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Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th July 1845, Edition 3 of 3, Page 6, AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. ( Continued from...

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    • A BOOK FOR THE MILLION! So***-* -' - .ulishiiig, to be complet*. d in sixty ua:nb-*rs, tt One r-tnuy.
    • 8grmiltur*e nvto Rortiwltrat*
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      Of With The ,, R<M T* July 12. 18j< 6 Th...

      _,, r _< m t _* July 12 . 18 j _< 6 THE NORTHERN STAR ___ Bl 5 * ___ - ~ , _~ ' ' iiI t nf

      A Book For The Million! So***-* -' - .Ulishiiig, To Be Complet*. D In Sixty Ua:Nb-*Rs, Tt One R-Tnuy.

      A BOOK FOR THE MILLION ! So *** - * - ' - . ulishiiig , to be _complet _* . d in sixty ua : nb- _* rs , tt One r-tnuy .

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      A SEW AXD ELEGAXT PERIODICAL , Coos : - •• : •• _ofsixUMi riosely-printeil _pijes , _llouhle-crown , - - .: I ' . _n-hsliis-hi-d with several _suji-rb _Eu-rraviags by 1 . _. iuiUs and others , entitled TA L-5 OF _SHIl'WHEGKS , AXD AI . VEXTU 31 E 5 -i 'i * SEA , _coniainin- ; talented _skelchts of tiie sea and _* r ; : < _-n , ami truthful narratives of _shijuiTecks , _Sres , _jcuti --t ; . f ; imi : _iei , aiiJ every _dau-jcrof this life of nrril , pbk £ :: ; _- , - it tiie h : indso : nest . largest , aud best p . nnyvon - _* _-r offered io the _pualic F- _»« s 1 and 2 , now rati ? - - _" -itaining npn _^ anls of iliirty fine _cii-jr-i-tings , and one _i- - - - _-. _rcdand forty _iiages of Icttcr-iiress _. price sixpence each . * n .. "i _' _coplc's EdtJion of the complete worhs of M . EoR _« .-e Sue . "Tar ts 1 to 7 now ready , price sixpence cach .

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      I . OX » OX AXD MANCHESTER DIRECT INDEPENDENT RAILWAY ( _llemington ' s Line ) , With a branch through thc Potteries lo Creae . THE Provisional Committee beg to inform the public , Ota tin consequence of the determination to extend the 3 ine from the main line through the Potteries to Crewe , so as to make this Hallway the best communication , not only between London and Manchester , bnt also betw-en London and _L-verpooI ; tbey have determined to increase tie capital to _iT-i , 000 . © v 0 ; and , also tliat they hare secured the co-operation of Sir Jolm livnnic , t ' . Ii . S , with Mr . Iteniington . _Henst SLitthews , Secretary .

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      THE LOXDOX A 3 _S'D MANCflSSTEIl DIRECT ; _INDEPENDENT RAILWAY , ! With a Branch to the Staffordshire Potteries , Remingtons Line . AT a _HceSng ofthe Provisional Committee , held at the . _uffices of the Company , 29 , _Moorgate-strcet , London , this - ' nd day of July , 1 S 15 . Colonel ihe Honourable Leicester Stanhope baring been _callci to the _ek-air ; It -ras _la-m-d by _Msjor "Sailer , K . M ; seconded by General Sir John Forsier Fitzgerald , Bart ., and carried onaninsously : — Th at the necessity of another great trunk railway from London to the inar . uS . ctni ing districts , appears to be _admittedly the Government authorities , tiie Board of Trade , _Com-aiitei-s of Parliament , and the commercial world generally , not only as _regards public coaveuituce , but also « a tho bioail ** roaii < l of j / _nblic _saii-ty , and tliat tliis _irequtreiiK-in will shortly be greatly increased by the _eomplcti-ju of the Uish , Scotch , and Xorthtrn hues now in progress . It was moved hy Daniel Turton Johnson , E » q . ; seconded by John " _Suviess , Esq ., the borougbreeve of Manchester ; and carried unanimously : — Ihat _thtTeioTe it is desirable to establish this independent tmiik railway _froi _.-i Loudon to Manchester , which , "bv p . issing more directly through the central parts of the _-tos _^ dom , and nearly equidistant from the two great norflieni lines already in existence , would supply thegreat industrial population of ihe north with a shorter , speedier , and more economical mode of transit , and would at fhe same time famish the country towns and agricultural dLftricts in its course with means of contmunicatio ; ., in _irlach , as compared with oilier _IccaStics possessing railway facilities , they arc now _hinii-ntabl y deficient , to their _m-Kiifest injury . It was moved by George Peter Livins , Esq ., of Caldwell rriory , Bcdiord ; seconded by Henry Wardle , Esq ., of ¦ _H-icciesneld _; and _ctirricd _unanunously : — That this meeting cordially approve of the Branch _Rsai-. ray through the Potteries to Crewe , hy way of LnnetaA , Stoke , Hanley , _"Sewcastle , Buriem , and Tunstall , so as to form a junction witli the Grand Junction Ilailway . It was moved by Henry Arnold , Esq ., of Ustoxetor ; _S-wnded by Major Croft ; and carried unanimously : That the following gentlemen be the acting provisional _Ct-rcmittee , with power to add to tlieir number : — Oj * _jnel the Hon . Leicester Stanhope , Ashburnbam Bouse , London .

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      LOXUOX AXD MANCHESTER HI _8 ECT INDEPENDENT RAILWAY , With a branch to _tli « Sfo _/ _ordsliire Pottcricji ( llemington ' s Line ) . Provisionally registereil . —Offices of the Coraptuiy , 29 , Moorgate-strect , London ; High-street , Bedford ; and St . AnnVsquare , Manchester . Capital , £ 5 , 000 , 000 , in 10 , 000 shares of £ 50 each . —Deposit , £ 2 13 s . per share . Acting Committee of Management . ( With power to add to the number ) . Colonel the Hon . _Leicciiter Stanhope , AslibuvnuamHouse ' , London . General Sir John Forstcr Fitzgerald , Bart ., _Harley-street , Loudon . Henry Arnold , Esq ., Uttoxeter . John Buigcss , Esq ., _boroughreeve of Manchester . Jeremiah C ' ark . Esq ., MacclesSeld . Major John T . Crofr , _Itcgent-street , London . James _Es-iaile , Esq ., _"Cy-per Bedford-place , London . S . Hamer , Esq ., the General Post-office , -and _Souttiainjitonrow , Russell-square , London . Sir John Hare , L-ingb : iui-placc , London . Richard Hine , Esq ., Macclesfield . John _Ho'Iord , Esq ., Manchester . Lieut . Col . Hutchinson , C . E _., F . R _. 5 ., director of the College of Civil Engineers . D . T . Johnson , Esq ., Ahlermary-Churchyard , London . Richard Johnson , jun ., Esq ., Moorgate , London . John Joseph Seine , Esq ., St . John ' s-wood , London . William King , Esq ., director of the Freemasons' Life Assurance Company . George Peter Livins , Esq ., the Grove House , St . Cuthbcrt's aud Caldwell Priory , Bedford . James lleade , Esq ., Lower Berkeley-street , London . Major James Waller , K . 11 ., St . James ' s-sqnare . Ilenry _Wt-rdle , Esq ., Macclesfield . For List of Patrons and Provisional Committee , the public are referred to the printed prospectus . Escixeeiis . —Sir "John Rennie , F . R . S ., President of the [ Institution of Civil Engineers ; George Remington , lEsq ., " C . E . | Bankers . —London , Messrs . Jones , Lloyd , and Co ., Lofhbury ; Messrs . Barnard , Dimsdale , and Co ., Cornhill ; Manchester , Messrs . Jones , Lloyd , and Co . ; Bedford , Thomas Barnard , Esq ., Itessrs . Trapp and Co . Solicitous . —Messrs . Sir George Stephen and Hutchinson , -it * , _iloorjjate-atrcet ; John Owens , Esq ., 54 , Moorgatestreut , Loudon ; William _Hoga-- _! , Esq ., Bedford ; R . . Wilson , Esq ., Mosley-strect , R . B . B . Cobbett , Esq ., Mars _, dcu-strect , Manchester . Local Agents . —Uttoxeter , William Arnold , Esq . ; Mae- j _elrsfield , Richard E . Hine , Esq .

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      CHEAP ELEGANT , AND _BXPEMTlOt-S PRINTING . j COMMITTEES , _Slunagors of Exhibitions , Concert- ; rooms , Theatres , Benefit Societies , and public bodies _> generaUy , will find it much to their advantage to give j their orders to T , STUTTER , 3 and 4 , _Chuvch-row , j Bethnal-green , London . Cards , Is . per hundred ; Hand- ; bills , by taking twenty thousand , 2 s . per thousand ; Posting-bills , os . per hundred . Orders from the country , containing a remittance , promptly attended to . Goods delivered within five miles of London . Give your orders to T . Stutter , 3 and 4 , Church-vow , Bethnal-green , aud save at least fifty per cent .

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      TREE TIUDE . " Buy iii the cheapest market . " ALL Persons who wish to save their money , will _jiurchase their HATS at DUNS'S MANUFACTORY , Si , Cliiswell-slreet , Finsbury , where tliere is only one profit from tho maker ' s hand to thc wearer ' s head . Silk Hats from 2 s . !) d ., Beaver ditto from 3 s . 6 d . AU goods warranted to be made from the best materials .

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      COALS . I 710 R 12 s . 6 d . the half ton , very best Wallsend , well . screened , every sack invariably weighed on deliver * -, aud warranted ; Hatton's , Stewart ' s , or Lambton's , two tons at 24 s . ; Newcastle or seconds , 233 , ; Kitchen Coal , 21 s . Gd . ; Cok _<* , 17 s . Delivered within five miles tit the above prices , or within twelve miles for 2 s . extra per ton . Orders by letter promptly despatched . Metro _, politan Coal Company , 279 , High Holborn , nearly opposite Red Lion-street .

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      Thc many thousands who cannot write , and arc anxious to learn , but have no opportunities of getting instruction from a writing master , can now TEACH THEMSELVES by _WIGHTMAN'S SELF-INSTRUCTING COPYBOOKS , each containing forty pages of large post . "No . 1 contains strokes , pothooks , hangers , the partial formation of all the letters in the alphabet , and the alphabet complete . No . 2 , joined letters , capitals , and figures . No . S , copies of text hand , round hand , and small hand . No . 4 , copies of single , or running baud . Price Sixpence each . Also Wightmnn's Universal Cop . v-Book , ruled any liand , and containing forty pages of good smooth paper , with new and complete Arithmetical Tables on the cover _. Threepence cach . Order thorn of your newsman , bookseller , or stationer . WIGHTMAN , Manufacturing Stationer and Writing _Tnk Maker , 17 and IS , Douglas-street , Vincent-square , Westminster . Country Dealers and the Trade supplied at the manufacturing prices . Fob Cask .

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      GENUINE TEAS AND COFFEES FOR TIIE MILLION . The cheapest place in London for Teas and Coft'ees is at the Warehouse , 24 aud 25 , Regent Street , Westminster , near the VuuxAiall Bridge Road . TnE Proprietor , E . WAKJIINGTON , takes this oppor . tunity to return thanks forthe liberal support he has received since he opened the above premises ; aud to those who bave not yet favoured iiiiu with their patronage , E . Vf . most strongly solicits a trial , feeling assured that tho articles sold at the warehouse , botli in price and quality , will give universal satibfaction . Goods iu any quantity sexxt free to all parts of London and the suburb- ); and persons in the country , by remitting a Post-ofiice order , will iind their instructions faithfully attended to , LIST OF PRICES . BUteklTeas .

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      jNoiv Publishing , in Weekly Numbers , price Id ,, and iu Parts , price Cd ., TnE HISTORY OF TIIE CONSULATE AND EMPIRE OF FllASCE , under Napoleon , hy It . Thiers , Author of the ' History of the French Revolution , " late President of the Council , and Member of the Chamber of Deputies . Conditions . —The work will be neatly printed in two columns , royal octavo , from a new and beautiful type , ftnd ou fine paper . Also uniform with the above , in Weekly Numbers , price 2 d ., and in Monthly Parte , price 8 d .. "TIIE PEOPLE'S EDITION OF THIERS' HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION , " funning together four handsome volumes . On the completion of the Work , a general preface , introductory to the History of Napoleon , with Titles , Index , _itc , will be given , thus forming a complete standard classical book of general reference , and interesting perusal . Of the vast interest connected with the important national events which took place during the consular .. and imperial rule of Napoleon there can be no question . In undertaking to record tha events of this momentous period , M . Thiers , from his high position in the state , had the good fortune to obtain possession of a multiplicity of original and official documents , which embrace tlte mi _' . utest details of all the instructions , orders , & c , dictated by Napoleon himself to his Ministers of State , Privy Councillor * -, Prefects , Marshals , and others . Of the success of liis undertaking , the rapid sale of the three first volumes , which were issued at Paris on the lath Of March , amounting to 10 , 000 in one day , and the numerous editions wliich have been published at Brussels , Leipsic , and other places , aft ' ords the most splendid testimony . London : G . VICKERS , nolywell-strcet , Strand .

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      AMERICAN EMIGRA'IW OFFICE , 90 , Waterloo-road , Liverpool . THE Subscribers _continus to despatch first-class Packets - to NEW YORK , BOSTON . QUEBEC , MONTREAL , PHILADELPHIA , NEW ORLEANS , aud ST , JOILX'S , N . B . They are also Agents for the New Line of New York Packets , comprising thc following magnificent ships : — Tons . To Soil . Qceek of the West 1250 Cth July . Rochester ., 1000 Gth August . ilornsouEii USO Cth September . _LiVEiiPooL 1150 6 th October . Who have also , For New York St . Patrick 1150 tons , „ „ _Republic 1100 „ „ „ ... Empire . 1200 „ '"" „ Sheffield 10 DO „ „ Boston Lama 10 UQ „ „ Philadelphia Octavius 900 „ „ New Orleans Geo . Stevens 800 „ „ „ Tiios . II . Perkins ... 1000 „ Passengers going to the Western States and Canada can know the actual outlay to reach any important point on the Lakes and Rivers by obtaining one' of Tapscott's Emigrant ' s Travelling Guides , which can be had by sending postage stamps for the same to George Rippard and Son , and William Tapscott , as above .

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      . NOTICE TO EMIGRANTS . THE Undersigned continue to engage Passengers for First-Class Fast-Sailing AMERICAN PACKET SHIPS , wluch _nveragi from 1000 to 1500 Tons , for the following Ports , viz . : — NEW YORK , I BOSTON , PHILADELPHIA , | NEW ORLEANS , BALTIMORE , 1 BRITISH . AMERICA , . fcc Emigrants in the country ea . ' engage passage by letter addressed as underneath ; in wh . _sh ease they need not be in Liverpool until the day before the Ship is to sail ; and thoy will thereby _av-iid detention and other expenses , lweides »; _Kiin _<; a _ehc-iper passage , and liaving the best births allotted to than previous to their arrival . For farther particulars apply , post-paid , to JAMES BfiCKETT & SOU . North End Prince ' s Dock , Liverpool .

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      _IIouo'vay's Pills axd Oi . mmest . —St . George ' s Hospital . —Mrs . Sullivan , residing at No . 2 , Thompson's-buildings , _Hninniersinitli-cross , Hammersmith , liad an ulcer on the instep , one pit the shin , and another on the ankle , for which she was admitted as out-door patient , for three months , at the above hospital , but obtained no relief . She also consulted several eminent surgcons _/ but to nopv . rpose : at times her sufferings were so great as to prevent her putting her foot do t ! ie ground tor several _y-ivs together . . m ! 0 has , however , Just heen cured by the use -done of _Uicsu invaluable nicilicmes ,

      8grmiltur*E Nvto Rortiwltrat*

      8 grmiltur _* e nvto _Rortiwltrat *

      Field-Gaiiden Operations, Ibr The Week E...

      FIELD-GAIIDEN OPERATIONS _, ibr the Week eommtneing Monday , July 15 th , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . P . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on thc estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field garAeift , by _showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on thoir own lands . The farms selected as models are—tirs * . Two school farms at _Willingilon and Eastdean , ot

      live acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John DumbreU—tho former at Eastdotui , the latter at _Jevington-all of them within a few miles ot . Lastbourns . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . ' Several private model farms near tlio sanieplace . Thecoiisecutiveoi _" ieratioiismthcsci _* cpovts will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and _agricultural value of the south -nth the north ot England . The _Duuv is aided by _"iSotesand Observations" from tho pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated lor thc time and season , wliich we subjoin . "

      "It is a very pleasant siglit to see children engaged m useful and healthy labour upou a spot of ground wliich they can call their own ; tliey shall be kept apart from tbe vice and folly of the young men ofthe city . " Note . — The school farms are cultivated by boys , whs in return for three _houx-s' teaching in the mornixig , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master's benefit , which renders the schools sbj . fsuri'OKTiNG . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , who will _x-eceive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , _ _ropox-tioxi to their services , « _irB be made thus indirectly to reach _titeirparents in a ivay the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUSSEX . Monday—n- ' _iHtnotfon School . Boys hoeing _swedo turnips , and weeding potatoes . Eastdean School . Bovs _ditrging , hoeing potatoes mid turnips , nipping _pofsitoe ulossom , gathering weeds for thc pigs . Piper . Planting cabbages , watering them well . _Dumbx-ell . Hoeing potatoes , digging up rye grass . Tuesdat— Willingdon School . Tlic same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Hoys digging , planting cabbages , watering them with tank ' _liqitid , sowing white tiiriiips . Piper , Planting cabbages ; dont use tank liquid before they get rooting . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , digging up tare ground . _Wi-n . _NKsiiAY— WiUinqdon School . The same as before .

      Eastdean School . Boys planting _calibiijiCB , and manuring them . Piper . Uocing potatoes ; always hoe twice . _Duxxxbrell . Hoeing turnips , digging up tare ground . TnuitsDAV— Willingdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips , earthing potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys hoeing parsnips and carrots , thinning out the latter , bearing rejected plants and weeds to the cows and pigs . Piper . Hoeing turnips , bringing mould to the mixen . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , and mangel wurael , digging up rye grass . I _uiixxx—Willingdon School . _I 3 oys wheeling manure ,

      part of the afternoon wet . Eastdean School . Wet weather , boys in school all day , or platting straw , spearing potatoes , or beehive making . Piper . Hoeing turnips . DumbreU . Hoeing turnips , transplanting mangel wurzel , digging ground . Saturday— Wllingdon School . Roys earthing up potatoes , Eastdian School . Boys hoeins mid transplanting turnips , watering cabbages , cleaning out p i off ° - _' )' i portable pails , and school room , and turning dung mixen . Piper . Gathering dung under trees wkcro the cows stand to __ inhale the fresh breezes . DumbreU . Hoeing turnips , applying tank liquid .

      YORKSIIinE . Slaithvaite Tenants . John Bamford , earthing cabbages , hoeing turnips , transplanting swedes to the vacancies on the sown ridges . C . Varley , hoeing turnips , emptying tank , & c .

      COW-FEEDINO . _It'illmodbn Scliool . Cows stall-led on the second cut of clover . Pfumbrell ' s . Two cows stall-fed with clover and tares for four days ; for two days upon rye grass and tares . C . Vaxiey ' s . Cows stall-fed on tares , and small turnips .

      Guana. [A Rustic Harangue Among A Number...

      GUANA . [ A rustic harangue among a number of AiiotnriCilt Tenants assembled at dinner , in an old Baronial IlalL ] Sir , as thc introduction of a neiv ' mamirc must at all tinies add to thc physical comforts of mankind , I trust it may not bo deemed improper to bring before your attention a few remarks on Guano , one of the most valuable manures which lias been brought in aid of agriculture ; a manure , of whoso nature and properties very little appears to be known , although its value is' generally acknowledged . 1 shall , sir , attempt to bring forward , in the first place , some facts relative to its natural history ; and in the second place I shall advert to its chemical properties , and shew that it contains the food of plants in abundance , or at least _tluitsubistancetoi _^ which is derived the agent , or element , nUroqen ,

      which has -very justly been named ihe moving agent that , acting under the living principle of plants , moulds all tho other elements of their food into proper shape . It was , I believe , in the year lS 0 a , __ that M . tie Humboldt transmitted from South America , to the celebrated chemists MAI . Foureroy and Vauquelin , of-Paris , a peculiar substance termed Guano , found on those islets of Peru wliich arc frequented by great numbers of birds ; and among all the objects worthy the attention of the naturalist whicli this celebrated traveller and _pliilosopheiyiitroduccd , there is hardly one of greater interest than this . It appears that M . de Humboldt liaving read a memoir of Messrs . Foureroy and Yauquclin , on the existence of Uxic acid in the excrements of birds , thought that

      this substance might possibly be of the same nature , and transmitted it to Europe for analysis , with a note _jriving an interesting account of various particulars relative to it , which note was published and may be found in the 50 th Vol . of the Annates de Chimie . " Guano , " according to M . do Humboldt , " is found in tlio South Sea , in the _Chiuolio Mauds , tyitu" Piseo , _*^ _- on the inure southern coasts and islets of Ilo , Iza , and Arica . The _ inhabitants of Chancay , who make Guano an object of their commerce , go to and return from the Chincho Islands once in twenty days . Each vessel contains from 1500 to 2000 cubic feet . Avancga sells at Chancay for fourteen livres , and at Arica for fifteen livres ( Tournois ) . " Guano is du « from beds fifty to sixty feet thick ; there it is worked

      like the bog-iron ore . The islets are frequented by a nitinbcr of bird ? , particularly of . the species of Ardea and _l'li-xnicoptmis . who roost there every night ; but the excrements _? . _* * thesp birds _lnjyp hardl y formed ( says M . de Humboldt ) in _throft centuries a layer of four or five lines ( half-an-incii _) in depth , and hc goes ou to inquire— - " Is , then , Guano the effect of some convulsion ofthe globe , like pit-coal and fossilwood 1 " But on this point ho was evidently misinformed , as further experience tells us , for thc remains of human beings , ' and parts ofthe wreck from an English ship have been covered and embedded to a considerable depth in less than a quarter of a century in thc Guano beds on the African const . M . de lluuiholdt further informs us , that the fertility _c-f

      the naturally sterile soil of _Tei'ii is derived from Guano , which has become an article of commcrco . i Fifty little vessels called guaneras , are constantly employed in fetching this manure for the supply of the coast . Its effluvium may be smelted at the distance of a quarter of a league . Thc sailors accustomed to the smell of ammonia feel no inconvenience , but M . Humboldt says thathis narty could not approach it without continual fits of sneezing . " Maize , or Indian corn , is the particular vegetable for wliich Guano forms an excellent manure . 1 ho Spaniards in Peru learned the use of it from the Indians . If too much be thrown upon the maize , the root is

      burned ana destroyed . " Thus far M . do Humboldt , writing ih 1844-5 . The chemical description of this substance by MM . Foureroy and Vauquciin is as follows : — " Guano is of a dirty yellow colour , rather insipid to the taste , but possessing a powerful odour , partaking of castor and valerian . It turns black in the fire , and exhales a whito smoke of an _aminoniacal smell . One half its weight and upwards is dissoluble in a largo quantity of boiling water . " * The learned authors conclude from then-experiments that this powder , Guano , is composed of" 1- —Uric acid , , amounting to one-fourth , ofthe whole compound , partly saturated with ammonia and lime .

      " 2—Oxalic acid ( the sour acid in wood' sorrel ) , partly saturated with ammonia and potass * " 3—Phosphoric acid , combined with the _samebascs and lime . " 4—Small quantities of sulphate andi muriate of potass and ammonia . " 5—A little fatty matter . " C—Sand partly qtwrtzose and _pnrtlyfertiginous . " The existence of Guano in places frequented by _va-t numbers of birds , and tho iiloiititj" of its lintliro with that of the excrements oY aquatic birds , necessarily throw considerable light on tlw origin of this

      matter . Thc analysis proves how well founded was tlte ingenious comparison of that learned naturalist , M . do Humboldt , to whom wc are _indobU-d for our knowledge of this substance , " no less useful and interesting ' now to lis than it was then , and is now to the inhabitants uf Peru . It confirms tho important de * - covery inr . de by thc researches of theso eminent French , -chemists . In a word , this analysis , comborated ; is it lias been in a great degree by " thc atlalyi-isof succeeding-chemist ** , establish _^ tilt ) truth of n we ) , known maxim—" That tlm scienws mutually v -. ' . _irii-h ami _enlii-hteii rnrli _nlhevvwith Ilio li _*> lil thoy l > o .: sc ,--s . " -Al _lJwugH thv Bwi'iitilio ' , Yvi _* hl _luul ken

      Guana. [A Rustic Harangue Among A Number...

      acquainted for nearly a quarter of a cpntury with the existence of immense masses ot birds dung upon the shores of the South Sea , such is the difficulty ol introducing the suggestions of scieiice into the practice of _agriculture , that this very usclul substance had been altogether neglected , till a very _lewjcars ago a car"o was imported into Liverpool , and disposed of , 1 understand , with considerable difficulty ; and I have been informed by a Lieut . Colonel in iier Majesty s service , that it was at his suggestion to the merchants that thc first cargo was sent to England ; and , like all who suggest new things , he was ridiculed , for a longer time than he wished , and was rewarded with the cognomen of Bon . Guano . And when the importation has become immense , nnd tlio value ol the manure lias become appreciated , even yet many people regard it as a-mineral substance , while it is m reality nothing more or less than birds dung , but superior in strength to the dung of the domestic tow ] _. 6 Bird that voids it . . -.....,.... : n . , _^

      or pigeon , inasmuch as the * ua » o lives upon stron ger and more animalised food , such as sea carrion . ' In fact , it must possess the united virtues of both liquid and solid manure , for buds do not void urine , and therefore its component parts must assume thc solid form , and pass awav with the other focal matters . Since the value of Guano has become established , we send to gather it irom the rocks , not only to the shores ofthe South Sea , but to the coast of Africa ; but our " supp ly will be always confined to a few places in thc tropical climates , where rain seldom falls to wash away its soluble parts , so tliat the supplv cannot remain permanent , and we _oiiL'ht to turn our attention to the preparing ot it at homo . As chemistry has revealed to us what it js made of , we may hereafter be enabled to prepare it _ai'tiliciallv ; and modern analysis in a remarkable dc _» vcc confirms thc statements made forty years ago as to its constituents . There appears to be some eight or ten substances with which wc are well

      acquainted *— ' Uric acid , Oxalic acid , Phosphoric acid , Sulphuric acid , potass , lime , ammonia . The Uric acid is found in urine . The Phosphoric acid is found in bones . Oxalic acid is found in vegetables . Lime is found in bones and in vegetables . The Sulphuric acid , or oil of vitriol , is derived from sulphur . The Potass from vegetables . Lastly , the ammonia , ' a term which you often hear , is tlio product oflife , if I may so call it , or rather , 1 ought _tft say , _ofihuth , for it is always produced'in the decay of animal substances . It is tlte chief substance that ' plants require for food . We never behold it , and yet it exists . It is given off from grave-yards , and from all kinds of putrid matter . It must bo

      present in manure- - -, or their eiiicacy will be small . The Peruvians have a saying that " Gun no , although no saint , works miracles "; and truly it is a miracle in itself , containing as it does such a hivge quantity of that ammonia so necessary to vegetable growth . But . without doubt , wo havo at _hoxne , ready prepared to our hands , Guano as potent as that of Peru , if we only take the trouble of collecting and elaborating the fluid and fcocal matters collected near our dwellings , made up of the same substances , and possessing the same powers as the native Guano . Dr . _JJiickland says , relative to this matter , " Why should we go so far ' as the shores of Peru or Africa , when wc have the remedy within ourselves—the essence of ale and beer , and the quintessence of beef , and broad , and cheese ? These are the best of all possible manures : and why ? "B ecause tliev restore tothe land that which the corn

      ant ; the ox have taken away ; because they restore things which the atmosphere cannot restore . That clement can furnish charcoal and ammonia- in part , to _^ vowing plants , it is true * , but move is still wanting and must be restored ; especially that nutritious phosphate of beef and the g luten which enter into the commodities of which onr food is composed . "

      Agricultural Chemistry. ( Continued From...

      AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) CAKBOSIC ACID . 40 . "In all plants , " say 3 Sir II . Davy , "there _cxit-ts a system of tubc 3 or vessels , which in one extremity terminates in roots , and at the other in leaves . It is by the capillary action of the roots tliat fluid matter is taken up from the soil . TJicsap , in passing upwards , becomes denser , and more fitted to deposit solid matter ; it is modified by exposure to heat ,, light , and air in the leaves ; descends through the bark , in its progress produces new organised matter , and it is thus , in its vernal and autumnal How , the cause of the formation of new parts , and ot the more perfect . evolution of parts already formed . "

      41 . This clear and simple view of thc economy of vegetation seems to be founded upon thc lacts most plainly established , and to lead to those practices in husbandry which at once enrich the soil , and afford the host returns tothe _agvicultuvist— -practices winch equally promote the interest of the landlord and the teilililt- A _lie'V tlieorv has becu aclvaneed _. m * rather an old one has been revived , by a _dwtingiiisked philosopher abroad , nnd has been rathor hastily adopted by Professor Daubeny , of Oxford , and others . * ' \ Yc seem to bo justified , " says the Professor , "in attributing the carbon whicli plants contains exclusively to tho decomposition of carbonic acid , which , before the leaves arc developed , is introduced , together ivith the sap , by the roots , but afterwards is obtained di-|

      rectly from thc air itself , " " On a well-managed farm , " hc says in another place , " even where ( being situated at a distance from a town ) it consumes no more manure than is obtained on the premises ; at thc end ofa century , the live stock may be increased , flie crops , more . ibtindant than they wcre at the beginning , and yet every year a large quantity of carbon and nitrogen will have been carried off in the shape of corn and cattle sold . " He might have added , tliat . every living animal maintained upon the farm , is ail this tinn * exhaling carbon into tlic air . 42 . " lt is not denied , " says Liebig , "that manure exercises au influence _ujioii the development of plants ; but it may be affirmed , with positive

      certainty , tliat it neither serves for tlio production of the carbon , nor has any influence upon it , because wc find tliat the quantity of carbon produced by manured lands , is not greater than that yielded by lands which arc not manured . The discussion as to the maimer ia which manure acts has nothing to do with the present question , which is thc origin of tho carbon . The carbon must be derived from other sources : and as the soil does not yield it , it can only lie derived from the atmosphere . " In another place the same author says , "The carbon of plants must be derived exclusively from the atmosphere—carbon exists in the atmosphere only in thc form of carbonic acid . "

      40 , Carbon , says Dumas , " is procured by vegetaWes from carbonic acid exclusively , either directly from thc air , or from tliat other portion whicli the decomposition of manures constantly affords in contact with the roots . But it is especially from ' the air that plants most frequently derive their carbon How can it be otherwise , when we observe the enormous quantity of carbon appropriated bv ancient trees , and the limited space to which their roots can extend tlumselves ? Assuredly , when the ilCOI'Jl sprouted , which a hundred years ago produced the oak wo now behold with admiration , the soil into whicli it dropped ; did not contain _one-thoiisaiiutl _. ; _. urt ot the hreivood which the tree now affords . It is tlio carbonic * aeid of the air which lias supplied tlio

      remainder , that is , almost the whole . But what can be more conclusive , in addition , than the experiment of M . Boussingault , in which peas planted in sand , moistened with distilled water , and fed upon air alone , found in that air all the carbon requisite for them'to grow , to flower , and bear seeds . " 41 . Now , in the charcoal ofthe oak tree will be found , as has been stated ( par . 31 ); two per cent , of ashes , earthy and _snlino materials , the whole of which could no more exist in the soil at the time when the acorn , was planted , than could the carbon itself . Theso ashes could not be derived from the

      air ; how did they come to be part and parcel of this monarch of the wood ? _^ The space to which the roota can extend themselves Is limited , —roots cannot roam in search of food ; the food must be supplied to the roots not by air , but by water . We have _taken M . Dumas ' - * * estimate of the quantity of carbonicacid in the air as-one-part in five thousand ( par . _3-Jt ) - •* . but water can dissolve five thousand times as much , and can dissolve other materials ,, bv means of carbonic acid , as wo have stated ( par . 'Hi ) , and shall prove hereafter . 1 he experiment-of M . _Bouasincnult , with the peas , though very , interesting , is not likely to be profitably repeated on a * large scale .

      Lna _... . '" 45 . Thsrc is no substance used by the practical agriculturist more beneficially ,, for the _purpssc-of enriching and improving the-soil , than _adcareousmatter , which givestheirprincipal value to-marls aud is the essential iugredient of chalk and limestones _, keeping carbon , and ctwbonic acid ; still in view , amlifcr the purpose-indeed of placing thoso in a c eaver light , we will now advert to some _uropertie ot lime _^ ¦ ¦¦ 4 ( 5 . Marble , limestone-,, chalk ,. & c ., are largely andwidely distributed over the face of the _globe _^ and * constitute many geological formations , _intiasestin _** in their origin , and highh valuable in their _nppUcatW to the arts . Now it is . remarkable , that all thc _"re-ii geological formations , ivhieh contain carbonate of lime aro found to consist of ' me aggregated skeletons ( skdls of myriads of thc trJws of _iuvcrtebratal aninwK wltiriihavexisted in

      . o sonn _* former j . » riod o _£ * tliewonW ' _h history . Fr » m . the de * west and hardest limo . Htimo to . the HoUtout olmlk , tho entire mass resolve * _it-wlf ultimately iuto a _cowries of _aitfmnl remains _, andiiwmvn tlw great sup-ply of limo in a mineral atott * _arinos from tho deHtriictiwi of its animal sources , W . Chalk , _mivublo , or limestone , exposed to a full red heat in an _xxpen iiiv , lososnioiirlv half its wowht and become !* quicklime . Until a recent period fmo (»' . - * . quicklime ) was considered to he an _elemimhvv Hubslnnoo , one that could not l » decnmposMl , Sir U . navy , Wr _ovw , showed limo to be the oxid ' o o t' a metal which ho _ealletl colcium—cu / . « _be-ini ; tho _h-a ' _tii nmiio of Limo , whence tho opithot c < ijg , _"irt't ) iu " l m * _lmeii-applied , im l _* . Vo stated ( par , -i , _i ) , _tostunos * uid mam _mmliunui- * , Unw . Calcium is _dosovibetl ' bv Ihimi ) who liavi . stvn it , an a whito iii ,, ta _' . _H _)* , . _*| : _Oncc-jtuYaltfiit , or _cVihfe _imrts of _oxycon , unite wUlt

      . _n-s nji lfinm . The enttivalcnt niiinlioi _. _«»• i _.-. 50-5 of calcium . The equivalent number of _Jiftlthercfore , is 23 5 . * _,,, ' * ' 4 S . If water be sprinkled upon quicklime if becomes very hot , and falls into a fine powder' _u this slate it is slaked lime , or hydrate of limo Jj called because water seems to combine with it ' ;' micoffy . The number of water par . 19 } is 0 , wl _, iej " added to that of lime ( 2 _S'o ) , makes the equivalent of hvdratcoflinic 37 _' 5 . . " 49 . If more water is added to the limo a „ n fluid is formed , sometimes ca led cream of ] i , " - . this consists merely of water holding sonic of [ C lime suspended , and a very small quantity _dmjlvai This cream of linio water may be decanted oil ' . Wa . ' oniv dissolves very little lime , and , what , is verv J

      markablo , boiling water only dissolves halt as iiint . j , as verv cold water . A gallon of lime-water does not contain a quarter of an ounce of lime : so that when wc have decanted the clear water oil ' , as above , Wc mav fill the bottle again with cold water , and obtain another supply just as good as the last . 50 . Small , however , as the quantity of li mc ln ! U . be that is dissolved in water , we can soon jjjnJce it very apparent by passing through it a few bubbles of carbonic acid g . _* _is . Quicklime and carbonic acid have a great attraction the one for the other— powerfufchemieat affinity ; tlicy find each other ott t in a very surprising way . Thc chemist avails lliniseU' of this : when he suspects the presence of quick , lime in a iliiid , he shakes it up with some carbonic acid gas ; to detect carbonic acid gas , ho uses limewater .

      .. . 51 . Fill a phial or a gob'ct with clear lime-water I It is perfectly limpid , and would remain so for 1 years if thc air were excluded . Hold tlic end of a M quill , or glass tube , an inch or two below the surface 1 and breathe through it two or three times . You * y _* j ] m sec a cloud , a vapour , formed in the lime-water W % millions of minute _particlcsof chalk , yet to fmi \ _p every one of these almost invisible particles of chalk , _|? there goes exactly one chemical atom of lime with ' ii one . atom of carbonic acid , neither more nor less . % There is no such thing as strong carbonic acidor %

      , fleaklime . When lime combines with an acid , nS M carbonic acid , to form chalk or marble , sulphuric f acid to form gypsum ( which is sulphate of lime )— fe phosphoric acid to form phosphate of lime ( or tho | earth of bones)—in all these cases a definite quantity | or equivalent , a chemical atom of thc lime , unites 1 with an equally definite quantity of the _acivl * . there p ? may be an excess of acid or of base—i . e . lime ; but is tho one takes neither mora no * less than iu _ci-ni . u valent of the other , and the compound is invariably . - the same in every the minutest portion .

      52 . Limestone , chalk , carbonate of lime , free from thc admixture of foreign matters , contain precisely ¦ 14 por cent , of carbonic acid gas . It ought , there- $ fore , to lose just this weight by being burned . A & piece of limestone might be weighed , heated in a | furnace for some time , and weighed again , if a per- _^ son wanted to know the quantity of carbonic acid in 3 a given piece of marble . _JJiifc tin * _mai-eh of intellect $ has not halted here ; the agriculturist has been taught % a better method of proceeding—one requiring no me * and not much trouble , yet far more precise , founded ' l upon that system of chemical equivalents which has i been so repeatedly noticed . oo . When wo drop some strong acid upon a limc- | stone , tlic stronger acid takes possession of the lime , .- _*"

      and the carbonic acid gas flies off . This is often | found by the agriculturist to be a sufficient guide , S when his object " is merely to ascertain whether a sand 1 ov a clay contains calcareous matter ( par . 47 ) , or not . % lie pours a few dropsof aquafortis or of spirit of salt \ ( nitric or muriatic acid ) upon it , and if it effervesce , | hc _knowd it to be calcareous . Many salts in a die- | mist ' s laboratory would effervesce " with acids ; but the soil—the _laboratory of tliegreatchemist—aflbrds , \ at least ill this country , very rarely any thing of the \ kind except calcareous matter , in the form of car- j konate of limc . Thc existence of barytes and stron- j tian , in the form of carbonates , needs not to be more j than mentioned here ; magnesia is more frequent , | but effervesces very feebly with acids , and dissolves

      slowly , as it exists in rocks . The degree of effervescence will show to a practised eye the proportion of calcareous matter in tfie soil , at least it will enable the inquirer to jiutec between two ov three diffevent specimens subjected to the same experiment . But , after all , it is not the quantity of calcareous matter , or indeed of any thing else , which renders a soil valuable . More depends upon the state of division , and the presence of many other ingredients . In fact , an individual agriculturist is not well employed in mere chemical experiments . Agricidtural experiments , guided by chemical knowledge ( or rather guarded by chemical principles from gross and randon blunder ing ) , and faithfully recorded , will most profit the individual and the community .

      Si .- The following are some of the processes employed by the practised chemist to ascertain correctly the _pi'ftpbl'Uoil Of carbonate of lime in a given piece of Stone , & o .: —Having weighed the mineral to be examined , ho again balances it , along with a small bottle of acid ; then he drops it slowly into the bottle , and waits until it is dissolved . He weighs tho whole again , after the carbonic acid has been allowed to escape ; the loss of weight shows how flinch ims g _? nc off , and from this the quantity of calcareous matter can be calculated , every 22 grains of loS 3 in weight indicatintrO grains of carbonate of lime . 2 . Sometimes a dilute acid , tho strength of whieh has been previously ascertained , is added by slow degrees sd long as thc gas con ti ' nn cs to * be given off . The quantity of acid required gives ft good approximation to the quantity of calcareous matter . 3 . Thc most satisfactory mode of all , is to pour weak acid upon the

      marl , & c , to collect and filtrate the solution , then to throw down the dissolved carbonate of lime by aa alkaline carb onate , to collect and weigh it . 55 . "W c have been told ( par . 31 ) thatthe air always contains a very small quantity of carbonic acid . This is easily proved by pouring some lime water into a china saucer , or any broad and shallow glass vessel . The limc in the water , though no more than ono part in about S 00 , is almost immediately put in communication with tiie gas in the air , though the latter exists only , in the proportion of 1 part in 5000 , * and a visible film of carbonate of limc makes its appearance on tlic surface , just where the air touches thc water , and in a day or two , at the longest , every atom of the limo in __ the water will have met with its atom of carbonic acid in the air ; chalk , or carbonate of limc , will subside to the bottom of the vessel , and ihe water will not contain a trace of limc .

      5 G . From the first moment when a load of lime is rolled out from a cart up on an open field , and exposed to tlio weather , it begins to undergo changes visible to thc eye , such as have just been described . It is slaked by the first rain ; hydrate of liinc passes towards the state of carboniitc ; every subsequent sliowci * washes it away , partly suspended , partly dissolved in water ; every blast of air that passes by serves to advance the change from caustic lime to its carbonate . This change may be finally desirable , and in some degree inevitable ; the slaked , battered , debilitated stuff may answer some purpose , but careful management would accomplish much more good by a smaller expenditure . Lime undergoes very little _chmiffo so long as it is kept dry ; one lesson to be learned from chemistry is , to keep Jime under cover until it is required for use . How it is to be Used , will be considered hereafter . ( To be continued . )

      Quick Commi-Xicatiox —"What Would Folks ...

      Quick _Commi-xicatiox — "What would folks fifty years ago have said ( asks thc Pittsburgh Age ) had thev received a London paper with an " engraving of a fire m _Pittsmirg before the ruins had ceased smokin _** - * yet such is tle case now We received a paper of this kind on the -Itli , and lit a cigar among the ruins on the same morning . Axcikxt KKT , ics .-Some relics of ancient davs have lately been discovered in the course of the excavations now in progress on the _Furness Railway , ' a littie to the north of the splendid ruins of St . Man ' s Abbey , where a cavo waa found neatly covered at the top and Irom it * general appearance It is coniecturcd that it may hare been a biding place when tliis noble _2 _SJT " _/ -P _^ greatest part of it has Gnfortmatelybeen destroyed , as itwas onthe site fl r . i S ( . m , al moc » ° f ancient coin have also been __ found , ami among the number _one-of the reign of king John ; also a battle-axe , both of which are _liimir g Stat _° _^^ _yMon . -Laneaster

      _eemnS _™ _Zf ' f r _? owor of » _-kroner to » Z , " _, _L ? nf - KU _* * W ™™ R before liim i „ the . ml Si vl aJ 4 , IW _' i " * 3 tate of intei _«««» n , was on i idoiulay very properly eserciaed by Mr . .. p , VIie , at t WjSit Tl b 0 , Ore } _lhll : lt _^ e _^ _theiTavci ; , , A _hiteii an . The case _was-one of alleged . child mm- - der , and tho woman charged as bavin" been hia 5- _im-entnl in causing the dinitW deceaS Sfffli a dMW- S tn V _™? > _"wift the exception oV the a \ w _* w 7 k _« T mh } f _^ tl , e hour appointed , and id teS h _, IS ™ * _fe _" _^ , arlcr of an lioiir , he en- atS 1 _iwT * f _?*?^* f Went intoxication ,, and id . _uZiedi-iH T ' ,, , ; _" ? _r J « rovs . _The-co oner cr * _unmediatch observed : the _disgraceful condition in hu

      if ho t LT r _Sf- > - _*««• " « Mm / _inmiireiedt _Bhirtvnf A I" ™**} » , fif "We _tO'declte on the he S _* Sv ? rf tol , _bw _-sub J _^* The defendant , with the he , SS ? 5 ifJ &«' _^ iar t 0 _^ rtie » _** _stftte 8 f * so" te : fW _^ , _uYc 9 . Sir ,, perfectly _^ so . 11 * . tone audi manner , if awthinc further C « i- H _1--tondciMiato y of _hs conduct , which _heleaoribed _asl as to _^ Bl _?* _-W' _»««« e 4 N « _forthwith-itlt « _LS _? _r tet C _?? _- , t 6 p - * ° ¦ _*¦««* Prison he , h « was m _nctUately removed in tho custody _tfL _olficewerr _Jhr-rtrtwjwuw being still m attendance , the _inquirvuiir 2 _ffi u _r ! i x a _m _> lict of " _^»» d dead' \ d'V letuncd . Man the close nf tlio inquiry the coHhowe ner mUr « i » d » lette , * tn Mr . WlritlmirV the _? 0 vcniCHrnoo m _i , iitspur-atrt > et l . ompter , -requesting that _oBtceifcee lo inform Urn defendant , , ., _sufficien ' tlv sobep , thalthaa

      * L.Atev W.-Iteis Imi„, A .„ , 5u , ., W...

      * l . _atev w _.-iteis iMi „ , . „ , , ., ., ., Uon 0 f _g _^ _uiiiouii and m _Uus _nliuosplwro as i in 1 , 0 k

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 12, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_12071845/page/6/