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Northern Star (1837-1852), 10th May 1845, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, TH THE DISTURBANCES IN SWITZERLAND, [ff ...

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      May 10, 1845. The N0rtmihr^ S5tat? 7

      May 10 , 1845 . THE N 0 _RTMihR _^ S 5 _TAT ? 7

      Tfoitim Ihobemeitt^

      tfoitim _iHobemeitt _^

      " " And I Wiu War, At Least In Words, {....

      " " And I wiU war , at least in words , { . ( lad—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , T With ail who war txith Thought !" " "Ithinklhear a little hird , who sings 1 The people by and by will be the stronger . " —Biboh

      Th The Disturbances In Switzerland, [Ff ...

      TH THE DISTURBANCES IN SWITZERLAND _, [ ff [ We _postoflue an article we had prepared on another ther subject , to make way for the following able exposit position of tbe state of affairs in Switzerland , which we e we extract from the May number of Talc ' s Minburgh Magi Magazirie . We do not altogether agree with the writ * writer in Tait , bnt the points of disagreement are _butl but few , and of no great importance : moreover , the _leng length ofthe article leaves us no room for comment . ] Si _Nothing can afford a more striking example ofthe

      ¦ man manifold evils attending a federal government , than the pre ; _pre-OTtpo _^ _onof _S-sntewland . Distrust , jealousy , nay , _erei even feelings of the most hostile nature , exist "between the the different Italian , German , and French cantons which fore form this confederacy . Their political , _co-nmercial _, and reli _religious interests are in many instances diametrically opp opposed to each other . The whole countiy stands , as ma * many apprehend , on fhe brink of a civil war , because the gov government of lucerne has pleased to call the Jesuits to the their canton , and to appoint them to be the instructors of its its youth .

      1 This affair is so mixed up with tbe politics of the tw twenty-two petty governments , of which the nation , if su such it can "te Killed , is composed , that , rightly to underit _itand the agitation produced by this measure , it is neces-Ea Eary to know something of the progress of feeling , and tb the changes which have occurred in the country during ¦ ft the last twenty years , as weU as the respective positions of of its different parties , before tliis new firebrand was cs cast between them . It is well known that at the peace of IE 1815 , Switzerland regained , with certain modifications , it its ancient laws and governments , as they had existed bef ( fore the French Directory forced its inhabitants to acc cent a new constitution , and the name of the Uelvetigue ( Confederacy . The chief differences were , that all the i inhabitants of the country were made burghers of their

      _i - respective cantons , instead of the political rights of freei men being confined to about 100 , 000 of the privileged , as I had formerly been the case ; and that the despotism of an t aristocracy was exchanged for the domination of paid i magistrates and public officers . Every canton still con-1 tinnes a state within itself , whose government is subject to no interference from its confederates , except when any ' of its acts appear inimical to their common or individual interests . Their laws and constitutions are in various degrees democratic and aristocratic ; in the democratic cantons the supreme power _belongs to the general assembly of the citizens ; in Berne , Lucerne , Zurich , ic , the affairs are conducted by a council chosen hy the people This chamber chooses its _' own president ; it elects also the

      burgomaster , or chief magistrate of the town , and an eaecntive council . The diet directs the general affairs of the confederation , and every canton has a . voice in the diet Its meetings are held alternately in Berne , Lucerne , and Zurich ; and when not sitting , the direction of general affairs is confided to a council of state , held in the one of these three cantons , which , for the time being , is the directing canton . They each enjoy this privilege two years in rotation . Zurich , since the commencement of 1815 , is the seat of government , and even members of its administration compose the council of state . In the canton of Lucerne , and several others , though not in tbat of Zurich , the people have the right of holding assemblies in their communes , and passing a veto npon any act of the cantonal council .

      Though the people obtained their political rights in 1615 , the towns retained many of their ancient privileges and oppressive monopolies . In Zurich no peasant had a right to sell anything without permission . All trades and manufactures were kept in the possession of tbe town , whose aristocracy was composed of silk weavers , silk mercers , tallow chandlers , and so forth . Even the butchers were a privileged caste , whose gains were immense , and whose pride was not inferior to that of the proudest nobles of other lands . But it was impossible for Switzerland long to retain these petty institutions of the middle ages , in the midst of the great social movement of the nineteenth century . In 1830 , numerous changes werc made . The sovereignty of the people , the freedom of the press , and the right of holding assemblies or foiming unions for the discussion of public measures , were made principles of the constitution . In Berne , in Aargau , and in Zurich , the liberals obtained possession of thegovernment , and a year later in Lucerne .

      In Zurich their first measures were to grant to all the inhabitants of the canton the same privileges as the town ' s burghers , to do away -with all obnoxious restraints upon commerce , to throw down the walls of the town , and remove the cannon which had heen ever ready to be turned against the peasants in case of rebellious discontent They likewise granted Catholics the pennissiou to become burghers of the town , and allowed a Catholic mass to "be performed in one of the churches . But whilst they bestowed so many advantages on the country , they left nothing undone to render the peasantry capable of profiting by them . Excellent schools were established in every commune throughout the canton , of which before there had been a great want ; a synod was appointed for the general superintendence of edncation ; and high schools were erected both in Zurich and Berne , of which the professors are paid try the government Splendid roads were formed jin every direction , and the post placed upon a footing with the greatest countries in Europe .

      Bat this rapid progression did not last long . The aristocrats , enraged by the _disninutio-d of their privileges , lost no opportunity of exciting the peasantry , amongst whom the whole country is divided as little land proprietors , against the liberal government , to which they owed so much . The rural class were at that time in a state of deplorable ignorance , and easily worked upon by the clergy , who were strongly attached to the aristocratical party , and scrupled not , by their dictation , to preach politics from their pulpits . The nomination , by the liberal _goTenanent , ofthe celebrated German sceptic Strans 9 , to a professorship in the university , nnfortunately speedily afforded them a pretext to make use of the old cry , " The church is in danger , to arouse thepeasantry ; and though the administration , perceiving their imprudence , revoked

      their appointment of the professor , and pensioned him off , several months afterwards , on the 6 th of Sept , 1839 , their enemies induced a band of countrymen to march into tbe town of Zurich in arms , and compel the liberals to resign the government They succeeded to their wishes . The aristocrate , in this unconstitntaonal manner , were reestablished in authority , and remain so to this day . But to their hitter mortification they have been unable to annul the liberal institutions of their predecessors . The schools during fourteen years have everywhere wraoght great changes amongst the younger peasantry ; and the feelings and prospects ofthe country are no longer the same as when the aristocrats before held the reins of government The aristocrats of the town now detest the

      inhabitants of the canton with the same earnest hatred with wliich they detested them in the thirteenth century . They regard them rather as usurpers of their rights , than as fellow-countrymen ; they are fearful of their progressing knowledge , and widely declaim against the danger of popular education ; they are jealous of their extending commerce , when they see the peasant-born inhabitants of the country profiting by far more extensive commercial enterprises than the proud old burghers of the town , who once enjoyed the monopoly of trade . A conntry cotton weaver , born a peasant , has derived , during last year , a _p-ofit of between thirty and forty thousand pounds frem his various establishments ; which is Tmore than has been made by all the manufacturers of the town of Zurich put together .

      The aristocrats regard even the singing clubs , nowgeneral throughout the country , as nests of radicalism . At an assembly of these societies , a year and a half ago , in Zurich , when a dinner for two thousand persons was _swved in u pretty temporary building erected for the fete , * he aristocrats considered it would be inconsistent with their principles , either to be seen in the church where the clubs sang , or at their well-served dinner . Some went so far as actually to forbid their children to look out of the window at the processions of the singers . Such is in Switzerland the petty malevolence of parry feeling . Yet greater annoyance was given by the liberal spirit tliat pervaded the national -meeting of free-shooters at Basle last summer , where the loudest diapprobation of the Jesuits was openly expressed .

      In the canton of Lucerne , the government , after being ten years in the hands of the liberals , was recovered by the aristocrats in 1 S 41 ; but although the Jesuits , by accredited and unaccredited agents , have for some time lent them powerful assistance , theinfluence ofthe age has also _fcwe _beenfelt , and a very powerfulliberal party still exists . To -It-fend themselves from its further progress , the _admi" _¦' _'iration thought it expedient , at the end of last year , to _^ nimn " , i the Jesuits to their churches and their schools _, it - - ' - Kirs tbat both the Catholic and Protestant aristcwats consider the diffusion of knowledge inimical to their JiteresH * for nearly at the 6 ame time that the Jesuits _*« t called to exercise their narrow system of education n _luct-rne , Vr . Bluntschli , the leader of the government 10 Zurich , proposed a measure in the council , calculated * o undermine the present sy _sjem of education in that can-* - ° n , by the suppression of the school synod . Fortunately " he attempt proved abortive .

      So sooner was the intention of the government of _Lineme to establish the Jesuits amongst them known , "¦ hat the most violent discontent was manifested amongst _heliUi-d Catholics of that canton , as well as by the _"ottstants of Berne and Aargau . An attempt was _*? Se bv the people to arrest the measure by the exercise 01 _'•* " _** -veto , but their numbers proving throughout the ass ,: n -l _* laes to be only 7985 against 18 , 246 , the Jesuits were declared on the 5 th of January to "be fully installed . Here , as in every other country , this religious society _k more ohuo _* ao _* 3 _Sto- & _e"fib ** ta * l party from political than

      _religioiis motives . In feet , indifference as to doctrine seems in a great measure to have replaced the zeal of the _**"! Pro testan ts in the north of . Switzerland ; and it is ™ opinion frequently expressed by the aristocrats of _« _- « Persuasion , that a Jesuit is preferable to a Liberal ; _^ " _^ _"ww that the principles of the Jesuits are their _™^ and that their mutual object is the destruction of _ffcrythk _gljie freedom , both in church and state . The _awrals are , on _fte contrary , opposed to them , for fhe _^ e reason , as well as the consciousness thattheirown _^• ess and safety would be compromised by their

      supre-The friends of the Jesuits amongst the Protestants _««» , frequentl y assert that they are no longer the same «««> se who formerly rendered their society so obnoxious ,

      Th The Disturbances In Switzerland, [Ff ...

      that they are influenced by different feelings , & c . ; bnt an answer to this assertion has been admirably given in an address made to the diet last year in Berne , by Augustin Keller , the representative of the canton of Aargau . in which he exposes the laws of tiie order , still in action as at their commencement , and traces the history of their conduct since their introduction into Switzerland . Since the year 1 C 61 , when they first obtained a footing in the country , they have repeatedly been expelled from it , and yet have regained all their former influence since their recall to Freiburg in 1818 . By missions , miracles , fanatical pamphlets and journals , they have disturbed the peace of the people , and filled them , to tbe utmost of their power , with mistrust and hatred of all holding different opinions in religion or in politics , whilst they have represented all improvements in education or the laws as

      dangerous to the true faith . But their activity has been most restless since the year 1330 , when the establishment ot the liberty of the press , the right of forming public political unions , and the acknowledgment of the sovereignty of tiie people , gave new vigour to the liberal party in Switzerland . The Jesuits lost no time in turning these changes to their own advantage . They instituted all kinds of unions , or clubs , amongst the Catholics , where weekly and monthly contributions were collected , to be applied to influence the elections and to various other political purposes ; and everywhere the press was made the artillery of this secret spiritual army , and waged war against the spirit of improvement with ever increasing virulence . Their influence extends far and wide , by means of their religious political unions , of their secret emissaries , their gold , their flattery , and their missions of faith , which

      they have sent even into the Protestant cantons ; but above all , their principles of education are considered as most dangerous to the republic . In the canton of Schwytz , they are said to have rendered themselves exceedingly obnoxious to the peasantry , though the town has largely contributed to the erection of the noble college they have recently built there . In the Catholic canton of Uri , though its inhabitants are ready to march to the assistance of Lucerne , not a Jesuit is permitted to enter ; and Berne has recently dismissed from all public employments every one known to have been a pupil of the order . Miiller , the chief magistrate of Lucerne , was once a radical , and the most violentenemyofthefraternity of Jesus , though now their zealous supporter . His ardent efforts in their behalf have principally contributed to their establishment there .

      Bnt though all reasonable men , who respect the liberty , and desire the welfare of their country , have beheld this triumph of tiie Jesuits with regret , they equally deplore that the liberals of Aargau , gome time ago , made a foolish , inefficient , and illegal attempt , to change the government of Lucerne , and drive the Jesuits from the canton by force of arms , instead of endeavouring to obtain redress by constitutional means . Their success must legally have been useless , and their failure has multiplied the difficulties , and the evil feelings previously existing amongst the allied cantons . The government , though so weak as to have been at the point of abdicatingat their approach , quickly obtained a victory over their rebellious subjects and the free bands , which , after a slight conflict , took to flight on the first alarm . The little cantons and Zurich assembled their soldiers to proceed , in case of need , to the assistance of Lucerne ; but it is believed , that had their aid been required , the soldiers of the latter , who are all Protestants ,

      would have refused to march for the defence of the Jesuits , however much their governors might have desired it . An immense number of arrests have been subsequently made in Lucerne . A kind of military law has been declared ; and the property of all concerned in the rebellion , who have either fled , or are in custody , nearly fifty persons , has been sequestered before they have been tried , or found guilty , under pretence of paying the expenses arising from their rebellion . The government has even refused to be responsible for their debts ; a measure which Dr . Kasimir Pfyffer declared in their great council , was a death-blow to the credit of the canton , an exasperation of both parties , and a measure which must provoke conflicts with other cantons . It is asserted that more than four thousand pounds are due to inhabitants of the little towns on the lake of Zurich alone . Serious fears are entertained , that at least the chiefs of those now incus * tody will be condemned tobe shot ; and as several are natives of Aargau , the Protestants of tbat canton are in a state of fearful agitation .

      After the suppression of this petty rebellion , the grand council of Zurich sent a deputation to Lucerne to request the government , as friends , to restore the peace of tbe country by dismissing the Jesuits . This they refused to do , till compelled by an order from the diet , which it is the duty of all the cantons to obey . As this assembly , according to the ordinary regulations , would not have met till the commencement of July , the liberals were anxious that , to restore the pnblic peace , a special diet Should be summoned as soon as possible . The power to do so this year rests with Zurich ; but though . Berne and Aargau sent a special embassy to request that it might be done without delay , the council of state at first refused to comply with their wishes ; but it soon afterwards found itself compelled to summon a diet , which , after a great deal of debate , separated on the 18 th of March , without

      doing anything either in relation to the expulsion of the Jesuits or the suppression of the free bands , —leaving , in spite of their professed fears of ultramontane influence , the Jesuits nearly four months more of certain dominion in Lucerne , and the excited country , for the same period , exposed to all the dangers of a renewed civil war . There was not even a majority for requesting Lucerne to dismiss the Jesuits ; and tiie whole question is deferred to be decided by a second diet , which will probably leave it for a third , while , in the meantime , the Society of Jesus secures the ground it has gained . It is the general belief that the Jesuits cannot be rooted out without a civil war ; and one of the first results of the state of suspense in which the separation of the special diet witliout having come to a decision has left matters , was the late attack of the free corps on the town of Lucerne . On

      Sunday the 30 th March , the free corps , to the number of eight or ten thousand , with the refugees from Lucerne , entered that canton from Aargau . On the 31 st they carried all before them , and reached the walls of the town of Lucerne . For two hours they had it in their power to burn and destroy it But anxious to spare the place , they negotiated for a capitulation . Reinforcements having arrived in the interval to the aid of the govern _, ment , the insurgents were driven back with great slaughter , many of them having been taken prisoners . In the meantime the Jesuits are retained ; and it might almost be suspected , that whilst the obnoxious order has openly triumphed in the one canton , it has not less been secretly at work in the other , where the aristocrats do not scruple to throw the whole blame of the _uistarbances on the liberals , and flatlv to deny their assertion , that the Jesuits

      are tbe authors of the-evil . They show no anxiety for the removal of this order ; because they believe the -radicals desire their expulsion from the country , as the first step towards a complete change of the present state of things . In feet , they assert , there exists a powerful party in the country , discontented with its present constitution _, and who consider that for its commercial and political prosperity it is absolutely necessary to establish a central government , and to equalise the representation of the people , instead of the little cantons having , as at present , as much power in the diet as those which have more than twenty times their number of inhabitants . "Were this the case , Berne would be the seat of Government , and Neuhaus , its present liberal burgomaster or seliultheiss _, in all probability the first president of these new United States . Zurich and Lucerne , no longer , in rotation , the

      seats of Government , would decline into mere country towns ; and their citizens , who could hope no more to have the felicity of enjoying the dignity of Secretaries of State on a hundred a-year , or dividing amongst them a number of other subordinate offices , loudly declare they would rather submit to be cut in pieces , than consent to sueh a change . These little honours and emoluments , in a town of seventeen thousand inhabitants , are as much the objects of intrigue , vanity , and ambition , as the employments of au empire . Sucli desires and feelings , united with there-awakening of religious enmity , appear to be the fundamental causes of the present disturbances in Switzerland , which it is too probable may be of long duration . Many well judging people consider the centralisation of the Government as absolutely necessary to bind the Catholic and Protestant cantons together , and to preserve the country entire as a nation ; whilst , hy putting an end to the undue influence of tiie little agricultural cantons in thc representation , its commercial

      interests can alone be advanced , and a union formed with the Zollverdn . But few of the most sanguine hope that this can be effected in our time . Too many conflicting prejudices , too many opposite interests , and bitter passions , are called into existence by the mere idea of such a measure . From the Catholic peasant in the mountains , to the rich silk merchant of Zurich at his desk , all those attached to ancient usages and privileges , see in it the ruin , not only of their country , but of tlieir own individual canton , and individual interests , —involving the lass of power , whicli all have now the hope of one day enjoying . The aristocrats believe that the principles of the Jesuits are a barrier against this , and all other such liberal innovations ; and to this the order is principally indebted for the influence it has recently obtained in Switzerland . On this point there appears to be an excellent understanding between the Catholics aud Protestants of this party . They both protest that all the steps they have taken are to protect the country from the demoralisation and anarchy with which it is menaced by the diffusion of radical

      principles . Bnt whatever may be their professions , it is quite certain that Switzerland is no longer the seat of those disinterested sentiments , and noble feelings , which once illuminated its history . On the contrary , the chief characteristic of its rulers and of its society is littleness!—the littleness of small towns . Ambition is little , political views are narrow , and intrigues are for paltry objects . Great talents find no « xercise worthy of their powers ; and it is not wonderful that where they do exist , their possessors desire fo see a capital in tlieir own country , and a means afforded by a central Government for the development of a larger system both of commerce and of

      politics . Though great advances have heen made m education , much yet remains tobe done as regards moral culture . The Protestant clergy are unfortunately regarded with little respect throughout the canton of Zurich , since many of _ft-an allowed themselves to be made the tools of parry ; their churches are thinly attended , whilst drinking houses , dancing rooms , and the theatre , are crowded every Sunday to excess . There is no country in the world where there exists in proportion such an enormous number of pnblic houses , and those of the worst character , or where they are so continually frequented , alike by young students , thepeasantry , and the townsmen . The universal laxity of morals is almost incredible .

      Th The Disturbances In Switzerland, [Ff ...

      Whilst , however , the views of the Liberals ore more enlarged , and better calculated to enable their country to keep pace with the _progrew ofthe age , than those of their opponents , it is to be regretted that they have afforded them , in various ways , just grounds for reproach . Many of the leaders of ihe parry make no secret of their want of respect for the established religion ; and on several occasions they have shown a great want of political prudence in provoking the enmity of the clergy of their own perT suasion , and by precipitating measures which , without effecting any good , have excited the malevolence of their opponents , and the distrust of their more prudent friends .

      France.-Tiie Jesuits—The Fortifications....

      FRANCE .-TIIE JESUITS—THE FORTIFICATIONS . The proceedings in the French Chamber of Deputies have within the last few days been more than ordinarily interesting . The progress ofthe Jesuits in France has at length aroused public attention , and on Friday M . Thiers raised a debate by interrogating the Ministers as to their intentions with respect to that order . As in Protestant England , so in Catholic France , the Jesuits are proscribed by the law ; yet although they were driven out of the httercountry by the revolution of 1830 , —which revolution they mainly provoked , —they have within the last fifteen years stealthily returned , and are now spread over France in considerable numbers , everywhere plottine against

      liberal principles , and everywhere striving _touring the population under their debasing influence . The revelations of Eugese Sub , and the insolent assumption ofthe clergy to directtheeducation of the people , has at length excited public apprehension ; whicli apprehension has been strengthened into excitement by the recent events in Switzerland . The question at issue in France is , whether the Government will continue to tolerate the illegal and dangerous existence of the Jesuits , or order their expulsion . M . Thiers himself is the very incarnation of political Jesuitry ; anything therefore straightforward from him is not to be expected . In all probability his motives for mooting the question are , that he aspires to gain popularity with the classes opposed to the

      Jesuits , and also wishes to divert public attention at this moment from the question ofthe arming of the P * _risfortifications . The debate , however , has drawn out the Government , who , in the persons of the Attorney-General and the Keeper of Hie Seals , have declared in emphatic language against the intrigues of the Jesuits . The Attorney-General concluded his speech as follows : — "The laws exist and are efficacious ; wisdom , perhaps , counsels that they be allowed to sleep for a time , —for peace is better than war , and persuasion better than force ; but if peace be no longer possible , and persuasion fruitless , the laws , I repeat , exist , and ought to be executed . " That the French Government are in earnest is shown by the appointment of M . Rossi aa an envov

      to Rome , te endeavour , if possible , by amicable means to procure the withdrawal of the Jesuits . Should this mission fail , more potent measures w ! dl probably be adopted . It must not be supposed that it is from any love of liberty that Louis PmzrprE and Co . are opposed to tbe Jesuits . The cause of their opposition is , that they know that the Jesuits , not content with enslaving the people , aspire also to " rule the _nui-ERs" of the people . This , Louis Philippe and Co . have no fancy for . They have no objection to use the priests to gull the ignoraut people , and thus render them fit slaves for their political tyrants—but the tyrants themselves have no inclination to be governed by the priests . Louis _Piuuppe is too cunning to be made the miserable dupe that Charles the iTenth was made : the Jesuits must not attempt to rule Mm . i

      The discussion on the arming of the fortifications has ( up to the time of writing these remarks ) not yet terminated : but the result , any one may foretell . That result will be the arming of the forts , and then no more " glorious three days" for Paris ! No matter what the grievances , what the slavery of the people ;' no matter what their bravery ; no matter how willing ' they may be to die for liberty : die they may—but small chance will they have of winning _^ liberty . The forte and wall once armed , there will be but two modes left by which a revolution can possibly be effected in Paris—the one the gaining over the army to the views of the revolutionists * the other the Moscowing the city , and thus compelling the bourgeoisie to yield to terror what they would deny to justice . The Aational m , at last , when too late , beginning to view the fortifications in their true light . That paper says : — !

      On the feast reflection , it will be admitted that the cannon placed in the forts , or on the continuous wall , could never be employed to put down a revolution-, but , _al-j though powerless as effective means , they may become very perilous as means of prevention . Persuade an entire population that at the first disturbance Paris willbebonu barded ; render tliis fear general , especially among those who bave bouses and shops—among the bourgeoisie who possess property—and you will see the whole of that bourgeoisie turn with violence against those who should have heen excited to revolt by an attempt against the national sovereignty . This is what has been calculated upon . It was , above all , the moral effect that was aimed at—it is by preventive intimidation that it is hoped to pre . vent revolution , and to secure the strongest chances by placing beforehand the timid on the side of the government .

      The National does not favour the world with the extraordinary reasons on which it grounds its opinion that the cannon of the forts could never be employed to put down a revolution ; but it now admits that the forts were intended for that purpose , and will be effective for that end . The National supposes the possibility of an " attempt against the national sovereignty , which would justify a revolt ! Wh y what a humbug this is . '—as if there was any " national sovereignty" in France tb make an attempt against ! The only sovereignty that exists in that country is the sovereignty of the profit-mongers , guided by a perjured king , and backed by _anoverwhelming military force . The "national sovereignty" in France—heavens , what a mockery I The A " ational Bhould remember that to its party—thc rabid , unprinci p led anti-English war faction—is mainly to be attributed the emuastillement of Paris :

      and the Parisians will yet curse those who misled them into the tolerating of this liberticidal scheme . It is on the frontiers the integrity of France must be maintained . If not maintainable there , no Parisian forts can save France _^ from the foot of the invader . This the crafty old Binncr , Louis Philippe , knows very well ; and it was not against foreigners that the fortifications were erected , but to keep down the MASSES of Paris . Poorfools ! Theybuiltwallstokeep out the English ! If the Parisians had . none but the English-to guard against , they might at once "beat their swords into ploughshares , and their spears into pruning-hopks . " It is not the stranger without , but the domestic spoliator and oppressor within , whom the Parisians have to fear , and whose rapacity and tyranny they will now struggle against in vain . In aiding in the embastillement of Paris , the National and its party have earned for themselves the condemnation ofthe patriots of all nations .

      Ftmimuutt Audf S-Orticuitur^

      _ftmimUutt auDf _S-orticuItur _^

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , May 13 th , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diart of Actual ! Operations on five small farms on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tlieir own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two scliool farms at WiUingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : onc worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school faim at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the sameplace . Theconsecutiveoperationsinthesercpoi _* will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by " Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      "The wisest men—the greatest philosophers—after in vain seeking for happiness in every variety of pursuit , have found it in the cultivation of the ground . " Note . — The scliool farms arc cultivated by boys , ' wh * in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give _three ' hours of their labour in the afternoon for the _mastcx- ' s benefit , which renders the schools sx } LV _sitporiixg . We believe that at Farnly Tyas-sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm ivill be assigned to the boys , and one-savexuli to the master , who ivill receive the usual school fees , help die boys _to-cultivate tlieir land , axid teach them , in additiott to readixxg , writing , < fcc , to convert their prodnce'inio bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion- to their services , and bemadethusindirccily _toreach UieirparexiUin a way thc most grateful to their feelixxgs . ]

      SUSSEX . _WosnAv—WiUingdon School . Boys digging and manuring ground for swede turnips , setting potatoes after tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging aim manuring ground for carrots , hoeing tares , and gathering roots and weeds . Piper . Emptying the tank , and mixing liquid with ashes , using this mixture for turnips ; the fly has never meddled ivith them . DumbreU . Planting potatoes . Tuesday—WiUingdon School . The same as yesterday Eastdean School . Boys digging , planting potatoes , hoeing forward ones , and tares , collecting roots and weeds . Piper . The same as yesterday . ¦ _# _" _¦*""' ¦ - brett . Setting potatoes , and digging . _Websesvat—WiUingdon School . Boys digging and manuring for swedes . Eastdean School . Boys _digging and dibbling mangel wurzel , pouring tank liquid along the drills . Piper . Sowing turnips ;

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      doing it in June will not ansiver at Beachy-head , whatever it may do in a richer soil . Dumbrell Digging . Thursday— WiUingdon School . Boys digging , & c ., for swedes . Eastdean School , Preparing ground for turnips , hoeing tares , and putting chalk among tlm tares and wheat . Piper . Cleaning piggery ; their urine probably a preventive against the attack of the fly . DumbreU . Digging . Fbidat—WiUingdon School . Boys digging , Ac ., for swedes . Eastdean School . Boys preparing for turnips , rolling the barley , sorting potatoes , and housing them . Piper . Sowing turnips . Dumbrell . Digging . Saturday— WiUingdon School . Boys breaking clods , the ground very dry . Eastdean School . Boys digging , and sowing garden with lucerne seed , manuring with tank liquid . Piper . Seeking about for mould , planting cabbages , earthing up beans . Dum & reB . Digging .

      YORKSHIRE . Slaithivaite Tenants . John Bamford , cleaning about and conveying roots to mix with tank liquid . ' COW-FEEDING . JliUingdon School . Cows stall-fed on winter tares and green clover . Buxnbrell ' s . Two _cotvs fed in thc stall with Italian rye grass , afterwards grazed in the pasture , and _fcdinoniand even with Italian rve grass . Heifer stall-led with potatoes and hay .

      NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . DrauiNo Turnips on the Level . —In the light lauds , with a chalk sub-soil , during a very dry summer , whole fields of turnips drilled upon ridges failed , while adjacent ones drilled upon the level bore a good crop . __ From such experience , and after much consideration , Mr . Almack says , that for white as well as swede turnips on thin and dry soils generally , the balance of probable advantage appeared to be in favour of the level system . —Journal of the R . A . Society of England . Tis harmony , By which all beings are adjusted , each , To all around , impelling and impell'd , In endless circulation .

      E ' en animals subsist On anhnals ; in infinite descent ; And all so fine _acljustod , that the loss Ofthe least species would disturb the whole . —Thomson . Harmonies in Nature . —In manuring for turnips do not rely upon saline mixtures as substitutes tor farm-yard manure . Use them only as auxiliaries , scattered in with the manure partly , and partly as top dressings . You may uso guano as a substituteit being of animal origin , —It comes from the guano ,

      a bird . The guano lives upon fish and sea carrion These extract the animal matters directly , or indirectly , through inferior tribes of beings , from the waters ofthe ocean , and the ocean receives from the land the excrements of man and animals through its tributary streams—the rivers . Thus , how beautiful the harmony displayed . We allow precious manures to be swent into the sea . They are not lost . They sustain lite in myriads of creatures . After the lapse of centuries we gather them from the rocks in _foreitm climes , and bring them home once more to furnish elements for the food of man .

      Bone Solution . —The application of bone solution , diluted with much water , has been tried in different parts as a substitute for dung . R . W . Purchas , Esq ., of Chepstow , in Monmouthshire , has published a treatise giving a detail of his own , and a summary of many experiments that have been made hy others , which shew the extraordinary value of the application . Without acquiescing entirely with M . Leibig _, that 40 lbs of bones so decomposed may be sufficient for an acre of turnips , we must acknowledge that the experiments of the Duke of Richmond , Mr . Laws , Mr . Purchas , and others , prove decisively , that fr om 3 _J to six bushels of dissolved bones , have produced greater crops than a large quantity of farm-yard manure , ana shewn greater energy of action than a much greater quantity of bone dust .

      Remarkaele Discovery . —Electricity and Agricowbibj . —The element-which now promises to be turned to the increased uses of man in the most extraordinary way is electricity . Already we find communications made , and conversations sustained , between parties fifty miles apart , with nearly as much rapidity as could be performed by any system of symbols in the same room . By means of the electric telegraph , London is brought into instantaneous proximity with Windsor , Southampton , and other places , and before long there is every reason to expect that communications may be made between all the important parts of the country in a few seconds . We have already seen some extraordinary examples of the effects of this rapid communication , not the least

      striking of which was the capture ofthe late unhappy man , Tawell . On the other li 3 nd , we now hear of games of chess and whist being sustained and carried on at distances of fifty or sixty miles , as if the parties were all in thc same room . Hitherto it has been thought' that a man having the start for any _object by railway was secure from pursuit , but now this new agent will arrest liis . ' progress , or anticipate his arrival at any point with more ease than a man on the fleetest horse could overtake another on foot . But of all the uses to which this new and marvellous agent has been applied , none promises such remarkable results as to agriculture . It is a principle which has been long admitted and understood , that electricity had a considerable effect on vegetation : but it has not

      been till now that ; any practical application of that aid has been attempted . Of late many experiments have been made ,. in a manner , too , which afford means of judging , not only the comparative result but comparative cost . And we are bound to say that they are Buch , that we look upon this new agent aB one likely , before long , to produce as great a revolution in agriculture as the inventions of the steamengine or the spinning-jenny have done in manufactures . AVe have before us the result of one experiment on a considerable scale , which , we tliink , cannot but prove highly , interesting to our readers . It took place in the north of Scotland , and was made by Dr .

      . Forster , of Findrassie , near Elgin , who produced from a single aero one hundred and eight bushels of chevalier barley . A portion of a field of barley , to which the electric application was made , produced last year at the rate of thirteen quarters and a half to the acre , while the surroundingland , similarly treated in other respects , produced the usual quantity of jfiue to six quarters to the acre . The following is a detail of the very simple mode in wliich the electric fluid is collected and applied to influence the land . A field is divided into oblong squares , 80 yards long and GOi yards wide , and _contoininj" _* , therefore , just one acre each . The following is a plan of such square : —¦ A __ G B li - North . E _~ w _~~ - _w _,- ~ _vy—v-.-w _^ y — J * South . ' * _"' 80 ! Yards . _i- ** _l-o Q 5 D At each of the points A , B , C , and D , pegs are driven into the ground ; the external lines represent strong iron wires , extending from and fastened to each of the four pegs , and communicating with each other so as to form a square of wire , sunk three inches below the surface ; at the points E and F poles are fixed in the ground fifteen feet high ; a wire is connected with the cross wire beneath the surface , atthe point E , — carried up the pole and aloHg the centre ofthe square to the top ofthe pole at F , down -which it is conducted and fixed to the cross wire beneath the surface at that point , Wc must here remark that .. the square must be so formed , to run from north to south , so that thc wire passing from E to F shall be at right angles with the equator . It is well known that a considerable body of electricity is generated in the atmosphere , and constantly tra-! veiling from east to west with the motion of the earth . This electricity is attracted by the wire suspended from E to F , and communicated to the wires forming the square under the surface of the ground , from the points A , B , C , and D . It has , however , been suggested to us , by a veiy competent authority , who has at this moment a number of experiments going forward to test this extraordinary new power I in a variety of ways , that any quantity of electricity could be generated that might be required , by placing under the ground , at the point G , a bag of charcoal , and plates of zinc at the point II , and to connect thc two by a wire passing over two poles similar to those at E and F , and crossing the longitudinal wire passing from those points . Thc cost at which this application can be made is computed at one pound per acre , and it is reckoned to last ten to fifteen years , the wires being carefully taken up and replaced each year . We may mention the result of an experiment on a small scale of the effect of electricity on vegetation . Two small parcels of mustard seed were sown —to one electricity was applied , the other was left to its usual course : the result was , that while the former grew three inches and a half , the latter grew only one inch . We should also state , that the barley produced at the rate of thirteen quarters and a half to the acre , weighed nearly two pounds more to the bushel than any other in the neighbourhood . This discovery is certainly likely to present a very full compensation for the exhaustion of Ichaboe . In reply to several inquiries we may say that the cost of a square 55 by 22 yards , being an area of half an acre , would . be—for 6 lib of iron wire at 4 d-per lib ( for burying ) 2 s ; 4 lib of ditto at 3 d per lib ( for suspension ) Is ; two poles of dry woodls ; labour , & c , Is ; total 5 s . As the area increases the cost diminishes . Convenient and desirable areas are , for two acres , 120 by 80 _2-3 ' rds yards ; one acre , 80 by _COJ ; three quarters of an acre , 82 } by 44 ; half an acre , 73 l-3 rd by 33 ; quarter of an acre , 55 by 22 ; one eighth of an acre , 40 by 15 } . The mode in which the plot is laid out is as follows . With a mariner's compass and measured lengths of common string , lay out the places for the wooden pins , to which the buried wire is attached ( by passing through a small

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      stajdel . Care must be taken to Jay thc leugth of the buried wire due north and south by compass , and tho breadth due east and west . This wire must be placed from two to three inches deep in the soil . The lines of the buried wire are then completed . The suspended wire must be attached and in contact with the buried wires at both of its ends . A wooden pin with a staple must therefore be driven in , and the two poles ( one fourteen feet and the other fifteen feet ) being placed by the compass due north and south , the wire is placed over them , and fastened to the wooden stake , but touching likewise at this point the buried wire . The suspended wire must not be drawn too tight , otherwise the wind will break it .

      The above calculations will perhaps enable our readers to decide the quality or size of the wire used . When our attention was first called to this question , we were forcibly struck witli a practical difficulty , if it should be carried very generally into practice , viz ., that thc free electricity in thc atmosphere would be insufficient to influence an extensive surface , to which this means of attracting it might be applied . But we were indebted to the suggestions ofthe accomplished geologist and agricultural chemist , the Rev . William Thorp , of _Womersley , for the easy and simple mode mentioned in our last , by wluch electric fluid could be generated . The principle being once known , the means of applying it are thus furnished without anv limit . — Economist .

      Professor _Lieuio's New Manures . —These manures will be brought out very shortly , in order that they may be tried on the present year ' s crops . We understand that the principal ingredients of these manures are the same as those contained in the most valuable manures now in uso , such as guano , stable dung , & c . ; and their superiority is expected and intended to consist in the more economical application of the ingredients . At present tho most valuable parts of the different manures used are applied in a state of extreme solubility , and are , in consequence , washed away by the rains , whilst , in the manures of Liebig , these valuable essences are combined with substances which cause them to pass very slowly into solution . This is especially the case with tlic alkalies , which , as at present applied , are lost almost

      immediately , but which , whenchemically combined with other _substances j are expected to last for years , The following is Professor _Liebig ' s account of the principal constituents which it is desirable to combine in any artificial manures , and which it has been his endeavour to combine in his : _—Eax-thy Phosphates : The most important of these is phosphate of lime , wliich occurs in nature as a mineral called apatite . It is the principal element in bones , whicli , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived of their animal matter . The rapidity of the effects of phosphate of lime on the growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility . __ Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this solubility , if the soil is rich in vegetable matters , which furnish carbonic acid by their decomposition

      , and which acid is required for rendering the phosphate of lime soluble in water , and introducing it into the organism of the plants . In the calcined state thc bones act sufficiently quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of solubility is wanting , their action is slower . In my work I had recommended the addition of a certain quantity of sulphuric acid , both in order to render the bones more soluble , and to change the neutral phosphate of thc bones into gypsum and into a phosphate whicli contains more acid ( superphosphate ol lime ) . I have been informed that this advice has been most extensively adopted , that the superphosphate of lime has been found to be a most efficacious manure , and that it forms already a most important article of commerce . A second earthy phosphate , not less important , is the phosphate of

      magnesia , which it is well known enters in a stiJl larger proportion than the phosphate of lime into the composition of the grain . The Alkaline Phosphates , although not originally found in nature , are important elements of the seeds of grain , of peas , beans , & e , A rational farmer must provide them in sufficient quantities to those plants which require them for their development , from knowing that human excrements increase the produce in grain in a far greater proportion , because they contain alkaline phosphates , than the animal excrements , in which they do not exist . The Alkalies ( potash and soda ) must be constituents of every rationally composed manure , because by them the original fertile condition of the fields is preserved . A soil which contains tho alkalies in too small a quantity is , perhaps , fertile for

      grain ; but is not necessarily so for turnips or potatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . By supplying an alkaline manure , fallows , or thc cultivation of those plants which are grown during the tune of fallowing , become less necessary . Sulphate of Potash is a constituent of all plants , although in small quantity , as well as common salt and chloride of potassium , wliich are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , especially gypsum , are important nourishment for the leguminous p lants . Silica is never wanting in all sorts of soils—it is a constituent of all rocks , by thc decomposition of which aU productive soils are formed , and the cerealia find it everywhere in sufficient quantity , and in a form capable of being taken up by the plants , if the alkalies are provided wherever they are present in too

      small quantity . Salts of Ammonia : It can be regarded as certain that the azote of the plants is derived either from the ammonia of the atmosphere or from the manure which is provided in the shape ot * animal fluid and solid excrements , and that azotic compounds exercise an effect on the growth of plants only in so far as they give up their azote in the form of ammonia during their decomposition and decay . We may , therefore , profitably replace all the azotic substances with compounds of ammonia . Decaying vegetable matters , which contain carbon , are useful to the fields in so far as they provide a source of carbonic acid ; but they are not quite indispensable in manure , if the latter be rationall y combined , as the atmospheric air is an inexhaustible source of carbonicacid , from which the plants draw their carbon , if , in the manure , the mineral substances are provided which

      are necessary for the assimilation of the carbonic acid . These are the substances which together give fertility to the soil _; but , although each of them may , under certain circumstances ( viz ., where the soil is defective in it , or where it is not indifferent to the plant to take up one instead of the other , as , for instance , may be the case with soda instead of potash ) , increase the fertility , no one of them can be regarded as manure , according to the common meaning of the word , for the simple reason that only all of them , in certain proportions , will fulfil thc purpose for which the comnfon manure is applied . This purpose ia the restoration , or an increase of the original fertility , and by manure we must replace all the elements of the plants which have been taken away in harvest , or which are contained in the plants which we are desirous to cultivate .

      The Mighty "We."—On Monday Last, The Bot...

      The Mighty "We . "—On Monday last , the Botanical Society of Huddersfield held what they pompously termed a public meeting , at which some score or two of persons were present . Their object was to present to Dr . Coffin , lecturer on Medical Botany , or Botanical Medicine , an address , and a silver inkstand . Some calumny having been cast upon the Doctor since his last visit to Huddersfield , his _botswikal disciples tliere and then agreed to the following resolution , ready cut and dried for the occasion— " That ll _' e ( the people of Huddersfield ) ? in public meeting asscmblea , having heard thc vile and slanderous assertions made by Mr . David Ross against Dr . Coffin , and the said David Ross having shrunk from publicly maintaining the same , after

      the opportunity had been offered him ; the said David Ross having declared that he would at the first opportunity prove the said charges to be true , We ( the people of Huddersfield ) ? are constrained to affix tothe name of David Ross , the names of base calumniator and private slanderer ; and wc are of opinion that he is unworthy the confidence of our party . " It is to be hoped Mr . Ross will not expire under thc slashing censure of "The people of Iliuidersfield , " amounting to a few score of Botanists , whose language appears to have been extracted from the Savans of Botany Bay . [ Thc foregoing is taken from the Leeds Intelligencer of Saturday last . With that journal , we trust that the censure so liberally bestowed on Mr . Ross by the mighty "WE"of Huddersfield—a tailor , a packer , and a carpenter

      !will not have a very fatal effect . With thc merits of the dispute between Mr . Ross and Dr . Co _^ 'in wc do not meddle . We know not whether the hero of Cayenne Pepper is to be ranked along with the Brandy and Salt , the Morrisonian Pill , and the Galvanic Ring gentry : but we do know that the bitter censure conveyed in the above pompous and silly ¦* resolution" does not denote a righteous confidence in a good cause . It is more the act _ofaMfythan tbat of a scientific man : and if Dr . Coffm . had anything to do with its concoction , or countenanced its adoption by the score or two of adherents to his mode of curing disease , he gave both himself and system a blow which it will take much to recover from . The man of science depends on facts . He has no need to resort to thecallinu of names , ov thc administration of

      public " censure . " When he abandons the platform of fact , and shelters himself behind the dirty mound of " calumny" and " slander , " he proclaims his own weakness , anddegeneratcs what ought to be a scientific dispute into a fishwives' brawl . Respecting the impudent and pompous " . resolution" itself—thc arrogant and lying assumption contained in thc " WE , the people of Huddersfield , " there need little be said—as we nappen to know its author , and know that it is an exact " sketch" ofhis own " character "false , treacherous , inflated , tyin g , and blackguardly _^ The censure of such a lump of ignorant pomposity and dark-heated treachery will redound more to Mr . Ross's credit , than if " he had been the recipient of the slavering praises of the " cabbaging" botanist . — Ed . _iV . S . ]

      Itefeet Fittteuigewet

      itefeet _fittteUigewet

      Lootion Corn Exchange, Monday , , May 5....

      _Lootion Corn Exchange , Monday , , May 5 .-Thc arrivals of English wheat were only moderate during the past week , and of barley , oats , beans , _andpeas , the receipts coastwise were quite trifling . With * the exception of a few hundred quarters of oats we had no supplies from Scotland , and from Ireland the

      Lootion Corn Exchange, Monday , , May 5....

      arrivals consisted of a moderate quantity , ofthe last named grain and a couple of hundred sacks of flour . The supplies of . foreign corn have not been large during the last eight days , a sma _lT _^ o _^ ofwhw from Launceston , some bftrleyandoats ' _fromthenortli of Europe , and several thousand quartert of beans from Alexandria and the Mediterranean ;* _eonstitutinj the ' entire arrival . At this mormnfr't f'inaAet there was again a moderate show of wheat _by- _'ltad-camajM samples from the home counties , nor Was ' there much spring corn fresh up / either of British or foreign growth . The demand'l ' of wheat was of the same retail nature as last weieki ' _- _'ahtl some difficulty w « experienced in effecting sales at previous prices ; factors werc , however _. _tolerhbly firm _. _andthebuBiness _dorte wasataboutthecurrencyof' Monday

      _lasfcThotransactions m free foreign wheat were also on a strictly retail scale , and qnotatibns underwent no alteration requiring notice . In bond nothing whatever wt & done . Hour hung heavily on hand , out neither town nor country _manntactured was cheaper . The inquiry for barley was exceedingly slow ; ' sellers were , however , unwilling to submit to any-further decline } -nnd the trifling sales made realised the" rates current on this day se ' nnight . Malt ' was'likewise-taken off veiy tardily , and its previous-value was- barely supported . For oats there was a steady demand ,. and the recent advance was well maintained for all descriptions of corn . Beans , notwithstanding tho forei gn arrival , weve taken on much the same terms as before . Peas were also saleable at the recent enhancement . In seeds there was very little passing , and quotations have become nearlv nominal .

      CURRENT PRICES OF GRA . 1 N , PER IMPERIAL qVARTER . -British , I e IB Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 48 "White 49 M Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 43 47 Ditto 48 SO Northum . and Scotch white 42 47 Fiue 48 62 Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 44 White 46 48 Rve Old 30 31 New 28 30 Brank 34 35 Barley Grinding . . 26 27 Distil . 28 80 Malt . 30 S 2 Malt Brown .... 54 5 ( 5 Pale 66 60 Ware 62 63 Beans Ticks old & new 32 35 Harrow 34 38 Pigeon 39 42 Peas Grey 35 30 Maple 37 38 White 37 39 Oats Lincolns it Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Seotcli Angus 22 24 Potato 24 28 Irish White 20 22 Black 20 21 Pur 2801 b . net . s si Per 2801 b . net . s Town-made Flour ... 42 44 | Norfolk Si Stockton 32 33 Essex nnd Kent . ... 34 35 1 Irish 34 35

      Free . Bond ¦ _Foreign . » _» ( I Wheat , Daiitsic , Konigsburg , Sic 52 56 36 38 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 51 32 34 Danish , llolstcin , and Friesland red 42 45 26 28 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft . . . 44 4 G 2 G 28 Italian , Red . . 46 48 White ... 50 52 28 32 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 50 28 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 2 !) 31 Undried . . 29 30 20 21 Barley , Grinding . 25 26 . Malting . . 90 32 20 28 Beans , Ticks . . 32 31 Egyptian . 33 34 25 28 Peas , White . . 36 38 Maple . . 35 37 28 30 Outs , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russian feed , 20 21 15 16 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 24 26 19 20

      London Smithfild Gatti . k Mabkbt _, _Mosdai _* , May 5 . —During the past week the Giraffe , Ocean , and Batavier steamers have arrived in thc river from Rotterdam , having on board 101 oxen and cows , together with 8 calves , in , for the most part—though their quality has proved by no means so prime a & we have noticed on some previous occasions—fair average condition . The number of foreign beasts here to-day did not exceed 25 , and whicli mostly found buyers at full rates of currency—viz ., from £ 16 to £ 18 per head . The calves were worth from £ 3 1 Os . to £ 4 5 b . each . At the outports no stock has been received from Holland ; but several imports are shortly expected at Hull . It will be observed frem our weekly returns that a very great increase has taken place in the importations of Dutch beasts this season compared with those

      of last , yet we are quite of opinion—judging from the accounts which have just come to hand—thata _furtherimproveuient will be noticed in them for some time hence . Although a portion of the beasts and sheep here to-day was suft ' eving from thc epidemic , the disease presented itself in a mitigated form , and very few losses have been experienced in transmitting the supplies to our market . On the whole , the numbers of beasts bore this morning , derived from our own districts , were seasonably extensive , wliile a slightimprovement _wasapparent in those receivedfrom Norfolk . Thc dead markets being well cleared of their late arrivals , the weather somewhat favourable to slaughtering , and the attendance of buyers rather numerous , the beef trade was active , at an improvement in the currencies obtained on this day se ' nnight

      of quite 2 d per 8 lb , thc primest Scots and homebreds readily producing 4 s 2 d per 8 lb , at which a good clearance was effected . Mr . Vorley had on sale 10 of the most extraordinary shorthorns , fed by Mr . Or . Everett , of Caslow , near Yarmouth , we almost ever recollect to have witnessed here at this season ofthe year . These perfect animals—whieh weighed about HO stones—were disposed of at a high price , and dispatched per railway to Bristol . The suppl y of store things was rather limited , while the transactions in them , from the more plentiful supply of grass , were at somewhat improved quotations . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , were 1500 Scots , homebreds , and shorthorns from the northern counties ; 200 shorthorns from the western and midland districts ; 300 Hereford * , runts , _Devons ,

      & c , from other parts of England ; 250 of various breeds ; and , from Scotland , 200 Scots . The most important feature in today ' s market was the activity in the mutton trade , and the great improvement in the currencies . For instance , the best old downs produced 5 s per 8 lb without difficulty— other breeds selling readily at aproportionate advance . Itappeavs to be the pretty general opinion that a further enhanced value will be speedily realised . From the Isle of Wight we received 240 lambs , but from other parts the arrivals were rather limited . The lamb trade was active , at fully Friday ' s improved quotations . The veal trade was steady , at 2 d per 8 lb more money . Pigs , 100 of which were Irish , moved off slowly at late rates . By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal .

      8 . d . b , d . Inferior coarse beasts ... 2830 Second quality .... 3 2 3 6 Prime large oxen .... 3 8 3 10 rriine Scots , & c . .... 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep ... 3 4 3 10 Second quality .... 4 0 4 4 Prime coarse woolled ... 4 6 4 8 Prime Southdown . . . + 10 5 0 Lambs 5 0 6 4 large coarse calves . . . . 3 8 4 2 Prime small ..... 4 4 * 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 0 Lnvgeliogs 3 0 3 6 Scat small porkers ,,. 384 0 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 16 0 20 0

      HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books ofthe Clerk of the Market . ; Beasts , 2 , 915-Sheep and Lambs , 20 , 050-Calves , 103—Pigs , 320 . Richmond Corn Maukkt , Saturday , May 3 . —We have a heavy market of all kinds of grain . —Wheat sold from 5 s . 3 d . to 6 s . Od . ; oats 2 s . 4 d . to 3 s . ; barley , 3 s . Od . to 4 s . ; beans 4 s , 3 d . to 4 s . 7 d . per bushel . Liverpool Cobs Market , _Monday , May 5 . —¦ There has been a moderately good supply of Irish produce during this week , but from our own coast , or from abroad , thc arrivals are trifling . A reduction of ls . per quarter on beans is tho only alteration in the duties . The sales of wheat have still been almost confined to the demand within our own locality , and prices have further receded fully Id . per bushel . Fine quality of Irish red wheat has been sold at 6 a 6 d _.,

      and good fair samples at 6 s 2 d to 0 s 4 d per 70 lbs ., being the lowest range of quotations for tliis kind of grain since last harvest . In foreign wheat , there have been only a few casual transactions , but . the value is scarcely altered . Tho market is full of sack flour , and the sale rather heavy . Irish superfine has been sold at 33 s to 35 s ., extra superfine up to 37 s per 280 lbs . Since our last week ' s report the weather has continued as favourable as possible for the country , and thc demand for Spring corn lias rather fallen off . The best Irish mealing oats have been held with firmness foi _* 2 s Hid , but very good mealing quality was disposed at 2 s lid per 45 lbs . Choice cuts of oatmeal have commanded lato rates . The malting season being nearly over , fine English barley has been offered at a decline of 2 s to 3 s per quarter , but there has been no alteration in grinding descriptions . Beans and peas have each receded Gd to ls per quarter .

      Maxchestkii Corn Market , _Satuiiday , May 3 . — With a continuance of most favourable weather since our last report , the demand for flour lias been on the same restricted scale as previously noted , fresh made parcels ofthe very choicest quality . ' only having supported their value . Oa ts anil oatmeal have-been in fair request , without change in prices . A very limited inquiry was experienced for wheat at our market this morning , and all descriptions might have been purchased on rather easier terms . Flour continued to move off slowly , but prime fresh qualities cannot be quoted lower ; whilst stale granavicd parcels were extremely difficult of sale and nominal in value . There was a moderate demand for both oats and oatmeal , at the currency of this day se nnight . Beans in fair request nt fully previous rates .

      Liverpool Cattle Market , Mondat , - May 5 . — Tliere is little or no alteration to quote in the number or quality of stock at our market from our last week ' s statement , ' the supply being an average . one . foi' this time ofthe year . . Tnere was a , numerous attendance of buyers , with an advance in price . Beef 55 d . to 6 id ., mutton 7 d . to 7 * d . per lb . —Cattle imported into Liverpool , from the 28 th April to thc 6 th March : — 1445 cows , 15 calves , 3030 sheep , - 478-lambs , 7981 pip , 459 horses . York Corn Market , May 3 . _—rWe have not a large show of any description of g _^ rain at our market to-day , but what has been shown is ' quite- equal to * the demand . " _Wiukt has slow sale . afc _^ 'decline ' of Inner

      quarter ; Barley , oats , and beans , in ' _reqyeatiftt fullj last week ' s rates . ' . ' '" ' _*•"! Leeds Corh Market , Tuesday ; Mai - ' _O . _-i— Oui arrivals of wheat this week are large , ' but _wfehxvt only small supplies of all other graltf for thia day ' s market . ' Wheat is slow dull sale , _aruh-lA _^ _fteek prices are barely maintained on theli passing . For fresh malting barley inquiry . The value of oats is consequence of the scarcity , and higher .

      * ^Te^Ibusihefs There If .Yet A Fair Wel...

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 10, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_10051845/page/7/