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Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th November 1850, Edition 3 of 3, Page 3

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    • CURES FOR THE TJNCUltED! XT O L L O W AY * S OI Nil ENT, ¦*¦¦*• An Extraordinary [Cure of Scrofula, or King's
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      Classes, Whoappear Very Seldomtobavesubs...

      _November 9 , 1850 . THE NORTHERN STAR . g _WMtiw " I ¦ ¦ ;| ' ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦ _^" _""""* _""" _^^"' i _^^ - _^^ 5 SSS * _**** _m _" _m _>»^< _"p _>^ _' _^** _im _*** _- ' "* ' . " _.. _hw

      J&Eirg

      _J _& _eirg

      Autumn Wild Flowers. I Love You Well: It...

      AUTUMN WILD FLOWERS . I love you well : itfeek dwellers in green lane and sunny meadow , T -palley-ijooklet _, by the mountain streamin wilding haunts , _^ here . woTen boughs o _' er-¦ shadow _^ - "• ¦ - _* •' - * - Yotff loTely forms , through many a sunlit gleam . - - =-'; : Ildve yon -well : _nriffht chlldten _^ with your fair s farailiar faces , _Qnrih <* Iit " ¦ * ¦ fromcreviced rock and bill-side

      lone—O ' er lliwnand lea , rafEarth _s most pleasant puces , _T & nd'ttie deep forest calleth jou its own . IlOYeyouwell ; 'M on _ff _^ sylvan shades , hy cool transparent _foun" tains Tour own sweet images reflected lie ; And 0 how heauteous on the Alpine mountains Your snowy heads are lifted to tbe sky . I love you well : Pair floral gems , in graceful bands ye cluster , _Lifce rainbow jewels on the brow of earth— . Or gleaming with a soft and silvery lustre Tn the low vale , where sunny bells have birth ,

      I love you well : jjow beautiful , ( where droop the golden tresses Of the sad willow ) float small fairy flowers , "While light green rushes , reeds , and watercresses , Hippie tbe smooth stream with their tiny showers . I love you well : And ye , the last of Autumn ' s "wilding blossoms , Are thrice beloved ; thrice welcome _former sake "Who plucked yon from the way-side ' s grassy bosom . A thought of Summer in my soul to wake .

      I love yon well : ' For ye . are emblems in yonr fading beauty Of hopes , and fears—of trembling and of trust , Each drooping leaf tells of some lowly duty , Whose fruits shall rise in glory from the dust . I love you well : Such silent monitors are ye , fair creatures—Yea ! gifted with an eloquence divine ; And well may ye appear as holy teachers Unto this world-worn weary heart of mine . I love you well : And while you decorate my quiet chamber , Tour lingering blooms charm outward sense and si « ht But teach me to discern and well remember The language written on your leaves of Light .

      I lore you well : Meanwhile I turn , 0 gentle friend and giver , To thank thee for thy kindly thought of me ; 3 hy tby heart's Human Flowers bloom bright for ever , . And bliss perpetual thy portion he . October , 1 S 50 .

      Hnnnu-

      _Hnnnu-

      Sketch Of Mairvoara; Giving A Brief Acco...

      Sketch of _Mairvoara _; giving a brief Account << f the Origin and Habits of the Mairs , their Subjugation by a British Force , their Civilisation ¦ and Conversion into an Industrious Peasantry j with Descriptions of Various Works of Irrigation in Mairwara and _Jj-reer , constructed to facilitate the Operations of Agriculture and Guard the Districts against Drought and Famine . IUustrated with Maps , Flans , and Views . By Lieut . - Col . Cf . J . Dixon . London : Smith , Elder and Co .

      Some fourteen years ago , we read with deep interest a letter published by the author of " Letters , Sketches , and Recollections of S . T . Coleridge / ' in which an account was given of tht > wonderful suceess which had attended th * efforts of Col . Hall to reduce to order a -wild and predatory tribe of Indians , called _Ulriirs . In seven years , hy the judicious and persevering application of reformatory and _liudly measures alone , it was stated that he had created an orderly , industrious , peaceable , aud prosperous community , out of a race that had , for centuries , been the terror and scourge

      of the district in which they lived . Since that time , we have heard nothing of either Col . Hall or those whom he so wisely governed , and were afraid that , like many other examples of _United success in- this way , so far from having heen a stimulus to further and more extended efforts , it had fallen under the superior evil circumstances by which it was surrounded . It is with pleasure , therefore , that we find our fears unfounded , and that the East India Directors have published this _int-r-resting and suggestive volume It is the rceord of an experiment , tried nnder

      peculiarlv unfavourable circumstances , to convert the " native tribes of the interior into husbandmen and peaceful cultivators of the soil—and ihe history of its methods and its success . We know of no single work relating to tbe internal economy and social development of Hindustun likely to prove of so much practical use . Such a history as this should be iu the hands not only of every servant of the Company , but also of every public writer and Member of Parliament . The day is not far distant when the men of Leadenball-street will again apply to ihe Legislature of England for a new lease

      of power in the East ; and before the great discussion then to arise comes on , our eight hundred born or selected lawgivers ought to know something of the inner and civil history of tho country which they will have to hand over on _con-iitions more or less ample to the merchant priuces ofthe City . The "Sketch of _Mairwar-i" may be taken as a test-book in such a study . So . little has hitherto been done by the conquering race to civilise and humanise the natives of the country—thatthe idea hasbeen fast growing into a settled conviction with the

      men of red-tape and routine that nothing was to he attempted . The sentiment of a barbaric conquest , achieved by valour and to be held by force , has extended from the actual service to an influential portion of the public at home . At the end of three-quarters of a century of occupation , it is a disgrace to _English rule that it can point to so little real practical benefit conferred on the subject people . Col . Dixon ' s account of the experiments in Mugra is at once a rebuke to our past neglects aud an encouragement to renewed and larger efforts in the future .

      Tlie tract of land known by the name of Mairwara forms a portion ofthe Arahala chain of hills , stretching from Goozerat to within a ff .-. ' miles of Delhi . Before it fell into the p . _ivi-r of England , it was a dense jangle , inf . _it-r-d by wild beasts , and scarcely ever _tra-T .-rwd by man , except along the rude and dif-£ u _' r paths wliich formed the lines of commuskalion from one village to another , and the _greater part of it was entirely uninhabited . Tlie face of the district is now dotted over

      with villages—no small portion of the surface has been brought into a state of profitable cultivation—and a town with 10 , 000 inhabitants , well-built houses , barracks , prisons , hospitals , and bazaars , stands on a spot that thirty years ago was a waste . There conld sc .-ixcely Ire a more signal instance of the power of civilisation in changing old habits _stvA ideas , and converting even vicious activity into a means of improvement . We have said this experiment of Cols . Hall and Dixon in reclamation of Mairwara was _irx-J under highly discouraging circumstances , —arising from the character ofthe population and the incidents oftheir subjection . Of the ori g in of the people we have the following account : —

      Of the inhabitants of the Mugra , previous to the tims from which the present Mairs date their origin little- seems to be now known . Thecountry at that _tiiac must have been a vast impenetrable _jangle oifcrlug few advantages to tbe cultivator , thou «» h premising many io the outlaw and fugitive from justice : hence the fastnesses ofthe JJugra became eventually a refuge for all who had rendered themselves amenable to the laws of theircountry , or who had been ejected from caste by their brethren for

      some religious misdemeanour . All so circumstanced , on throwing themselves on the protection of the _bar . ditti ofthe hills / were welcomed and received as brethren ; and being hopeless of pardon in their own _slaii _* , and confident in the strength oftheir asylum End the union and determination of their new associates , soon joined their fortunes with them , and became permanently established in the Mugra . * * In this manner the ranks of the Mairs ofthe Mugra "were vearly swelled by the advent of men of all

      Sketch Of Mairvoara; Giving A Brief Acco...

      classes , whoappear very _seldomtobavesubsequently quitUd their asylum , but , marrying , bred up their children to the mongrel faith and wild usages of their new associates . _| In the meantime the . Mairs had become most formidable by their depredations , to the neighbouring States . l ? rom the peculiar position of the hilly strip of land which they in . habited , surrounded as it vu by the large principalities of Marwar , Meywar , and Ajmeer , they were enabled by rapid incursions to carry their plundering expeditions into tho very he » rfc of any of these States , arid yet always to remain within hail of their strongholds ia the hills , to which they speedil y betook themselves on encountering any serious opposition , as plunder , and not war , was their object . MatKM . whnannear verv seldom _tohavesuhsennpntlv

      Against these marauders the most powerful princes of the country had sent army after army , —each of which was defeated , dispersed , and destroyed in ihe jangle or fastnesses of the hills ; and the neighbouring powers were only too glad to compound with the mountaineers , — giving black-mail in exchange for peace and security . Tho British army was the first to reduce these untameable freebooters to obedience : —a result not achieved without terrible slaughter and devastation . When it was effected at length , and peace established on a solid footing , the conquerors began to bring them gradually to a knowledge of civilised habits . Long custom thwarted these endeavours , —especially in regard to slavery , infanticide , and the sale of women . Col . Hall ' s report shows tbat the two latter crimes bad a common origin : —

      It is most satisfactory to be able to report tne complete aud voluntary abolition of the two revolting customs—female infanticide and the sale of women . Both crimes were closely connected , having had their origin in the heavy expense attending marriage contracts : The sums were payable by the male side , were unalterable , equal for the rich and poor , without any abatement whatever in favour of the latter . What first established the payment is unknown ; but it was so sacred , inviolable , and even a partial deviation so disgraceful , that tbe most necessitous of the tribe would not incur the imputation . Hence arose as decided aright over the persons of women as over cattle , or other property . They were inherited and disposed of accordingly , to the

      extent even of sons selling their own mothers . Hence , also , arose infanticide . The sums payable vjere bcyoiid the means of so many , that daughters necessarily remained on hand after maturity _. entailed immoral disgrace , and thus imposed a necessity for all female progeny becoming victims to their family honour . On the establishment of British rule , both evils gradually diminished . Females were not allowed to be transferred except for conjugal purposes ; their consent was to be obtained , and their choice consulted ; kind , humane treatment was enforced , and the whole system of considering them as mere cattle was discouraged , without any indication , however , of interference with the right of property so long existing .

      While these and similar reforms were in progress , a new turn was given to the course of improvement , by an incident of a most unpromising kind . A well-appointed party of plunderers entered the Mairwara , to carry off booty ; but their objects being suspected , the villagers attacked and routed them — capturing a number of prisoners , who were delivered over to the British authorities . What became of them further , Col . Dixon shall iell us : —

      The prisoners were sentenced to four years' imprisonment , with labour , in the Mairwara gaol ; but before that period had expired , a plan offered itself for turning their services to useful account . Poverty and ignorance bad actuated them to enrol themselves under the banner of Ujub Singh . It was manifest that were they induced into habits of thrift , they might become useful subjects . The plan in contemplation possessed novelty , it is true ; but it merited a trial ; for should it prove successful , we might adopt it as a guide for future observance . After due consideration , it was arranged to form the robbers into a village community , to be located on an uncultivated spot within three miles of NyaNuggur . The parties concerned acquiescing in the

      proposition , several hundred beegahs of land were apportioned off for their U 3 e . Good security having been obtained , the prisoners were permitted to quit the gaol every morning , one of the leg chains being fixed , and the other held in hand , for the purpose of digging wells at their new village ; they returned unattended every evening to sleep in the gaol . On the expiration of their imprisonment , they were joined by their families and . relations , and commenced in earnest on the cultivation ofthe soil . In the course ofa year after their release , the new village exhibited signs of prosperity . It now contains twentv-seven families , and pays us a yearly revenue

      of 770 rupees . From the day of their location up to the present time , no case of misconduct has been brought against them . The character of the people has been marked by order , propriety , and untiring diligence in tbeir rural pursuits . The great facility with which a band of robbers belonging to a foreign state has been converted into a rural , revenue-paying peasantry , as exemplified in the pillagers of Gungpore , may not prove _uninstructive or undeserving of notice and observance by public authorities who may possess the ability to repeat what has been so successfully carried on at the village of gheonathpoora .

      The success of this experiment led to the idea of encouraging all the inhabitants of the bills to settle on the land , and become cultivators . Lands were given to such aB expressed any willingness to be taught the arts of husbandry , and to settle down to honest labour . The great obstacle to this design was , the peculiar character of Hindii society—the system of castes—and the separation of trades and callings . It was some time before Col . Dixon prevailed with any one to move out of the traditional grooves ; but the details b y which the result was brought about are full of carious and instructive interest : —

      The communities of the Mair villages consist essentially of themselves , who are the cultivators , and the servants ofthe village , —viz . the smith , carpenter , porter , minstrel , barber , and bulahee . The tillage of the soil does not devolve on these classes as their immediate calling ; for they are paid by the cultivators a certain quantity of grain each harvest , and for each plough , besides receiving stated perquisites on the occasion of a marriage or the birth of a son . The business of the Dholee or minstrel , was exclusively restricted to his professional avocation , in attending at weddings , or in accompanying the chief of the village on all occasions of festival . The Bulahee , answering to the Chumar of the provinces , made and repaired

      shoes for the community , free of expense , from the hides of deceased cattle , prepared by himself : he repaired well-buckets , and was the out-door servant-of-all-work to the village . It was evident these classes enjoyed an unnecessary degree of leisure , and that , if we could succeed in applying their energies to husbandry , we should at once command a large increase to our agricultural means . The Bnlahee heing the lowest caste man in the village , and the one least of all connected with the tillage of the land , was first taken in hand . He was promised waste land , bullocks to till it , and advances for sinking a well , constructing anaree , or building a stone dike , according to the land in his village _, ne was told that he was now the slave of the village

      community ; that , by himself becoming a cultivator , possessing cattle and a well , his respectability , not only in his own village , but amongst the whole of his brethren in caste , would be increasedi ; that , by becoming a zumeendar , he would , from hit advanced position in society and means , have his brethren suing bim to take their daughters in marriage with his sons . In a word his pride was flattered . It is unnecessary to add that the force of persuasion wa 3 effectual . He took kindly to the occupation of cultivator , and , through the force of example , every Bulanee has now become a zumeendar The Lohar , carpenter and Eoomhar , were craft smen in their own line , tbeir business _demanding constant application . People of this class were readily open to reason , and , as they found the _Sirkat was liberal in making advances for agricultural works and that , if they did not take their _oivioeu _iuu

      _« hire ofthe waste land to Be amougsb J ' _iHpc no such favourable opportunity might aeain Offer , they cheerfully signified their acquieseice ia the cultivating mania which was now _Srinnin _* to pervade the tract . The minstrel was a more difficult snbject to handle . His . calling is essen _& llythat of a gentleman _^ ° nousgjjj with him and his class _TO « _j _ntaowii . His * tand » had never been blistered from friction _^ ploug hhandle , or by contact with any rural _™ plement . His energies were restricted to playing _ttejddgfc beating the drum , singing the praises oibis chief or clan , and telling stories . His treatment required , adroit management . It is sufficient to say his prwe too was flattered , and that he was enrolled as a convert to rural industrv . Again , - the » rce oi example was great ; and now scarcely a minstrel is to be found who is not employed as a cultivator .

      Gradually the whole population became attached to industrial pursuits . Col . Dixon built a new town : and encouraged strangers of various castes—particularly that of Buneahs ( shopkeepers or petty merchants ) to setlle in it , —capital and a readier means of buying and selling being two of the great wants of

      Sketch Of Mairvoara; Giving A Brief Acco...

      tha young communit y .. A dozen years ego the district was wholl y dependent on ' supplies brought in ( chiefly , by . plunder ) from a distance . . The population has much increased , — yet it now exports to surrounding towns and villages considerable supplies of produce .- A strong and well planned town has been built , With two miles of wall as a defence . Trade is established and many of the traders are getting rich . r The manufactures of the town are already various and considerable _: and the * _* h « wammm mm _» h .. .: i * " _•* _* - _**•

      sounds of honourable industry are heard not only in the town but in the vicinity of-villages erected in the midst of the jungle . Civilisation has dawned ; on the face of those long troubled hills in some of its most benignant forms ; and , to adopt . the language of our authorit y for , these statements , the habits of the Mairs have been go completely changed , that a woman can now walk unattended two or three miles across the country without fear of being insulted , or stolen !

      These are the trophies of peace and earnestness . What has been done by . Col . Hall and by his cautious and energetic successor in the field , may surely be done again and again elsewhere . It is time to cease thinking that we are only encamped in Hindustan " . The country is in our hands for good or for evil . The soldier and the policeman express a very small portion of tbe duties and responsibilities which have devolved on ns . —The _judgment and ingenuity displayed by Col . Dixon in carrying out the Mairwara experiment , are worthy of all honour . His deed 3 of peace will merit higher praises from the sensible portion of mankind than the most brilliant feats of arms .

      Nya Nuggur gives a higher patent of nobleness than any that can he won at Waterloos or Chillianwallahs .

      Tears Edinburgh Magazine. November. Simp...

      Tears Edinburgh Magazine . November . Simpkin and Marshall , London . The first article in the present number is a hostile commentary on Mr . Lang ' s "Notes of a Traveller , " in as far as that writer supports the continental systein of peasant proprietorship . All the politico-economical arguments usually advanced -by the advocates of large holdings , and territorial usurpation by a privileged class of landlords , are reproduced by the

      writer , apparently with a perfect belief in their validity , on his own part ,, however , they may fail in convincing the reader who has given any previous , attention to the subject . Mr . Kay , who has written an admirable book " On the Social Condition ofthe People in England and Europe . "—the result of careful and protracted personal experience—is also attacked for his admiration and eulogy , of small landed proprietors . As a specimen of his reasoning , we extract the criticism on this able and acute

      observer of men and things : — .- _•• -. Of all modern writers on the subdivision of land , Mr . Kay is the most enamoured of its advantages , and the most unconscious of its drawbacks and defects . He sees only its present consequences , and is blind to its ultimate operation . He paints its beauties in glowing colours , and entirely ignores its dangers and deformities . We agree in almost all his representations of fact , but we are inclined to quarrel with his omissions , and to question the justice and completeness of his inferences . He brings an overwhelming mass of testimony to prove tho admirable effects which the subdivision of land , and the facility with which small portions of it may be obtained , have produced in Prussia , Saxony , and in

      many parts of Switzerland , m improving the cultivation ofthe soil , in raising the condition and style of living among the peasantry , and in promoting habits of forethought , economy , industry , and selfrestraint , throughout the population generally . The desire to rise into tbe position of proprietors stimulates the energy ofthe labourer , renders * him cautious , _frugal , and sober , and makes him postpone marriage till he is in a condition to maintain a family . In many of these countries , we are told , " the men never marry before the age of twentyfive , and the women seldom till thirty . '' The average age of marriage in Prussia Mr . Kay states at thirty-five . The desire of the proprietor , again , to . retain his position , and if possible to amend it , promotes the growth bf similar virtues in him ; while

      the anxiety to transmit his hardly-earned estate undiminished to his children induces him to limit the number of them . - By the joint operation of these motives tbe rate of increase of the population is greatly reduced : a position which the author endeavours to strengthen by means of several statistical tables , which , however , contradict one another , and by no means always bear out his conclusions . . Mr . Kay also draws vivid contrasts between the pauperism of England and the comparative freedom irom this sore of several of the continental countries , and between the condition of the peasantry in countries which are differently _situated in respect to their social institutions—in Bohemia and Saxony , for example , in tbe _Netherlands and in Rhenish Prussia , in the Catholic and Protestant cantons of Switzerland .

      Now , if we were disposed to lose sight of the main question in a criticism of particular errors , we might show that religion , education , and race , have at least as much to do with these contrasts as the law of equal inheritance . We might remind Mr . Kay that the Saxons and Bohemians are distinct people—distinct in blood , in language , in religion ; the former being a Teutonic , the latter a Sclavonic race ; the former being Protestant , the latter Catholics . We might remind him that the small farms of Rhenish Prussia are held by proprietors , and those of Flanders ( which are at least equally well cultivated , and by at least as prosperous and frugal a peoplo ) by rent-paying tenants ; and that the Catholic and reformed cantons of Switzerland ,

      so contrasted in the condition oftheir peasants and the state of their agriculture , acknowledge the same law of equal inheritance . We might remind him that in no country of central Europe is the land more subdivided , or worse cultivated , than in many parts of France , or the Sardinian States . We might remind him that a vast improvement in the education of Germany bas been coincident with the improvement in the condition of her poor , and may have been as effective a cause of it as the aequisibility of land . But to dwell on , these things would divert our attention from the heart and marrow of the question , and we therefore pass them by . We will admit that in almost every country , except France , in which small properties prevail , the land

      is admirably cultivated—with extreme care , if with little economy and little science ; we will admit that since the promulgation of the new system in Prussia , by which feudalism was broken up , and large { estates began to be superseded by smaller ones , the improvement in agriculture and in the condition of the peasant class bas been marked , vast , and undeniable . We will _^ concede , moreover , that much ofthis amelioration is the effect , and the natural and necessary effect , of the change from proletarianism to proprietorship ; and that , ceteris paribus , land will always yield more to tha hand of the owner than to hired labour . But all thi 3 improvement is but the first effect of the transition from a system of slovenly to one of careful culture ;

      from a system which paralysed the energies of the peasant to a system which stimulates them ; from a system under which neither owner nor labourer did their duty to tbe land , under which it enjoyed the full benefits neither of science nor of industry , to a system under which all unite to develope its . capabilities : it is , in fact , the simple result of a transition from bad farming to gpod , and might easily have been foreseen . But the question for the phi . losophic statesman regards a future day and a secondary consequence . Wben the old system shall have been altogether superseded by tho new—when the whole of the soil shall be in the hands of peasant proprietors—when industry , science , and the due subdivi sion of the land shall have brought it all into that state of minute and perfect cultivation which we observe , in many parts of _Lombardy _, of Flanders , and of Switzerland , and whicli two generations of neasant proprietorship suffices to

      effectwhat then ? No new estates can be created , for you have reached the limit at which sub-division is compatible with good agriculture or with comfortable subsistence ; no moro individuals can be supported from the soil , for its utmost yield has been already extracted from it ; manufacturing establishments have been superseded by articles produced at home ; foreign commerce has languished and . died under the gradual extinction of exchangeable articles , and available surplus for luxurious expenditure ; and the civil ahd military services have been reduced to a minimum , because only a small revenue can even be raised by direct taxation from a nation which consists only of one vast class of yeomen . Whence , then , are the younger children , the increase of the population , to derive their subsistence ? It is abundantly obvious that no such increase is possible , no such younger ohildrcn are permissible .

      Thus we see that the law of equal inheritance , the system of peasant _proprietorship , which is recommended by some superficial reasoners as _cnablinff population to augment without peril , and by others deeper and more clear-headed , as limiting fbis _augmentation , doeB not solve the great problem ot social philosophy : viz ., how to . reconcile an increasing population with an increasing aggregate or average of comfort .

      Tears Edinburgh Magazine. November. Simp...

      ..: _I . S _? _£ . _«•¦*** aubstance ; of all this igjimply , that , in order to avoid possible _^ misery at some future time , we ought to niakeioiiraelve _^ miserable ; at present , by obstinately persisting in a bad system of landtoriure / _% nVik _itquite certain that the time and _theeVils apprehended in the future ever will ? come ? f If the sky were to fall , ifc wodld undoubtediy kiU all the larks , according to the old-adage . '' ¦ But ih it likely to fall *? « ( Sinners and Sufferers'Ms a tale of the . world ' s justice , and too true , and Jf ° f repeated in-the sad drama of life . Ine otber articles are of about average merit and interest . . _; ¦ - _*?• • " - • - •• *— " >' - ; _- * -- - '

      Land, [C Ommon- Property,(6r Bwinltertia...

      Land , [ C ommon- Property , ( 6 r _bwinltertiance ) Urtgmally— . at Present _~ Henceforwardshowing also hpip / no . Individmiii' « Landowner—how the Land may be Recoveredand how all Taxation will be Abolished . ' By TERRIGENOUS . London ' : Janies ' Watson , 3 / _Queen ' s Head-passage , _Patornoster-row . Tho best answer to the elaborate and specious fallacies ofthe Scotch reviewer in Tait , and to the whole tribe who uphold thO monopoly Of individuals on the soil , is to be found in this fearless and vigorpus little tract . The whole argument is here compressed into a nut shell , and the usurpation of the . land demonstrated , to he not Only at the root of all bther tyranny , but that its reclamation by the whole people is the only solid foundation for political and " _social freedom . That he does

      not mince matters , will be seen from tho conclusion of tho pamphlet : — low ; win vou Recovjbr the Land , and now Abolish all Taxation ? Rightfullyfyou have the former now , for though force and , fraud may have , and has , prevented you from possessing Land in a legal point of view , yet morally and legitimately the whole people now living do possess the Land , for their right to it is , and must be , inalienable , It 18 not a thing that you can lose or have taken away from you . Beginning with your existence , " it can only terminate with your death . Hence , all Land held by individuals is clearly stolen property /—stolen out of tho common fund , and whioh may , at any moment , inthe name , of justice , be recovered by its owners . The people—the owners of the Land

      —may demand it when they think proper , dnd take it into their own good possession , and depend upon it this will be done somewhat unceremoniously some day , if the present robbery is _porseveringly continued for too long a period . Therefore , brother owners , thia being your clear position , tako up tho high ground , the only correct one upon which you can stand , and look upon yourselves ( as you are ) as the owners , of the earth . Great heaven!—talk about having , the Land conceded to you as a favour ! —talk about nevergetting . it / All nonsense , I assure you . I tell you that you have never lost the Land , nor your title to it , and that being tho case , you must have both now ! There : is no force in the legality of injustice , and though legalised , it can never overthrow inherent right . 1 proclaim to you , that now , the present moment , the

      NATIONALISATION OP LAND IS COMPLETE IN IOUKSELVES , and that its confirmation needs but your own determination !—the sovereign voice of the people ! What the sword ofthe few have made—made with violence and robbery—the breath of the mantpeaceably and with justice—may undo ! , Tho people cannot commit any robbery in taking possession of that which is legitimately their own . Mark ! thry cannot steal . This , you must perceive , is not merely the way of recovering the Land ( though it shows you this , too ) , but that you have it . When this day shall come—it may be near or it may be distant—that you shall recognise the great fact ofthe nationalisation of land boing complete in yourselves , and make it manifest by your

      actioneither by your united voice to your parliament to legalise it , or by your parliamont ( when the Charter is obtained ) legalising itof its own accord , then by act of _pstrliament' declares ' that at the death ofthe present holders , the various estates shall drop into the common fund . This would be a gradual resumption which no one could complain about , seeing that each one would retain the Land he holds until his death . At the most , only the rising , generation could say one word against it , but this is counterbalanced immediately upon reflecting that the present holders of Land , from their very position , could make any provision they thought fit for their children , and that these children would be in a verymuch better position from Land being common

      property . Let it drop into the common fund at death quietly , and thus avoid compensation in money , which you must do if yeu take it away from the present holders , and which , would raise up a new set of money lords tolive upon the labour of others through the interest their money would produce . But common property ! Dear me ! there will bo nothing safe nor secure ! Do not misunderstand the term nor me . Common ! Yes ; but not common for any individual to select the piece of land he likes best and , to settle upon it , or , indeed , to have any distinctive piece as his own ; but common that every one shall bo equally benefitted in the advantages accruing therefrom ! No security for the products ! As much as now . Do you understand

      _whatthw commonality would consist in ? I will tell-you . The Land is declared common as the people ' s ; very well , that is , not only the people who now live , biit those who _snALL live . It is , for ever , national property 1 To divide the Land ( as I saw a calculation the other day ) , by the number ofthe inhabitants of a nation , so that each should have a piece , would only diffuse the number of holdings , committing as great a fraud upon thoso of the future as we complain about now . There is , then , but one simple way to act , and this it is . After declaring Land to he common , the government should be empowered . to " bold it in trust for the people ; that all the Land should be subject to

      a fair rental , proportioned to , its quality , and tho purposo for which it is to be used ; that every one should have equal facilities given them of renting it upon equally secure tenures ; and that a high steward should be appointed , who should superintend the whole affair , receive the rents and pay them into the National Exchequer . " Do you see this ? Thus you would all own the soil jointly—so would your children , and their children ; and though as a lodger in a manufacturing town you cultivated not an inch , yet no one ivould be a greater lord over it than yourself , and though you would pay your fair share of rent on your tenement yet you would reel its great and immeasurable advantage , for the _aggregate rental of the Land would ABOLISH ALL TAXATION .

      For that would be sufficient to pay all governmental expenses for army and navy , education , and every necessary national expense .. Do you understand this ? Is it plain and simple ? Do you see the immense advantages that will necessarily flow from Land being common property ? Do you see that Land monopoly is one of the greatest evils , and the most complete barrier to social changes ? If so , attend to what is here written ; go about your work — propagate these principles—and pause not till you make converts of men . When this is done , who shall say the Land iB not yours , or prevent you-the whole people—from possessing , in very deed , their inheritance . '

      This is a much more sweeping " Financial R _« form" than any dreamt of by Mr . Cobden , or any of those who attach so much value to fiscal measures .

      Tne Window Tax.—Some Rumours Of An Inten...

      TnE Window Tax . —Some rumours of an intention on the part of ministers to propose the repeal of the window tax during the next Session of Parliament have from time to" time appeared in tho newspapers , and especially during the last ten days . We are' inclined to believe , however , that these rumours , though not . entirely unfounded , are very erroneous . If we have been rightly informed—and we bave great confidence in the source from which our information bas been derived—there will bo no proposal to repeal the tax on the part of government ; but some changes of an important character

      will probably be recommended . * 'One of these is to render permanent tlie present amount of tax on all houses now assessed—permitting the owners or occupiers to open as . many new windows as they may choose to . have , without any increase of charge : whilst another would apply to new erections , and probably to houses not now assessed , hut which from enlargement or other , causes , may become liable to assessment hereafter . In these cases , we believe , it is intended to commune the window tax for an inbobitcd house tax , ata rate which would be considered equivalent to the window tax on similar houses now assessed . —Manchester Guardian :

      _Pawnbbokino in Barcelona . —The city of Barcelona , in Spain , possesses a peculiar pawnbroking establishment—where loans are made without interest to necessitous persons on tho deposit of any article . Two-thirds of the valuo of the deposit are at once advanced , and the loan is made for six months and a day ; but if at the expiration of that period the depositor , should declare himself unable to redeem it , another period of six months is allowed . At the end of the second six months the pledges are sold , but if . they yield moro than the

      amount advanced , the difference is given tothe original owner . Tlio Marquis do Llio is president of this charitable establishment , and he has just addressed a letter to the clergy ofthe diocese praying them to make its advantages known . It bears the name of the Pawnbroking Establishment of Our Lady of Hope ; In ' the year 1849 , 5 , 686 persons availed themselves of its generosity . That peculiar kind of charity which excels in eating a dinner and giving a subscription after it , has been ably characterised by a waiter at the London Tavern as •• The knife-ana-fork-out-charity .

      Vmcim

      vmcim

      - Bread Is About Thirty Per Cent , Deare...

      - Bread is about thirty per cent , dearer in London than in Paris . , ' , -. _; _, " Don ' t call me boy . ' " said a youth , indignantly i ¦* I ' ve smokeda pipe ' these , six years !" To curb deafness , tell a man you want to pay a debt you have long owed him _..--. ; WHicH : oF ; the taxes is a perfect robbery ¦?—The hop-duty ; because ifc is a 'downright , picking of pockets . _—Puncli . y ' _yy-A nautical friind says , that ballet-dancers wear their dresses , at , half-mast , as a token of respect to departed modesty . ' Advice , " says ' Coleridge . " is like snow—the softer it falls , the longer it dwells iip " on | and the deeper it aiuks into the mind . " There is a lady at Clifton so handsome and so proud , thafc she says there is only thing in the world worth looking at , and that is—a mirror . -

      rTwoCouRSE 8 . ~ -A traveller was tempted to . go into a cook shop by this inscription _^!' . Roast and Boiled at Twopence per Head , " , "¦> , He was nota little disappointed by two courses of potatoes I A witness in a court of justice , being asked what kind of ear-marks the bog in question had , replied that " hehad no particular ear-marks , except ' a very short tail . " ' , ' / ' 7 7 Sincbritt is like travelling in a plain , beaten road , which commonly brings a man sooner to his journey ' s end than bye-ways , iu . which , men often loose themselves . > _.- - ' :,

      Wetiand Dry . —A traveller went into an inn after a Bhower , and asked the landlord to show him td a good fire , "for , " _saiihe , " I ' m very wet ; " and then turning to the waiter , he said , . " Bring mea tankard of ale immediately , for I ' m plaguy dry . " , ; That peculiar kind of Charity ,. which excels in eating a dinner and giving a subscription after it . has been ably characterised by a waiter atthe London Tavern as " _THE-KNiFE-AND-FoRK-ouT-CuAnm . — Punch . ¦ Reputation . —A reputation has been very amply compared to . a sheet of white paper : if it be once blotted , it caii hardly ever be made . to look as white _as'before . Ayologists of youth immoralities should think of this . .., "" , 7 A boy , who was sent to inquire how an old lady , named Wilkins , was in health , asked her _serrant , " Please marm _. _jnissus wants to know how old Mrs . Wilkins is to-day ? " to which the latter replied , " She is just severity-four to-day . "

      That nobility is the truest which a man derives , not from his pedigree , butfrom himself ; that excellency is the greatest which is personal ; . that glory is the most estimable which is fixed in our intellectual and moral attributes , not that which a man locks up with his cash , or puts by with his ribbons . " Is there anything really the matter with you ?" said a p hysician to a person who had sentfor him . "I don't know how it is , " was the reply ; "I eat well , sleep well , and have a good appetite . "— " Very well , " said the doctor , " I'll give you something to take away all tbat . " A . Lucky Firm . —We are assured upon good authority , that in the articles of rice and . tobacco alone , a mercantile firm in Liverpool—will this year realise £ 30 , 000 , supposed to be the largest sum ever made by any mercantile house in Europe , in one vear . —Liverpool Mercury . ¦ >

      4 . lady was travelling in a stage coach with a troublesome dog . A gentleman complained of the annoyance . " Dear me , sir ! " exclaimed the lady , _HI wonder you complain of my dog—everybody admires it—it is real Peruvian . " —* _? I don't complain of your Peruvian dog , " said the gentleman ; " but I wish he . would give us less of his Peruvian bark . " The National Statute of Bavaria :. —This statute , which has just been placed on its site , is fifty-four feet high / and thefpedestral thirty ; the facets equal to the heigth ofa man , the body twelve feet in diameter , the arm five , the index finger sfr inches , and two hands cannot cover the nail of the greattoe . It is cast in bronze , and weighs 125 tons . Baptismal Supbrstition . —In the north of England , when several children are brought to be baptised at the same time , great anxiety is shown by the people lest the girls should take the precedence of the boys , in which case it is believed the latter , when arrived at man ' s estate , would be beardless . — Notes and Queries .

      Irreparable . —A clergyman , who was consoling a young widow for the loss of her husband , spoke iii a very serious tone—remarking that he was one of a few—such a jewel of a Christian ! The lady shed tears and would not be comforted .. "Such a man , " continued her comforter , '' as you . will never see again . You cannot find his equal—you know that full well . " To which the sobbing fair one replied , with an almost broken heart , "Ah , I'll bet I do !" Itwas a saying of Paley , that he who is not fool half the time is a fool all the time , Robert Hall , who held a similar opinion , on being reproached by a very dull preacher , with the exclamation * ' How can a man , who preaches like you , talk in so trifling a manner' ? " replied , " There , brother , is the difference between us ; you talk your nonsense in tbe pulpit , I talk out of it !"

      • ' Dancin g , says Mr . Sheldrake , " is ono of the most healthy as well as one of the most _pleasint * amusements that can be practised by the young . If it is learned from those who are well qualified to teach it , and practised , as it ought to be , consistently with the instructions given , it will contribute more to improve the health ; as well as the form of the human frame , than any other exercise . —Lancet . An Old Hen . —In attempting to carve a fowl one day , an American settler found considerable difficulty in separating its joints , and exclaimed against the man who had sold him an old hen for a young chickeni " My dear , " said the enraged man ' s wife ,

      "don ' t talk so much about the aged and respectable Mr . B . ; he sowed the first patch of corn that was planted in our town . " — , " I know that , " said the husband , " arid I believe this hen scratched it up . " Spanish B eggars . —Thc queerest objectin nature is a Spanish beggar , for theso beggars beg on horseback ; and it is an odd thing to see a man riding up to a poor foot passenger asking alms . A gentleman in Valparaiso , being accosted by one of these mounted beggars , replied , * ' Why , sir , you come to beg of me whohavetogoon foot , while you ride on horseback ?" " Very true , sir , " said thc beggar , "and I have the more need to beg , as I have to support my horse as well as myself . "

      Every Man his own Judge . —I have my own laws and judicature to judge of myself , and apply myself more to theso than to any other rules . I do , indeed , restrain my actions according to others , but judge them not by any other rule but by my own . You yourself only know if you are cowardly and cruel , or loyal and devout . Others see you not , and only guess at you by uncertain conjectures . They do not so much see your nature as your art ; rely not , therefore , upon their opinions , but stick to your own . — Montaigne The Cities of London and Paris Compared . —The total surface of London is 210 000 . 000 of square

      metres ; its population , 1 , 924 , 000 ; number of houses , 260 , 000 ; extent of the streets . 1 , 126 , 000 metres ; extent of the streets , not including the foot pavement , 6 , 000 , 000 metres ; extent of the sewers , 639 , 000 metres . The total surface of Paris is 34 , 379 , 016 square metres ; population , 1 , 053 , 879 ; number of houses , 20 , 526 ; extent of the streets , 425 , 000 metres j surface ofthe streets , exclusive ofthe foot pavement , 3 , 600 , 000 square metres ; length of the sewers , 135 , 000 metres ; surface of the foot pavement , 888 , 000 metres . Thus , in London , every inhabitant corresponds to a surface of 100 metres ; at Paria , to 34 metres . In London , the average of inhabitants for each house is 7 i ; at Paris , 34 .

      Railways . —We have now about 5 , 000 miles of railway worked by nearly 2 , 000 locomotives , which , in the course of a single year , collectively travel over more than 32 , 000 , 000 of miles—the whole distance from Earth to Sun in three years , or as much as three and a half times round tho world per day ; and carrying , ih the course of a single year , not fewer than 60 , 000 , 000 passengers , and 20 , 000 , 000 tons of goods . The rails upon these lines—which exceed 24 , 000 miles in _lengthy and would therefore gird the world round with an iron band , weighing about 70 lbs . per yard—have been raised from the mine , smelted , forged , and laid in the course of thc last fifteen years ; whilst in the construction of the ways , 250 . 000 , 000 cubic yards , or not less than 350 , 000 , 000 tons of earth and . rock have , in tunnel , embankment , and cutting , been moved to greater or less distances .

      Queen Marys Thoen . —The ill-fated and beautiful Queon of Scots wag , on one or two occasions , when visiting the nobility , requested to plant a tree , as if emblematical of prosperity , which she never knew , or in order that its owners might tend and preserve it for the sake of their illustrious guest . This practice is of early origin , and does not appear likely soon to fall into disrepute among the admirers of the _goid and great . The tree which Queen Mary planted , on one occasion , was a . weeping variety of- thorn , and which is still to be seen in the garden behind Moray House , near the bottom of the street called Canongate , and within a short distance of Holyrood Palace . Edinburgh . _^ It is very , ornamental in its _^ eneral form , and an object of deep interest and curiosity . A handsome young tree of the same variety is growing in the garden of the Royal Botanic Society , Regent ' s Park . —P . IT . K .

      Something that will fit Somewhere . —A churchwarden , in allusion to those who go to church to stare about , and then complain that others stare at them , lately said , "When I was a boy , we had a schoolmaster who had odd ways of catching idle boys . Says he , one day , ** Boys , I must have closer attention to books ; the first one of yeu that sees another boy idle , I want you to inform me , and I will attend to the case . ' Ah , thought I to myself , there is Joe Simmons , that I don't like ; I'll watch him , and if I see him look off his book I'll tell on him . Itwas not long before I saw Joe look off his book , and immediately I informed tbe master , 'Indeed , ' said he , ' how d p you know he was idle ? ' ' I sa bim , ' was the reply . You dm ? and were your eyes on your book when you saw hira ? ' I was caught : but I didn t watch for boys again . "

      Cures For The Tjnculted! Xt O L L O W Ay * S Oi Nil Ent, ¦*¦¦*• An Extraordinary [Cure Of Scrofula, Or King's

      CURES FOR THE TJNCUltED ! XT O L L O W AY * S OI Nil ENT , ¦*¦¦*• An Extraordinary [ Cure of Scrofula , or King ' s

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      ¦ y ..... . _} ' : ' : Mil" - . ' _. y Extract ' ofalettcr froin Mr . J . H . AlHday , 209 _IIigh . 3 treet , Cheltenham , dated January 22 nd , 1850 . ' _S'B ,- _* My eldest son- when about throe years ' of age , was afflicted with a glandular swelling in the neck , which after a short time broke out into an ulcer . An eminent medical man pronounced it as a _very-bnd case of scrofula , and prescribed for a considerable time without effect . : The disease then for - yearawent ' _oa ' graduall y increasing in virulence , when besides the ulcer in the _necVanothe _* formed below the left knee , and a thirdundev the eye , besides seven . others on the left arm , with a tumour between tho eyes which ' _iv ' as expected to break . During the whole of the time nry suffering boy had received the constant advice ofthe most celebrated medical gentlemen at Chelte nhambesides beine for several months at the General Hospital

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      Thirty-Fifth _Edition , * Containing the Remedy forthe Prevention ofDiseass . Illustrated with Twenty-Six Anatomical Coloured ¦ Engravings on Steel . ON PHYSICAL DISQUALIFICATIONS , GENERATITB INCAPACITY , AHD IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE . A new and improved Edition , enlarged to 196 pages , prioe 2 a . 6 d ; by post , direct from the Establishment , 3 s . 6 d ( in postage stamps : THE SILENT FRIEND ; a Medical Work *» n tho Exhaustion and Physical Dewy ofthe System , produced by Excessive _ludxl gence , th _« CMscquence ? of Infection ,- er _thg abuse of Mercury ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 9, 1850, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_09111850/page/3/