salutary influence upon his mind . We pledge ourselves to do our portion of the work effectually in London , and trust to find the friends of humanity in the provinces equally on the

      alert . With this work we recommend that the interim from this to the assembling of the Conference be filled up . That body will meet in the course of a few weeks , when it will doubtless take bucIi other steps as the then existing circumstances shall warrant for the attainment of our holy purpose . Our term of office will have than expired ; in the meantime we are resolved , by the most strenuous exertion in behalf of our expatriated brethren , to promote the laudable object we have in view . Hoping that the recommendations herein given will be acted upon witli promptitude , energy , and zeal , I remain , yours most respectfully , on behalf of tho committee , _Tuomab _Maktis Whbkusb , Secretary .

      NOMINATIONS FOR THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE . Burnley : C . Doyle , P . M'Grath , T . Clark , F . O'Connor , and T . M . Wheeler . Stockport : C . Doyle , P . M'Grath , T . Clark , F . O'Connor , W . Bell , J . West , and R . _Marsden . Bradford ; C , _Dojle , P . M'Grath , T . Clark , F . O Connor , andT . M . Wheeler . The following places nominated C . DoyJe , P . M'Grath , T . Clark , F . O'Connor , and T . M . Wheeler : —Preston ( O'Connor ' s Brigade ) , Norwich ,

      Carlisle , Macclesfield , Sunderland , Bradford ( O'Connor s Brigade ) , Brighton , Preston , Sheffield , Rochdale , Leicester , and Northampton . Marylebone : C . Doyle , P . M'Grath , T . Clark , F . O'Connor , and T . Cooper . Hammersmith : C . Doyle , T . Cooper , J . West , aud S . Stallwood . Oldham : C . Doyle , P . M'Grath , T . Tattersall , F . O'Connor , and T . M . Wheeler . Alexandria : Feargus O'Connor , Christopher Doyle , Thomas Clark , Philip M'Grath , and Thomas M . Wheeler .

      Ihe above is the list of nominations received up to this time , and in accordance with the rules . it now becomes the duty of the members to select from the persons nominated five to act for the ensuing year . The election must take place between the 29 th of March and the 8 th of April , after whicli date no returns can be received . Thomas Martin Wheeler , Secretary .

      BALANCE SHEET OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION , FROM MAY C , 18 L 5 , TO MARCH 19 , 184 G . RECEIPTS . £ S . d . Cash in hand , May 6 25 11 _Ojf From May 6 to March 20 1 S 7 15 Iii Collected at two meetings , Hail of Sciencc , Manchester „ 3 10 10 Collected at a Militia Meeting , South London Hall 19 7 Total receipts £ 218 _ 3 _ 0 i EXPENDITURE . Salary of Mr . Doyle , from May 6 to December 4 , 1845 , being thirty-one weeks , at £ 1 per week 31 0 0 Ditto , Mr . Clark , ditto 3 L 0 0 Do ., Mr . M'Grath , twenty-six weeks do . 26 0 0 Mr . Wheeler , for bookkeeping , expenses of office , ise ,, from May 6 to March 18 , at ls . Od . per week 3 9 0 Printing 4000 * cards of Association , at 18 s . per 1000 3 13 4 Ditto 1000 * hand books ... ... 2 10 0 Slips for backs of cards 0 5 0 Postage stamps ... 1 14 6 Booking parcels 0 8 6 Stationery 12 2 Money orders 0 5 3 Meeting at South London Hall , for militia bills , board-men , bill-sticking , Ac . 1 18 0 Westminster Election meetings bills , _^ bill-sticking , & c 0 17 3 Expense of Manchester Convention and meetings at Hall of Science 30 5 4 £ 134 _ 8 _ 4 DEBTS DtlK PRIOR TO MAY G , 1845 , SINCE _UlSCIIAKOKD . To Mr . Stutter for printing 30 IC 0 To Executive for arrears of wages ... 14 0 li Arrears of travelling expenses to Clark , M'Grath , and Doyle 10 14 5 Total expenditure £ 1 S » 18 10 i

      Total receipts 218 3 0 i Total expenditure 189 18 10 J Balance in hand £ 28 __ 4 __ 1 J * Nearly the whole of the above cards and rules are still on hand . A balance sheet , containing the details of the above , will be laid before the ensuing Convention . Thomas Martin Whekler , Secretary .

      Exiles' _Restoration _Commith-k . —This committee met at the Pm-tlienium , St . Martin ' s-lane _, on Weducsday evening , March 18 th , Mr . Miller in the chair . The sub-committee brought up their report , embracing an address , which was received , and , after swine trilling emendation , was unanimously adopted . It was also resolved , " That the sub-committee un making arrangements for Tuesday ' s festival be held on Sunday evening next , March 22 nd , at half-past five , at the Parthenium , 72 , St . Martin ' s-iane . Cm *' op London Chartist Locality . —At a meeting of the members , held at the hall , Turnagain-lane , on Sunday , March 15 th , the following resolutions were adopted : — "That inasmuch as the talents and exertions of the present Chartist Executive Committee , arc wholly and justly devoted to the grand object of the hand Society , Uicir _saliirics being paid exclusivelout of the Land

      y Fund , this meeting is most decidedly of opinion that the _pro' _-rcss of Chartism would be considerabl y accelerated if the a lairs ot the National Charter Association were placed under the control of paid officers , who would give then- sole and undivided attention to the progress ol the principles of the People ' s Charter , butlvin and out 01 lllfliaiiKiiit ; and that an executive committee ot three persons would be ample for that purpose . He , therelore , hereb y recommend our Chartist brethren , throughout the country , to nominate und elect three persons for that purpose , who shall devote their time to the forwarding the agitation for our political rights . " In eoulurniity with the above , Messrs . Thomas Cooper , of London ; John West , of Macclesfield : and David Uoss , of Leeds , were put in nomination . Mr . Thomas Cooper was also nominated a candidate for the ensuing Convo . tu ion . _Hammkusmitii . —At a _im-ctiiig held at the Dun Cow , Brook Green-lane , uu Tuesday evening , March

      The Exiles' Restoration Committee To The...

      17 th , Mr . Newell in the chair , the following resolution was unanimously adopted . *— " That tho members of this locality are of opinion that the labours of the present Executive will henceforth be required exclusivel y by the Chartist Co-operative Land Society and consequently that sin Executive Committee of three persons should be appointed to manage and direct the affairs of the National Charter Association . " " That , in conformity with the above , we hereby nominate the following three persons to the office of Executive Committee men for the ensuing year - . —Thomas Cooper , 134 , Blackfriar ' s-road , London ; Edmund Stallwood , 2 , Little Vale-place , Hammersmith-road , London * , and John West , Macclesfield . — The thanks of the locality having been

      awarded te Mr . W . S . Hanson , for his exertions in behalf of Frost , Williams , and Jones , the meeting adjourned . VfHiTscmpBL . —At a , public meeting , held at the Brass Founders' Arms , on Sunday , March the 8 th , the following resolutions were carried unanimously : — " That in the opinion of this meeting , the sentiments contained In the two letters of the Right Hon .-T . B . Macauley on the subject of the motion , the franchise , and our beloved exiles , Frost , Williams and Jones , are brutal and inhuman in the extreme , and deserve the reprobation of every christian or right-minded individual in the country ; we , therefore , earnestly recommend all Chartists in Edinburgh and elsewhere to do their utmost to reject him at the next election . "

      Mr . Murra y , of 109 , Travis-street , Manchester , is appointed agent for cards and rules for Lancashire and Yorkshire . Greenwich and Deptford . —A general meeting of the Chartists ofthe above locality took place at the Ordnance . Arms , Lewisham-road , on Tuesday evening , February 17 th , Mr . Morgan in the chair , when it wan unanimously resolved— That the present Executive be nominated for the ensuing year . " A vote of thanks was unanimously given toT . S . Duncombe , M . P _., and the minority who voted ibr tlie restoration ofthe Chartist exiles . Somers Tows . —A public meeting was held on Sunday evening last at the Bricklayers' Arms , Tonbridge-street , New-road , Mr . Humphries was called to the chair . On the motion of Mr . Thomas

      Lawne , seconded by Mr . John Arnott , it was unanimously agreed— " That the best thanks of this meeting are due , and are hereby presented to the nobleminded patriot , T . S . Duncombe , M . P . ; his worthy colleague , Thos . Wakley , Esq . ; the thirty-one members ; Mr . Ingram , of Abergavenny * , and all others who have sympathised with or exerted themselves in behalf of Frost , Williams ; and Jones . " It was also agreed that thu nomination of the Executive for tne ensuing year he deferred till after the publication of the balance sheet .

      Thomas _Cooi-br , the Chartist Poet—On Wednesday evening a meeting took place at the Dispatch Coffee-house , Bride-lane , Fleet-street , for the purpose of considering the propriety of celebrating the firstanniversary of the liberation of Mr . T . Cooper ( the Chartist and poet ) , ' from Stafford Gaol . Mr . Floyd , of Deptford , in the chair , and Mr . Shaw acted as secretary , who read letters from the following gentlemen , who , for . the most part regretted their inability to be present , but all concurred in the views of the projectors of the meeting , and also promised their co-peration and support : —Mr . Gathard , Mr . Harney , Mr . Clark , on behalf of Messrs . Wheeler , M'Grath , Doyle , and O'Connor ; Mr . Meeson , Mr . Mills , Mr . Moore , Mr . Stallwood , Mr . Wm . Lovett , disc . Mr . Frazer , and Mr . Thome addressed the meeting . Mr . Knowles moved , — " That , in the opinion of this meeting , as the first annivertary of

      Mr . Cooper s liberation from tke ' dungeon of Stafford approaches , the same shall be celebrated by a public demonstration , " seconded by Mr . Thome , and " supported by Messrs . Shaw , Floyd , Frazer , Overton , Dale , Dunn , Davis , Cuffay , and Mr . Cooper , and carried . On the motion of Mr . Thome , seconded by Mr . Overton , it was resolved— "That theentertainmenton tlie occasion be a tea party . " Mr . Cuffay proposed and Mr . Knowles seconded , that a tea party take place on Tuesday , May Sth—carried . It was then moved and seconded that the following persons be a committee to carry out the above , with power to add to their number—viz ., Messrs . Floyd , Cuffay , Overton , Dunn , Davis , Dale , Frazer , Knowles , Thome , Walter Cooper , and Shaw . The meeting then adjourned to Thursday evening , March 26 th , when it is hoped that all friends will endeavour to be present and also be punctual , as the business will commence at eight precisely .

      Death Punishments. On Monday Evening A N...

      DEATH PUNISHMENTS . On Monday evening a numerous and highly respectable meeting was held at the South London Chartist llall , Blackfriars ' _-road , for the purpose of taking the necessary steps toward procuring the legal abolition of capital punishments . Mr . John Gathard ably tilled the chair , and Messrs . Stallwood , _M'Gratb , Doyle , and T . Clark addressed the meeting in eloquent and excellent speeches . The resolutions were carried unanimously . [ The spac « we have been compelled to devote to the Polish cause , and the unusual length of our Assize , Trades , and Chartist Intelligence , leaves us without room to give a full report of the meeting . The speeches are too good to be curtailed ; we , therefore , shall keep them , and use them i next week .

      Bankrupts. [From The Gazette Of Friday, ...

      BANKRUPTS [ From the Gazette of Friday , Mareh 20 th . ] John Kirkup , Kotherhithe , coal merchant— 'William Collins , Kugby , Warwick , tailor—James Bryant , Mayfield , Sussex , draper—Isaac Harris , Croydon , Surrey , clothier — Henry Ward , Widford-mill , . Gloucestershire , paper manufacturer—William Stone , Wood-stroet , laceman—Aichard Ellison and John Goodworth , Bamsluy , Yorkshire , linen manufacturers—Joseph "Whalley anil Charles Whalley , Liverpool , _teedmen—Richard Barnes Preston , Leigh , _Crloucestershire , coal dealer—Cornelius Brady , _Asluon _, Birmingham , commission agent — Richard Edwards , Iluddersfield , woollen draper .

      Ths Cosvict Wix.—What Appear To Be The R...

      Ths Cosvict Wix . —What appear to be the reasons for doubting the sanity of Wix ? There is ground to believe that in infancy bis brain was injuriously affected by disease . A distortion of the eyes , accompanied with great weakness of the optic nerves , is knvwn to have attended him from early childhood . More lately , he suffered from a concussion of the brain , which , even after recovery from its immediate effects , exhibited permanent results in strange eccentricity of conduct . Ever since his apprenticeship he seems to have cherished the notion that his muster had taken him for the sake of the ten pounds premium paid when he was indentured . For this supposition no real ground existed ; and yet , so completely had it trot possession of the Youth ' s

      imagination , that in September , 1 SH , under its _influence , he attempted to kill himself by swallowing laudanum . Frustrated in this design , he still brooded over his imaginary wrongs ; and , while he was in this state of mind , the deduction by his master of eleven shillings from his wages , to make up for an equal- amount of money belonging to the master , which the apprentice had either lost ( as he himself alleged ) or _embedded \ as the other suspected ) , brought Wix ' s resentment to that pitch under which he devised and accomplished the assassination of his fancied oppressor . To all this may be added , the

      utter apathy that characterised the miserable convict throughout the whole of his trial . Neither the appearance of his mother in the witness-box , nor the summing up of the presiding Jud ge , nor the period of suspense during the consultation of the Jury , nor the announcement of their adverse verdict , nor even the pronouncing by the Judge of the awful sentence of the law , moved him in the least ; but , from _tirst to last , lie maintained the same stolid and , as it were , inanimate indifference . —The Patriot . His case is at present under consideration at the Home-office , bis mother having petitioned the Secretary of State for a commutation of punishment .

      _Iiri- at a Cotton Factory . _—Lbickstek , March 15 . —The inhabitants of Braunstone Gate , in ( his borough , were thrown into consternation last night b y a fire breaking out at the extensive factory belonging to ; Messrs , Harris and Ilamels , cotton and Indiartrblier web manufacturers . In a few minutes the fire had obtained such an ascendancy that the flames burst out in a large body from the different windows on the ground floor and first story , and shortly afterwards extended to the second , third , and fourth stories of the building , each of which _contained a large quantity of cotton in a raw state , bobbins and spindles for winding , webbing , cane . etc . In one room there wero several bales of goods , packed ready for exportation , to tho value of . £ 3 , 000 ; but , by the exertions of the police , firemen ., and others , a great portion of them , as well as the stock , was saved

      Nevertheless , from the combustible nature of the ar _ticles , the flames spread so rapidlv that the whole _£ licb nl' _? ' . exteildi " _« t 0 * _^ 'outage of between J 00 and 400 feet , was completel y gutted from ton to bottom , and tit one period serious fears were entertained tor tho gaiety of the dwelling-houses _belong - ing to the proprietors , and also a number oftencmens , a Joining the , factory . By the exertions of the lira-brigade , assisted by a plentiful supply of water irom the mer Soar , which runs within 5 D 0 yards oi the factory , the damage was confined to the bunding where the fire broke uut . The machinery , winch is costl y and complicated , is nearly all destroyed . and the effects ofthe _conllagratidn will be severely felt by a large body of people who were employed in that part of the factory . The damage is estimated at between . £ - ( , 0 ( 10 and £ 5 , 000 .

      _Dukl _I'ukvk . ntki ) at Birmingham . —On Wednesday morning two gentlemen of tho highest rcspectabilitv wevc apprehended iu Birmingham under a _manistrate ' B warrant , charged with the intent to commit a breach of tho peace . Both gentlemen are must respectably connected , one of them being tho son of an eminent manufacturer at _Leed-ynnd the other a gentleman from _Coli-rnine . They were brought helure the magistrates in their private room , and were , alter finding security for their Mure good behaviour discharged . _Laiigi : Naval . Stkameb . —The Birkenhead , iron steam frigate , recently launched from Mr . Laird ' s buiUlm » -y . ml , at Birkenhead , had boon ordered round to _Shecrnei-s to bo fitted for sea . She is the _litrcLst iron steamer in the British navv .

      West Riding Of Yorkshire.

      WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE

      Ad00813

      SPRING SESSIONS , 184 C . V [ OTICE is hereby Given , that the SPRING GENE _J-T RAh QUARTER SESSIONS of the PEACE for the West Riding of the County of York , will be holden at _PONTJEFHACT , on Moss Ar , _theStxru day of _Aphii , next on whicli day the Court will be opened at Eleven o ' clock of the forenoon , and on every succeeding day _« Nine o ' clock _. Prosecutors and Witnesses in Prosecu tions must be in attendance in the following order , viz ,: — Those in Felony , from the divisions of _Strafforth and _TicVhill _, Lower Agbrigg , Barkstonash , Stiiin .

      Ad00814

      WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . DEWSBURY LOCK-UP . SUPERINTENDING CONSTABLE WANTED . A SUPERINTENDING CONSTABLE for the Dewsbury Division in the West Riding ofthe County of Vori consisting of the Townships of Dewsbury , _Ossett . ran-Gawthorpe , Soothill , Batley , Morley , Mirfield , Whitley , Lower Thornhill , Gomersal , Heckmondwike , and _Lvree _sedge , will be appointed at the next General Quarter Sessions of the Peace , to be holden at PONTEFRACT , in and for the West Riding of the County of York , on _Mohdat , the Sixth day of April next , at Twelve o ' clock at noon . The Superintending Constable's Salary will be _i'lGO i year . He will be expected to provide and keep a horse exclusively for the purpose of his office ; he must provide for the security of the prisoners and lock . up during hi *

      Ad00815

      TO TAILORS . N < yw ve » dy , THE LONDON and PARIS SPRING and SUMMER FASHIONS , for 184 ( 5 . By approbation of her MajeBtj Queen Victoria , and his Royal Highness Prince _i Albert , n splendidly coloured print , beautifully _executed , _, published by BENJAMIN READ and Co ., 12 , Hurt- . _f trcet , _BJoomsbury-square , London ; and G . l ! er 'ef , . Holy well-street , Strand , London . Sold by the publisher' > and all booksellers , wheresoever residing . This slip " *) _> Print will be accompanied with full 6 ize Riding Dress s

      Ad00816

      BOND'S PERMANENT MARKING lNI _*^ THE ORIGINAL , WITHOUT _PREPAIUTIOX . ' For writing Initials , Names , or Ciphers , upon Linen , _&< _&* for the purpose of Identity . THIS Composition unites every requisite , and is _»' _* _»»< mitted to U « thu only article similarly used , di , tl mark of which does not run in the wash , and whii _-h hai la { riven Siiti :-faction to _tvi-ry _( . urehaser . it being _nuivi-rsallsaV preferred for its fixity anil _neaines _^ of impression . I ' " 1 1 ' ' parid by the Inventor , John Bond , chemist , 2 $ , I . ong-hi »> hin AY est Smiihrield , and told by most stationers , & e . _Piiil'ii ls . per bottle .

      ¦ Aiisli Printed By Oou-Ai. M-Gow Ax. Of Ib, Great Wiiul'"')!'" Street. Uaviuarkot, In The City Ot W Cstiuinstm- ,It &Gt;"Uj

      ¦ aiisli Printed by _OOU-AI . _M-GOW AX . of IB , Great _Wiiul' _"')! _' " street . _Uaviuarkot , in the City ot W cstiuinstm- , _it _> "uJ

      Llllii-E, In I!U- Siime F-Treft :¦»" , L...

      _llllii-e , in i ! u- _siime _f-treft : ¦» " _, lor « ' -. '" . ' prietor , _l-KAH ' _iT _** * _U'OOXXOll , h . M | ., and pulihs « isl ' l _>\ WiLLLUi llBwirr , i >> " _"*"¦' . _i-S _Cliiirh-s-strivt . _l- . _i'l _>! dim-street , _Nal'vurth , in tne I _' _ariidi ol M . Mary , - v" >' _instim , in the ' _' _m-iilv of _Mim-y , in Uie ¦ . _silke , N » - ' ' " (' treat tt'indiniil-Mrivt , I ' a . _vniaria-t , in ike OV l t ' Westminster . _Siiiurdav , Mareli ' . _'l , ' IMi ' . *

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), March 21, 1846, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_21031846/page/8/