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Northern Star (1837-1852), 17th March 1849, Edition 3 of 3, Page 4

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    • TICTOIUA THEATBE. Boxes Is., Haii-i-rice Gi. pit Cd Gallery 3d.
    • The Late Giles.—Falmouth, ilarcli 10.-*-Among the casualties to sliippin", occasioned by the recent
    • ©o «rovmpottfccnt&
    • ths prasaH STAE SATURDAY, I7I4K«JI3 17, 1S49.
  • Adverts (8)
  • Text (16)
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    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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      Committee To Record Their Votes, Free Fr...

      March 17 ,-1840 4 THE NORTHERN STAR ___^_____ _-- * _-- _* _^ aass a _* _-.. f , lf ¦' -a _^ _ .. _ — ¦ ¦ _- _... I

      Tictoiua Theatbe. Boxes Is., Haii-I-Rice Gi. Pit Cd Gallery 3d.

      TICTOIUA THEATBE . Boxes Is ., _Haii-i-rice _Gi . pit Cd Gallery 3 d .

      Ad00416

      THE "HAXDAND HEART" WIDOWS ' AXD OiU-lIAXS' FUXD will take a BENEFIT at tlie above _s-jlexdiu theatre , oil _WE _3 _NESD . J . Y , 5 IABCII 2 " , l $ li > . T : ie Entertainment will commence wiih an original _an-I powerfully written _DRA _3 IA 2 Supported bv tiie following Talented Artists _;—Mss Richardson . Mrs . G . Lee , - _- _'issBarrowciiffe , Mr . j . t . _Johnson , Mr . Foiinan . Mr . Dale . Mr . T . 11 . _Ili-r--ie , Mr . _Bi-adshav _* , Mr . J . Howard , Mr . Henderson , iiiss YixcEfT , and Mr . O _^ _KAtTjisTox .

      Ad00417

      TO THE DEMOCRATS OF GREAT BRITAIN . THERE -will he " DISPOSED OF , by X SUBSCRIPTION , on the principle of the Art-Unions , TWO BEAUTIFUL PLAIDS , OF _O'CON'N' Oll AND

      Ad00418

      O'COXXORVILLE . A FOUR-ACRE _ALLOTMENT TO BE s _\ - SOLD _CIIEA 1 " , cropped with Two Acres of Wheat , ic . Apply & hy Letter , -j _^ _si-phl" to Y . ' _£ ,., at W . Kees ' s _, 45 , _Caniion-sireet-nwd _, Commercial-road-East

      Ad00419

      O'COXXOltVILLE . * T * 0 BE SOLD A BARGAJN , a _TTTOX ACRE ALLOTMENT , situated , No . 7 , in the centre of the est _:. te , which has bean much improved . A threeroomed cottage aad _large outhouse is attached , with a _cajnial iron bailer , water butts , aud a brick tank capable of liOiding some hundred gallons of water , a ynrdfeneed iwaid , together with i * is * tios , and manure tank ; a beautiful verandah , with gates and railings , in front of the cottage ; onc acre of tlie land is ia winter wheat , and tlie rest is ploaghcU ap ready for spr ing operations , with a sufficient quantity of seed _jtotatoes and manure ; a number of fruit trees , £ c , & c All persons -wishing to avail themselves of this offer { as no reasonable sum will be refused ) must apply , immediately , to Mr . Jons Hokxbt , No . 15 , Northam ' s-buildings , Somers town , Loudon . All letters pre-paid , witli a stain- ; for renly ,

      Ad00420

      TO BE SOLD , THREE PAID-UP FOUR-ACRE SHAKES in tiie Snfonal Land Company : also , £ 2 paid in part Of FOUR ACRES . _Frice , £ 10 . ihey max be liad hi one or separate lots at £ o each ; the £ 2 for £ 1 . Also , ti _THREE-ACIiE 5 C 1 IIP , drawn iu the November ¦ ballot . Any reasonable offer accepted , as the parties are about to _cnii- _* rate . Apply ( by letter prepaid ) , toMr . It D . Mo _** gan , Malt MiUg-jaaiv , Merthyr TydriL

      Ad00421

      FOR SALE , TWO FOUR-ACRE SHARES in the National Laud Company . Price , £ 4 each . Apply- ( if by letter , prepaid ) , to Mr . James Heaton , Cawthurnc , near _"Jamsky , Yorkshire .

      Ad00422

      FOR SALE , OXE OR TWO PAID-UP FOUR-ACRE SHARES . Trice , £ 3 _Ws each . Apply to A . B _., 25 , Great Warren-street , Clerkenwell , Loadon .

      The Late Giles.—Falmouth, Ilarcli 10.-*-Among The Casualties To Sliippin", Occasioned By The Recent

      The Late Giles . —Falmouth , _ilarcli 10 .- * -Among the casualties to _sliippin _" , occasioned by the recent

      Severe Gales, We Have To Record The Foll...

      severe gales , we have to record the following : —The bark Isabella , of Dundee , Captain Small , bound from Alexandria to this port for orders , and wliich arrived here yesterday , report- * , when in latitude 4 AA 1 N ., and longitude 11 . 13 W ., having fallen , in with the bark Lord Colliiigwood , of _Newcastle , abandoned . The crew of the Isabella , being short of provisions , boarded ihe -wreck , and discovered that the fore-sail and close-reefed maintopsail were set , the latter being aback , and the bark ' s head to the westward . The long boat and jolly boat were both stove , the former out of the chocks * . The bulwarks were also carried awav on either side , and

      the pumps hoisted up about three feet . The bark * was lying in the trough of the sea ; and , from a quantity of wheat being found on the cabin steps , it appeared as ifthe crew had been li ghtening her previous to their quitting , as is concluded and hoped must have been the ease . Captain Small took from the bark a chronometer , barometer , quadrant telescope , box of charts , a ship ' s hell , medicine chest , four muskets , a belt of canvas , and a plaster of Paris figure , together -with some beef and bread . The two latter " articles were consumed , and the former were delivered , on arrival , into the custody of Messrs . Broad and sons the receivers of droits .

      A package , at first supposed to be a mail-bag , was also fouud on board , and brought on shore ior delivery to the authorities , but , on being opened by the collector , is was discovered , instead of letters , to contain garments stained with blood . As a consular seal was on closer inspection , observed to be attached to the bag , it is concluded tliat a prisoner _failty of some criminal aet , was a passenger on oard the vessel . This supposition is strengthened from the fact of instructions having been sent to the civil authorities in this port , iu reference to such an expected arrival ; and the Lord Colliiigwood is _surinissed io have been from the Mediterranean , and bound to this port for orders _.

      Sxow Storm ix the Highlands . —Last week a considerable fall of snow took place in the Highlands , which interrupted travelling on the roads , and pat the flocks iu danger where exposed to the storm . It came on in the coiirso ' of Tuesday with strong north-westerly gales—the quarter from which snow-storms are always severest ia the Perthshire Highlands—and continued , with little interruption , ior nearly two days . On Wednesday ni ght the two Inverness and Perth mails were stopped—the onc from Inverness about six miles to the north of Dal-• n-liiiiuie _, and the one from Perth at DuliiacarJoch . The latter remained housed at the una till davlight began to appear , about six o ' clock next morning ; and upon reaching the first toll-bar only the top of the toll-house was _ visible above a wreath of snow . The work of cutting commenced , and _Di-ummachdaif-hiil -was ultimately _crossetl in abont six hours ,

      with occasional clearing of deep wreaths all along the road . The other mail was met about _thj-ee miles on this side 5 Dalwhinnie , having made only nine miles since daybreak , and they reached their ultimate destinations respectively sixteen hours behind time . The guards , Stewart and Anderson , were very active in getting their charge forward ; but , although additional horses were put on , the animals ¦ wer e frequently overpowered by the cold and drift . Kext day snow-ploughs were at work where they were available , but ~ the continuance of high winds , with occasional snow _showers , rendered the operation very tedious and imperfect . Altogether , this has been one of the severest storms experienced for some winters in the Hi ghlands , to which it has mainly been confined , as not above a couple of inches in dcptli fell in the low country , which one dav _' s sunshine sufficed to dissolve . —Perth Courier .

      A l ' L * s \ 6 ixo Miracle . — Thc bitterest enemies of Christianity were the _Draids , whose interest it was above all others to support the ancient belief of then ' forefaihers and many of these , who are described in the Christian narrative as magi , or magicians , were the objects of Patrick ' s miracles , and were sacrificed for their obstinate hostility . A Druid of _llicha ' s territory carried his insults so far as con-¦ umptuously to interrupt the holv service one day "Uiat St . Patrick was administering inthe barn of Sabhul

      -Phadruig , on which the earth suddenly opened aud swallowed up the sacrilegious offender . Ihchu had a brother named Bias , an old man as ¦ wici-ed as he was ugly , who , _enra-red at the conversion of _Dicftu and at the fate" of the Druid persecuted the saint hy every means in his power ! At last the aged blasphemer dared him to perform a miracle on his person as a condition of his _believing in the Gospel Patrick held up his hand , and the ugly old man was suddenl y changed into a l > eaut * iul youth . A miracle like this -was not v > be

      resisted ; Kius was immediately baptised , and . i example was followed by many of those who . h & J Mtherto refused to listen to the ' words of salvation . m-Wri yht * Ireland .

      Ad00414

      THE CHEArJHT EDITION * _iVEa _l-PM-ISMED . Price Is . Od ., A new and _t-le-jant edition , irith Steel Plate of the Author , of PASNE'S POLITICAL WORKS . Sow Ready , a New Edition of MR . O'CONNO R'S WORK _0- _* SMALL FARMS . Just published , So . II . Trice _Sktesce , _ Hl COMMONWEALTH : A HOXTIILY RECOltD OF DEMOCRATIC , SOCIAL & INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS " TIIE COMMONWEALTH" will be the Representative of the Chartists , Socialists , and Trades' Unienists _, in the Monthly Tress . CONTESTS : 1 . The Crime ofthe Government against the People . 2 . Home Colonies in the Xetherlands . 3 . The Law of Representation , 4 . Louis Blanc 5 . Dream oi liberty . C . Renew ofthe Month : I . Foreign Affairs _, n . Home Affaire . _Corainuiueations for the Editor , Books for Review , & c _, to be forwarded to the Office , 1 G , Great _TVTndmm-strect _, Havmarkct , London . sold bvJ . Watson , Queen ' s Ilead Passage , Paternoster row , London ; A . Heyivood , Oldham-street , Manchester ; and Love and Co ., 5 , Nelson-street , Glasgow . And hv all Booksellers in Towa and Country .

      ©O «Rovmpottfccnt&

      _© o « _rovmpottfccnt _&

      The Xotnxghah Admless.—" There Appears I...

      The _XoTnxGHAH Admless . — " There appears in our address in the Stah , of Saturday last , a r . Miing error ; it is in the second line ofthe second paragraph , wbere tbe word ' republic' should he 'America . ' Tlie error is of _varv small importance ; the remarks are exactly what we intended in either case , hut it might cause a multitude of useless words . "—J . Barber , 6 . _llogers , J . Souter , A . Malthv , J . Proctor , W . Dexter . _NorrooiuM . —J . Sweet acknowledges the receipt of the fol ' _owin _** sums , sent here _* ritt _* , for M'Douall's Writ of Error : —Mr . Barrows , Gd . ; -Mr . Seotfc , Id Por the Victim _Fusd : —From the Shoemakers' Association , 7 s . 2 d . For the _Defem-e Foi * : —From Arnold , 3 s . The sum of ISs . lid . was acknowledged in the Stab of Feb . 10 th , for M'Douai . l-s Writ of Error , and tlie following are

      the names of those who sent it : —From Lambley , 3 s . 6 d ., Mr Chipindale , 3 d ., Mr . Frost , 2 d ., Mv . Liggett , lu ., from the Colonel Hutchinson , 8 s ., the Poplar Tree , ls . 2 d ., the Seven Stars , os . Cd ., and Mr . Deafman , 3 d . Mr . IL Jackso _>* , Rough Lee . —The _chai-ge will he four sliillings and sixpence . You must send tlie advertisement to tliis office . You may write to the Directors . Mr . J . Gale , St Heliers , Jersey . — A view of Lowbands Estate has not heen issued . The Kiskdale _Piusosebs . — Mi-. Ormesher acknowledges the receipt ofthe following sums * . — Rochdale , Mr Bake , 10 s ; rilkington , per Ueastwood , 14 s 7 d ; per Robert Booth , of Galton . ls ; Bacur _, per James Wilson , 6 s . Da . M'Douall ' s Writ or Bam *** . —per Mr . John Chin , Is . Du . M'Douall ' s Whit op Esbob . — Mr . Shute ,

      Westminster , ls . _Ranbi-si Lxsd Members . —Xext week . _XtwcAstu--o _s--TraE . —Mr . Jude _' s letter is through press of matter postfoued . We understand tliat a delegate meeting will be held on Saturday next , at the Cock , head of the Side , Newcastle-on-Tyne .. Mr . T . Stoke . _Xewbury . —To Mr . O'Connor . Mr . J . Pake , Birmingham . —We have not got a copy . Chartist _Tkact- * fob toe Times . — We have received No . 2 of these tracts . We are requested to state tliat all applications respecting the said tracts , must be addressed to Mr . Joseph Barker , Wortlcv , "ear Leeds ; or Mr . Watson _, o , Queen ' s Head-passage , ' Paternoster-row , London , Kb notice can he taken of applications addressed to tlie Kirkdale Chartists .

      Portteait Of T. F. Meaghep*. The Specime...

      _POrtTEAIT OF T . F . _MEAGHEP _* . The Specimens _-n-ill be in tbe bands of our Agents during the _enduing week .

      Ths Prasah Stae Saturday, I7i4k«Ji3 17, 1s49.

      ths prasaH STAE _SATURDAY , I 7 I 4 K « JI _3 17 , 1 S 49 .

      Mr, O'Connor And Tiie Nottingham Address...

      MR , O'CONNOR AND TIIE NOTTINGHAM ADDRESS . Iu the second aud third—that is the English provincial , and town—editions of last Saturday ' s "NorthernStar "NLr . _O'CoNXonmadea complaint that the Address ofthe Nottingham Republicans was not sent to him in manuscript , or the contents communicated to him before publication . Ah : O'CoifiS ' oR has repeated that complaint in today ' s pa _]> er , and adds : " Now this comes strangely from a professed lover of justice ! " We have only to say . that whenever Ave conceived that justice required that any communication sent to this

      office should he sent to Mr . 0 _Coxxor previous to publication , such communication has been always forwarded to that gentleman " in manuscript . " We didnotconsider that justice demanded that the Nottingham Address , and the letter of " L'Ami du Peuple , " should he sent to Mr . 0 ' _Coxxok before appearing in the columns of the " Star . " We considered both "Address" and "Letter" to be written in a spirit of friendly _remonstrance—containing nothing unjust , ill * . 0 ' Coxxor has thought

      fit to indulge in sundry criticisms on the irresponsibility of the author of the letters of "L'Ami r > u Pjetjtle , " taking care to announce at the same time that the writer of those letters is the editor ofthe " Star . " We beg to say that we are not ashamed of the identification , andthat unless tke " Star" is forcibly closed against us next week , we will reply to Sir . 0 ' _OoifXOE , and answer all the complaints he has thought proper to level both against the "Editor , " and the author ofthe letters of " L'Ami du Peuple . "

      The Charter. Blessed Are Tbose Wbo Expec...

      THE CHARTER . Blessed are tbose wbo expect nothing , for Terily tbey shall not be disappointed . The recent division in the House of Commons , on itr . _Cobdex _' s Financial Reform Motion , verified the predictions of those who contend for Democratic Electoral Reform . The House of Commons , as at present constituted , will not lower taxes nor reduce the public expenditure . Of 6-56 Members , only seventy-two were found to affirm Sir . Cobden ' s resolutions—resolution' ) irhicli were , in all conscience , moderate

      enough , and contemplated a reform ofthe publie finances , only much too gradual . The question may be said to be disposed of for tbis Session , for even though Mr . Cobden ' s resolutions were re-introduced in a new shape , it is unreasonable to hope that a larger number of votes would be obtained under present circumstances . It is likely , on tbe contrary , tbat , on a second trial , the number would be less . The news from India bas afforded tbe Government an admirable pretext for backing out ofthe military reductions so pompously announced at the commencement of the Session .

      jNotice has been issued from the Horse Guards to suspend the recent orders for the discharge of men from tbe army ; it being anticipated that tbe war in India , will absorb the " contemplated" reduction of 7 , 000 rank and file . Under these circumstances , were the Financial Reformers to bring on another trial of strength , they would probably find their ranks thinned by the desertion of those patriots , one point of whose creed is the maintenance of " our supremacy in the _Eastland the defence , at any cost , of our " Indian Empire . "

      A glance at our second page , in which is contained a list of Members of the House of Commons , connected with the Army and 2 vavy , who voted against Mr . Cobden ' s mo : tion , will satisfy any rational being how ntterly vain must be any attempt to induce the present House of Commons to sweep away ten , or half ten , millions of taxes . The Financial Reformers are far exceeded in number by the fighting folks aud their relations , to say nothing ofthe landed and monied aristocrats , and the foul fry of party expectants , who , though not connected with either ofthe " services , "

      are interested in maintaining a costly and profligate system of Government in all its branches . It would be the height of childishness to expect any good thing to come out of such a . _JJazareth . " What shall we do next ? " is now the question put by the discomfited Financial Reformers to each other . If they will put that question to parties beyond their own circle .

      The Charter. Blessed Are Tbose Wbo Expec...

      thoy will get for an answer from the real Reformers : — " Go for the Charter . " Whether or not they take that good advice , this , undoubtedly , is the time for the Chartists themselves to make a move for the obtainment of then * favourite measure ; the only really " comprehensive measure , " because comprehending all classes , and doing justice to all . In another column will be found a petition for the Charter , prepared by the Chartist Executive for general adoption and presentation to the House of Commons . "We understand that it is considered not necessary to impose upon our friends the thankless toil of getting up a huge " National Petition , " " one and indivisible . " The Executive recommend the local

      adoption of the Petition ; ' and that each locality send its own Petition to its own " representatives . " It is desirable that as largo a number of signatures as possible should be appended to each Petition , but care must be taken that the signatures are veritable . The sheets must he entrusted to none hut competent and trustworthy persons , and when returned must be narrowly scrutinised by the local committees . All persons si gning must append their address ; and we recommend that ifthe signatures of women are taken that they be placed on lists distinct from the male signatures . If further instructions are needed , the Executive will supply the requisite information .

      We know that ouv friends are weary of petitioning , but it is the only legal course through which they can address the Parliament . . After public meetings , and organisation , petitioning is the next necessary step in any movement intended to tell upon the House of Commons . A veritable " movement" will include much more than petitioning , hut petitioning cannot be dispensed with .

      Those who desire a bolder policy than petitioning , -will do well to bear in mind—that an Executive without funds must necessarily he powerless . Even autocrats at the head of armies know well that money is " the sinews of war ; " wanting that , their physical force is weakness rather than strength . Both royal and democratic Executives are paralysed by the all-withering influence of an empty exchequer .

      We must also direct attention to the Address ofthe Central Registration and Election Committee—an address which does great credit to its authors , and which , wc trust , will call forth a worthy and deserved response from the Chartist electors and non-electors of the United Kingdom . Were forty or fifty thorough Chartists in the House of Commons , the petitions of the people would he made to tell . Backed by the " pressure from without" such a hand of true reformers would be soon able to render Whig and Tory rule impossible , and the rule of the people alone endurable .

      The Central Registration and Election Committee is a body that has well done its work . At the last general election it well earned the thanks of the working classes . Once assured of popular support , it would do far more than it has yet done . Backed by puhlic opinion aud public financial aid , the Committee would do much—immensely much —to hasten the enactment of the Charter . We have learned with much pleasure , that that old and useful body—the Metropolitan Chartist Council , is in course of re-organisatioil , This looks well . It gives promise of better days for Chartism . Liberty is to be won only by toil , energy , and perseverance ; and those only who struggle for Freedom , deserve to be free .

      Parliamentary Review. The Division On Th...

      PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW . The division on the Navigation Laws may , we think , be taken as evidence of a decided re-action in public opinion , as to the Free Trade policy . In a House of nearly aOO . Members—the largest which has yet voted this session—Ministers had only a majority of fiftysix . In favour of retaining protection to this branch of national industry 210 votes were given . The majority was a motley one , and is not likel y to be depended upon in future stages of the Ministerial measure . Mr . Gladstone ,

      who re-opened the debate on Monday , spoke against the plan of the Cabinet throughout , though he voted on its side . There was scarcely a single clause that he did not prove to be either defective or mischievous ; and he developed , with great clearness , another plan , by which the Free Trade principle— 'if it is to be applied at all to the shipping interest of the country—may be practically applied , without involving the palpable injustice of the Government scheme . Mr . Gladstone's premises and conclusions are in keeping with each other , which is more than can he said of the

      reasoning and the measure of Lord J . Russell and Mj- . Labouchebe . He says , in effect , —If the British shipowner is to be forced into open competition with the shipowner of other countries , let him have , at least , fair play , and start with equal chances . Remit the duty upon all Timber and other foreign materials he may use in the construction of liis ships ; abolish all restrictions upon the mode in which he shall man them , and do not allow any foreign rival to enter our ports freely , who has not first signified his readiness to allow the same privilege

      to the British shipowner , with regard to his ports . Legislate ( says Mr . Gladstone ) , conditionally . Do not attempt either the reciprocity or the retaliatory system . In the one case you will be involved in all the meshes and embarrassments of diplomacy , in the other you will excite angry feelings . Take another and straightforward course ; either by an order of the Queen in council or b y an immediate and final enactment of Parliament , throw open the British ports and coasting trade to the ships of every country which will grant us the same freedom . Now , if the Free

      Trade policy is to be applied to the shipping interest , we repeat that this appears to be , at least , a fair way of doing so ; and if the Peelites , generally , coincide in the opinions of _Mi _\ Gladstone , one ofthe most distinguished of their party , and an authority on these sm > jects , there can be no doubt that , when the measure goes into committee , it will undergo such alterations that its authors will not know it again when it comes out . Ministers will either have to . submit to this change or to a defeat . It is the interest of the Peelites , however , to have this question settled as soon as

      possible . It is the principal obstruction to a re-union of the severed Conservative party , and , if itwas decided , there can belittle doubt but that , soon after , a junction would take place , and the present Ministry be driven from a position which they only hold by sufferance . It is questionable , however , whether the measure can be carried in any shape this Session . The Protectionists , flushed Avith their virtual victory on Monday , will , no doubt , use redoubled efforts in the future stages ofthe measure , and , under any circumstances the Lords will be justified in throwing it out , should it ever roach the Upper House . They will have a good reason in the fact , that the decision was carried by so small a majority , and they have

      a right to say that a trade which supplies not less than £ 16 , 000 , 000 for the support of British industry , shall not be lightly tampered with . The welfare of the sailors , shipwrights , carpenters , smiths , ropemakers , saihnakers , mast and blockmakers , and all the other trades—more or less dependent on this branch of industry—ought not to be sacrificed to mere abstract crotchets . As we have before said , it is but reasonable to ask for some more experience as to the effects of the Free Trade measures already agreed to , before proceeding fin-flier in the same direction . Wo are the more entitled to ask this , because , so far the results are not ofthe most promisingcharacter . If Mr Musk is to be believed , the effects upon the trade of Bh _* ming ham have been any-

      Parliamentary Review. The Division On Th...

      _thino * but pleasant or satisfactory . The foreigner has come to the English market certainly , but it is to sell— not to buy . He has the power of selling cheaper than our own manufacturers can , and , hence , he is beating them in their own market . It does not matter to the factor or shopkeeper where the articles he sells are manufactured , if they are of the requisite cheapness , and it needs no ghost to come from the grave to tell ns that a continuance of this systemmust give a deathblow to profits , wages , and employment at home . Mr . Disraeli is an admirable novelist , and brilliant rhetorician . The imaginative prevails over the ratiocinative inhis mental composition . i _.

      His parliamentary essays , m consequence , exhibit , very frequently , more of the inventive than the logical faculty . Facts seen through the magic prism of his genius , assume such strange shapes and hues , that those most familiar with them in their every-day guise , fail to recognise them . The latest transmutation of this kind which Mr . Disraeli has attempted—app arently as a pleasant exercise for his own powers of mystification—was his

      elaborate attempt to make out that the landed interest and owners of real property have been so silly , good-natured , and short-sighted , as to lay more taxes on themselves than they ought to pay ! The contrary opinion is so common and firm an article of the popular creed , that it required no small genius to conceive the opposite opinion , and when conceived — still more daring to gravely propound and advocate it . Yet this daring Mr . Diskaeli has evinced—and to his credit he it said , he

      backed up his opinions with a show of argument which carried a considerable portion of his hcarerswith him , and enlisted the " Times " on his side next morning . That variable authority has since seen reason to qualify its first ecstacies , and is at present in a state of _muddle-headedness on the subject , not knowing which way to turn , but that is no fault of Mr . Disraeli ' s—it is merely the nature of the " Times" to turn round upon itself , and everybody else .

      We heard a portion of Mr . Disraeli ' s speech , and read carefully the whole of it , in the hope of finding some solid ground forthe extraordinarypropositiontotake off some six millions a year from landed property , and throw it upon the Consolidated Fundin other words , for relieving the landlords to that extent , and fastening the burden upon tho shoulders of tho other classes of the community . "Wc were disappointed . Anything more baseless in argument—more devoid __ of facts , figures , and distinctness , we never met with . The most _effective , dramatic , and tolling point of the oration was , that which had reference to an

      abuse of the county rate , which has since been remedied ; and , really , if the hon . Member for Buckinghamshire means to win the place of leader of the Conservative party , he must be less imaginative , and more practical . Thc bare enumeration of tlie burdens he selected as falling peculiarly on Land , is sufficient to show tlio hollowness and insubstantiality of the whole of Mr . Disraeli ' s groat move on behalf of the agricultural interest . Poor rates , county rates , highway rates , church rates , and the land tax—these are the peculiar and exclusive burdens which fall upon land , and real property ! lie reckons the total amount at £ 12 , 000 , 000 annually * the amount of income from

      land and real property at £ 67 , 000 , 000 a-ycar ; the total income of the oountry at £ _-2 i 9 , 000 , 000 ; and complains that so large a proportion of the animal taxation should be levied upon one-fourth of the whole annual income ofthe kingdom . _Mt . Diskabu , however , did not propose any definitive plan for remedying this disparity . He , in effect , said , " Give me a committee , and you shall see what you shall see . I will astonish you by some wonderful sleight of hand , then , if you will only give me a chance ;" but well inclined as the landlords are to put the weight on anybody ' s shoulders but their own , we

      scarcely believe they would venture upon supporting so suicidal a proposition as that which has been made by their champion on this occasion . It is not often we have occasion to praise Sir Chari . es Wood . His constructive faculty is not more powerful than Mr . Disraeli ' s , and , in general intellectual capacity , he is not for an instant to be compared with the author of " Coningsby . " __ But , in his speech of Wednesday , he showed a precision of idea , a power of arranging facts , and a cogency of argument , which completely demolished the sophistries by which Mr . Disraeli attempted to make out his case . The structure tumbled like a house

      built of cards . By reference to facts patent to everybody , the Ciiaxcbllor of ihe Exciiequj-ishowed tliat tlie annual income from land and real property was £ 105 , 000 , 000 , instead of £ 67 , 000 , 000 , and was therefore , two-fifths , instead of one-fourth , of the whole . That of this , not more than £ 40 , 000 , 000 was derived directly from land alone , thc other being railway , mining , house , and other property , none of which , it was alleged , had suffered by tho changes which induced the agricultural community to callout for a diminution of burdens . With respect to the poor rate , it was shown that the proportion paid by the land alone was diminishing largely ner cent ., while the _nvor-oi'tion paid by

      towns and manufacturing districts was increasing as largely . But the real object of the resolution was effectively exposed , by the statement that , after all , these rates did not fall upon the tenant farmer , but were , in fact , simply a deduction from rent . The only effect of their remission , therefore , would have been to enable the landlord to put the rates into his pocket , and to saddle the country with them in some other way . Every one knows that , in purchasing an estate , the rates and taxes to whicli it is liable are carefully calculated , and deducted from its real value , in order to ascertain the market price . With respect to the land tax , that was , in the first instance , a commutation in money for the feudal

      services required by thc Sovereign in return for the grant of the lands . Among other services rendered under this feudal tenure , was that of supplying men-at-arms to the sovereign in time of war . There were no standing armies in those days . Tlie aristocracy have got rid of that burden , but they keep their lands on the old tenure still . At a later period , when thc Government wanted money , it borrowed on the security of the land tax , and gave all who paid that tax the option of redeeming tho whole at ten years ' purchase of the then value ofthe tax . Even now , notwithstanding the enormousl y increased value of land , the land tax can still be redeemed at the old . valuation . In no country in Europe is that tax so

      small as it is in this country . In Prussia and other continental countries the proceeds of the land tax constitute hy far the largest item of the national income . Whereas , here , Mr . Disraeli himself only estimates the burden at £ 2 , 000 , 000 annually , a large portion of that estimate being composed of interest on tho sums spent in redeeming the tax at its original low valuation . Altogether , we think Mr . Disraeli has eome badly out of this " move . " __ lie has achieved a position such as few men in this country ever attained , with his defects , among the jealous , exclusive , and haughty party with whom he acts . He has neither the blood , rank , nor fortune , they look for in their chosen leaders , and has had to fight liis way up in

      the face ofa decided Parliamentary failure at the commencement of his career . In order to maintain his position he must show good cause for so doing . It is the penalty attached to eminence . If he could practically carry out the principles enunciated in the brilliant peroration to his speech , he would stand a chance of being remembered in history as something better than a sayer of smart tilings . But , at all events , he must not trifle with his reputation and position by any more false moves like the present . At this time of day it is a "leetlc too much of a good thing '' to attempt to persuade us that the landlords have been such innocent , unsuspecting , and generous fools as to pay more than their fair quota towards thc national income .

      Parliamentary Review. The Division On Th...

      _THF FXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TO THE _CHABTIST OF THE UNITED KINGDOM . _nOMMFTTF _. F , TO

      Fellow Countrymen ! , We again take upon _ourselrc-S the task of addressing you upon the necessity ; ot renewed effort in furtherance of our political faith . To us nothing can be more distressing than to -witness the indifference of the great body of the people to the degradation to Which they must be subjected , so long as they are excluded from the rights of citizenship ; and if there is any reason at all why the present order of things should be continued , it is , that those who suffer most from existing institutions , are least anxious about their alteration . This , of

      course , is no justification for the exclusive rule of the privileged classes , hut it deprives us , and other persons like us , of the power which must be employed to ensure success to our cause . The masses in motion , and under wise , temperate , but energetic and determined direction , is what our rulers dread ; and what we seek to accomplish , and what , with your aid , we feel care be accomp lished . Will you , then , lend us such assistance as you can afford ? If you are sincere , and would snap asunder the

      manacles that tetter your limbs—that degrade you—ifthe professions which you have so often repeated , have not heen uttered thoughtlessly if you value liberty , and hate" bondage—if you feel the shame that marks the way of the slave , then will you join us , and help us to make rig ht the f oundation and justice—the practice of law . There is no power which can withstand the will of a people ; but to make a demand succes sful , it must not only he made in the name of a people , hut by a people themselves .

      It is not the _righteovifflacsa of the Charter that will ever ensure for it the attention of those who rule us , but the power to enforce its justice ! To the creation of that power we have dedicated onr humble abilities , and with your honest and energetic co-operation , we are sanguine of success . If circumstances have arisen to thin the ranks of the democratic army , should we be , therefore , daunted ? If our numbers are fewer than they were , does that make our causeless sacred ? or docs it absolve us from the duty which we owe it ? Say , are we not , for these veiy reasons , doubly bound

      to uphold it , and louder than ever to proclaim its truth ? We , who for years have been in the foremost ranks , and who have been incessant in our labours-to promote the interests , and elevate the character of our class , are still actuated by the same desire , and still urged forward hy the same resolve . We , who have passed through all the phases of a popular movement—who have been buffetted by the storm , and have _Avitnessed the calm , are still

      engaged in the active pursuit of the same great objects—the emancipation of Labour , and the freedom of our country . We make no demand upon you with which we have not already complied ourselves ; and are , therefore , at least consistent in our appeal 'to your p atriotism . We again put it to you , Chartists ofthe United Kingdom , to come forth in your numbers , and from the valley and the mountain top—as in times gone by—let there be heard once more in soul-enlivening notes , the

      cry , " We will , we shall be free !" It is with p leasure wo observe that the men of Lancashire aro again on tho alert . On . the 18 th of the present month , it is intended that there shall be held at Todmorden , a meeting of delegates to devise means for supporting and propagating Chartism . A more fitting place could not havo been selected for the meeting . Todmorden has done much for Chartism , and the Executive hail with pride the co-operation of the patriotic men of that

      noble valley . We hope that the example of Lancashire will be followed by the good men and true in all other districts , and that at all such meetings a primary consideration will be the condition of the Executive ' s exchequer . Without pecuniary means , it will he impossible to sustain a national movement , and the grand reason why our operations are at this moment so limited is , that sufficient funds are not placed at our disposal . Look , for example , atthe receipts ofthe association for this week , and there will be found ample justification for these remarks .

      In furtherance of the policy of the Association , a petition to Parliament—which accompanies this Address , has beeu prepared by us , and we urgently and earnestly recommend its adoption in the several districts throughout the country , and when signed to be sent for presentation to the House by tho members representing the boroughs or counties in which they are adopted . We will address you again next week , pointing out our wishes as to the maimer in which we think the preparation of the petition can be best proceeded with .

      We have already given a pledge to the country that our proceedings shall be of such a character as to avoid the traps of spies and the malignity of the Crown prosecutor . There shall be no abatement of ourenergy and enthusiasm in the advocacy of our princi ples , but , if we can help it , faction shall not have the gratification of even impeding our course by verdicts of "Guilty , " or sentences of expatriation ; and

      having made up our minds to this method of procedure , we have determined to persevere , until , with the assistance of the industrious classes , our exertions shall have terminated in a great but peaceful victory . " ThcPeople _' s Charter and No Surrender . " William Dixon , Thomas Clark , G . Julian Harney , Philip M'Grath , EmwND Stallwood , Samuel Hydd , James _G-kassby .

      Cholera. The Following F Resh Cases Were...

      CHOLERA . The following f resh cases were reported to the Board of Health on Saturday : —Glasgow , 2 fatal ; Kilbirnio , 2 , 1 fatal ; Riccarton , 3 fatal ; Greenock , 2 ; Island of Lewis , N _. B ., from 27 th ult ., 10 , 0 fatal ; Campsie , 3 , 1 fatal ; Kilmoroy , Arran , 1 fatal ; Kilbride , 8 , 5 fatal . —Total , 31 new cases ; 18 deaths . The following fresh cases were reported to the Board of . Health on Monday ;—St . George _' s-in-East workhouse , 3 fatal ; Shepherd ' s Bush , 1 ; Spitalfields , 1 ; Isle of Dogs , Poplar , 1 ; _Sanderland , from

      7 th to llth March , 44 , 20 fatal ; Glasgow , ( 10 th ) , 3 ; Kilbivnie , 2 fatal ; Stirling , 4 fatal ; Paisley , 7 , 6 fatal ; Riccarton , 4 . —Total , 70 new cases ; 35 deaths . The following fresh cases were reported to the Board of Health on Tuesday . It will be seen that there bas , of late , been a considerable abatement of the disease . Whitechapel , 4 , 1 fatal ; Liverpool , 7 , 3 fatal ; Edinburgh , 1 ; Glasgow ( llth ) , C ; ditto ( 12 th ) , 2 ; Kilbirnie , 2 ; Riccarton , 5 , 1 fatal ; Greenock , 4 fatal-Total , 31 new cases ; 9 deaths . On "Wednesday there were 48 new cases , and Id deaths .

      On Thursday there were 17 new cases , and 2 deaths , ' On Friday , 100 now casos and 43 death . [ This includes cases atClackmanan from the 5 th ult . I

      Petition For Ihe Charter. To The Honoura...

      PETITION FOR IHE CHARTER . TO THE HONOURABLE THE COMMONS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED . The _Tetition of tlie undersigned Inhabitants of _SltEWETU , —That your petitioners regard government as an institution designed for the protection of all the members ofthe community , whoUy irrespective of class distinctions , or other social arrangements , and youv petitioners are of opinion that where the interests of all are equally concerned , that the assumption hy a minority of the management of the affairs ofthe whole body is a tyranny , the perpetuation of which can result only from the ignorance or indifference of the excluded and injured parties . That your _Honourablejllouse from _. its designation , as well as from the theoi'y of its constitution , and tho functions which it performs , ought to be an emanation from and a reflex of the will ofthe whole people , and not what it now

      is , the organ of an insignificant number of those who are subjected to its dominion , and whose lives and properties are to n great extent affected by its legislation . That your Honourable House is at this moment legislating in thc name of thc people of the United Kingdom , upon all o whom your laws will take effect , notwithstanding the fact , that the authority of your Honourable House for the enactment of such laws , has originated from a constituency comprising not more than ONE out of every SEVEN of the male adult inhabitants of these islands . That your petitioners are of opinion , that , in order to impress the decisions of your Honourable House , with the legitimate character and moral weight of law , with the SIX MILLIONS of male adults who have now no legislative existence , itwiUhe imperatively necessary ou the partof your rable to include them in

      Honou Ilouse , the catalogue of persons who , hy riqut _, are entitled to the Electoral Frimchise ; and your petitioners accordingl y urgently request your Honourable House to pass a law for their immediate enfranchisement—your petitioners being of opinion that such conduct , on the part of your Honourable House would be nothing more than the most obvious justice to wronged and oppressed _MUXIONS ol your fellow subjects . That your petitioners , in again appealing to your Honourable House to extend to the aforesaid SIX MILLIONS of men tiie immunities of citizenship , wish your Honour able House respectfully , but most emphatically and dis " tinctly to understand , that they are not soMtinp ; no ** bet * ging a privilege , but claiming a RIGHT , which in the opinion of your petitioners , belongs as much to one man

      Thatthe ago of twenty-one years _bBing the period of life at which , by common consent active manW commences , _^ w !! , _™ _° , _l !! re _nf COnS _! _i ere i _l- 30 mPeteut _t <> « nter upon the performance of social duties , and indeDendentlvto contract _moi-al and legal obli _gaWis-and _^ _TSot „ J ply exclusively to particular classes nor to persons possessing a specific amount of wealth , no _mattel-how acquired , but appertaining- to all men _alike-Your _peStaSs are of opinion , fixes the datum for the assumption of poUtical _FhT _rtV _^ aU iL _¦?* _l uired to act _»« Par * of men in the defence of their country , in _sharing its pecuniary burtlieng , and obeying its laws -. You * j _^ titionevs therefore pray your Honourable Houso , forthwith , to enact a law , extending to every male _ahvix in the United Kingdom , who has attained his r _* vESTv-FU * sx year ( criminals undergoing the sentence of the law , and insane persons , alone _excopted ) , the power of voting in tho election of members to servo in your Honourable House . That , in _oi-derthe move effectually to enable electors to

      Petition For Ihe Charter. To The Honoura...

      record their votes , free from interference or dictatirw your petitioners pray your Honourable House to enact _iW at future elections for your Honourable House vntin shall proceed by ballot . ' mm S That your petitioners are of opinion that the tires-. ! , ' - duration of Parliament is a great grievance , as aftbrdins ¦ _t the corrupt opportunities too ample of sacriticin _* thein terests of tlieir constituents , to promote their own _personal aggrandisement , and , also , as depriving the electoral bo 1 Of that vig ilant control , which is so essential iu _makinn your Honourable House the index ot _' j ) opuiur , vju ' y '* petitioners therefore pray your Honourable House to enart that henceforth elections for members to serve in _voiii Honourable House , shall occur _Anmballv . *" That « s legislative talents and patriotis m are not tha peculiar attributes of _aiy-particular class of tile COmmii nity , andas wealth and station are not _al « , ays _^ "i _* " _' _Miiiusand the capacity to govern , your _petitioners m- „ _„ L ; record their votes , free from _mtel'ference or u _* ,.. „« .. _

      , that what is now cauea _Property Qualification " fiS members to Sit in youv Honourable House rdi-tll lie abo lished , and that your Honourable House enact , that in future the only qualifications required , to constitute _-i British Senator , shall be maturity of age , and the free choice ofa constituency . That as the nation has no right tothe time or labour of any citizen , without rendering a pecuniary equivalent and iu order that poverty shall be no impediment to senatorial distinction , your petitioners pray your Honourable Hn _„« to enact , that in future persons elected to sit in vnnr Honourable House shall receive out of the public _Kr chequer a sum per diem to be fixed by your Honourable House , for the legislative services rendered by them to the nation . That tlie present electoral division of the country is most unsatisfactory , unfair , and absurd ; and your neti doners are of opinion , in order to its effectual reinedv anrf the establishment of an Electoral Division consistent ' irith justice and equity , the present prevailing method oueht to be discontinued forthwith . And your petitioners nrav voup Honourable House to enact , that henceforth _uonulation

      shall be tlie Oasis or an electoral uivisions . and to that end your petitioners further pray your Honourable House to enact , that the United Kingdom shall be divided into three hundred Electoral Districts , such district to contain as nearly as possible a population similar in extent . By complying with the prayer of this petition , your Honourable House will be establishing-tfie political institutions ofthe country , upon the only safe and proper founda . tion ; and by the admission ofthe SIX MILLIONS of unrepresented men within the limits of tlie constitution , vour Honourable Ilouse will unite the interest and affections of the whole British people—destroy all class animosities , and prepare the way for a happy , brilliant , and peaceful career , for the whole brotherhood of this mighty empire . Your petitioners will , as in duty bound , ever pray .

      To The Editob Op The "Northern Star." Sl...

      TO THE EDITOB OP THE "NORTHERN STAR . " SlR . —• Observing thatthe "Northern Star" is now made the regular vehicle for reminding tho Chartist party of what is—or is supposed to be—their duty towards their creditors , I Leg leave to avail myself of so unexpected a channel of making known to them my case . The Chartist party , individually and collectively , is indebted to me nearly £ 200 for printing . I commenced to give them credit in 1845 ,. and I annex below a memorandum of the sums my confidence has cost me .

      I Have called the attention of the gentlemen who . constituted the late Executive , _asivell as that of those who constitute the present Executive , to the propriety of making some effort to liquidate my claim ; and I have had the satisfaction of hearing on all sides of the great desire that exists ou their part to pay me , and I have also received many compliments on the moderate character of my charges , and my exemplary patience , and there the matter has rested—and there it seems likely to rest—in peace .

      Without the slightest disposition to do otherwise than earn further complimentshy my " exemplary patience , " I may perhaps be allowed to hint ( but in the most delicate maiiiiev possible ) , that I hold recei p ts and orders for all the work I have done ; that those reeeipts and orders make tne accredited representatives of the Chartist party liable forthe amount of my claim , and that I could at once take proceedings against all the late Executive , and sorts of the present , and several who belong neither to the late nor tlie present , ir I were so disposed . I have the honour to bo , sir , Your most obedient servant , D . M'GOWAIY .

      AMOUNTS OWING . £ s . d . National Charter Association ... 83 12 i National Convention 20 9 3 National Assembly ... ... ... 22 7 i . Metropolitan Hall Committee ... GIG £ 132 10 o These are accounts for printing done for " tlie Party-. " I do not specify the amounts due from "individuals . "

      Receipts Of The, National Land Oompahy F...

      RECEIPTS OF THE , NATIONAL LAND _OOMPAHY For thk Week Ending Thursday , March 15 , 1849 . SHARES . £ s . d . £ s . d . OldShildon .. 0 G 6 Exeter .. 2 0 0 Walsall .. 0 2 C Lambeth .. 0 2 0 Portsea .. 0 17 4 Keighley .. 10 0 0 Stockport .. 10 0 0 Plymouth .. 110 Bath .. 0 2 0 Mr . _Vigurs .. 0 2 0 Warwick .. 0 2 0 . Nottingham .. 1 4 G £ 2 G 0 _i EXPENSE FUND . OldShildon .. 0 4 4 Camberweii .. 0 1 G Bath .. 0 4 0 _Notingham .. 039 £ 0 U 7 Ledbury ,, 0 10 ' *• TOTALS . Land Fund 26 0 i Expense ditto ... ... ... 0 14 7 Bonus ditto 27 3 0 Loan ditto ... ... ... 0 18 7 Transfers ... ... ... ... 0 3 0 £ 5119 6 W . Dixon , C . Doyle , T . Clark , Cor . Sec . P . M'Gbath , Fin . Sec . EXECUTIVE FUND . Iteceived by S . Ktdd . —Manchester , 21 . ; Star and Garter , Kentish Town , ls . Gd . ; Hochdale . 10 s . ; Second Meeting at ditto . 8 s . ; Middleton , lis . Received by W . Ridek . —J . Gale , Jersey , ls . Gd . ; A Few Democrats , Southampton , per J . Russell , ls . VICTIM FUND . Received at Land Office . —Mr . Greenslade , 6 s , Gd , DEFENCE FUND . Received b y W . Ridhi . —Nottingham , per J . Sweet , 3 s . ; Falkirk , proceeds of a raffle for framed Portrait of Mitchel , given by J . Reid , cabinet maker , 18 s . ; Newcastle-on-Tyne per M . Jude , 5 s . ; a Few Democrats , Southampton , 1 _» " _* ' _«• Russell , 2 s . ; Hull , per G . Harnett , 7 s . ; T . Elliott , Clapham , 2 s . FOR WIVES AND FAMILIES OF VICTIMS _, _deceived by W . Hiram . —City Bootmakers , collected by J . Richards , 8 s ; i _, Clark , Buffer ' s-alley , per ditto , 5 s . ; Nottingham , per . J . Sweet , 7 s . 2 d . ; Newcastle-on-Tyne , pei -M . Jude , 15 s . ; a Few Democrats , Southampton , per J . Uu " - sell , Is , 6 d , Received by J . _Arsott—Coventry , per i < . Freeman , 19 s . ; Sheffield Female Chartists , per 0 . _Ciuill . 3 s . ; 28 , Golden-lane , Cripplegate , per T . Brown 2 s . ii . I Mr . Rider , as per Star , 11 . 17 s . VERNON'S DEFENCE , FOR MR . NIXON _, lieceired by W . River . —A Few Friends , MMlew , near Manchester , per W . Bate , 5 s . ; Halifax Female Chartists , per Jane Walker , 5 s . ; J . Gale , Jersey , ls . t ! d . M ' DOUALL ' S CASE—FOR WRIT OF ERROR . ( 0 » OTHERWISE . ) neceivcu hy V . _Brnm . —J . Roxby , Morton Colliery , Is-i Stockport Chartists , per W . Benfold , 13 s . ; Walling . *™ - per C . Phillips , 2 s . Gd . : Nottingham , per J . Sweet , . 4 ; Bradford , 11 . Meims and W . S ., 2 s : Birmingham , People » Hall ,, per W . II . Rudhall , 2 s . ; a Few Friends , Hamilton , per A . Walker , 8 s . ; T . _Kliott , Clapham , 2 s . ; W .. Uosc _. _Vmton Hill , ls . _» j * i i FOR MRS . M'DOUALL . Received by J . Arkoit . —Mr . Trintree , Camden Tw _*« , per Mr Lunn , Is . NATIONAL VICTIM AND DEFENCE FUNDReceived by J . Abnoit . —Coventry , perG . Freeman , os . N . B .-Inthe Star of last week 5 s . from Mr . _Kendricjji Tower Hamlets , and Gd , from Mary Knapton _, of Slicinw «» were omitted .

      Death By ' Fm-.—Mr. G. I. Mills Held An ...

      Death by ' Fm-. —Mr . G . I . Mills held an _inowj at the University College Hospital , on the b < W . Mary Katherine Parke , aged 54 , a maiden W fc Independent propmy . —Sarah Parke _teV 0 _^ : _^ deceased waa Inn * sister , and for somo yea' ' _^ had resided together , keeping no servant . t Thursday List deceased was lighting a fire , _av time witness was sitting with her back to ier ' se ( i in a f « w minutes she was alarmed hy dec -. screaming out " Fire ; " and , on looking <» " _^ saw that sho was in flames . In that state _s » . j

      down stairs , followed by witness , and tno * ' _* " 4 having put out the firo , the deceased was _oouvi to the hospital , where she died the same _^^ Mr . J . Overhead , the landlord , stated that , db * » 3 an alarm of fire , and _seeing thc deceased _e _^ fy inflames , he succeeded in extinguishing _*» . ic _*„ rolling her in abed rug , hut not before eve eaJeA of clothing was burnt completely off her . IJ _^ had not been his tenant above an hour dcw accident . Verdict , " Accidental death . ,, « sb . — Destructive Fire in ths Tuam Work" ( 1 _^ The Galway Mercury , of Saturday- s _^ s \ 1 tt tW have just learned that a fire broke out tW above premises on last night , by wnicn - wr books , papers , clothing & c _, of the * _- _« _Q dc with the front building , have been coi » P * _stroyed , "

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), March 17, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_17031849/page/4/