Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th August 1846, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, INDIA. Intelligence -has been receiveid ...

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (1)
    • .foreign ^bemems*
  • Text (9)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      " " ' * ** . - ._--... - .---.-- ¦ .- •¦...

      " _" ' * ** . - . _ --... - _.---.-- ¦ _.- •¦ .. ¦ -. _-, __ . * . _ . .. '_' . "_' -... .. . / T - " ¦ ' ¦ •' - > -. ' *! . i . ' _^ _'T _^^^*' _---M * . _^^' l _£ _U ± . _'*"' _4 W _* _J _^ . _l _^ . _' _t . l .. _- _^ - "¦ « i l _] y- i . t _>« " ¦ _.. '> i __* _^ ' _i . - _'i _'' I " .. ' - -I' _*¦<•"¦ '"" ' < _* * f " ' _- ''• " ¦ ' •¦ ' " ' - _'¦ _- _« . il _- _^ ar ! l ' ,. f _. i . i 1 ,. ,,. - . ¦ „ ,-. ..-. _ -- ; .. .-.... ,, ;¦¦ ¦ —1-.- J ¦¦ - > . ; ¦ ' - V . - . _3--. _> . ' _l'i _'_ * f _^ » , ' *< £ ' .. " _•'¦'*[' - _£ _& AirercsT 15 , 1846 . h - _:.: V ; .. r _;^ - . - ¦ _* _- _^ _-rT > _HE- _* _Kt _^ ¦¦ " : '¦¦ _* ¦ 'V ' . _*> _- _*/ ¦' •• _¦^ - _* _-- _¦* ¦ - ¦ i i ¦ i ii ¦ ¦ n _^ nn _^ s _^ sf _sm ¦ _» " - V * ---. ' " *¦ _- ¦¦ . .- Tf . : _'< ., / ' w * ¦ -. > '\ . ¦ ¦ ( . ¦ , ,..- ¦; < - «¦

      .Foreign ^Bemems*

      . foreign _^ bemems _*

      - And I Wiu War, At Least In Words, (And...

      - And I wiU war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance happen—deeds , ) "With mil who war with Thonght !" « I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and "by will be the stronger . "—Btion

      REVELATIONS OF RUSSIA . HO . V . Chapter vii . of this work is devoted to an exposure of THE RUSSIAN BSCBST POLICE , a * oody , exceeding in Its atrocious character , every similar institution yet established , not even excepting the Inquisition of Spain . " 'Every man in the empire feels or fears that its all-seeing eye is watching his conduct , and often viewing it with vision distorted by private malignity , revenge , or envy . From what he has heard , from what he has learned and seen , the Russian doubts those nearest and dearest to hira- the fnsnd feels occasionally the suspicion flash

      across his mind that the friendship of long yearsmay prove only _jajcloak to this fearful espionage which the Becret police entertains in all classes of society ; { he brother sometimes dreads to confide to the brother thoughts which might be registered against him , and meet at some future period with a retribution , sure , if slow ; the very bridegroom often _question whether the bride does not open to him her arms to worm from him some secret which may be supposed 1 * e _* sjsr .. " If an officer of this _forces "dls . tinguished by the livery ofthe secret police , present himself in tiie dead of the night before a frontier

      fortress , before the palace of an imperial prince , or the dwelling of the first magnate ofthe land , he must have instant admission to the governor , the prince , sr the coble—admission even to the bed of death and deliritfm , or into the nuptial "chamber . He may drag _£ ny individual into a _taJega or kibitka , without assigning any reason , without intimating why he is _ttken , whither he Is going , or when he will return Family , servants , _arsS friends , most ail keep a discreet silence on the event , and never even dare te ask ,. excepting after long groping their" way through _eome influential-channel , if ever , and when , ie is to be restored to tbem .

      " When the individual so treated _returns—^ f ever lie returns—he has been 'in the conntry , ' he has been ' absent on _bnsirrass , ' frequently he Is "himself ignorant ofthe cause of his abduction ; bat _he-seldom confides what happened in the course ef ft , ewn to the ear of _aiwos _' _t-cou'Sdeutlal intimacy _, " Here is an tnstahee : — There is -a _Jady-stlll living , who was stepping ont of her carriage ra _& er'ball dress , when she was quietly handed into a sledge—her destination was _Sibaia . _"Whanthelong journey was _actrompTished , She was located—she Knew not in WE St-region er government—in a but , _containing two rooms , _* eaen- divided from the other , and feeding into two separate 'yards , each a few paces-square , -and

      _surxoondeai yahlgh mil , which only _ftdtaUte * lhe light of heaven . A-sentinel was mounting - . guard outside the -watts- ; * her coarse food was _brougCt by e-silent jailor , and bereshe'remeaned for two years . At tbe expiration OfttB 8 "term , _the"aoorof the . yard « was-one-8 ay opened , and a _* prisonef was thrust info her , -who * tamed out to be * -Tolish' _-cotleman , who had'been long confined in _the-adjomisu'ecll , but was now removed to make room for another . 'Ic this room , or den , she HitA with her unfortunate companion , for twetva years-mere , ignorant aKkeof _thespot of earth she wss-inhabiting , and ofthe _cameof her _"treing banishedtbiHier . * One-morning , her _3 qot ~ w & s thrown opes , ana & _vfcw-e _callea-rar number _so-• Etiiso , " by which , in the rare _Hnterrjds-of months and u _wen-veara-fflapsing between ths -occasioss on which her

      jailors answered her or spots _? to 'her , they haft been _acesstomed ' _-to address her . 8 h _6 _'itepped 3 brward _; the _ door-was-closed , without her-even having time to take ' _leeve-of _her-eompanion , whoas-she nerer-s & w again ; she was hurried into a sledge ; « he-retraced-the journey of many months , and one nightferand _hers ' _stf in the office of -the _gradd-master of police ; if little cupboard was thrown open . -and she was preiented-wifh the idecfical ball dress "which had been taken from her on'the night of her exile ; the-jewels indeed were-gone , but ' there was not < a _» _"bow , - «* flowcr , ora piece of lace of its'blackened and -faded frippery wanting ; _evea'the-withered nosegay and rfeefen _. _'in-which . a long generation of- spiders or brown "beetles-had nestled , were carefully restored to her . Sin was _thenceforward _atlibert _? -

      ~ T hiS lacy never "knew the-cause _of-fcer pnnlshment-or -of -its cessation . "And did yon never make the ra-• quiry *! " "" What , be so » longin Siberia , and not yet "have learned discretion - " " And whafrwas said on yocr _rejappeareace in society ? " _-Jfothing ; tbo _? e who * _sd ¦ known me formerly made no comment ? to those whoin-• gmred _, who is Madame ' 1 where is she from ? where has _shaaiways lived ! it was- simply answered , ' _ifodevsie ¦ _den-jeureiSt & uui _becutetntp _dVeaieesaur sesterres '— " She has long been buried amidst her estates . " •¦ Ehe-secret agents , .-correspondents , and spies , -direct * _nd indirect , are supposed to out number many _-ficsreof those who wear the livery of this force .

      . The = pas 3 port office _iseompnsed in the institution _< rf thejhigh police ; and through its intermedkm -every individual above- the peasantry'is registered . - * Annexed to the duplicate of his _registrvjis _aeompi"lation-of-all the reports , « ollected by attthespieswho "have come across him daring his life , with their originfil- _* Jbservation 9 , notes , and deBoneiations ,- - * a ] _arraoged-with such admkable order and regularity , ihat irrSt . Petersburg aad Moscow , within , afifew ihosf 8 ; the _* superintendeHt of police can'become acof

      qnaiflted _^ cith the most secret actions -hiB 'life , _^ _Kretfeerwith the opinions he is supposed to entertain -or , at least , the sentiments he _* has : < avewed . _fhsre is _teas many an individual who imagines _"h-rm selfiUtterly beneath _the-cotice of government ,-to _wJiose name , in its black registry , are appended _whol & BiamKcript " volumes upon volumes of secret information . Cordial _acqeaintanees , dear friends , _sensants-and slaves , and too o ten relatives , -hare _consciousls-or _unconsciousiy _^ _eontributed to-swell the

      mass . _The-Russiaais not only _subject to this terrible « rrveillcmce witha the pale ofthe empire , but when he travels abroad it follows him like his shadow . "'In the _drawing-roems of London _^ and Paris , he . dreads that the eye of ihe secret police may be npon him . Foidgaers , in'their own country , laugh at hia _terrors _. boi experience has taugh tihim | too pain tally-hot ? truly they are grounded . _Tlicsecret police acquires information , or ; -at least , employs spies , as cheaply as it can ; bat _ikpurebases them at any price . By a complieated and proportionately expensive system , it has rendered itself all eyes ; iteivery spies arespled npon . " Chapter viii . unf rids the iniquities of

      THE CIVIL . POWCE , LAWS , AXB _SB 1 _BVTXAL 3 . The civil police , ithe great scourge of the middle and working oro _* ei * s ,, xs everywhere subservient to the high police . In -the _-eml force , _extortion and oppression , whieh _-edsewiere seek to hide themselves "behind some Veil , -here walk brazeo . _^& onted . The police are in their orgauMation military , and weara _military _nnifornx . x * _Enm first to last -a careful selection ofall that is most base and villainous , from tdie depraved and eeapnlous class of inferior employes

      and their spawn , there is probably _searedy a man amongst them who has not , In the exercise ,-or rather _theabuse ofhis office , rendered himself amenable to ihose very laws of which he is an executive limb . "Venality , extortion , theft , and actually burglary and murder , swell the dark annals of this respectable body j £ ad yet , if their oppression is felt _se & dbly every hear , and their cruses constantly brought to li _<* hjt , nice-tenths of them are _uaknown to all bat their uamediate victims , such _isthesystem of _secreey which stifles the cry of those who suffer , and ensures

      impuaity _/' For _preser » _ing order and repressing cKme , a more inerEcient body exists not on the face of the earth ; there are probably more robberies and assassinations committed in St , Petersburg alone , than in all the European capitals put together . The following extract illustrates the foul character of these so called guardians of public security . Three Sncsian merchants , who had been enjoying _copiouf potations , were returning home very much the worse for liquor , and one of them was eo far intoxicated , that his companions were obliged to leave him in custody _^ _af the boaionchnilr , or watchman . In the course of a few "boms , when they were a little cohered , regretting

      % » hii they had done , they went back to fetch him , but Hae _Jontouchnlk and the two police soldiers declared that iefcad gone away long anee . They were about to dc part , satisfied of the truth of this statement , when one of them _egiied the boots and -cap of his missing friend , Which he immediately recognised . In consequence ef the suspicions excited by this ctreamstance , they repaired to the _frand-master of police , in whose office they had some friend , through the _intereesston of whom , orders were obtained that an immediate search tthonldbe made of the loud *? , or _watrh-honse . Although t . _**» e body of their companion was not at first _forlhcunicg ; - hit clothes , together with those of many other indifidn . ' JB / wsre _discovered in _possesion of the boutouchnii and hi "

      - And I Wiu War, At Least In Words, (And...

      assistants , and hole was at last perceived , whicb . commmncatedfrbm the interior of the watch-house with the canal , near which it was situated . Here the remains of the murdered man were discovered ; and in the course of the investigation which ensued , it was elicited that a wholesale system . of murder bad long been carried on in the watch-box , by its guardians , who were in league with the waiters of a neighbouring tavern , who , when any of their guests were sufficiently intoxicated , caused them to be conveyed away by the uontouchnik who . after _mnideringthem ; stripped fhe _bodie » , which were cast through this hole below the ice of the canal , whence , long before it broke np , they would be carried away by the current .

      These _astasslnationawere daily , perpetratedin a little wooden box , scarce tea feet ia diameter , in the _Neveky Prospect , the most populous street in St . Petersburg : and which is generally as much crowded as the upper end ef Oxford-street in London . The guilty parties were punished with the knout ; but the whole circumstance acquired more than usual notoriety from the fact , that the emperor , to whose ears it came , caused some of the waiters who were accessories to be flogged before the windows ofall the tavern-keepers ofthe quarter . But for this it might nover have transpired beyond ths walls _oftbeentut .

      The civil police major has the power to administer corporal punishment to all who are not freemen j this is carried out in privatei within the walls ofhis siege or place of detention . A Mounsieur Pernet , detained four days in one of these places , a slight partition only dividing his cell from the interior court , ¦ where the floggings were going on nearly all the time of hia detention , heard distinctly all that passed . Amongst others , two young girls , workwomen at a

      fashionable milliner ' s , were Bogged under the eye of their mistress , fur " having dared to bring their lovers into her house . Each of these unhappy creatures received at several times one hundred and eighty strokes with the plitt . Next came'the turn of peasants , hired servants , and others Bent by their masters to be punished . Nothing in fact , but revengeful acts of atrocity , iniquities , and despair contained , whilst the detuned Frenchman remained in l 3 h \ s human hell .

      The following extract describes

      THB rsOCT A 5 D THE PUTT . For our author ' s account of theabominabletyranny ofthe passport system , the corruption aria villainy ofthe _Russiaa judges , and the absurdity and rascality _oftlie' " laws " _-3 i 3 tis imperial aliases * _tfce * r are appeinfed to _auTBrnister _. we must refer the refider to the work itself containing these astounding-revelations .

      The Central Committee Of-Wns Polish Demo...

      THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE _of-wns POLISH DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY TO THE DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE _assbmboihg n * lohdon FORP _0 _LAND-S _REGENERA-TiON .

      _Citraensl—Placed at the head of _""SiePolishDemo- ' cratic "Society . * _we beg te expresste you our warmest ) _gratitude'for the noble words yon 'have addressed to ] the French electors in . behalf'df our father-land . Yes / Citizens , the recent struggle of Poland against ! her oppressors will not "be the "keif : nothing in the : _woriliTvill prevent herfrom persevering in her * devotc _9 ne ? s to the sacred cause of her liberty and _natiMinlity . Vanquished to-day . she will to-morrow renew- tho _struggle , 'because she understands the high-mission with _v _^ Eich Providence has endowed her . Poland suffers , but she'hopes and works . "She

      coi _& des in the sanciity df her-cause , in the vitality of her national genius , and in the principles of Liberty and Fraternity which she brings to 'the Slavonic nations . ' " Will free and independent ""Eng land remain -a _passive spectator of tins-sanguinary fight of everyday , which Poland sustains in'the name of Freedom and Independence _ageinst'her'fhreo Oppressors ? "Will -the people of Great "Britain , with their Naval 'forces -and Army , with "their -riches and national-power , isolatethemselvesfromthose European tendencies , "which the despotism , the egotism and the ambition of the despots el the Continent endeavour'to suffocate and _cruBh ?

      We think not" !— _** You say yourselves , _Cftrzeas , that the British peoplelargelyparticipate in * _your sentiments for PohmB . _IWelT ! this generous disposition , we are satisfied , vvill not prove fruitless . "Enlightened and deroteH men _df'"Threat Britain-will easily conceive the importance of the Polish question ; they will show to their countrymen that Poland' s present position exercises a great _^ _influenee npon "the fate of other nations _,- * _ana-trat'her regeneration will become immensely beneficent * to the moral and material wealth _nfEsnope . They-will remind the British

      people that Poland , amongst tbe Northern -nations , was always the representative of Liberty *« nd brotherhood ;—that since and in spite of the loss of-her political independence , she has never ceasedio march on the same _«* ay . —arid that especially sineethe revolution of 1830 , 'Polandhas adopted fully "democratic ideas , and , therefore , - endeavours to free her social state from all these class divisions , from these privileges and prejudices winch her past has eridewed her with , and _-which'her oppressors endeavourrto maintain and to consolidate .

      You , Citizens , yon have undertaken this noble task . _"Wefliereforebeg'leave to greet * - ? ou '* in . the name of theTolish democracy , in the name < uf this militant patriotism , whichdoes not enter wto stipulation neither with Poland _^ enemies nor with ideas which modem civilization disavows . Persevere with courage in your Generous resolutions'and you "deserve wen" of Poland , of the British people and of Humanity . Receive the expression of our fraternal feeling , "br-behalf of the'Committee , The Chairman of the sitting . Joseph _Wjtsocki . i The Secretary , Victor Heltmaj _* . Versailles . _JclySl , 1846 . 18 , Rue _deeTournelles . '

      India. Intelligence -Has Been Receiveid ...

      INDIA . Intelligence -has been receiveid that tranquillity prevails throughout' India . In Lahore there was a spirit of dissatisfaction . Money was difficult to be * ha'd there . The "Geveroment wm'preparing to enforce its claims uponrthe Nawab of Moultan ; he _waapre- ' paring to defend his town . _At'Peshawur the _* Sikh soldiers had exhibited symptoms of insubordination from want of " ? ay ; but some , advances had partly pacified them . ' Gholab Singh was- _bnsy in regulating his newly-acquired country . Scinde enjoya <» mplete repose . "False versions of the Scinde prme property continued to be published ; in India ; it was represented as if it was chtefty composed of female ornaments . "In India those ornaments _eonsfiitnte much of the wealth of each family , and a great portion is _saidtto be the spoil taken hy the Ameerc sixty years ago _* irom their _pje- ; _decessors .

      At Cabool there appears to be a system of intrigue _: goine forward for enabling Dost _Mahommed to form -a political anion with Yeer Mohammed of fleraut , -under the protection-ef Persia and "Russia . Akbar iKhan had returned from Jelallabad , and was in bad 'humour with all his father ' s friends _atfJabool . "The Rajah " of Lad _*? a , who had been betrayed by the Sikh Priro , e Minister , Rajah Lall « Singh , was -coming as a prisoner Into the British _tendtory , to . be detained for _life-IThe garrison of Kote'Kangra , after much vapouring , had surrendered at discretion , _whea-the heavy gun 8 were brought tobearaipon them . The _occupatien-ofthis almost impregnable fort has produced a greateffect in the north -of India , lor the "British troops ave looked upon as "invincible . Many of the _petty'Rajahs were anxious do make peace and to show-their willingness to obey the British by-surrendering their heavy gunsAc .

      , , _, TheSfizam ' s _dominione were in the same state of finaneisl embarrassments , and the confusion consequent thereon . Some partial-revolts of the half . disciplined -tsoops had been put 4 own by the Government , maMng terms for part payment of the sums due . Sir E . Berry , who was _moascon-bonnd for some weeks in Ceylon , had returned te Bombay by travelling dawk across India from Madras . He had anarrow escape in Ceylon ; a wild elep hant rushed at him _downthedeclivityof a hill ; Sk RPerry threw himself down , and the elephant was driven past by his own weight . . . ., _„ i An _oYtrflnrdinarv nractice was began in the .

      Presidency of Bombayof wealthymen usiBgevery means to get out of gaol although convicted of felony . Ihey spent large sums ia order to invalidate their trials . A case of this kind took place at Ahmedmeggur , in which the late _Kotwul ( police magistrate ) of the cantonment at Poona endeavoured to bring an action against the Commander-in-Chief for confirming tho sentence of a Court-martial , which condemned mm to six years * imprisonment in a fortress for _extortionrand peculation in his office . These attempts of rich criminals to neutralise the laws have brought contempt upon the British system ofjustice ; tnose attemptsoughtto be scouted , as tending to show that wealth is to triumph over right

      . , The invasion of the Island to Bally by the Dutch is considered to be opposed to the treaties with tne British , which prohibit the extension of the Dutcfi colonies in the Eastern Seas . This subject demands serious consideration . The Dutch appear resolved to subjugate that island , much to the dissatisfaction of the British merchants at Singapore .

      The War In The Caucasus. S*»Amyl's Attac...

      THE WAR IN THE CAUCASUS . S _*» amyl ' s attack on the Kaborda was the boldest deedin the history ofthe _Caueassian war . Whoever has paid any attention to this war must know that for the last forty years it ' was confined within a very narrow ip & oe , Each of tbe many tribes and families

      The War In The Caucasus. S*»Amyl's Attac...

      of this country waged war against the Russians on his own account , rarely in accordance with . any concerted plan , or in union with other tribes . Until Schamyl . no leader succeeded in assembling a real army under his standard , or of executing great operations on a determined plan . Anarchy , clannish feuds , aud _family hatred , prevailed for centuries among the Circassians , and even the rijoBt powerful ofthe old princes of the country , such as Selim and Sefir Bey , or the bravest of the _Yorks , of . knights , as Jimbulat and Gun Bey , were unable , with all their'influence , to form a lasting , numerous , and strong union of the various tribes" or clans against the Russians , or to assemble more than 4 . 000 _Norsemen for an attack on the Kubank . Among the eastern

      mountaineers of the _Tschetschna , Daghestan , arid Lesghistan , _fanaticsm was a strong element , of which in former _timeB Sheik Mansur and _Khasi Mollah had availed themselves with ability and success ; frequently uniting tribes of different languages , and who htdotherwise but little sympathy , in one common undertaking against the " pale unbelievers . " , But even these , the greatest and most celebrated heroes of the Caucasus could never cross the Terek for * campaign , with mere than 8 , 000 men . The whole steppe and mountain warftreon ( he wide space between the mouth of the Kuban and the Caspian sea limited itself on the part of the Caucasians to unceasing small attacks , plundering expeditions , and skirmishes , with at most the capture ofa fort or Cossack station in view : Under

      these circumstances , and on such ground the offensive operations of the Russians themselves could not be on a very large scale ; even in the expeditions against _Akulho and Dargo , the Russian corps did not exceed 12 , 000 or _; 14 . 000 men , including the Cossack cavalry , which could be of little use in the mountains . That Schamyl , after so many misfortunes and reverses , could again take the field with an army , greater in number than any ever assembled by his powerful predecessors , or even by himself , gives brilliant testimony of his energy and taIents _, aB a leader of the brave tribes of the Eastern Caucasus , and prove the groundlessness of the repeated assertion of a speedy termination of the Caucasian war ' Thesudden apparition of an army of 20 , 000 men for an attack on the Kabarda , at a period when Scharayl _' s influence was affirmed to be greatly weakened , -shows either that ffehamyl has introduced some new system of terror to recruit his forces , or , that the tribes have at last-seen the necessity -of

      cooperation . It is-true his expedition was somewhat rash , and unattended by _^ intive _success , bnt surely the retreat of this chief With so large ah army , with but small loss , is nearly equal ' to a viotory .: On his interruption in the Kabarda , Schamyl left behind him _a'Sonble row of Russian posts and forts , and two riven , which in winter became torrents , _difficult to be forded . With an -nndisciplined mass of -troops , from many different tribes , who amid the confusion of their varying tongues , could with difficulty understand one another , without field-artillery without proper convoys of provision and ammunition , this " bold commander tSirew himself into a flat- country , offering no advantage in an attack by regular troops _, marched over a space of five hundred miles , through the strongest fortresses of the Russians , and by his -sudden appearsnee terrified the _iong-submilted tribes of the plain from the _Sundseha toLaba . An armv of 70 . 006 _'men . with the entire military , _population of the Cossack settlements -on the Terek and

      Sundsoha , besides all the strong Russian garrisons , _fromVladikatkasto Vnesapnaia were behind him ;! aud before him were tbe corps of the right wing and , ' the _Cossacks'of the Laban and "Cuban . Can it then ) be doubted that his quasi successful expedition must ! have given aserious blow to tbe -moral supremacy dfthe Russians ? No one can now believe himself safe ! from an _attack by the T-schetschentzi prince , ; whether on "the advance frostier line or within the ! walls of Tifiis . An hour may see his house lard "in ashes , _h's'family slaves , and himself slain feythe ruthless ccemy of Muscovite-rale . -

      Thb Ca.F*Rke Wab. A Sligfet Sketch Of Th...

      THB CA . F _* RKE WAB . A sligfet sketch of the events-which preceded , _traded to the present war on the northern and north-east frontier of the Cape of Good Hope , will-prove interesting * _t'the > prelent moment , when , as tfee'l & st advices show , fte-war hat reached a critical point . _"Phe'Caffres are a numerous aud intelligent race of peopk , « of' warlike * dispositions , and proud < of their independence , 'thus presenting a'complete contract to the Hottentots of'the Gape . _Theinroads of the Butch on the rights and pessessions df the -South African aborigines first brought them into collision with theOfeffreg in 1778 , and -en-irregular frontier--war arose , in which the latter proved themselves _most-fiangerous _opponents , ably _avalllng'themselves of the brokennature of the country . This war lasted with little'intermission until the transfer of _the-eolony to the English'in the

      beginning of the present-century , when the English' Government , _discovering theanulility of _atterhpting peacefull y to adjest the long _continoed'feads , and _reconelle'the hatred on-each side , _dispatched . alarge military -force in 1 _* 811 , to expel the Caffresin the'Zaurefeld district , which had been in their undisturbed possession as _pasture-lnnd'for more than one years . Another object of this expedition wa ? , _to-obtain the Great _SFiah _ittiver as an effective boundary _. To this end a line of blockhouses , forts , and military posts wire constructed along the course of th _& t riverto hinder CaCres , as well as the eolonkts , from crossingithe frontier on either side , for -the purpose of personally . _executing their usual barbarous acts of revenge . The-subsequent peaceful exertions of _the'English Government ,--who even 'prohibited all intercourse with -the Caffrelanrl , had not , however , the wished-for _siiccms . Apart from _vtht facts

      that the military-force scattered along the _< Of eat Fish River was far too small ,- and that the banks of _this river otfered a very faYourablc _^ rrain for the freebooting at . tacks of the Cafires , and their system Of petty warfare , the hasty and _nnjnst manner in which they were driven from Zuureveld ( they were not even permittedtto cut the ripe standing corn , whereby they and their _cattlesnffered rgr « at distress ) eioited strong feelings of _emnity among the Cafires , which at last , in 1819 , led te a war against th * English more-violent than any that had preceded it . In this short , but-sanguinary war , the Cafires fought with extraordinary valour . They advanced a long > way into the Cape colony , as-far as _Uiteohagen . a point 'midway between the frontier and Cape -Town , and , but -for the bravery of its small garrison , would have made _thsmgelves masters of Graham ' s Town , then a new settlement , but now containing a population of ten thousand souls , and second only to Cape Sown in importance . In the peace tbat was subsequently _concluded , the 'Cafires were compelled

      to abandon the district between the _Keyskamma and the Groat Fish River . The ceurs & of the former river was -secured by a second military line of defence , and the uninhabited land thereby acquired , ( peopled by 5 , 000 iEng-: Ksh and Scotch colonists . The latter step _was _. _'however . an error , it being supposed » _that the red salt , clay -soil , which was excellent for pasture land , was also adapted for good arable land . This could only be the case with a plentiful supply of water , and the three years' drought of _18203 , together with the want of means among the colonists , broke up the -settlement . About the-same period that peace was _restored , the various missionary societies began their labours , which , together with the spread of communication into the interior , and the increase of commerce with -the Caffres during itlieififteen years from 1620 to 1835 , seemed to favour the hopes of a continuance of peaee . But in 1835 the long--cherished hatred of the Cafires , aggravated b y the remembrances of their defeat and severe losses in the

      former war , again broke out in open hostilities . Numerous bodies of Cafires crossed the frontier from all points , the -English settlers were driven from ithe possessions tbey had peacefully occupied since 1828 , and the labours of fifteen years were in a few hours scattered to the winds by these savages , whose course was not stayed until -they reached Graham ' s town , the . scene of their former checlc . It has been a constant schject of complaint from the colonists to the Government , that the military force in the _eastermportion of the Gap is far too small . . In the war of 1835 , which was preceded by many premonitory symptoms , the whole force to -oppose the enemy was 400 men of the 75 th Regiment , and 200 Hot . tentot fSgeisof the Cape mounted riflemen . The wonted energy and decision of the English , however , enabled them to repair their error ; the -whole population of the

      I colony capable of _tearing arms were embodied , aad large reinforcements . of British troops _brought seawards from Cape Town . By-tins means an end was soon put to the war , with great lose to the Cafires , _avho _, in spite of their great bravery , were unable to resist the superior force of European firearms and disci pline , in both of which they were then deficient . The cost of this brief war alone was £€ 00 , 080 . In the peace soon afterwards agreed npon , tbe old boundary of the Keyskamma was retained , but tbe Caffres were obliged to , surrender a tract of land between tbe lower course of that river asd the Great Key river , which appointed as neutral land under the name of Queen Adelaide ' s province . In this land no settlement was made by either party , but the Caffres were aUowed liberty of pasturage . The grounds of the present contest must he sought in the turbulent

      disposition of the _CatTrce , their lore of plunder , so strongly excited by the large herds of the frontier farmers , and tbe ambition of their chiefs , whose power is null , except in war time ; to these causes must also be added tha fear of seeing tbeir country graduall y taken entire , appropriated by the English . Nor is this fear ill-grouuded—for since Natal has become an English province , itis extremely desirable , for the consolidatlon of the English power in Soufh Africa , that the north-it : if _fittlements on Mu-Garriep in the interior , and tl n t » the east on the Keyskamma , should be connectoc * by English territory as far as Natal . The intervening country is fertile , with numerous navigable rivers , and abounds in metal or » i . This tract is the mere im .

      portant , since in Northern Caffraria , the Zooloos , a really powerful nation , who have one hundred thousand armed warriors , constantly ready for the field , already threaten nn irruptioH in the colony , their sole obstacle at present being a few tribes between them and the Amakosas . Were they to enter the colony from the eastern frontier the small military force Stationed at tbe Cape ( usually three orfour European regiments of 800 men each , and some artillery , ) would with difficulty repulse them , _particularlyif , as , in spite ofall the precautions ofthe English Government , has already heen the case , the Zooloos should provide themselves with fire arms . Thi present Caffre war will doubtless be as brief as the former , but much more sanguinary , fee sjnee 1835 , tha Amakosas

      Thb Ca.F*Rke Wab. A Sligfet Sketch Of Th...

      ( Caffres ) have obtained large quantities of fire arms and ammunition . The conquest of the _Amakosis will , how ever , prove but a further step to a . new war with the fierce and victorious Zoolobt . .. , __ By letters from h « r Majesty ' s ship Thunderbolt , dated May 25 , we learn that she was actively engaged in conveying reinforcements from the Cape to Algoa Bay . In con . sequence of disastrous news from the frontier , on the 10 th Instant , she conveyed eighty men of the 27 th Begiment , all the marines that could be spared from the President , and a body of burghers , from the Cape to Algoa Bay ; she also embarked afieldpiece _. a congreve rocket party from the President ' s blue jackets , and a great quantity

      of fire arms and small arm ammunition , The frontier papers give a most deplorable account of the _deprada-Uons of the Cnffres . and the sufferings and privations ot many families whose houses and property have all been destroyed _sy these ruthless savages , who have penetrated more than eighty miles into the colony without receiving a check . Even from Algoa Bay was seen the smoke of the fires kindled by the Caffres . Upwards of 15 , 000 men werethen . on thtir way to Graham ' s . Town . The Governor was at Graham ' s Town , collecting and organizing his forces before he marched , onward . The Sappho sailed on Friday , the 21 st May , for the Maurttius _, with provisions and stores for the Conway , calling at Algoa Bay with 400 stand of arms taken out of a brig on her way to India .

      Ireland

      IRELAND

      FAILURE OF THE POTATOE CROP . . The most deplorable accounts reach Dublin from the provinces . The early crop is rotting in the ground , and there is no longer room to hope that the late plantings will escape . The sufferers indulge in a vast variety of speculations as to the cause , and urge a still greater variety of theories as to the cure , or prevention of the disease . Some attribute it to the use of guano , and others—with more show of reason—to atmospheric influences . A third party trace it to the natural decay ot the vital principle in the plant . In short , they hold that it is " run out , " and that there remains but one course left us , namely , to set about emancipating the masses at once and for ever from their dependence on the ¦ potatoe . The _sejeounts from the West of Ireland are particularly-disheartening , inasmuch as in

      addition to tiie failure ef the crop , the unfortunate peasantry will have to contend against the apathy of the landlords and the want of employment , which has characterised their conditions at all times during the last half century . It is only fair to the government to state that they are doing * everything in their power to mitigate the sufferings ofthe people . They have ordered extensive issues of Indian meal at a further reduction of £ l per ton , on cost price ; and it is said they are about to expend large sums on public works , which , while affording immediate relief , will be of permenent advantage to the localities . "The other crops , including wlieat and oats , promise to be most abundant . ' Reaping ia now becoming general in the south and north-western districts , and both -field and quality are considerably above the average of former years _.

      © OBLW , August 10 . —The following deplorable accounts of thepropecta of the potato harvest are contained in the papers of this day : — " * Yesterday ( says the Galway Mercury of Saturday ) we were visited by a deluge of rain , which rendered the streets , in some partsj impassable ; and this morning we had more than abundant showers . As for the potatoes , no reliance need be placed upon obtaining a sufficient supply for the year . - In many parts ofthe country those which were found good and sound in the early part of the week now presents every appearance of disease . "— "The greatest fears ( says a correspondent of that journal ) are , alas ! now entertained in every direction _regardiog the potato crop . The potato is not only stunted , hut quite black , aad Borne ofthem

      not even fit for animal use . The Loughrea market , on Thursday last , was moderately supplied with provisions . New _petatoes , which went at sixpence in the morning , were sold for 4 _Jd . in the evening ; the old potatoes also fell as low as 4 d . and 4 * . Oatmeal from 139 . to 14 s . _jer ewt . This redaction in price is owing to this awful disease in the potato , ibr many ofthe country ( people have told me that they must now dig them out and dispose of such as they may find to be of any use , Accounts which reach ud every hour ( says the Wexford ii & dieptndtnt ) put the general failure of the potato crop beyond question . Where no disease was apparantalew days ago , all are now " black . " The renewed calamity is everywhere / In addition to this , the oat crop has undergone a blight , in consequence of which it is " light , " and must fall far short of the produce anticipated .

      We regret te .-say ( says the Sligo - Journal ) that the _» most deplorable accounts of the blight in the potato ' crop are daily heard in this county , and it is melancholy to think that the fearful ravages are not limited to one locality , but nave spread their baneful effects far and wide over the United Kingdom , ' and also to other countries : but to the _alinot-t pauper cottiers and ( peasantry of Ireland the convenience attendant on so sweeping a loss will be incalculablethey invariably considered the potato "their own crop , " meaning thereby that ihe grain was the landlord ' s . The reports ofthe state of the potato crop are . becoming more and more-alarming ( says the _Tyrone Centtiiutien _) , This district of the north was but partially visited by the disease last year , but this season not a . plot of potatoes , in field or garden , nor of any variety , either of the late or early crops , but are now more « r less affected .

      " THE REPEALERS . The organ of ¥ _oung Ireland , m its number ofthe 8 th inst ., has two articles in defence of itself ; one in answer to the "Bishop , denying that it ever advocated irreligion jn any shape whatever ; . and the other to Mr . O'Connell , in refutation of the charge of being " treacherous to tbe repeal . '' In the latter of these pleadings they say— "For . our opposition to the Whig alliance , ; for our refusal to trust those moonshine promises , and in consideration of them to be the slaves content of English rule—we are arraigned as treacherous to repeal . The question need hardly be . tried ; * twill try itself in its own fashion shortly , and the sternest advocate _> of our innocence will be the man who arraigned us , and prove we acted right . "

      MEETING' 0 F THEiChERGY 03 ? IHE JUICH DIOCESE OF CA 61 IEL AHD EMLY . On Thursday , pursuant to a requisition , a numerous meeting of the clergy of the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly was held at Mrs , Ryall ' s Hotel , convened for the purpose " of taking into consideration the present _atate of politics in Conciliation Hall , Dublin , and to record our thorough and entire confidencein oar tried and trusted leader , O ' Connell . " There were ahout fifty clergymen present , all of whom expressed the most unbounded confidence in O'Connell . Letters to ithe same effect were read from about twenty others .

      Theivenerable Archdeacon Laffan said , gentlemen , the proposing the first resolution has heen confided to my charge . —( Hear ., hear . ) It is a . resolution of confidence in the Liberator . And as I don't intend to detain you by making a speech , or to prolong the time of the meeting by entering into a discussion on the matters for which we are assembled , I shall merely take leave to hand in , as a mark of gratitude to the liberator , our political director —( loudcheers ) —the sum of eight and twenty pounds , which I received from my brethren of the west of this diocese at the conference which was yesterday held in Tipperary . Gentlemen , in proposing this vote of confidence in O'Connell , it would not be our duty as Catholics and priests to enter , into any discussion here with regard to the recent proceeding in Conciliation Hall . We appreciate , confide in , and take as eur rule the moral f ovoo _Joct . _iaae of O'Connell only ,

      for the attainment of Ireland ' s freedom —( cheers)—while we , one and all , repudiate , condemn , and reject with all our hearts , all the foul attempts to have physical force brought into action . —( Hear and cheers . ) The Venerable Archdeacon then read the resolution . Subscriptions to the association were then handed in , and which the Rev . John Ryan , one of the secretaries , announced to amount to £ 60 . ( Vehement cheering ;) Circulars were forthwith addressed to the reverend gentlemen who were not present , and the [ subscription list was expected to amount to £ 101 $ , whieh is to be _imtaeaiately sent forward te the Association as the substantial mark of approval of O'Connell ' s policy , from the clergy of the _archdiseese of Cashel and Emly . After the meeting the elergy above named dined together at Ryall ' s hotel . The entertainment was of the best description , aad excellent wines flowed freely . The Venerable Archdeacon Laffan presided .

      „ _.,. . , DUBLIN , Aug . 10 . Conciliation Hall was rather thinly attended today , and presented a great contrast in its quietude to the bustle and fermentation of last week . " Young Ireland" was nowhere to be seen ; the "Lib . erator" sat alone , or nearly so , and perfectly the monarch of all he surveyed . At one o'clock he called upon Counsellor J . C . Filzpatrick to take the chair . Mr . O'Connell moved that it be referred to the committee to prepare a petition against the Arms Bill , which he regretted to see was proposed to be re-enacted . Counsellor O'Dowd seconded the motion , which was passed .

      Mr . O'Connell then referred to the conduct of the Orangemen in walking on the 12 th of July with arms , and condemned the Catholics in the north in imitating the had example ; M <; O'Connell then read a letter from the honourable Cecil Lawless , enclosing £ 5 ., as his subscription , and requesting that he be admitted a member of tho Repeal Association . He attributed his conversion to Mr . O'Connell ' s letter to him , and to the proceedings of last Monday . Mr . O'Connell expressed the great pleasure he felt at Mr . Lawless joining the ranks of Old Ireland , and spoke in high terms of his father , Lord Conolurry ,

      Mr . Steele handed in £ 41 . from Doctor Coen _, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfort , and his clergy . The letter strongly condemed the conduct of those who opposed Mr . O'Connell's policy . The letter was ordered to be entered on the minutes , and the

      Ireland

      warmest thanks of the association tendered to the writer , ' " . ' . ' . .. „ , . ' ¦' . _' , - _-Mr . _^ Steele read a letter from Clones , in the con-nty of'Monaghan , expressive of the confidence ; of the Catholic clergy of the district , and of 60 , 000 men , in Mr . O'Connell , and in repudiation of the doctrines of _* Xonng Ireland . x Mr . O'Connell said , that while he thus had the Catholic clergy and the people with them , there was no fear that , by adhering to his moral force policy , they would , at no distant day , ' succeed in hringing parliament to College Green The learned

      gentle-. man next read a letter from the parish priest of Clonmel , enclosing £ 20 ., expressing his confidence in him ( Mr ! O'Connell . ) Mr . John O'Connell read a letter from some Repealers in "Manchester , at the head of whom was Mr . Patrick Duggin , cordially concurring with the " Liberator" in his peace policy . Mr , 'John O'Connell , in a long and uninteresting speech , moved that the committee of the association be instructed to prepare various documents to be circulated amongst members of Parliament , preparatory to his father's motion for Repeal in the next

      session ! A great deal of time wsa occupied this day with the reading of letters , and Mr . O'Connell did not commence his speech of the day until after three o ' clock . _., , . Mr . _O'CpHNELi , observing that it was now too late for a long speech , then proclaimed the nature of his views in pursuing repeal , and hia hope that the people of England would at length do them justice . The greater part of this address was literally a repetition ofthe " one speech " which has done duty at meetings past counting . He disclaimed all wish to have the Roman Catholic elergy made pensioners of the State . ' The Government should not be allowed to establish the Roman Catholic church by law in Ireland . Tlie priests should never become the bribed

      servants and minions ofthe Minister . Thoy did desire , however , that the national system of education , the provincial Colleges and Bequest Acts , Bhould be altered so ' as to meet the views of the Catholic Bishops universally . They required also Roman Catholic chapels to be built for the use of paupers in ' the workhouses . With respect'to the Established Protestant churoh , they sought to have it taken out of its present anomalous position ; but they would pay every respect to vested rights . The Learned Gentleman then went _through his well-known catalogue of Irish wants—comprising extension of _franebiseahd municipal powers—additional members for Ireland—tenant-right—tax on absentees ,- and the abolition of grand jury taxation and jobbing . Mr . O'Connbil read the following report , refer-. ring to the Nation newspaper , and moved its adoption : —

      The general committee . to which it was referred to consider and report " whether there be any such connexion between the association and the ' Nation' news _, paper , as may require a severance of that connexion , " beg leave ' _respeetfully to state to the association : — 1 . ' Ihat it is a standing rule of the association that any person or persons contributing a sum of £ 10 to the Repeal rent , and transmitting the same to . the funds of the association , have , a right to have the sum of £ 1 6 » out of the said sum of £ 10 ' allocated for the purpose of having a . "Dublin newspaper , received by the party or parties so subscribing until that sum is exhausted . 2 . That the selection of the newspaper to be so re . ceWedby such subscribing party _orpsrtieiis left to the parties themselves , provided such paper shall report the proceedings of the association _.

      - ¦ 8 , That the newspapers hitherto selected have _besn the following—* The Tf eekly _Fresman _' _s Journal , ' ' Th _« ¦ Weekly Register , ' 'The Three Day _Fresnsan _, ' 'The Three Day Pilot , ' ' The Nation , ' and ' The Irish Ad-4 . That the parties io selecting newspapers are hound to certify to the association that every _individusl subscriber to ' the sum above mentioned , shall hare free ac _cess ' ait all times ' to read the papers io selected . 5 i That we are distinctly of opinion that considering the highly illegal arid unjust , decision made by three judges in the Court of Queen ' s Bench in the late state prosecutions , by which they admitted in evidence the contents , of newspapers with which most of the traversers had no connexion whatsoever , but on the contrary many of whom repudiated such contents , it is our bounden duty not to leave it in the power of any other tribunal to make a similar or perhaps more unjustifiable decision .

      Arid therefore we are unanimously of opinion that the association-should totally severe itself from any imaginable responsibility oh account of or connexion with the contents of . newspapers so selected and received as aforesaid . ' . ' 6 _, That the association should most emphatically disclaim any tpecieS of responsibility for the contents of any newspapers so receired or sent , as aforesaid . 7 , That there are passages in th « 'Nation ' newspaper which render it necessary for the safety ' o ' f the association from prosecution or indictment , not to permit any subscribers to the repeal rent in future to allocate any por-Won of their subscription * to _pft-riBent for tht 'Nation ' newspaper . 8 , . Th . it the repeal association is bound for its own perfeot safety to declare that it cannot in future concur in any way In the circulation or sale , direct or indirect , ofthe ' Nation ' _newspapsr .

      Mr . _Stbklb seconded the motion , which was adopted . The rent was then announced to be i _! 335 Is . fid _., and the meeting adjourned .

      Physical And Moral Force. To The Editor ...

      PHYSICAL AND MORAL FORCE . TO THE EDITOR OP THE LIMERICK REPORTER . If , in a short time afterwards , I should be _accostec " by the tame person , with complaints of public grievances , end _should be consulted whether it were lawful to revolt , or justifiable to join in an attempt to shake ofi the . yoke by open resistance , I should certainly consider myself as'having a case and question before merer ; different from the former . I should now define and discriminate . I Bhould reply , that if public expediencj be the foundation , it is also the measure , of civil obedience ; that the obligation of subjects and _sovereignf is reciprocal ; that the duty of allegiance , whether it be founded in ' utility or compact , is neither unlimited nor

      unconditional ; that peace may-be purchased too dearly ; tbat patience becomes culpable pusillanimity when it serves only to encourage our rulers to increase the weight of our burden , or to bind it the faster ; that the submission which surrenders the liberty of a nation and entails slavery upon future generations , is enjoined by no law of rational morality ; finally I should instruct the inquirer to compare the peril and expense of his enterprise with the effect it wasexpected toproduce , and to make choice of the alternative by which , not his own present relief or profit , but the whole permanent interest of the state waB likely to be best promoted . — Paley ' s Moral Philosophy , book 6 ,. en . 4 , _Queres 3 . An _Christianis licitum sit bellum ?

      R . Bellum esse Christianis licitum , modo _certse _conditioner adsint . — . _Bai'Iy ' _s Tractate of ihe Decalogue , eh . 5 , prep . 4 , My Dear Sib—May I crave an opportunity of discharging through your _h'beral columns certain debts with which I have been lately loaded , and at the same time of expressing a few detached thoughts touching the present condition , prospects , and duties of the Repeal Association of Ireland ? A speech which I made at the Kilrush soiree last week has been severely handled by two reverend brethren of mine , Mr . Whynne in Conciliation Hall , and Mr . Power in a letter to the Pilot ; and also by my worthy neighbour , the editor ofthe Tipperary Vindicator . I stand eharced by these rigid censors with heresy

      and schism , murder , arson , and eccentricity , for the sentiments of that speech , yet I hope to make it appear without any extraordinary difficulty that those sentiments are not only extremely true and just , but also excessively moderate . For , while I characterised Mr . O'Connell ' s doctrine of moral force as false and visionary , I left it an open question fbr the sake of peace and in a spirit of toleration . Now , however , tbat I am in the mood of argument , I deny that it is an open question . Mr . O'Connell ' s doctrine of moral force is based upon these two propositions : —1 st . That the employment of physical force for the attainment of any political right , even to the shedding of a gingle drop of blood , ia criminal ; and secondly , that all political rights are attainable by moral force

      alone . I now assert that although these propositions may he overlooked in a speeoh as rhetorical flourishes , they are not open , when logically stated , to any one but a fanatic to entertain . To avoid , if possible , preliminary cavilling , 1 must observe that self-defence is excepted in the first proposition . The self-defence , however , must be fairly interpreted ; for in the one sense , I agree with Mr . "Duffy , of The Nation , that all just wars may be called wars of selfdefence . If , however , the exception of self-defence were understood in this comprehensive sense , then the proposition would amount to a mere quibble , and the whole doctrine of moral force to an egregious humbug . Further , to avoid being mistaken , I will plead guilty at once to a shrewd suspicion that the said first proposition , qualified by the said exception , is in point of fact a very quibble—a hypocritical pretence —a palpable snare—a transparent humbug . I have

      no faith m the sincerity of Mr . Steele ' s horror . I do not believe tbat even Mr . O'Connell avoided in forty * three all allusions to physical force in the very sense and meaning which is now so mercilessly persecuted . Indeed , many sensible clergymen would _fainperaunde me that all the recent proceedings of Conciliation Hall should be pronounced a farce , and treated accordingly . I cannot , however , agree with them . I shall treat the question respectfully , as though it were a serious one . Only , to avoid being _mistaKen for a greenhorn , lhave confessed my secret suspicion . I assert , then , that the first proposition is false . No law natural or revealed _makM bloodshotlding a crime . Bloodshedding was practised by the Jews under the immediate direction of the Almighty . It is still practised , and lawfully , as all Catholic theologians teach in opposition to Quaker fancies , by all Christian governments . The fifth commandment prohibits only unjust bloodshedding . The preservation of human blood in human veins is by no means

      Physical And Moral Force. To The Editor ...

      of such vital importance . ' It is not the ultima * end of our creation . Death , by hunger , hydropsy , uy consumption , or by fever , is just as bad as death b 7 _? w , ord « _i bullet . Of the two ; I would raiher be shot than starved to death , any day of the year . _rnnJl u - hundred lives out df a thousand , which _, must otherwise perish : within a twelvemonth by _wastoftti T 0 uld be _saved by » n _aPPeal to the God m . n _» - _£ ' f _/ ra ecce . ntri P enough to think that _hu-»»« . ; L _»*« _^ SainGr ' though one hundred live * _S _« - » the strife , and I believe that tho trod of battles would accept the sacrifice . What a basedoctrme is the first proposition ? If all history were forgotten , and all guidances of authority withdrawn from the reason of man , the verv instincts of his nature would revolt against it ; and they would suffice to disprove it ; for the diviner instincts' are from God , and none are more divine than love ofjustice and of country .

      But all history is not forgotten , and all authority i » not withdrawn ; and where , I ask , in all their volumes , may any traces of this new fangled doctrine be discovered ? Where is this superstitious reference for blood inculcated ? There were soldiers amongst the first believers in Christ , and their faith was none ef the weakest . Christian a _ddiers crowded the . legions of Rome immediately , and cohorts of martyrs received their crown without having repented , or heing asked to repent , of their bloody profession _. Was their physical force never employed in self-defence ? All the generations of the Crusaders , whose Elorious types ofall that is most glorious in human nature , of its highest romance and deepest devotion , of its chivalry , its self-sacrifice , its stern endurance , its tender piety , its passionate love—what of these

      Crusaders ? What of all the popes and their bulls , the bishops and their indul _gences , the hermits' and their exhortations , the kings and their treasures , the Baihts and their blessings , the monks and their prayers ? Or , does the exception of se ) f-defence i suffice to cover all the nations and generations ' that staked their hopes of earth and heaven on that iny _»> terious , strife ? What an impious doctrine is thi * first proposition ?—one drop of blood!—one fiddlestick ' But why pursue this subject farther ? Mr . PoW , of Kilrosenty , after an . _effusion of extremely nauseous astonishment at my wickedness , ( was not thia Mr , Power involved some way . or other in the monster prosecution ?) cqndescendstotell me thatl h . bout under a _mistake , and to add another qualification , besides the self-defence to this opinion of Mr .

      O'Connells . Mr . O'Connell , he says , does not mean that in times past every drop of bloodshed reckoned for a . crime , but only that henceforth such shall be . the enso . If Icommiianerrerofa ' yearortwo , Ihope Mr . Power will forgive me , for really I handled the Pilot , to read his letter , very reluctantly , and threwthe filthy thing away as fast as I could ; so that I do not now remember whether the sin was to commence only from the time of his writing , or had commenced last year or the year , before . . Here , at all events , is a considerable ' comfort ,. provided _^ Mr . O'Connell proclaimed himself the apostle of this new creed , men might be saved , though they ; fell , sword in hand , battling with the oppressors , of , their - country . We need have . no misgiving * r a * boht ' _- -llJe ' present happiness of thc soldier-martyrs or the

      warrior-saints of old . But now that Mr . O'Connell _haa assumed the office , of an apostle , ' and declared that the moon is made of green _cheesef-I mistook , biit ijo matter—now , it is modestly expected that , like-the simpleton in Moliere , we are to tnke it for ; granted , that there are no hearts in our breasts , or at least , tbat they are no longer where they used to be . _"Nout avons tkange tout tela . " Go to bed Mr . P ower . and brighter dreams to you ! . The first proposition , then , is false to reason and to manhood , injurious to the authority of the Catholic Church , and , if pushed to its legitimate consequences , subversive of all government . It derogate ! from the dignity of the living and the honour of the dead . It is a prostitution open only on the side of fanaticism . If I ever subscribe to it , I shall *

      purchase , after my _subscnpion , a white hat withabroad brim , and abide with the . Brethren for the remnant of my . course . The second proposition , . contained In and completing Mr ! O'Connell ' s doctrine of moral force , Ibelieve to . be false and visionary . I could not , therefore subscribe to it ; yet it hi a proposition , considered in Itself , at which no one could take offence , for itis but an exaggeration of a lofty hope that has long haunted" the hearts of enthusiastic philanthropists . If , indeed , it were sought to deduce from it the first proposition , then it might become offensive , or even hateful . At all events it is , not true . It is a vision . Many seers have seen it since the world began , and many dreamers dreamt it , ' and yet it is not fact . ' The simple reason is , that , men are not pure spirits , and are obliged , by a law ; ot

      nature to learn their A B C before , they can read . What is there in political rights more , than > in ' any other rights , that they should be ' all attainable by moral force alone ? If all political rights , why _. not stall rights i . and if all rights , _whysolifiers , marines , policemen , hangmen , catchpoles ? why locks and bars , arid handcuffs ? why jails ; and bridewells , and hulks ? . If the world is so civilised by the mere promulgation of this new doctrine , how does it happen that in . all the countries of the earth so many remnants of ' . the exploded system , so many stiff and quaint appliances of physical force are retained at . so much expense for the vindication of _rightland the correction of injustice ? No—moral force may obtain . . some rights , personal _aa _^ well as political , because some men are honest and intelligent ; but it cannot obtain all rights personal or holitical . because it is the fatal destiny of earth that many men ' mill be always ignorant and

      vicious . I do not , however , believe that in point of fact any political rights have been attained during , this century for Ireland by moral force alone j . " . that is * to say _,, by such a moral force as Mr . ; O'Connell would nowpreach up . __ The moral force , for instance , " which won Emancipation for iis . Catholics * w * s not an emasculated moral force , such as this ' novel theory would give birth to . It was not a mere , spiritual phantasm , divested of flesh and blood , arid divorced from the substratum of physical energy , so essential to its vigour , its vitality , and its effect .. The moral force which won Emancipation waa ihe firmly ( ex . pressed demand for justiceof resolute men ; itwas the overflowing treasure of the Catholic Association .

      every shilling of which stood for two stout arms and one brave heart . For although in ' 29 or before it , he did not say give us justice or ~ else—yet , at least , the abstract possibility was recognised—nay . the imminent danger was feared , that those , insulted and outraged Catholics , stung by the protracted delay or 6 nal denial of justice , might extort at the sword or pike point more than their pens had dared to solicit . But let a nation now subscribe before hand the suicidal doctrine , that in no time , or plaee or circumstance , shall they ever draw a sword from its sheath , or even a p in from its cushion—when then their opinions might rate at the ragman ' s ' price of the dirty paper on which they may have been foolishly inscribed .

      They might rate , I say , at that price , if anv government could be so silly as to believe that any nation could subscribe _sincerelj ; or would respect such a dastard creed . But , notwithstanding these preposterous attempts that are making of late to debauch a nation ' s character for honour and truth , moral force will still _alwaya operate , within the limits of its power , for good ; because , in spite of false creeds and hypocritical subscriptions thereto , it is the privilege of the oppressed that they sometimes may ( all divines save Quaker divines warrant the morality , ) and it is a law of nature that they often will ( all historians warrant the fact ) abandon the logic of the pen for the keener logio of the sabre .

      Doubtless , by this time , poor Mr . Wynne Is terribly horrified , and suspects me to be an ogre in disguise . But , indeed , my dear sir , you need not be afraid . I am as innocent as Bottom , the weaver for all my roaring . Only for the sake of seeming preternaturally gentle one should not belie the reason and the spirit wherewithal a beneficent God has inspired him . You must , however , promise me one thing , or I shall threaten , perhaps , to bite you in earnest . When you go into Conciliation Hall , don't imagine that you have the sense of all the country in your pocket-book . Reflect that there are many , many clergymen in Ireland besides the ten you know . Rude fellows , to be sure—many of thein in Cork county , and wild fellows in Tipperary , and vulgar enough in Limerick , yet who—but enough : iou

      maae nowever , an argument which it may be only courtesy to notice , as it is , after all , better thanthe Kilrosenty sample . You say it is because of the present constitution of the world—namely , the spread of enlightenment , drc , that all sensible men have agreed , _dsc . Ah , my dear sir , if the rest of the world , or even of Ireland , only partook of your city polish , or if the rest of your fellow-creatures , or even of your brother priests , could only creep into your sense , how easily physical force might be forced as physic upon the canine race , and how pleasantly we might simper through life , if even simpering did not trench too much upon muscular exertion ! But v _? * w _" _^ _uwit e dreams . I wish you , _myidear t , 1 _^ ' _^ thousand years to improve yourself . In 1844 , after O'Connell ' s imprisonment , I had a resolution submitted to the Committee ofthe Repeal Association for their advice , as tn whether it nr Rnm «

      other similar one might be adopted with advantage jt C 0 l _'P _y- They answered in the negative , and I submitted to their decision . Here is nothing , I should hope , that an honest man need hang his head for . The Tipptrary Vindicator , however , seems to think otherwise , * and after misquoting the resolution , in an absolute form , asks me how I feel now upon this subject , and makes an insinuation about changes , which has no merit that I can see hut its latinity . The whole passage is a specimen of the silly small talk of _suoh people . The fact is , I think now upon that subject as I did then—that is to say , very doubtfully as to whether the then committee was equal to tbat great emergency . But passing this mig hty matter , 1 have to _observe of the Vindicator , that in my deliberate opinion the existence of such unprincipled papers as it and the Pilot , is , in a political point of view , tho greatest misfortune this wretched country has to suffer under , I speak ofthe

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 15, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_15081846/page/7/