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Northern Star (1837-1852), 10th April 1847, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, FOREIGN MISCELLANY. French Euoassy—Tlie ...

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      I April 10, 1847. The Northern Star.

      i April 10 , 1847 . THE NORTHERN STAR .

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      "J "And L Will War, At Leattiu Wards, (A...

      "J "And l will war , at _leattiu wards , ( Ai ( And—* bould my chance so happen—deeds , ) 1 With all who war with Thought !"

      4 Tl<*4 Think I Hear A Little Bird, Who ...

      4 tl _<* 4 think I hear a little bird , who sings tie tine yejple _bj-aud-fey will be thestrongtr . _"—Biaos .

      Riimie American Agrarian Reformers Tl Th...

      _riimiE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS Tl The following curious document is from the pen o Lee Lens _Mam-juebief , an eminent uitmberoitheJSa tionfional Belorrn party . IFrom Young America . ) _TH _1 _THE THOROUGH PRINCIPLES OP POLITIC- * SCIENCE , OR RIGHTS AND WROSG _* , f _frXCIFIED _, AXALTKD , _CLASSIFY , A * C _COSTBASTED , St _Showimr the Cause of Good , of Evil , and its Rermedy .

      Okdibs. Gtkvsis, B. Tiaum. Sovereignty E...

      OKDiBS . _GtKVSiS , B _. _tiaum . _Sovereignty Ea _"Exility ) ( Personality -j Lie Ia 5 In dividuality [* RIGHT *? , _^ ( . Labour In : _inalienablents _^ J I Property I Domain ( Frodncis _fOffie-try

      la _Inequality ) ( Slavery - { Violence Co Combination V WRONGS , _^ _( _lervi _tude Al Alienation j ( Monopoly * L . u . d orldry _\ Frofimongery To facilitate the progress of knowledge in political » c _scie-nec , it is here attempted to reduce it to a more _systejb jsat'c form . Tte thorough principles and causes Oi ti rig hts and wrong * , are yet but cruuely developed in tbe w _works of m . dera one-idea _reformers , and require a a _jnore specific nom _* nclature , with an analysis , classificati lion , and contrast , before tbey can be _o : ade to stand out ii in a sufficiently bold relief to strike the apprehension of is _ignorant and suffering humanity Owing to the parts of i the same or of dosely connected sciences being scattered i jn voluminous works , men get such a limited association _i of id .-as that it cansts tbem to seize upon one or part of i & priuciple , to werk it into a system , and pre _^ _cru-e it as l a panacea for every w _ong , aud thus society _isjettorn 1 by one-idea reformtrs , parties , and sects !

      Although a party for each right and wrong or tingle principle is far preferab . 'e to none , yer , when We reflect , ibat , as the princip ' es of eterj right are the same , it will take but little more thoug ht with a few more names of right ? , and tbe conjunction and to link them together , to agitate for every right , it is to be regretted that tbere sbould be so much wear aad tear olbiain upon a one , instead ofthe five-idea reform of the * Nation il Reforme . s ! Tben why should the rights of mankind , so intimately connected in tbeir bodies , be : discussed in such an isolated manner , and bave so many revolutions exhausted upon ( hem !

      Eights are a man ' s title to bis personal properties and a share of the womb-like surrounding elements ; laws are tbe uniform rules by which they are protected , and liberty is the exercise and enjoyment of every right in proper person ; while wrongs are a . depuration of title , anarchy , a want of law , aud oppression , tue practical destruca ' on of liberty . ELEMENTS . A thorough , complete , and _perfect right is composed of tbe three essential and constituent elements or _principles of _Equality , _Individual y , und _InalienabUness ; while a wrong is compounded ot * the three opposite _proetrtuf of Inequality , Combination , and Alienation ?!

      That tquality is one of the necessary elements of light * -, _tbs palpable fict , tbat each nun ' s nature" wants and j owtrs ol praduc ' . _ie-n are so nearly the eame , is conclusive evidence that bis tights are also equal , and tbat the opposite principle ot inequality is to destructive ; o equai rights . Thc fact , too , that the God of Nature has only apportioned a sufficiency of natural products when jmprortd by healthy la ! our for an easy competence , is also an additional _pinof that rights must be iqial / _ated that a _cosopoly by a _portion 6 i mankind is the destitution of the rest .

      Th . it _Indi'iduaiity is also a _ntcessary ingredient of aj perfect right , the ub _^ ioas Jaert _« f _ifee identity of each man ' s _ptrsou , wants , ai ; d emotions , and of his less intimate cocnccuon _« _i-. U tht bodUs of other * than with the _sarru' -udicg eleintnts , is _adequate proof that his r ' ghts must be individual and cuunot be mixed , _combined or agg _' _utinated with those of others us in a community of property . An association ot" pcrsuns as individual sovereignties ia the _propurrionare Dun : t > trs for the mutual supply of each oth _^ t ' i wants with the _' . r peculiar and surplus _productions , is tbe true principle ; but a combination of persons , rig Its , and property in eommon , is but an element of evil ; while a strictly isolated state e f mine * and thine tends to _pristrve efficiently the individuality of r _' gkts !

      Tbat Inalitnab ' _eness is the other most in _jisptnsablt ingredient tf a _cotDplttc right , the glaring fact e . 1 the inseparable _onntctitm of the organs of man ' s _body and tbeir pr _<> per : ies , sucb as life , _motion , sensation , and thought with each other and with tlie earth , air , and light ol ' the external wrurid , is ince _> n ; es _'* ble proof that h ; s right's must be iaaiien & ble , aad that the opposite evil _principle of Alienation is fraught nith so much cat-ma . tion of one portion of the human race by the ether . Tbe same reason that proves the _Inalienableness of a right from its inseparable connection with the means 01 existence , also proves the necessity ofits individuality and _jevaratioa frcsa tbat of others , and aiso ' -hat of its tqua'i . y . E \ er \ combination of rights , titles , labours , and _tnj-iymer . ts in community , insttid of individual _associations of them , is destructive to the nature of a ptriect right . _Squaisess—Oaeuess—Iualienabiene * sare the triune deitic principles of man ' s redemption ! eiienrtLs .

      R _.-rbts first _natara ' . ' y class iiJ _- o the two order * of Persoca _' _-Uj £ . nd l _' rupeity , ar , d Wrongs into _those of Slavery and Monopoly . OESCsEe . Man's rights and wrongs to hi § personality or properties of his body , divide according to its triple division bv the _aerveus , vascular arid _nusi-ular system into three _gecuses , and these sgain subdivide into species . Mind , depending on the _utrrous _system , ' constitutes the foundation and distinction of the equal , _indiridual , and _inalienable right of snrereignt _] or will , and Of its _opposing wrong o : _effiztry ! Vitality , temperature , and _sustenance , the properties elaborated by tbe _vascular organ * , become the source of the equal , iudi _. idua ' _, and _inalieineble right o : lite and of its opposite , vidkr . ee .

      Motion , tbe property of the _mu'Cttiar and osseous system , U the basis of tbe equal , j & d : vi _''* Bal , and inalienable right of labour or production , and o : ' its most prominent wrong o : servitude or _aem-product ' . oii . Tins , this triune s » s : < m of the body , is not only the origin , but the natural _demarcetian , uot only for the c ' _as-itica'ion of _organs ane _aisesses , but also of the rights and wrongs of man , to the _proper ties of his personality , _H-io'sii _^ bts _biie * . _wroi . gs to _pTojerty , fiiviied according to the most _obviouV- irision oi the ex _*« mal world into the soil , constituting ibe right of domain , and into •" -a man-improved productions founding the right of roducts . Land , ia its _Goi-crea _' ed , wild and uncultivated _ttate , or witb its _maa-mad ** improvements , is the foun " ation and distinction of the eqeul , isditidu-il , an 1 inalienable right of domain , and ol its promineut wrongs of lan'i" _Sordrj , tenure , and monopoly _.

      Commodities , tbe detachable and moveable productions ot tbe earth , _improved by tbe labour o man , are tbe basis for tbe distinction ofhis tquai _, individual , and Inalienable tight of products , and the opposing wron _^ of _prtfitmotigery . Let application now be made of ; b _3-e principles to fhe refjrm ot the present institutions of _society . _SOVEREiCNTT . _—UIIICEtLt . As equality is a constituent of sovereignty , every man ' s right to it must be equal , and no tint * can acquire more than his share of it , so as to become an officer , ( except in the very slight form of arbitrators , committee , & c . ) any more tban be can _iljim more land than he can use so as to become a _Undlordf I All sane and guiltless adults , whet ever resident , are equally qualified icr the exercise of sovereignty I How absurd to presume that the _destitotioaof any tight—that the _^ _aiitvatlatx tiaaa tbe _sviitx Unity of property should disqualify f r tbe exercise ofthe erroneous principle of delegating sovereignty !

      As Individuality is alto an ingredient of sovereignty , it cannot be equal unless it is afco individual . It can only be _proptrly _exerciseab . ' e fcy each man in his own proper person as an _indiiidual sovereign . ' A anion of wills in the form ot parties , 'ects , nnj riiie _* * , or cliques , destroys more or less tbat of the balance of society and even that ofa portion of _tbemstlvei . For tbe body of individuals of all associations only help the aspirants for office to alienate their sovereignties and te tax the product of their labonr . The only just principle is , for ev ry one to exercise big sovereignty in his own individual capacity , and then v ? here there will be na salaried or gratuitous offices , there will be no tyrannical party or class legislation granting itself exclusive privileges . When a law shall be needed , which will be very _wWom when men are in possession of their rights , it will be such a one as will lie , nith rare exceptions , unanimously enacted . In this way all would be self-governed in the strictest tense of the term , and tbe distinction ef society into governors and governed would be annihilated . '

      But tbe right to sovereignty is not only equal and individual , but also inalienable Fur it is as impossible for _sfficers to represent or exercise sovereignty , or the wills , wants , and interests of their constituents , as it is for landlords to hold more tban their _shur * of the domain for the Iwnefit of landless tenants ! The inseparable connection i * f eacb man ' s will , wants , and sensations witb each _. other and tie surrounding elements , proves tbat sovereignty rannot be alienated or delegated ; but that it must be _exercised by each m jn in his own proper person , and not _ly agent or representative . Universal suffrage , then , is only the universal alienation of sovereignty as much as universal tenure be that of the domain . The

      commonplace and demagogue doctrine , therefore , that sovereignty never departs from the people by what is called a delegation of it , defraud * the understanding by its _speciousness ; nd is _eqoally absurd as to sappose that lite is notalientted by homicide , labour by servitude , or the domain by tenure . The corereignty of the people is as much alieneted b y a representative government as by an usurped or tirediury one . The only difference is , that in the farmer , it is alienated and _realieoated atcertain periods , end in the latter , in perpetuity . Th * _deeply . _vooted evil cf all the present government * , is not wholly in the want of _nnivertal suffrage , that all officers should be elected , or ia tha mercenary seeking tor oBce instead of principle ;

      Okdibs. Gtkvsis, B. Tiaum. Sovereignty E...

      nut it is in the existence of such a thing as office or efficery itself , the great < pposing evil of soverei gnty ; which Bbonld be exercised as an equal , individual , and iaalienable right , by every man in his own proper person . This ca » be most practically done b y tbe whole nation organiaing into townships in the proper proportions to produce , disinbute _. _andconsumetbenecessaries oflife , sod tomeet in a central village Hall , where all can discuss and vote their wills , the majority of which , when _co'lected over the state , will become the law ; so that there may be no delegation ef sovereicnty , bat in the slight form of a committee of a few philanthropic citizens , who can meet at the capital to perform the few idle ceremonies of state . ( To be concluded in our ntxt . )

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      Movements Of The Week. Sotomayor And His...

      MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK . Sotomayor and his gang of Afrancesados have at last been favoured with " the dirty kick-out . " These high-minded Spanish dons exhibited far less " good breeding " than the dog , who , seeing preparations made for throwing him out of the window , put his tail between his legs and quietly walked

      down stairs . The Afrancesado curs had to be kicked out . Isabella wanted to get rid of them long since , hut budge they would not . At last one of the gang gave way , and consented to countersign the decree for the dismissal of his colleagues . This sufficed ; thc crew were sent packing , amidst the jeers and execrations of their countrymen , and the expressed contempt of honest people everywhere .

      Whether the new Ministers will be found much better than their predecessors , is very questionable . _Pacbeco and his colleagues belong to the Moderado party . Pacheco himself has been nicknamed a Puritan ; having been thought more nice than wise , in occasionally objecting to the sanguinary atrocities _ofNarvaez , and some of the most glaringly-infamous

      ads of Louis-Philippe ' s tools . But his associates in the new Ministry are precisely , some of them at least , the very men who were associated with Narvaez in the time of that ruffian s most sanguinary rule . Benavides ( Minister of the Interior ) was Political Chief of Madrid under Narvaez , and remorselessly executed the Woodiest decrees of that butcher . _Mazarreilo was WaT Minister of the Gonzalez Bravo

      Cabinet , and the horrible executions , without any form of trial , ordered hy him during the _inturrections of Alicante and Carthagena , commend his name to universal execration . Salamanca , the new Minister of Finance , is principally known as a leviathan stock-jobber and money-juggler ; "if not a citizen of the world , he is a citizen of every bourse in the world I" The difference between the mass of the Moderado party , and Pacheco with his two or th rep adherents , amounts to this—that the old Moderado ruffians would rule by force and terror , whilst the Puritan gentry desire to attain the same end by fraud , and the profession of sham-liberalism . Tbe present Cabinet combines both .

      Nevertheless , the recent change may lead to other and better _chenges . The Pacheco Cabinet is not likely to last long . In all likelihood the Progressistas will ere long return to power . The pardon of Okzaga may le considered as an indication of future events . Indeed , according to The Times , it is already intended to attempt the reconciliation of " all parties . ' - ' The London embassy , according to the same authority , will be offered to General Espartero , and the Paris mission to General Narvaez . Such a combination , we think very improbable ; although the return of Espartero may not be far distant .

      The Portuguese insurgents have made a movement , the results of which have yet to be seen . Nearly fifteen hundred troops , under the command of Sa da Bandeira , bave left Oporto , breaking through the blockade , and gone south , whether for tbe _Algarvcs or Lisbon was not clearly known when the packet _lelt . It is just possible that while Saldanha is watching Oporto the insurgent troops

      may capture Lisbon ! That that would not he a very difficult undertaking every one will admit , always provided the Portuguese could be got to act with that decisio-2 which seems to be so utterly foreign to their nature . We should add , that it is also just possible that now Opi / rto has been , to a considerable extent , denuded of troops , Saldanha may make a dash thereat ; bnt of the two " possibilities" this is the least probable .

      Certainly things altogether look—but for foreign intervention—favourable forthe Junta . Saldanha , instead of marching to the assault of Oporto , has been writing begging letters , containing a considerable amount of insolence , to the Queen , demanding more money and men , and intimating that unless he ge ts both he shall cut connexion with her Majesty and take himself off to another country . The Queen has been trying 11 raise a loan , but not a dollar can she get . Under these circumstances , when , in all probability , the natural course of events ¦ would send Donna Maria in the course of a few weeks hence to this refuge for destitute royaltv .

      England , —at this moment the British government is about to interfere to prevent the triumph of the people , and prop up the throne of the Queen with British bayonets ! Yes , on Saturday last orders were received at Portsmouth for the Sidon steam-frigate to prepare instantly for a trip to Lisbon with a reinforcement of 220 marines . There can be no doubt that Lord Palmerston intends to make British soldiers the hateful instruments of maintaining Donna Maria on her throne , in spite of the Portuguese people . While our Government thus acts , always fighting for monarchs and against the people , is there any wonder that England is hated by the people of every other land ?

      Kemember , that the present ( British ) government has refused to move a finger for Poland 1 Everywhere for tyrants , everywhere against the oppressed , is the maxim of those who usurp the sovereignty of this nation 2 British ip . tervention , if successful in putting down the present revolt , cannot prevent future revolts . The struggle is not so much between the Septembristas and the Queen , as between the people who are weary of being taxed and plundered , and the tax-eaters , with the Queen at their head , wbo live

      upon public plunder . " Constitutionalism , " " Liberalism , " and all the rest of the humbugisms , have fallen into disrepute in the Peninsula , because the people have found that they have been heavier taxed and more cruelly plundered by " Liberalism , " than they ever were by Despotism . Hence the popularity of Dom Mi guel amongst the Portuguese peasantry . The " Septerabristas" are popular with the people of the towns , because they use the language of the partisans of Miguel , as regards taxation , associating therewith democratical sentiments . But if the Seplcmbristas

      were in power to-morrow , unless that day , or the next , they reduced taxation to the level demanded hy the people , they would at once become as unpopular as their predecessors . The Oporto correspondent of the Times shares these views , and puts the whole piestion into a nutshell when he says , " I believe that all government is impossible in Portugal , which does not address itself to the heart , and leave untouched the pockets of the peasantry . " What wickedness , then , for our government to bring odium upon the English name , by interfering with arms to

      prevent the Portuguese people doiug themselves justice ! We trust the attempt will meet with discomfiture . If British red-coats are landed at Lisbon to fight against the people , we trust they will he driven into the _Tagus . If the Portuguese Queen sanctions tbis intervention , and should , after aU , fall into the bands of the people , we hope the people will do themselves justice . We suppose the laws against treason in Portugal are not milder than elsewhere , and a monarch who makes war upon the people , and calls in the assistance of foreign arms , is a traitor

      Movements Of The Week. Sotomayor And His...

      The news from Italy this week is ol a more cheering character than last week . The journals have resumed free publication , in spite of the Austrian . A change of ministry would appear to be impending in Greece . The Times of Wednesday says , " Before this , Coletti will have ceased to be a minister . "

      Spain. Chakoe Of Mixistrt. — Queen Isabe...

      SPAIN . Chakoe of Mixistrt . — Queen Isabella has at len ; th dismissed tbe Sotomayor cabinet . In theconrse of the day , on the 27 th , tbe Ministers of the Interior and of Finance had transacted business as usual with the Queen . At a late hour of tlie evening * , M . Roca de Togores , Minister of Public Instruction and Commerce , attended her Majesty at the palace on public ; business . The Queen expressed to this minister her wish that the cabinet should resign . The minister rep ' ied that personally he was ready to do so , but that he did not believe his colleagues wonld consent to retire . Her Majesty then proposed to M . Roca de Togores to countersign two ordonnancee , the one dismissing the Duke of Sotomayor , President of the Council , and the other nominating M . Pacheco to

      that office . These two ordonnances accordingly appeared next morning in the Gazette . The list of the ne * v ministers is as follows : — Pacheco , President , and State ; Benavides , Interior ; Salamanca , Finance ; Mazarredo , War ; Pastor Dins ' , Commerce ; Sotelo , Marine ; and Bahamonde , Grace and Justice . On the 2 iWh the new rninist ra gave , in the Congress , through the President of the Council , the usual explanations _respecting the _ciisi- * and their nomination to office . Gonzalez Moron , and snme others who are known ns the most zealous members ofthe _Mon-Pidal fraction , moved that a statement ef the accounts between the late governments and Senor Salamanca should be presented to the house , and every explanation given tending to elucidate them .

      After a rather exciting scene , tho proposition of Moron was rejected by a majority of 153 to 59 votes . This result is important , as it shows the probability of the present Ministers having alarge _majority . General Cordova has been definitively appointed Capt .-General of Madrid , General Oribe , Inspector of Garabinieri , and General Manuel Concha , Inspec : or of Infantry . General Serrano emerged from his concealment on the 28 th ult , and presented himself to the reporter of the commission charged with th * inquiry regarding his conduct . This affair w : II of course be dropped .

      Oiozaga has been pardoned . His brother addressed a petition to the Queen praying her to allow M . _Olozigato return to his country . Her Majesty , witb her own hand , wrote upon the margin ofthe memorial the words , " Concedido comosopide" ( thi request is granted } . The petition was then presented to the president ofthe council , who laid it before his colleagues . The ministry , be ' ore acting npon theoHer , waited on her Majesty , to ascertain from her mouth whether this favour was her spontaneous act . The Queen , it is said , replied in these words : " Yes , I do this spontaneously , wishing that we should enter upon a new era of conciliation and amnesty ; and , desiring to give the first example I have taken the initiative of pardon and oblivion . "

      The new Home Minister , Senor _Benavideu , has published a royal order , reducing the heavy internal postage on newspapers to one-half . It was previously 100 reals the arroba , i . e . four reals , or 10 d ., each pound weight ; and operated most materially to prevent the circulation of newspapers in the provinces .

      PORTUGAL . Thk Civil Wah . _~ News from Lisbon of the 31 st of March state that the Queen ' s government had failed to raise a loan either at home or abroad , and was _consequently unable to prosecute the war with any effect . Disaffection was becoming very general amongst the Queen ' s cidevant supporters . Sada Bandeira had sailed out of Oporto with a force of near 2 , 000 men , in two steamers , breaking the Government blockade with ease , and it was apprehended at Lisbon that he would attempt to seize the capital by a coup de main . News has been received from Oporto to the 30 _$ h ult . Things remain in statu quo . Saldanha had not left his old quarters . The _Mindella , Porto , and Vesuvio steamers had sailed with an expedition , consisting of 1 , 250 men . This is the fo ? ce which had excited so much

      apprehension at Lisbon . It was rumoured at Lisbon , just previous to the sailing of the packet , that the Oporto troops had landed at Peniche , an important fort on the sea , and after a smart action with the Queen ' s fores , in which the commander ofthe latter was killed , bave taken that place . In the Alemte _^ o a guerilla chief , named Galamba , had taken a hundred and odd men and killed nine or ten of the government forces . A smart affair has been accomplished by the Junta troops , who are besie _^ _'intf the castle of Viana . Hearing that one of the Queen ' s regiments was advancing from Valeuz * _. to raise thc siege , the 7 th Cacadores marched against it , and defeated it with considerable loss . This success is the more grateful to the Junta , as the Queen ' s troons were landed at _Vj go , apd allowed to march across the SpanLh territory .

      GERMANY . Riots at _Bbi- > i , 4 U . —On the 22 nd ulf . the workmen collected in a disorderly manner and proceeded to very deplorable excesses . The mob assembled before a house which was building , destroyed that part which was finished , nnd drove away tne foreign workmen ; the rioters then proceeded to the Town Hall and impetuously demanded work . A large military force was called out . At seven in thc evening the rioters collected near St _Magdalen ' s churchyard , from which a company of infantry drove them .

      At half-past eight they proceeded to the marketplace , where they evidently deliberated , and then cned " March . " They then repaired to the theatre ami Government-house , where they destroyed nearly the whole of the windows . Detachments of cavalr ' v and infantry patrolied the streets . Some of tlie rioters were arrested , tbeir companions endeav ur . d to rescue them , an affray ensued , and blood was shed ; still tranquillity was not as yet restored , though the rioters were often disp . rsed by the military , they assembled aj ; ain and broke hundreds ol windows , till about e _' even o ' clock , when tranquillity

      was restored

      ITALY . Rome . —Another of those popular manif _** 8 tations of which Rome has so often been the scene since th _> advent of Pius IX ., took place in the holy city on the 25 th ult . That day being tbe festival of the Annunciation , tbe holy father was to hold a " Capella Papale " at the Minerva , whither he was expected to proceed in grand state . The retrograde partv , incited by Austrian agents , put in circulation a report that hostile proceedings were contemplated on the part ot the populace , in consequence of the recent establishment of the censorship . It was communicated to his

      holiness that he would be stopped on his route , that his horses would be unharnessed , and that he would be compelled to proceed by sucb a route as the people should dictate . In spite of these reports the Pope proceeded to church amidst the acclamations of the populace . On his return , the acclamations of the populace were still more enthusiastic . On arriving at the Quirinal Palace , his holiness immediately presented himself on the bafcony to thank his affectionate people , when instantly , by a spontaneous movement , tho multitude dropped on their kneesand received , uncovered , the papal bencdictioa , after which they separated quietly .

      Tnn _jipd of the Press . —Rome , March 28—The struggle between the Roman newspapers and Austrian interference , of which we had reached _thecrisis when I wrote last , has just terminated in the total discomfiture of Metternich and the triumph of the Press . Tbe " edict , " forced on the pusillanimous Gizzi , has , thanks to the firm attitude of our local editors , become a dead letter ; and yesterday all our jcurnals came out fresh and vigorous as ever , without the ghost of a " government stamp , " and evincing no trace of meddling censorship .

      UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . Tlie New York packet-ship Waterloo arrived at Liverpool on Tuesday evening , bringing New Yoik papers to the 15 th inclusive . Previous to the sailing ofthe Waterloo it was reported that a great battle had been fought between the Mexican and United States' armies , but _just before the Waterloo left the bay of New York it was contradicted . Col . Benton , who had been appointed a _ALijor-Ueneral by the Senate , had declined to accept the appolutment , unless he was clothed with supreme authority over the array in Mexico , and the power of signing preliminaries of peace . Mr Polk having " searched the records , " informed hiin that he was unable to grant such _powers , and the Colonel declined the commission of Major-General .

      Foreign Miscellany. French Euoassy—Tlie ...

      FOREIGN MISCELLANY . French _Euoassy—Tlie Paris journals ef _Fridtiy and Saturday announce the retirement of Count St . Aulaire from the Embassy in London . The Kino of Sardinia is alarmingly ill . Danish Cosstitution . —The Faedrelandet states that the four provincial diets will be _specially convoked for three days , to take into consideration a new organization of the states . The four diets are to name 23 delegates , who are to assemble at Copenhagen to discuss the new project for a constitution , and seek the means of conciliating the interest of the duchies and those of the kingdom .

      1 " ire in Germany . —A fire recently broke out at Wernigerode , ina baker ' s shop , where trial > as being made ofa new oven . The progress of the flames was so great that in two hours upwards of 244 houses were burnt down . It is feared that several men who are missing , seven children , and a servant girl , have perished . Si . Michael ' s _Offbred . to _KsGUND .-The revolutionary Jun ta of st . Michael ' s inthe Azores , has offered to annex the island to the British dominions —an effer which Lord Palmerston repelled . LwHr _. iioBE Liohi . ' -A decree has been published for lighting Lisbon with gas . No . one can object to increased enlightenment in Lisben , hut the time seems oddly chosen , the whole country being in a

      Royal Prerogative And Repeal Of Tu2 Unio...

      ROYAL PREROGATIVE AND REPEAL OF TU 2 UNION . _VM T ° _n - _** _WMl-W © IN ENGLAND . _fallow Countr yraen ,-T-The following letter was published in the Fr eeman ' s Journal of Saturday , tbe 3 rd instant It was written in tho intention , and in the hope ot persuading my deluded , confiding , and betrayed countrymen to think like men endowed with reason before they _vsouW affirm any proposition , no matter by whom brought forward , or by what eloquence and sophistry sustained . In order that you may understand the question clearly , that you may comprehend the full meaning of my objections to the popular folly , as well as my motive for writing this letter , it is necessary that I shonld state , —

      First , fhat a meeting of the citizens of Dublin was recently held in the Music Hall , a spacious buildine , lor the purpose of taking into consideration the distressed condition of the shopkeepers , traders , and _artiz-ins of this city . Secondly , That the Right Honourable the Lord Mnvor presided over this meeting . ilurily , that a gentleman of the name of T . D . v ! S TaW , ° n varda ¦ , e - _" ' on _Pray-n- ,, r Sovereign Lady the Queen to summon her Irish Par' w " tT _1 W _? ub - ' that «> - » Petition was _tff _tlVv meeUng ' with but very few _diMentients , that I was sorry to see my _fellow-citiaens amrraing any proposition without due consideration _, or that any person or persons , no matter how eloquent how ovei flowing with literary lore , could persuade them to give their sanction to so ridiculous and so absurd a proposition as the following : — " That onr Sovereign Lady the Queen has the power of Repealing the Act of Union , by tbe mere exercise of the Royal Preropative . "

      _Fonrfhly , That I was beginnine * to entertain the hopef _j _beforethisrecentoccurrence _. before the adoption of this silly petition ) , that my _nnsuspeoting countrymen had been sufficientl y duped and cheated for the last forty-seven years by . a knave who , under a false pretence , deserted them in tho hourof their calamity , without permitting themselves to be blindly led into a fresh system of delusion , by men who are either politically ignorant or thoroughly dishonest—mon who , from their first appearance before the public , which is not very long since , up to the present time , have never propounded even one honest political principle ; and who . while they profess to lead the people to freedom , are the strenuous opponents ofthe rights of the people . I am , _Fellow-countrymen , Faithfully yours , Dublin , April i , 18 i 7 . Patrick _O'IIioqins .

      Repeal Of Tne Union. To Ths Editor Of Tu...

      REPEAL OF TnE UNION . TO THS EDITOR OF TUE FAESUAll . Sir , —Itis ns wonder that tbe poor people in every part of Ireland have been led to believe that the _Sovereign ( Kin ; or _Quuen as the case may be ) , has thepower to Repeal the Act of Onion , when wb see such educated and enlightened men at Mr Kerine falling into and advocating such an egregious political error . It ig true that the Dublin Corporation , and tbe other corporations throughout Ireland , affirmed tbis _anconstitutional pro . position . The Sovereign has not the power to summon an Irish parliament in College-green or anywhere _els » , but the Sovereign has tbe power to summon the imperial parliament to _atsemble anywhere—in Ennis , if she choose . But that is a very different thing from summoning a parliament abrogated by law .

      There is no analogy between the two cases mentioned by Mr Ke-rin ( those of Charles I . and James II . ) and the Repeal of the Union . There was no Uni _*> n statute in the reign of Charles the First , There was no Act of Union in tbo _reijn of James the Second . Neither of these monarchs was bound by any statute law on the subject . An act of parliament , no matter how unrighteously brought about , can only be repealed by the same power that made it . Although the Act of Union was accomplished by tho most infamous means , and under false pretences and hollow _promises , yet it is an act of parliament , and must be repealed , ( and I hope it soon shall , ) like any other act of parliament , by the same power that made it—King , Lords , and Commons . So one will deny that summoning the Irish parliament to meet ia Ireland would be Repealing tbe Act of Union , to all intents and purpose ; .

      Now tbe question is , bas the Sovereign power , either by prerogative or otherwise , to repeal an Act of Parliament ! If this be tbe case , then it follows that we live under a despotism , and that the two houses of parliament are useless—a mere mockery . It the Sovereign have the power to Repeal the Act of Union , the Sovereign must bave the power to repeal any other act of parliamentthe Catholic emancipation act , for instance . If the Act oi Union be a nullity , as has been said , all the acts affecting Ireland passed by the imperial parliament must also be null , and therefore should not be obeyed or submitted to .

      Some great jurists have stated that the power to annihil 3 te itself was not delegated to the Irish parliament , and that therefore any act exceeding tbe power for whieh it was _delegated was null and void . Those who made this rhetorical flourish knew right well , tbat about a dozen of citizens of London , delegated corporators ,-annihilatcd the law—violated the principles oftlie constitution—changed the _dynasty by deposing James II . and filling in William the Dutchman , Surely this was an unconstitutional proceeding , which those who advocated the Repeal of the Union by a short cut should cry out _against . In this case an attempt was made to set tbe law aside by exercising the Royal prerogative . Now , do the Royai _prerogative repealers wish to see their beloved Sovenign in a similar predicament to tbat of James II . 1 I hope not .

      The old corporation of the City of Dublin was elected forthe purpose of protecting the rights of the citizensthat old corporation betrayed its trust—fold , ay and that too illegally sold—the estates of the city , pocketed the money , and increased the municipal taxes to make up for the deficiency in tbe city revenue . Now , as the old corporation bud no such power delegated to them , why do the present Repeal , patriotic , and liberal c * rpjration , not take back the estates , and reli . ve the impoverished citizens from tbe load of munic ' pal taxes wliich oppress them ? Simply _becau-e an act of _parliamen ' confirmed the frau ' . I hope , Sir , that thc days of delusion and tyranny are _drawing to 3 close , and that men will be permitted to make use of thc reason with which Divine Providence has endowed them without the risk of being bunted down as enemies to their country , by drunken buffoons , slaves , and place-hunting _-ycophants , with which this country lias been cursed for the last 10 or 15 years .

      There is not a man in Ireland more anxiously desirous to see ihe act of union repealed than I em . But It has loa _^ been my opinion that the means eaplojed to effect that object were not _adequate to tbe end . When Mr Grey Porter brought forward a practicable project for the Repeal ofthe Union he was hooted down , turned on by men who , I have no doubt , meant well , but who were under a species of delusion , from which some of them have not yet recovered . Mr Porter ' s proposition was to apply all the energies ofthe country to the simple repeal of the act of Union . ¦ This proposition Was scouted by the Repealers of the Union . This act of Union must be repealed before the prerogative of summoning the Irish parliament in Dublin reverts to the Crown . Yet this sensible and really _constutional proposition had not a seconder iu the creat Repeal _Asso _> ciation : am" why ?—because the people were kept in a state of mental intoxication .

      The Crown sanctioned the act of Union , otherwise it could not becotnelaw . Summoning an Irish parliament in College-green would amount to a case of inextricable confusion . It would be the " cr /> wn _uersus thc crown and the houses of parliament , " Perhaps , Sir you are not aware tbat tlie CONSENT 02 TIIE GREAT MAJORITY OF THE CATHOLIC HIERARCHY AND CLERGY WAS GIVEN IN WRITING . IS FAVOUR OF TUB UNION . Lord Castlereagh obtained tbis consent under the pretence that Catholic emancipation would follow itnmeil ntely after the Union . It is not too late to adopt Mr Grey Porter ' s proposi

      tion , — "To apply ourselves and all our energies tothe Repeal of tbe act of Union , and tliea let us see whether the Sovereign will exercise the prerogative of tbe crown , by summoning an Irish parliament in Dublin , or recommend tbe imperial parliament to pass a more equitable act of union than the present . " In the first place , Tet the Act of Union be repealed , and let Irish patriots cease holding up their confiding countrymen , as objects of pity and contempt in tbe estimation of every sensible politician in Europe , by _tharidisulous absurdities which they induce them to affirm . Dublin , 27 th March , 1847 . Patrick O'Hisgiss .

      Souinwoou Smiih And Bentham.—At The Hous...

      _Souinwoou Smiih and Bentham . —At the house of William and Mary Ilowitt 1 became acquainted with Dr Southwood Smith , the well-known philanthropist . He is at present engaged in the construction of good tenements calculated to improve the condition ofthe working people . llis plans Iook promising , and , should they succeed , you sha 1 have a detailed account of them . On visiting him , we saw an object which I had often heard celebrated and had thought would be revolting , but fouud on the contrary an agreeable sight ; this is the skeleton of Jeremy Bentham . It was at Bentbam ' s request that the _akeleton , dressed in the same dress he habitually wtre , stuffed out to an exact resemblance of life , and with a portrait marked in wax , the best I ever saw , sits there as assistant to Dr Smith in the entertainment of his guests and companion of his studies . The figure leans a little forward , resting the hands on a stout stick , which Bcntuare , always

      carried , and had named " Dapple ; " the attitude is quito _£ _asy , thc expression of the whole mild , winning , yet highly individual . It is a pleasinn mark of that unity of aim and tendency to be " expected throughout the li'e of such a mind , that Bentham , while quite a young man , hail made a will , in which , to oppose in the most convincing manner the prejudice _acainst dissection oftlie hum & B subject , hehad g iven his body after death to be used in service of the cause of science "I have not yet been able , " said the will , ' to do much service to my fellow-men by my life , but , perhaps , I may in this manner by my death . " Many years after , reading a pamphlet by Dr Smith on the same subject , he was much pleased with it , became his friend , and bequeathed his body to bis care and use , with directions thatthe skeleton should finally be disposed of in the way I have described . _* -Corre 8 pondeDtofthcA _«« . York Tribune ,

      The Warrington "Conspiracy." Northern Cl...

      THE WARRINGTON " CONSPIRACY . " NORTHERN ClRCUIT _.-LlVERPOOL , _APRlt 1 . ( Before Mr Baron Rolfe . and a _Social Jury . ) TUE QOEEN V . 8 BI _. SBT AND OTHERS . This wag an indictment against 20 persons , viz .:-Henry Selsby William Read , John _Bousfiold , Alfred Cheeseborough , Francis Dawson , John Dumbell , Gilbert Gr * y , Peter Grundy , _Samuei ttttu > nj _^ . _Mnrgatrovd , Joseph Piatt , James Quarry , Nathan _Ramsden , Joseph Smith , Robert Westwuttr , Thomas Wilson , T . Wright Joseph Blemairs , Joseph Brennan , John Firth , George Leach , John Roberts , George Scholes , Jalm Thomason , Rowland Wilkinson , nnd Elijah Bowman ; the first named being the _secretary , and all the _othtrs _, except R ad , being shown t » be members of " the Journeymen Steam-engine , Machine-maker , and _Mill-wrights ' friendly Society . "

      The indictment , which consisted of 26 counts , was said to be about 30 yai ds in length in the pmohment record , and contained between 600 and 700 folios . It had been printed for convenient rei ' crence , and in tbat shape filled 83 folio pages of type . It had been found at tho last winter assizes , and was then removed into the Courtof Queen ' s Bench , und now sent down to be tried , according to the usual practice , at nisi priut in the county . ' By this indictment the defendants were charged with having , on the lst of July , 1816 , and on divers other daj _s and times , unlawfully and maliciously conspired and combined together , by divers unlawful means and practices ,

      to im poverish one John Jones , and ono Arthur Potts , in their trade and business of iron founders and engineers , who at the timo of the off . nce committed , carried on their trade at the Viaduct Foundry , in th- * township o { _Newlon-in-Mackerfitld , in this county . It also charged the object of the defendants to be the reducing of the said Messrs Jones and Potts to beggary and want , and tho _preventing and hindering tlwm from exercising and carrying on their trade and business , Ac . And in seme of tho _counts tke same conspiracy was laid as with the view of injuring the workmen of tlio said Jones and Potts , by preventing tbem from being employed by those masters , or by other masters _.

      Mr Sergeant Wilkins , Mr Monk , and Mr J . Pdllock , appeared for the prosecution . Mr Knowles and Mv James defended Selsby , Cheeseborough , Bausfield , Quarry , Dumbell , Leach , Dawson , Gray , and Firth . Mr Baines , Q , 1 , and Mr Fry defended Bowman , Mills , Murgatroyd , Piatt , Ramsden , Roberts , Scholes , and Wilson . Mr Watson , Q . C ., and Mr Denman defended Read , Grundy , Wright , Wedtwater _, Smith , Blamire , Brennan , Thomason , and Wilkinson . When tbe case was called on , Mr Sergeant Wilkins required that the defendants might appear . Mr Knowles said it was not necessary tbat they should appear at the trial . Mr Sergeant Wilkins referred to the case of tbe Queen v . O'Connell , where Mr Steele was called upon and compelled to attend .

      Iiis lordship , who tried the case of the Queen v . Feargus O'Connor and others , at Lancaster , referred to that ease , and said tbe defendants tbere , although Mr O'Connor and many of the others attended , were not called upon to _atiswar to their names . Mr Baines reminded the court tbat in the latter case only some of the defendants appeared . Mr Sergeant Wilkins said all the defendants here had not pleaded . The Judge replied that he had no jarisdiction except _i'ver those who had pleaded . Buthe understood that thev had all pleaded . He had no authority to compel attendance .

      Mr Sergeant Wi kins , in opening the case , said , that whatever might be the opinions of those who had _counselled the defendants , their offence was calculated to in . jure society , and the jury were bound to find a verdict . The prosecutors were the proprietors of the Newton foundry , and all the defendants , except Selsby , had been in tbeir employment , A disagreement awe , and they attempted to dictate to the prosecutors as to how thty should conduct their business . They came tothe masters nnd almost insisted that apprentices over a certain age should not be engaged , and tbat no men sbould be employed wbo did not belong to a certain trade's _unios , called the Journeymen Millwrights' Benefit Society—a society tbat had the enormous fund of £ 18 , 000 at iti com . mand . The masters would not submit to this dictation , and then fifteen of the defendants left , and those who

      remained became so turbulent that they were obliged to be discharged . Then the discharged workmen formed themselves into bands to prevent workmen from a distance entering the employment . Various mischievous hand _, bills were _circulated , of which Selsby would be _f . 'roved to be the author ; the learned sergeant having read one of these placards , which was an appeal for assistance for thu men out on strike _atNewton , and others who were out on another similar strike at Belfast about the snme time . With reference to the Newton strike , the parties stated that "the prosecutors should not have it all their own way , for tbat a steady picket bad been placed upon the shop . " Then there was the usual appeal about '" the shrine of avarice "— "the rights of liberty" — " their _Pe'ri / _oussituation "— "their merciless oppressors" —and so forth . This was signed " Henry Selsby , " and a

      subscription of a shilling a head was directed to be forwarded fo Henry Selsby , Dale-street , Manchester . Upon the 10 th of November a workman ofthe n _** meof Shatwell approached the works , looking for a job , and two of tbe defendants cam to bim , and intimidated him from _precseding . They said he would be called •' a knobstick " if he went , and they called thefmmdry a "b y hole , " and promised to give him a shilling to ge on the road . He went , however , to the foundry , and obtained employment . A man of thc name of Taylor , who was also looking for a job , was similarly accosted by the picket ; and he was told that if he went to the foundry he would bo unable to work there or anywhere else in a month , Then twenty-three of the defendants were apprehended . Upon Cheeseborough was found a letter from Selsby , inclosing an ordw for 00 for the support of the men out of the shop of the prosecutors . It was then deemed _adriiable , to arrest Selsby . Jones , a constable of Warrington , apprehended him ; but Selsby mistaking Jones the

      constable for Jones prosecutor , he became very communiciitive . avowed himself the author of thc placards and the writer of the letter to Cheeseborough . Thi'n , in Bowman ' s box , a great number of letters from Selsby were found . A paper was found giving an account of the money due to the men who were on the _; picket ; and nn important tetter discovered , written from Newton , giving » n account of the strike , which then had lasted two months , and with a boast it was stated that only three mean fellows had entered the foundry since tbe turn-out took place . It was further announced thatthe prosecutors had re . ceived extensive orders , and were _advertising for workmen , but they would be unable to fulfil the orders , unless they came to terms with thc turn-outs . He concluded by animadverting upon the strange circumstance thnt men who were always crying out for liberty sbould be the first to act witb licentiousnesss , and to prove by their conduct that they were unfit to exercise those privileges which even they already possessed ,

      James Jones , deputy constable at Warrington , stated that , after apprehending several of the other defendants , Ue had gone to Selby ' _s , at 01 , Dale-street , in Manchester . He found a letter from the secretary ( Selsby ) upon Cheeseborough . When arresting the latter , Selsby ap . peared to mistake him for Mr Jones , the prosecutor , and admitted that he was the acting secretary of the millwrights' _eaecolive _, tho author of the placard , and the writer of the letter to Cheeseborough , enclosing ten pounds for tbe turn-outs . At the house of Quarry , the defendant , a number of books and papers and u balancesheet were found . Papers were also found in Bowman ' s box . Witness had seen _scvernl pickets prior to the apprehension of the defendants . They walked backwards and forwards on tha roads in the neighbourhood of the foundry of Jones and Potts . They walked in twos and threes , sometimes in sixes and sevens , nines and tens , and thsy spoke to persons going along the roads . Quarry nnd Bowman dwelt together in the same house , at Newton .

      Cross-examined by Mr Knowles : The pickets wore very peaceable . He had never seen them otherwise than well-conducted . Selsby said , when arrested , that if they had done _anything wrong , it was contrary to his instructions . He admitted that most of the apprehensions had taken places , and most of the botes of the prisoners bad been broken open late at sight , Selsby showed him all the papers ho hnd , and thc addresses he had written . When going to Quarry ' s and _Bosnian's house , he had a warrant for them , but not to search , Mr Johnson , cashier to Jones and Potti , was with him . B iwman ' s box they found open , and took papers from it ; but Quarry ' s was locked . Mr Johnson broke it opeii with a hammer , and papers were there discovered and taken away by witness , Elizabeth Pendlebury proved that she had pointed out Quarry ' s and Bowman ' s boxes to the first witness . Both these men had lodged at her house , and they had been out of work for three months . 1 / tie court then _aeljourmd _.

      Satubdat , _Atbii . 3 . The further consideration of this case was resumed at nine o ' clock this morning . Mr Jones , the constable , was recalled , and produced a number of other papers found in Bowman ' s box . In cross-examination he said , before he opened the box he wbs told it was Bewman ' fl . Had no warrant against him . It was now proposed to read the documents . Mr Watson objected that , as to his clients , it was not shown that they had any cognisance of these documents , and they ought not tobe read until some conspiracy had been established against them . He also said tbat , from theniannerin which they had been obtained by taking them from tlie possession of the individuals without any warrant or authority , they ought not to be admitted us evidence iu a court of justice .

      His Lordship said they were evidence certainly against some , and must , therefore , be read as against thera . There wonld be a question as to the weight of the evidence . The mere fact of some of these documents being found in the possession of a particular individual would go but a short way unless carried further , The documents were then read . One of these was a letter from Selsby , found in Bow . man ' s box , in which be had said he had only received the note that evening , and stated his intention to be present at the meeting of tbe following _evening , unless something ' extraordinary should occur to prevent him . Another letter , of September 8 , was as follows : — "Sir , —Would you please toforward me _tbtparticulMs

      The Warrington "Conspiracy." Northern Cl...

      of Jones ' s shop relative to the number of our membersengineers , _IK-D-club -pen , adult apprentices , labourers , _eStC—and every other information which would be re . quisite to be made known to tho branches , as speedily ag _possible . By doing so you will oblige " Yours truly , H . _SEism . " Another was of thc date ofthe 8 th September :- — " Respected Friends , —I received your letter this morning , and in reply I havo to inform you that there is a general executivo meeting summoned for Saturday evening next . 3 _* ou will perhaps be ablo to manage till then , as there will oi _. Jy be a delay of two days , when I havo no doubt you will have n remittance . We were _re-grctting that your affair and that of Rochdale should have happened at the ? ame time , but you will regret still more when I tell you that 1 have received a letter from

      Belfast making an nppeal to the executive under nearly tho same circumstances as yours , but more aggravated in consequences . There are _ninuteea mechanics bound over to take their trial at the Belfast quarter sessions on the charge of combinalion and conspiracy . Tbe Belfast branch charging us with partiality towards trie English branches , your _iipp-ul is _defurred until tbe decision ol the executive io the Belfast ease , so that , if theyare to receive our support , the s » me circular wilt answer both purposes . I havo not yet had an opportunity ot consulting with Mr _Scotson , on account of the multiplicity of business , but 1 hopo to do so either to . day or to-morrow . Be as cautious in jovir movements as possible , for there is no doubt Mr Jones will watch for every opportunity te avail himself of the assistance ofthe law , "Yours respectfully , H , Selsdi . "

      There was also found in Bowman's box a book containing a draught in pencil of a letter , giving an account of the state of Messrs Jones and Potts' establish . ment , stat ' _mit that since the beginning of tbe affair , sixty men had left tlieir employment , twenty having been discharged and forty having left . It stated , thnt of these only three had been got back , so that they hud now only about thirty hands , and that somo of these were drawn out every Saturday . It said also , that Messrs Jones and Potts had somo large orders in hand , aud that tho writer hoped soon to be able to announce & victory ; forty men had been advertised for , but the writer was glad 60 say thoy had hitherto been able to keep all away but tho three .

      Among tbe papers found was an account of the ar . rangements of the pickets at Mr Jones ' s _establishment , found in Quarry ' s box , and a printed report ot tbe proceedings of the society from February 1845 t » February ItWC , from wliich it appeared that it consisted of seventysix _branthes , extending orer all parts af the united kingdom _. The number of members was 6 , 329 , Tlw balance in hand in February , 1845 , was £ 9 , 661 , and in February , 1814 , £ 17 , 231 . In Quarry ' s box also was found an account of the wages due to pickets from October 5 to October 10 , and from October 19 to October 24 , in which the names of Bowman , Quarry , Mills , Scholes , Cheeseborough , aud others ofthe defendants , appeared . They , it would seem , _received at the rate ot 5 s . per day for this duty .

      On the person of Cheeseborough was found a book containing minutes of various meetings , at wkich Elijah Bowman appeared to have officiated as chairman . These entries ran through the months of September and October . Tbe resolutions of one day , for instance , were sxs follows : — " 1 . That every member of tbe committee be here at a quarter past eight , " 2 . That William Kiugdom be allowed to begin work on Monday , the 7 th , amongst the rest who gave their notice previous to tbe committee meeting of Monday last . " 3 . That Eii ' rth _Bswmau and Joseph Smith come under rule for support . " 4 . That no more than four go on picket . " 5 , That one part of the picket go on at six in the morning and leave off at six in the evening , and the other at eight in tbe morning and leave off at eight in tbe evening .

      " 6 . That E . Bowman go as delegate to the executive council at Mancbe . ' f- r on _Saturday next . " 7 . Tbat men be chosen to be in readiness to give in their names when required , viz ., Francis Dawson , Thomas Tong , Benjamin Davis , Richard Phillips , Alexander R iptrs , George Hackney . " 8 . That when any person Waves by being drawn out of tbe shop , no one be allowed to take his job without an advance of 2 s . ner week on his present rat » of wages . " There was read an address , found upon the person of _Ctiecseborough , copies of which had been circulated among _Me-ssrs Jones and Potts ' men , and of wbich Selsby had iwowcd himself tbe author . This was Bet out in the indictment as one of the overt acts charged . It pur . ported to be addressed by the executive council to the Journeymen Stesm-engir . es , Machine-makers , and Mill .

      _vrnjihts' Friendly Society . It referred to a monthly trade circular , and stated , that in the last one an appeal bad been made in favourof persuDS in _ibeimployment of Messrs Mason , at Rochdule , who were contending against the _intruduction of illegal hands , and that since that circular similar applications had been made by the membersof the Newten and Belfast branches . It then went on to state the case of the Newton branch , saving , that from information th n y had received it had been the practice in Messrs Jones and Potts' establishment to engage hands for three and fonr _yearB to learn thc trade , at ages varying from 19 years and upwards , besides availing themselves of every opportunity ot stocking the labour market by the introduction ot juvenile apprentices and numerous labourers , who in many instances were put to do the work of regular men . It said , that to f uch an extent had the evil gone , that unless a stop

      was put to it thc shop would soon be filled witb the parties described . The folloHing , they stated , were the particulars :- —The shop contained 57 clubmen , 42 belong _, ing to that society , and 15 to thc engineers ; 33 nonclubmen , 8 legal apprentices , 10 adult apprentices , from 19 to 26 years of age ; 52 labourers , three of whom were generally kept at the _machine-niakers' jobs ; 22 attending lathes , plotting , drilling , planing , and screwing ma . chines ; the rest kept drilling and _tapping for tbe erectors ; and about 30 lads , some of whom were of proptr age to enter the trade , and all working at lathes and planing machines . The address said the men had sent a _deputation to Messrs . Jones and Potts , but had met with insolence and insult , and that Mr Jones had discharged a number of the men . They were , however , determined not to let him have it all his own way , and a steady picket had been placed in the shop .

      The address then stated the case of the workmen , and called upon the men in strong language to _esen themselves to oppose suth attempts on the part of tbe employers , adding , " While wc tnus attempt to arouse you to a sense of the impending danger , and to urge upon you the necessity of a concentrated action , we would not wish to be _misunderstood . Reason and justice must be our only weapons ; the old and mistaken principles of turn-outs must be entirely discarded , as being miscliiev . _us in tbeir tendency and not calculated to effect the object intended . More rational and legitimate modes of action most be adopted , and those under the control of a governing power . " It proposed a subscription of one shilling from each of the members , These documents having been read , the following witnesses were called : —

      Enoch Monks . —I am time-keeper to Messrs Jones and Potts , engineers and machine-makers , at the Viaduct foundry , near Newton . In Augustl-. _st , a greatmany men left their employ . They _frept leaving every week . Soon after I noticed some of these men about the foundry , sometimes together and sometimes in parties of two or three . They had all been in the employment . They seemed to be there all tho day . They were sometimes walking about and sometimes standing . Have seen people coming towards the works , who seemed to be coming in search of employment . They seemed like working men . Thc otber men went up to them and spoke to them . The strange men then went away from the works . Took _memorandum . ? of these different days . Commenced on Monday , November 16 th . On that day , saw Cheeseborough , Scholes , Grundy , Wilson , Dawson ,

      Smith , Brennan , Bou & field _, Roberts , Blemiars , Quarry , and Piatt . On the fallowing day , saw Smith , Davison _^ Bousfield , Piatt , Firth , _Blcmiaw _, Grundy , Wrigh ' , Dumbell , Thomason , Wilton , Roberts and Ramsden . On November 18 th , Mills , Bousfield , Wright , Flatt , Scholes , Dawson , Ramsden , G ay , Leach and Blemiar 6 . On Nover aber 19 th , Mills , Gray , Dawson , Smith , Ramsden , Wilkinson , Roberts , Bousfield and Blemiars . On Nov ; 20 th , Thomason , Giay , Cheeseborough , Wilson , Mills , Scholes . On Nov . 21 st , Bousfield , Dawson , Piatt , Cheeseborough , Wil * on , Smith , Scholes , Quarry , Mills , Gray ; and Waistwater . On Nov . 23 rd , Cheeseborough , Dawson , WiUon , Grundy aud Murgatroyd . On tbe 24 tb , Mills and Dawson . On the 25 th , Smith , Bousfield , Wil . son , Piatt , Murgatroyd , Gniy _, Thomason , Waistwater and Mills . Saw at these various times all the

      defendants but Selsby , Rend and Bowman . Saw them at different hours ofthe day , as early as six _oNilock in the morning . On the ICtb , saw two strangers , who were coming towards the works . Dawson was * . _twte -witb . some other men . When the _tivocame up they stopped an ; t spoke some minutes . Dawson then left with the two strangers , As he passed witness he said , " Enoch , _the-e are the men we ' re wanting . I don ' t mind if you get a shopful of such men as you get this _morn-ng . " There had been a number of fresh hands tbat morning . Has got the time-book . James Quarry left September 19 th , as did John Jones . David Thomas and Alexander M'Donald left October 10 James Kemp is still at work .

      w illiam Biuce left October 3 . Stephen Travis left Oct . 10 . Richard Brown is still at work . Thomas Gandy and James Ellis left October 10 . Gilbert Gray left Sept . 19 . James Walker left Sept . 26 . _Ssmuel Heseldlne , Oct . 17 . John Bates , Oct . 10 . Edward _Gvoenougb , Oct ' , 24 . Peter Griffiths left November 14 . Saw Dawson speak to other men in the same way on different _oocasiovis . Men usually give a week ' s notice . Upwards of one bun . dred men had left from the latter end of _August up to November the 16 th . Has seen the handbill now produced circulated among the men . ( This was the handbill read in the course of the opening of the learned coun . id .

      Cross-examined by Mr Knowles—Have been with Jones and Potts 11 years . They manufacture engines _. That is an employment requiring skilU . 1 was not employed in making engines . A week is the . usual notice on each side . Some of the men have been discharged without notice , for neglect of duty . Seme of the mea who left of tbeir own accord did not f ive a week ' * notice . Cheeseborough was dismissed , and had _» week ' s notice _. Mills , Smith , and Bowman were discharged withwrt notice , for bad conduct . I do not know that Jonet an *

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 10, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_10041847/page/7/