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Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th May 1846, Edition 3 of 3, Page 7, * "Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nichol...

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      9, 1846: - - -- - • — ~— ~-"-*^--Y^

      9 , 1846 : - - -- - — _~— _~ - " - _*^ _--y _^

      Jfawgn Ihourinenre

      jfawgn _iHoUrinenre

      « A Na I «Rifl W** R » At J*33 *" 1 Word...

      « na I _« rifl w _** » J * *" words , . _ j ___ shouId my _chaneaco happen—deed * , ) 1 thaU who war with Thought 1 " _ wI Bl _tIbeara „ aebira , who sings n _^ peop le byanii by wflloe t be stronger *—Bim *

      _ASTERN EUROPE AND THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS * ho . n . The first _volnmeof this work treats of slavery in the Russian dominions—the Russian rule in Poland—and _jjje polish emigration . The author answers an ob-• > efiOU b 7 those _OPPO 3 _^ to _h _^ inquiries ; these obirfos _« S e to ** 1 ' "Either "Russia is dangerous to \ _L neighbours on account of the strength , which _j _jcesher beyond the reaoh of western interference , _jljihat she is weak , and not to be dreaded . " These Ajectars thence infer thatwhichever of thesepositions _jnauthof takes up , must considerably diminish the _^ _c _^ calimportanceof hissubject , whilstany attempt L _pjove both must involve self-refutation . But what _jsvs the author of this work ? _^ r _jCSSIAX GOYEBSJCEST IS AT OSCE BOTH WEAK ASD

      DAHGEBOUS . rbat is to say _fbat with inherent weakness it derives are 3 ud formidable strength from tbe very terror which _^ _s _^ era ted notions of its power inspire . * * * * fear , tar more than corruption , is the instrument hy _yjliCBibe Russian Cabinet spreads its influence abroad . ¦ The weak _, and tie timid in the immediate neighbourhood nf its empire , crouch to its will ; and the prudent in more _poverhu states , so long as it shows some moderation in 35 ambition , forbear from all interference , fearful of arflvoldBg a struggle which in reality the Russian ge ~

      _Ygtnment dreads much more than _thtmselves . It is on gal account , at least as important to point out , and to _BB _pnlarize the weakness of this demoiaduang power , as to Sew the dangers which exist of its extension ; or to detail rt , sufferings of those actually _Ijeneath its rule . So _doable is the _Bnssian Cabinet itself of the urgency of _festing up the exaggerated . idea of its strength wliich it _las sacceedeiin 6 ! isseminating , that any revelations on _jtfssul _jei-tareftr more dreaded than the disclosure of such acts of tyranny and violence as tend to draw on it _llu _jueution of civilized "Europe .

      In opposition to those who believe that . Nicholas is ixstK creature ofthe "Russian nobility , or at least jilt he maintains his position in spite of their _uo-rer ; the author of this work contends and proves ' list _Nicholas is in every sense of the word an latoerat , governing for himself ; and following in this j _^ pect in the footsteps of Peter the Great , and hi s rrandmoiher Caxsesiss . The struggle for mastery _p-er the nobles commenced by _Peteb was consummated 1 _^ Nicholas on the 12 th of December , 1 S 25 , when the nobles were crushed by their conqueror . "The power of tbe nobility , in which so many people 6 bsfinately persist in believing , has become aa completely matter of history as that of the Janissaries or ofthe ilamelukes . " The church has become converted into a powerful instrument of domination , at

      ( he head of which is the autocrat . Thus politically and religiously Nicholas alone reigns and rules ; he , therefore , is responsible for the acts of his government . All Englishmen , when speaking of tbe Russian em pire , are of course aware that that empire comprises the people of several distinct nations ; but , we believe , but few are aware ofthe distinction between the iluseovite and the itnthenian , commonly called Lirtle-Rnsslan population , to -whieh the Cossaek

      tribes belong . But , although possessing a common religion , and almost common language , the two races widely differ . The Muscovites number about thirty-six millions , the _Jlutiiauans ten millio . s » these latter , however , form the military , strength o * the empire . "From the Ruthenians sprang all those numerous hordes of Cossack , rather _encamped than settled at hundreds of miles of interval from the Don , across the whole width of Northern Asia , —the conquerors of Siberia , —the tamers of the Tartar . "

      THE BDTHESIASS Though distinct in character and idiom from "both the Poles and the _Hoscovites , have far more analogy to tlie soma- than to the latter . Scarcely two centuries bave ilapsed since The separation of this people from Poland aid its incorporation with the Russian empire . _Orijinall ; driven by the hatred which civil and religious irars engender to seek the protection ef the Muscovite , ( he Tiraleat antipathy ofthe Ruthenians towards tin * Poles has in the course of time subsided , and is being last succeeded by all the sympathies to which analogy of character and identity of interests can give rise .

      The devotion of this race to the Tsars , under certain dr-¦ _CTTti-taTiiyg , is daily becoming more problematical . The Russian despotism bas failed to digest tbis antithetic aliment . The efforts of a century have not sufficed to blend the Muscovite and IaWe-Russian . * * * Should the growing sympathies of the Ruthenians for the rest of their Slavonic brethren be kindled at anv critical juncture , a _coiisuming fire will tins be lighted in the v « ry vitals of the state ; and on the probabilities of _sujh an accident , we shall elsewhere dwell at greater length . THE MC 8 _COVITES .

      "With many redeeming qualities , there exists no race more fitted to become tbe blind and submissive tool of despotism , In this respect it differs even from the most senile branches of the vast and varied Slavonic family . Though any sincere devotion to the Tsars may be _confined to the serfs , the proportion which this class bears amongst the Muscovites to the free population , is very far . greater than for the whole empire . The collective population is reckoned at sixty-three millions , and of the _« thirty-six are Muscovites . The slaves amount to forty-five millions , and of these nearly _thirty-five are Muscovites the conquering and absorbing race thus affording the unprecedented spectacle ofremainingina thraldom more complete than those absorbed and

      _conquered . - * * * These blindly obedient millions would no doubt themselves furnish a Russian sovereign with unprecedented elements of power , wtre it not ; as the author has striven to show -elsewhere , for the utter corruption so hopelessly ingrafted onallranks of the _jaople , as to deprive the government ofany means of effecting the organization of this material . "What avail hmdreds of thousands , of which only tens -can ever reach the scene of action , on account of tbat consummate venality which has become a second nature to the Russian , and which renders it so impossible to move these _formidable masses , that a Russian regiment suffers more before it reaches its own frontier , than an English corps after years of service in India ?

      But there is another equally important feature to be foandin the character and temper of this Muscovite people , ' which tends to diminish very much the value of its _submissive fidelity to its ruler _jviz ., its pacific disposition and its absolute want of national ambition and pride . There exist other races even less warlike , —there are Others whose degraded condition is lower than even that ofthe Muscovite , but tiiere is no people in the world which exceeds him in apathy for the national glory or advancement . Most of those who have noticed this peculiarity _—which all who have any intimate acquaintance with the _-Rassians never fail to observe , —are apt to attribute it wholly to ths profound , _strvitutkiu which he is plunged . Bat though servitude and oppression may go far towards e _^ _iinguisliing in the indiv idual that pride and interest in tflewelfareof the state , which can only find its full developement in the breast « f afreeman , still the past history Of the world , and _thopreaent condition of some of its xaces _.

      P Mvesincontestibly _. thatpatrlotlc pride , or at least na . -twaal ambition , is not incompatible with a state of bondage . The thirst for conquest has been in all ages the most successful means which despotshave _^ employed to re-< _fc-ce their subjects to this condition . An ambitious people , _re _^ ardinc absolute submission as a means , bas been pnffle to lOOS forward only to the end , which excused in its own eyesthe humiliation of the joke which it endured . "TiePolish serf , sunk in a state of servitudeas degrading as the Muscovite ' s , was yet always keenly alive to the feeling of which the latter has always been insensible . Baieaththe rule of _Islamism , tbe hope of conquest and extension has made whole nations bendin contented shivery _, for this lure held out by tbe prophet , the Arab sold his birthright , abandoning tbe freedom cherished for tens of centuries in his deserts , to prostrate himself at the _foot" _slool of the despotism , which promised him the _sufcgaga-*« a of the world .

      Without entering into the question of how far a race * _o _* y in the long run be affected by the condition in which it is forcedly placed , it is evident that this feature in the Muscovite character is not wholly to be attributed to his -serrile state , but arises in some measure from an _mher-« " * S tendency . The Muscovite , in fact , is in temper an Armenian . "Whereleft to his own free agency , he sett no value upon power or glory . He does not wish to rule ; be seeks not for precedence ; be only aspires to be allowed to trade , and to be let to live in peace .

      This irresistible propensity to traffic , and to intervene betwixt the producer and consumer , is one of which the gratification has of course become nationally impossible , by the very extent to which his people has multiplied . There is no room in the world for thirty-six minions of Muscovites to play the par tef the Hebrew and the Armenian . But though bis strong instinct leads bim to trade and brokerage , he is well fitted ior agricultural pursuits , —and the nature of the country he inhabits would allow bim , in followi ng this avocation , so well in accordance with his pacific genius , to attain that wealth which he seems alone to prize . Something , however , of this apathy and indifference , no doubt is Owing to the severity with which tie Russian Tsars have beat and broken the national spirit to their will ; but by a strange inconsistency , after using every imaginable effort to reduce their people

      * "Eastern Europe And The Emperor Nichol...

      * "Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nicholas . " By I the Author of " Revelations of Russia . " London : T . C . 1 Newby , 72 , Mortimer Street , Cavendish Square ,

      * "Eastern Europe And The Emperor Nichol...

      t ) the condition of automatons , they imagine that they ca n breathe at pleasure into them the life of animation for a given purpose . Nicholas , who has been mors unremitting than any of his predecessors in extinguishing the faintest semblance of independence or opinion , has sought most arduously to inspire the nation with a thirst for war and for extension and appears surprised to find that it should remain mute and unmoved by this appeal , "Again , " _sayathe author of this work , " there is no Russian village , of which the serf population would not sooner see the independence of the Poles _^ established , and all the old Polish provinces

      restored te independent Poland , than send two additional recruits , chained hand and . foot—as ihey are always sent—to the imperial armies . So indifferent are they to every political question , even with regard to Poland , that there is hot alandlord who would give one percent of his serfs to prevent a similar result , even in the few instances in which a positive satisfaction would not be felt by him at anything which thwarted the imperial government . What , therefore , can be more unjust than to excuse the violence and cruelty of Nicholas towards the Poles , by attributing it , as we see frequen tly done by his apologists , to a necessity entailed u pon him by the prejudice and hatred ofthe Russian nation ?"

      In our next number we shall investigate the state of the slave population of the Russian empire ; in the meantime we request the attention of our readers to the communication given below from our respected friend , Captain Siolzman .

      The Cause Of Poland And The Editor Of Th...

      THE CAUSE OF POLAND AND THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL MERCURY . TO THE EDITOR OF THS SOUTHERN STAR . Sib , —The editor of the Liverpool Mercury inserted in his number of April 17 th , the following article headed " Poland" : — The unhappy fatherland of Sohieski and Kosciusko , whose partition had almost blotted it out of political space in the map of memory , has once more loomed into the clear horizon ofthe actual , and as rapidly and suddenly . again become a dissolving view . The fact is , that the "Polish insurrections do not mean _risin-s of the _msople to recover their liberty , for that tbey never bad but ententes of the nobility , aristocratic rebellions , to recover the social consequence which tbe partition had destroy en . The masses of Poland have , by its conquest , been , indeed , protected by their foreign rulers from the cruelty and neglect of their domestic governors , and their only ap * pearanoe in the tragic drama on which the curtain has just fallen , has been in the character of voluntary

      partisans of Austria and Prussia arrayed against their own masters , and _s-Azing the opportunity which anarchy gave to pay back the wrongs they had so long suffered at the hands of their own nobility . If the Polish nobles long to be free , let them first strike the manacles from their own slaves and fellow-countrymen . If they desire again to have a country , let them make it a country worth living in , and struggling for , by elevating the character of its people . If they would roll back those waters of bitterness in which a foreign yoke has submersed them , let them remember that . Mrs . Partington ' s broom will not drive back that political Atlantic—that they must have help , and tbat tbe only efficient help is' that , not of slave gangs , bnt Spartan hands of freemen . They must create a teovix before they can ever again be a nation , and they neither can , _nar deserve to be free , until they have redeemed their fellow-countrymen from slavery , ignorance , physical misery , and moral degradation .

      Finding _thisjarticle Quite contradictory to truth and reality , I found myself bound to send to the editor the following letter : — " Sir , —In your valuable paper ofthe 17 th instant , in an article headed ' -Poland , " I found assertions which are in flagrant contradiction to reality and tacts well known to the world ; I therefore beg leave to answer them through the medium of your own columns . " In the above-mentioned article you say the fact is , that Polish insurrections do not mean risings ef the people to recover their liberty , for that-they never had , hut emeutes of the nobility , aristocratic rebellions , to recover the social consequence which the partition had destroyed . ' " Do tou call the republican confederation of Bar , which for six years , from 1768 to 1773 , _^ strug gled for the independence of Poland against the Russian invadersan entente , an aristocratic rebellion ?

      , " Do you call also aia emeute of the nobility , & c „ the revolution of 1794 , made under the guidance of our immortal Kosciuszko f But this revolution took place in order to deliver the country from the Russian and Prussian invaders , and to recover the ancient limits of Poland , bf which she was deprived by the two partitions of 1113 and 1793 . But Kosciuszko proclaimed then the emancipation of the peasantry without any restriction , and as a symbol of the movement being undertaken in behalf of the people , dressed himself in a peasant's frock , . . . and it

      was under his dictatorship that several aristocrats , both of the high clergy and of the high nobility , were condemned and executed at Warsaw , as traitors to the whole nation , and not to the priviledged classes , of which the executed were members ! It waa precisely at the same time that "KUinsld , a shoemaker of "Warsaw ( who afterwards , though a proletarian , became colonel and commander of the 20 th regiment ) at the head of the Warsavian working men , rose against the Russian iorces , and killed about 8 , 000 of the enemy in a couple of days ! __

      "Is the insurrection of 1830 and ' 31 , andourstruggle , which then lasted nearly tea months against the whole force of the Russian Colossus , whose power even now induces your Cabinet to pursue towards it a diplomatic conduct which is not altogether , I suspect , in accordance with the feelings and wishes oi the majority ofthe British people , —is this insurrection , I repeat , and the whole campaign of 1831 , with its numerous battles , nothing more in your understanuing than an emeute of the nobility , & e . ? But the manifesto issued by the Polish Diet of that epoch , and published by the whole press of the world , tells you quite the reverse . _'"' _-,, " ' '"' , „„ - " la finally , the last outbreak at Cracow and Gallicia , which still continues , in your eyes also a mere emeute of the nobilitv , & e ., even in spite of the manifesto Of the 22 nd of February last , of which nobody can be ignorant ? Amanifesto showing clearly

      the intention of not only emancipating-toe peasantry , but also of providing them with means enabling them to enjoy the liberty , and not to die by _starvation , as very often happens under our own eyes , in certain free countries ! ' "If so , if all the insurrections I have quoted , besides the risings of 1807 and 1809 , and the numerous battles fought , as well as the thousands of victims belonging to all classes ofthe nation , who during the last 14 years , since 1832 up to the present hour , have perished on the scaffold , or have been sent to Siberia , for having conspired against the foreign yoke , are not risings and endeavourings of the people to recover their liberty , but only emeutes ofthe nobility , and aristocratic rebellions , to recover the social consequence which the partition had destroyed , then , sir , one of us must necessarily be wrong , and must not have a clear idea of the meaning of either the words

      insurrection or emeute . "But in the above passage yon assert also , that the partitions have' destroyed the social condition , ' whieh was favorable to the nobility and detrimental to the lower classes of Polish society . How was it ? "Where was it performed 1 It was done by the Polish government of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1808 ; _butaa to the partitioning powers , except Prussia , who did it not long ago , the two others have , until now , strictly maintained the serfdom ofthe peasantry , and whenever the Polish proprietoramanifested their sincere desire of emancipating their peasants , the Russian and Austrian governments immediately interfered and put their veto upon it , as was the case for example in 1818 , when the nobility of Lithuania ,

      by the organ of their _Bietines , presented to the then reigning emperor Alexander I ., a petition praying him to grant them leave to emancipate their peasants , and Which petition Waa answered by this monarch , not only by a refusal but a severe reprimand . This was done by- Russia ; and Austria did the same , for , when in 1844 the Gallician Diet moved the same proposition , they met also with a refusal , and a reprimand from the ' paternaV Austrian government . "Are those facts not a sufficient , proof that the Polish noblemen intended really'to strike the manacles from their fellow-countrymen / and can we say that the partitions have destroyed the social condition of both , the nobility and the peasantry ? Evidently notbecause Austriafor example , instead

      , , of destroying this abject condition , maintained the serfdom in vigour , and moreover forced the proprietors to be the official fulfillers , not only of the consequences of this state , but also of other vexatious governmental measures ; and after the very detailed statement of this fact given latel y by M . Montalembert , in the Chamber of Peers , and M . Caatellane , in the Chamber of Deputies , in Paris , nobody is reasonably allowed to be ignorant of it . But one may ask , why did Austria this ? Because it was her Maehiavelian policy to divide and to keep the peasantry in a constant state of hostility against _ihenoMity

      especially as she saw that they intended to emancipate the peasants , and that they were good patriots . And she succeeded wonderfully , as the last events show;—but in order to obtain this result , she was obliged to recur to base means , by disguising , as peasants , exciting agents , and by promising a pr ice for the heads of _theproprietors : means which , no doubt , would produce similar results even among the lower class of "Western Europe , if used on a similar , occasion : and individuals gained by such infernal means to perpetuate such diabolical deeds , you do not hesitate to call ' voluntary partisans of Austria . '

      " Tou conclude . Sir , your artiele with the following words directed to the Polish noblemen : —* They must create a people before tbey can ever again be a nation , and they never can nor deserve to be free , nntilthey have redeemed their fellow-countrymen from slavery , ignorance , physical misery and moral

      The Cause Of Poland And The Editor Of Th...

      degradation . ' Well , Sir , but tell me how they can possibly do all these _, beautiful and necessary things when , as I have already shown , the spoliators under whose yoke my fatherland groans , do their utmost to prevent the creation of a real people , and to keep the lower classes in ignorance and degradation , even by forbidding the formation of temperance societies ? It mnst not be forgotten that Poland presents in the middle of the 19 th century , and to the Shame of the civilized world , nothing more than a vast prison , of which the three spoliators with their innumerable tools , backed by the friendly alliance of the governments of free countries , are the most barbarous

      jailors ! Can you , Sir , indicate the means of creating a people in a jail ? Can slaves themselves redeem their brothers from slavery . " Ah . ' sir , if Poland were as England , surrounded by seas , instead of unhealthy bogs , formed by a triple enemy not only to her but to all mankind , she long ago would have enjoyed the blessings of a real freedom , and she never would have been involved in a situation such as the present , which furnishes many foreign politicians with the opportunity of calline the extraordinary and continual efforts of our nation _, mere " emeutes of nobility , & c . " "As it happens that I am lnot a member of the nobility , I trust , sir , you will not accuse me of being a partial defender of them , but a lover both of truth and my fatherland .

      lam , Sib , Your most obedient Servant , „ ' . . . . „ Charms _Stqizmm . Captain of Artillery ofthe last Polish Army , and Delegate in England of the United Polish Emigration . " 17 , Norton Street , Portland Place , London , April 22 nd , 1846 . The Editor of the Liverpool Metcury not only refused to insert the above letter , but in his number of May 1 st , gave , amongst others to his correspondents , the following reply : —

      Pound . —On the subject of our few parting words to the Polish nobility , we have received two very long letters . "Whatever may be the conclusions to which the ad . missions in them are calculated to lead , respect for the courage , and patriotism , and sympathy with the misfortunes ofthe Polish refugees , induced us to abstain from _re-opening a subject which no friend of rational liberty , and no enemy to the despotism of the three partitioning powers can approach without regret . We are not insensible to the advantage of having in Poland a mine to spring on the autocratic Governments of the continent ofEuropa . "We _betieve that in partitioning Poland they " Did but teach bloody instructions , "Which being taught , return to plague the inventor . "

      We are aware that too much obscurity banging over ths later events of Polish history , and too much mere assertion and party colouring of facts , to enable the impartial spectator , as yet , to judge with clear intelligence , of the conduct of either party . But enough is known of the state of society in Poland to bear out the statement of Mr . ' J . S . Stephens , in his incidents of travel , that " Society consists altogether of two distinct and distant orders—the nobles and the peasantry—without any intermediate degrees . The peasantry are in the lowest state of mental degradation . The nobles , who are more numerous than in any other country in Europe , have always , in the eyes , ofthe publie , formed'the people of Poland . " Now the

      peasantry , the most numerous class , are the people of Poland ; and their conduct in Gallicia sufficiently proves what sympathy they had with the recent movement for Polish independence . But wc have no wish to pursue this topic further . To those who do , we would refer to the article Poland , in Maculloch _' _s Geographical Dictionary , and the authorities therein referred to , for an account of the treatment ofthe people , that is , the peasantry of Poland , by the partitioning powers , as contrasted with tbe way in which they were used by the nobility when Poland was an independent kingdom . Mr . Cobden ' s England and Russia may also be advantageously consulted .

      Whether such a proceeding on the part ofthe Editor is a fair and a justifiable one , I leave it to yon , sir , and to the English public to deeide . _. Believe me , Sir , your ' s faithfully , Charles Kolzman . May 4 th , 1846 .

      Literary Association Of The Friends Of P...

      LITERARY ASSOCIATION OF THE FRIENDS OF POLAND . ( From the Morning Advertiser . ) The annual meeting of this association , designed to keep before the public mind the claims and the struggles of Poland , took place on Tuesday afternoon , at the rooms of the Association , Duke Street , St . James ' s . Lord Dudley Stuart , the Vice President of the Society , took the Chair , as usual ; and among the gentlemen present we observed—the Earl of Zetland , Viscount Sandon , M . P ., Lord Beaumont , Lord Foley , Lord Charles Fitzroy _, M . P ., W . J . Dennison , Esq ., M . P ., John Abel Smith , Esq ., M ; P ., Mr . Williams , MP ., Captain Townsend , R . N ., Rev . Dr . _Worthinston , Edward Romilly . Esq ..

      Frederick Pigou , Esq ., Edmund Beales , Esq ., W . Lloyd Birkbeck , Esq ., J . S . Buckingham , Esq ., W . Pritchard , Esq ., Lamie Murray , Esq ., G . Wilbraham _, Esq ., John Pickford , Esq ., H . Edlin , Esq ., & c . The proceedings commenced by the honorary secretary , Mr . Birkbeck , reading the annual report , which upon the whole was of a satisfactory character . The Earl of Zeilan * shortly moved the first resolution in favour ofthe adoption of the report , which was seconded by Mr . Johnstone , in an able speech , in which he remarked upon the grasping and ambitious designs ef Russia in all quarters of the globe , and during all ages of history . .

      A series of resolutions were then moved , one of which , expressive of the necessity ofthe re-establishment of the independence of Poland to the general tranquillity of Europe , was proposed by Lord Bkaumont . —His Lordship stated that he discharged this duty not influenced so much by any fee _ings of partiality to Poland , as impressed with the conviction that that country had not been dealt with upon those great principles of advancing conciliation and international policy which ought to influence the great European family , and pledging himself to use any constitutional means in his power to assert the claims and advocate the rights of Poland . After eloquent addresses from Mr . Beales , Captain Townsend , Lord Foley , Mr . Edward Beaumont , and Mr . W . Adam Smith ,

      Lord Dudley Conns Stuart _addressed the meeting at great length . lie went over the reasons which had induced the association to discourage the project ofa public demonstration with reference to the late events in Poland—a demonstration which Prince _Ciartoryski , aware as he waa of the state of public sentiment in England , had expressed a strong feeling against . Although , however , no public demonstration had taken place , an address , drawn up by himself and the honorary secretary , Mr . Birkbeck , had been issued in order to make known the opinion of the association with regard to the outbreak . In reference to that event , his Lordship proceeded at great length to detail the cruelties and oppression of the Austrian Government , who had fomented the insurrection by every means in their power , and , as it was proved by

      undoubted evidence , had encouraged it , and rewarded the Galician peasantry for the murder of the nobles of the district . The retirement of the Austrian forces irom Cracow was but a feint to induce the belief that a formidable resistance had been offered to them , which , in fact , was not the case . It was difficult to believe the atrocities connected with Russian and Austrian rule in Poland , but the late horrors were quite in keeping with the whole course of cruel policy which had been so long persevered in towards that _, oppressed country . With reference to the nuns of Minsk he had strong reasons to believe in the truth of that terrible narrative . He was from time to time receiving fresh information upon the subject , and he pledged himself never to let the matter drop , whatever difficulties he might have to contend with ,

      until he had arrived at the exact and literal truth . ( Hear . ) The noble lord went on to remark on the continued highly exemplary conduct of tbe Polish refugees in this country—on their patience , industry , and perseverance under the most trying circumstances , and concluded his speech by expressing in fervent terms his conviction , although it was possible none of them might lire to see tbe day , that the wrongs of Poland would be avenged , and that that cruelly oppressed country would be at length restored to her former high and rightful place among the nations . ( Loud Cheers . ) After addresses in conformity with the spirit of the Association from Lord Sandon and Mr . John Abel Smith , thanks were voted to the noble Chairman , and the meeting separated .

      Aireruuuu Iir Supposed Dsaib Tbom Patent Medicinb. — On M J— _Ri »«_ To T»_I L.U - • .

      aireruuuu iir Supposed Dsaib tbom Patent _Medicinb . — On m J— _ ri »«_ to t »_ i L . u - .

      Aueauay , J-R. . Uaker Neiuan Inquest At...

      Aueauay , _j-r . . uaKer neiuan inquest at the Horse Shoes , Buckle-street , Whitechapel , on the body of Caroline Julia Hurst , aged three years . The deceased was the daughter of a watchmaker re-Siding in Buckle-street , and for- several weeks past she had been ill with hooping cough . About a week since , the mother hearing ofthe efficacy ofa patent medicine prepared by a chemist in Whitechapel , called " Brodie ' s Hooping-cough Drops , " she procured a bottle , which she administered according to the directions around the bottle , but the deceased got gradually worse , and on Saturday afternoon last , Mr . Liddell , a surgeon was sent for , who found the child in a dying state , and she expired in a few hours afterwards , from effusion on the brain , wliich may bave resulted from disease , or from the effect ofthe drops . Thejury returned a Yerdict of " Natural death . "

      The Atiempied Murder is Drury-lane .. —Since the examination of Graham at Bow-street on Saturday , the unfortunate man Blewett has become gradually worse , and on inquiry at King ' s College Hospital on Monday , it was stated that he had a very restless night , and is unable to converse with any person . It may be recollected that Mr . Drummond , who was a few years ago shot by Macnaughton at Charing-cross , rallied for a few days , and some hopes were entertained of his recovery , but he died a very few days after the relapse took place .

      Aueauay , J-R. . Uaker Neiuan Inquest At...

      American Working-men's MOVEMENT . EMANCIPATION OF LABOUR AND THE LAND . The following able and most excellent article is frera the pen of Mr G . II . Evans , editor of Young America . Ibis article unveils an appalling picture of the state ot New York , and powerfully describes the dangers that threaten the Republic . It is certain that unless the measures of the National Reformers are speedily adopted the American Common .

      wealth is doomed . _^ All the social evils that afflict European communities already exist in the United States , and are daily becoming more and more formidable ; and , unless thev are speedily rooted out , political tyranny will be added . The state of American society , as pictured in the following article , should teach us that e ven universal suffrage will be comparatively valueless unless the people are prepared to insist upon such social reforms as will save the community from the evil of riches and tyranny on the one hand , and poverty and serfdom on the other . As the hrsfc of these reforms the Land must be restored to the people . ,

      NATIOMAL _BT-FOBH-TM FIBST OF BEFOBMS—ITS PBESIKT POSITION AND BBIOBT _PBOSP £ CTS . "Reformers , even the most radical , have a great truth yet to learn , which is this ; that fragmentarj reforms which might be proper as parts of a whole system , nmj be mischievous out of their proper order . Two or three illustrations will suffice to show my meaning _. The chattel slave has a right to be free ; but he has a right also to land upon which to _enjay and maintain his freedom ; to the property he has accumulated abore his

      eonsumption ; and , in addition , if it were possible , to compensation for his oppression . Now , it might be good policy to liberate the slave without the right of property and compensation ; but it would not be policy to liberate him without his right to land , because he would then come in competition with the wages slave , and both might be worse off than they were before . The proper policy , therefore , would be to put the chattel slave in possession ofhis land and personal liberty at ence , either with or without his other rights , as might be most practicable .

      Again - . The wages slave , robbed of a home , and coerced to toil for others , has a right to his land , where ho was bom il practicable ;* and if not , on tha nearest uncultivated land he may choose ; and he has a right to tbe proceeds of his labour above bis consumption , if he has laboured , and whether he has laboured or not , to compensation for the privations he has suffered in consequence ofthe denial of hi * right . He has also the right to exchange the products ofhis labour with the products of labour in any foreign country without government interference . But what folly it would be for the landless man to spend half his lifetime contending for free trade , instead of exerting all his energies to acquire his f undamental right to the soil . It might be policy to compromise his rights of property , compensation , and choice of location , the sooner to obtain his right to the soil somewhere ; hut , as free trade without free labour would merely send a few factory slaves to still ( to them ) harder servitude on board of ships , it would be bad policy to contend for free trade before free land and free labour ,

      One more example : the _peopla have a right to choose their own officers . The whole of this right is , that every family shall be on tbeir own inalienable freeholds with nearly equal means , leisure , and capacity to choosu from among themselves such few agents as may be necessary to regulate their local affairs . But in New York , where eighty thousand families are crowded into a space that ought to be occupied by one or two thousand ; where , in consequence , not one in a hundred are freeholders ; where one in seven are paupers or dependent on public relief , and can think of nothing hut how to get their daily bread ; where a large portion are either voluntarily or through necessity without any thought or desire of making it a permanent residence , ( though most of them get disappwnted , ) and therefore feel no interest about city affairs ; where a large portion of them are gamblers , swindlers , and thieves , and _therefore have interests of their own in the choice of public officers ; where n

      considerable portion live on the labour of others by moneyusury or land-usury , and have also separate interests ; where the officers , in consequence of this state of things , ' are very numerous , and the office seekers , in consequence ofthe struggle for leave to toil ; much more so ; and where the labouring classes , thus in fierce competition , merely live from hand to mouth by incessant toil ; where this state of things exists , to talk of . the people ' s right to choose their own officers is , t » use the mildest expression , nonsensical ; and for two lawyers to amuse ' . a parcel of them a whole evening , as they did a few days ago at Tammany "flail , on the question whether heads of departments ( who choose hundreds of officers ) should be chosen by the people direct or by the Mayor and common council , was an exhibition , it _suemed to me , riot merely bordering on the ludicrous , but going right into it , and I have no doubt they heartily enjeyed the joke at their oyster supper after the extravaganza was over .

      Dwell for a moment longer on the fmmy idea of a New York lacklander choosing his own public officers . He is born in the cellar or garret of somebody else ' s house , for which his father or mother , as the case' may be , pays a dollar or two a week , lodging now and then on the sidewalk when they cannot raise the rent . He arrive !" , somehow or other , at the age of nine , after seeing one or two younger brothers and sisters buried in ground , for the us * of which the last cent in tlie family exchequer was paid , and baring- learned the way to the nearest thoroughfare , he is no w employed to sell matches or pocket combs , or to beg ; Perhaps , by some strange chance , he sees the inside of Astor House or a Public School , both of which are open to him . At nineteen , having acquired his

      education , he is promoted to the sale' of a brothel directory or ODSCMie books ornamented with cuts in the travellers'rooms ofthe Hotels , ! and attaches himself to some engine company as a volunteer . At twenty . one having for several years been a regular attendant at the cheap theatres , and thus seen a little of all kinds of civilized life , he is persuaded or _briboa by Mr . _Spokeshava _, a custom house officer ( not chosen by the people ) , to vote for Lawyer Lookahead for member of Congress , and having learned the party doggerel and joined in the party procession he is now firm in his political faith , whatever tbat may be , and of course ii well qualified , and has plenty of leisure , to select and to vote for about five thousand officers , from street sweepers up , to be chosen to administer the city , state , and general governments !

      If one man can own a whole county and make thousands pay tribute to him year after year for the right to use the earth ; if another can inherit land in 45 out of 59 counties ofa State ; if another can monopolize land , buildings , and property enough , to enable him , while tottering on the brink ofthe grave , to rake into his stores the product of a million of days' labour annually ; while thousands upon thousands are born without the right to walk the earth except by sufferance -if our best agricultural counties can be covered over with mortgages and the farmers driven off er subject to a perpetual bondage , and

      their sons driven into tbe cities ; if our city populations can be rapidly accumulating with all the evil 9 of monarchical populations in full proportion ; if our lints of communications can gradually pass into the possession of chartered companies , subjecting the people to a perpetual Tent for these also as well aa for the lands and houses ; if the rich can get richer and the poor poorer ; if wages can lower and rents rise in proportion as improvements are made by labour , skill , and industry ; if all this can go on , just as in a Monarchy , how are we better off than a monarchy , except in the somewhat reduced pay of our public officers !

      It is plain enough that all is not right , and equally plain to many that we are going from bad to worse . It requires but half an eye to see that our trifold system of government is becoming far too complicated ; that the apex it becoming too large for the base ; in short , that the tendency of tlie present system is to a monarchy . .. We must simplify andeconomise , if we would preserve the Republic , We rauBt cutoff numerous offices and reduca the pay of the rest ; we must ' abolish the Custom House entirely and' collect the revenue by direct tax , abolish the Army and Navy , confine the general government to absolute necessary powers , and shorte » the sessions of Congress . In tha States we must getrid of all our lawyers aud threefourths of our laws by abolishing laws for the collection of deb t * ; put an end to all chartered privileges , and _invitt the city populations to the country instead of driving more people to the cities ; take away from the legislature

      all power © f special , local , or class legislation , and thus diminish tbeir sessions two-thirds at least ; and secure to every _citiaen a home oh the soil sufficient for the xeriseof his industry , independent of every man ' s will and pleasure . Ia the _oitiea , then , wage 9 would rise , rents would lower , population would become leas and less dense , houses would become tolerable residences by having gardens around them , and all tbe present anti-repub . lican tendencies would be reversed . But , first and foremost in this plan of reform , two measures are necessary : the one is , to make tbe public lands free to actual atttlers ; and the other , to limit the quantity of land that any individual or corporation may hereafter acqulreln the States ; and nothing short of this can by any possibility preserve the "Republic , because nothing short of these will secure to each citizen a right to the soil , and there can be no such thing as _fresdom or equal rights without the right to the soil .

      Ths _loveral reform , now advocated , and by many called radical reforms , are evidence that we are going wrong ; and it would not be far out of the way to say that the numerous bands of reformers are now the chief obstacles in the way of reform . There must be , if not a Parent-Evil , a " GHant Wrong , " one greater than , all the rest ; and they hare not taken sufficient pains to find out which It was . The National Reform ra are the last band of political reformers in the field : they ought , therefore , in due course , and without any particular merit of their own , to be the wisest , having the experience and knowledge of all the others . All other true-hearted reformers , therefore , ought to listen to them ; if they have explained or elucidated a truth not before understood , it is useless to persist in tha advoeacy of any plan of reform which runs eounter to that truth or is defective for want of it .

      That the National Reformers are not following a phantom , may be inferred from the accession to their ranks of two Other bands of reformers , almost in a body , within

      # It Would Not Be Exactly Practicable To...

      # It would not be exactly practicable tor all on tbe island of New York to have a sufficient Homestead on it ; but those born on the Patroou Manors might and should have Homes there . t These things are now of regular occurrence ,

      # It Would Not Be Exactly Practicable To...

      the past year . The asiociationists and the Communists , two powerful hosts of radical refornierlr , now _recognize unanimously the right of man to the : soil , and almost unanimously adopt the National Boform plan of _rostorin-: that right , The _Anti-Renters , too , organized at first to _resist oppression , have discovered that tbey stand on much stronger ground than they at ' first supposed , arid are now nearly all National Reformers . Peace men artbeginning to see that there can be no peace until hlimau rights are somewhere acknowledged , and that a government acknowledging and securing equal right to the soil wouW have the moral force to establish peaco _gradually over all surrounding nations . Temperance men , and all other moral reformers , are becoming acquainted wilh the fact that intemperance , vice , and crime keep pace with inequality of condition , and that inequality of

      condition keeps exact pace ' with the monopoly of the soil . The native party , in all probability , would not have had an existence , had tbe National Iteform movement com . menced two years earlier , go completely would our success remove thc circumstances which gave that party strength . The abolitionists , a party of discordant elements , some wanting cheap labour , or , in other words , to transform the chattel slave into a wages slave , and thus render still more intolerable the slavery _ofnages , and some actuated by truly benevolent designs ; this party , tlie latter branch of it , ' which comprises the great majority , is fast rallying under the National Iteform banner ; but whether the friends of cheap labour will see their own selfishness

      is a matter of doubt . Lastly , even the Whigs and Democrate , who are not at all to be classed as Reformers , though continually stirring to reform each other , but are mere creatures of education , like Hindoos and Mahometans ( whose religion might have been changed by a trausfer of cradles ;) _even ~ these are beginning to understand that to deny the right to the soil ia rank Toryism ; and there is no doubt that when called upon to declare for or against , the great bodies of both those parties will declarefor a Free Soil ; after which ' . there will be but two parties , the great Republican party of Progress , and the little Tory Party of Hold . backs , wliich latter perhaps may then ba useful by way of contrast .

      Reflect , then , Reformers . Onco more we call your attention to the subject of a Free Soil , by which we moan an Inalienable _Homatead for every family . Consider this proposition in its moral , social , and political bearings . By uniting upon it you may carry it at once ; by delay , you may allow a war to interfere and postpone it an ape . Carry it , and every other reform would be much easier accomplished afterwards . Let there be a union of Reformers to secure land for " a home for evory family ofthe Republic ; and thtn let us proceed with thc reform nest in order ,

      India And China. Important News From Lah...

      INDIA AND CHINA . IMPORTANT NEWS FROM LAHORE . Despatches in anticipation of the Bombay mail of the 1 st of . April , received on Monday , bring the gratifying intelligence of India being at present in complete tranquillity . The late rapid campaign on the Sutlej has terminated in the complete _subjugation ofthe Sikhs . ' .. Ti e Delhi Gazette _Extraordinary of tbe 23 rd March , contains several most important documents connected with the treaties which were signed for the pacification ofthe Punjab . The first is a notification published by the Governor-General , and contains a note of the conference held on the Sth of March between theBritish Diplomatist , Mr . Currie , and the Minister and Chiefs of the Lahore Durbar , and also translations of two applications on bohalf of the young Maharaj _' ah Dhuleep Singh , praying for the protection ofthe British troops .

      The second document gives an account of the proceedings attendant on the treaty . The third is a memorandum ofthe proceedings of the Durbar ( public levee ) held at Lahore _on-the Oth bf March , in the state tent of the Governor-General , during which he delivered an address , which was interpreted sentence by sentence to the Lahore Ch iefs . and Minister , by Mr . Currie . The address explains the policy ofthe British Government , and the stipulations which are required from the Sikh Government .

      The fourth __ document is the treaty of peace between the British Government and Dhuleep Singh , It is comprised in 16 articles , and cedes all the terri tory south of the Sutlej , and also the hill eountr j which lies between the Beas and the Indus , _includimthe provinces of Cashmere and Husarah . The Maharajah is to pay 50 lacs ( half a million sterling ) on the ratification , and engages to disband all the mutinous troops of Lahore , and to keep 20 , 000 infantry and 12 , 000 cavalry , and no more . The British armies are to be allowed to pass through the _Lahonterritories , and all the guns pointed against thc British are to be surrendered , as in fact they have been .

      The costrbul of the rivers Beas and Sutlej to the Indus is vested in the British . No European or American is to be employed by the Lahore . Government without the _sanc-. ion ofthe British . . Rajah Ghoblab Sin / fh is to become ah independent Sovereign in thV territories which the British may cede to him . Al changes in the frontiers of the Lahore State are prohibited , and aU its disputes are to be referred to tin-British authorities , who are not to interfere in its internal administration . This treaty is also remarkable in not using the title Punjab or Five Rivers . The dominions of Dhuleep are confined to the Lahore State .

      The fifth document is the memorandum ofa Statf ; visit paid by the Governor General to the Maharajah Dhuleep Singh , at which the Lahore Minister , Dewan Deed a Nath , pronounced an address of thanks to the British leader for his generosity . The sixth is a note of the proceedings of the Minister and the Chiefs of Lahore , assembled togethei on the 11 th of March in Durbar , during which articles of agreement were signed for the occupation ol the city of Lahore during 10 months , in . order to protect the Maharajah while organizing his army . The seventh ia a copy of a treaty entered into _bthe Govenor General with the ( now ) Maharajah Ghoolab Singh , to whom the British give over , in independent possession , all the hilly or . mountainous

      country lying between the Ravee and the Indus , including of course the valley of Cashmere and the p rovince of Husarah and Cbumba , but excluding Lahool . Ghoolab Singh ia to pay halfa million on the ratification of the treaty , and a quarter in October next , and is not to employ any foreigners . The British undertake to protect him against all foreign enemies ; while he and all his forces are ' to be ready when called on to aid the British . In acknowledgment of British supremacy he engages every year to present a horse , twelve shawl goats , and three pair of Cashmere shawls . Thus the Jamoo Chief , who contrived to obtain possession ofthe greatest

      part of the treasures of old Kunjeet _, has been able to raise himself into the rank of an independent Maharajah . While he was Wuzeer of Lahore he in February last promised to pay £ 1 , 500 , 000 to the British ; but when the day ot payment arrived , in March , the money was not forthcoming , and new treaties became necessary , by which the Lahore Government was deprived of the Kohistan ( hill country ) , and Ghoolab or Gholab , ( for his name is written both ways , ) having undertaken to pay half a million down and another sum of a quarter of a million seven months afterwards , was declared an independent Rajah ( or rather Maharajah—Great king ) , with the far-famed valley of Cashmere as his dependence .

      There is a remarkable omission in the Lahore treaty , to which it may be useful to awaken attentiou —viz ., that no mention is made of the province oi Moultan , which is known to have been always independent of Lahore until the reign of Runjeet Smgh . The non-mention of this important commercial entrepbt leads to the belief that some further military movements for the occupation ef that province may be expected after the rainy season shall have passed over—that ia , about October next . The Scinde army , whicli had reached Bbawulpore , was ordered to be broken up on the 10 th of March , and . most of the regiments returned to Sukkur , & c ., in order to be stationed in Scinde , while the Bengal

      troops proceeded towards Ferozepore . Sir Charles Napier , who by a most rapid march had reached the Governor General at Lahore on the 3 d of March , and where he was received with every distinction , was to return to Scinde as Governor . General Sir J . Littler , at tho head of 10 , 000 men , is to occupy Lahore for the remaining months of 1846 ; the Lahore Government has to defray the expense ofthe British troops there . The Governor General was expected to quit the Lahore State on the 20 th of March , and to proceed into tho newly-acquired provinces to the east of the Beas in company with Sir Charles Napier , where they will have to regulate thc cantonments . It appears to . be expected that the Governor General will pass the hot and rainy months at Simla .

      No mention is made in tho Lahore treaty of the province of Peshawur , of which the Afghans , under Akhbar Khan , are anxious to repossess themselves . The Nizam ' s finances are still in thc utmost disorder , and must speedily require the application of a strong remedy by thc government of India . The hot months had begun in India , and great complaints were heard ofthe wants of water , in consequence of the scanty fall during thc last monsoon . A fainiHe was feared in various districts during the two months which had to elapse before the rains set in . The news from China is only to tbe 27 th of February , which we received by the last mail .

      Accident Happened Tne Winchester Fatal Acciuent At Portsmouth.—A Melancholy.N.Nm.'Lav&Gt;4 1» Rt *\V\/\V% *\Ti F\*\ T\T\T\Tni\ 4tva Winnltilh^Ith Fill N

      accident happened tne Winchester Fatal _Acciuent at Portsmouth . —A _melancholy . n . nm . _'lAV > _4 1 » rt *\ _V _\/\ V % *\ _ti f \*\ t \ t \ t \ tni \ _4 _tVA _Winnltilh _^ _ItH Fill n

      Accident Happened On Uoaru Tne Wincheste...

      on uoaru , ou , on Tuesday , whilst lying under the sheers to be dismasted . The ship was unrigged , and the ropemen were employed getting oil the top . It had been un bolted , and one side had been sent down . By some oversight , from want of lashing , thc port side of the top canted , and fell on deck , carrying one man , second captain of the top , Richard Blake , along with it ; and fell on Stephen Gray , the first captain of the top , killing the latter instantaneously , and dreadfully injuring the former . Another seaman , Richards by name , had nearly half his foot cut off by the top rim . Blake and Richards were taken to Haslar Hospital . The former is dreadfully hurt , but some hopes are entert'dincd that his life will be saved , *

      Accident Happened On Uoaru Tne Wincheste...

      ; TEN IIOURS' BILL . At a general meeting of the Central Short Tima _> Committee of the West Riding of Yorkshire , held ! at Bradford , on Monday last , May 4 ., Mr . Isaac i Bottomley m the chair , the following resolutions i were unanimously adopted : — Resolved , 1 st , That this meeting is more and more fully con . . vincedof the desirableness and necessity of ; i k' _^ lative enactment to ' protcctyoung person- from being uoiked in factories _Imore . than ten hours per day , believing as they do that ten hours ( if actual labour per day is the proper period ' to ' whicli ; the daily labour of all minors ought to beby'iaw _' _restticted , und therefore this meeting pledges itself to use every _Ji-gitimato menus in its power to promote the passing ofthe Factory Bill now before tha House of Commons .

      ¦ 2 nd , That our Secretary be requested to proceed to London forthwith , iu order to represent to the government and to members of Parliament the real wishes and feelings of the factory operatives , as well as many of their masters , on this important meature . 3 rd , That this meeting cannot separate without expressing their iisapprobiition at tbe course pursued by Mr . Joneph Hume in the Ilouse of Commons last Wednesday on the debate for the second rending of the Faetory Bill , and therefore resolve that a vote of censure be conveyed to him for his opposition not only to the Teu Hours' Bill , but to any diminution in the present long hours oflabour of young persons and females employed in factories , although it has been abundantly proved both by experience and medical testimony that such protracted toil is injurious both to the development of their physical strength and their moral culture .

      Kilbarchan. Co-Operation. —This Village ...

      KILBARCHAN . Co-operation . —This village not being lighted with gas , a considerable portion of the inhabitants , principally weavers , have been in the habit of co operating annually , and iR the summer season purchasing , " wlnm oil was at the cheapest , " as great a _Quantity as their individual circumstances would permit them to do of this indispensable article against the coming winter . At a meeting held in tho summer of 1845 for the aboveiiamed objec ; , the subject of conversation , as might naturally be supposed , was of an enlightening character , it was there stated , that by a combined and proper direction of the co-operative principle , the working men of this village had all the necossnry elements within their grasp of establishing a gas work , if it wns the opinion of the inhabitants _thatsueh an institution would be of _general benefit .

      A public meeting was accordingly held in the Chartist Church , Mr . J . Wilkie , a highly _intelligent working man iu the chair , who , in a clear an J concise manner , stated the objects of the meeting . A number of statements weregivtnby _different individuals ' regarding the profits realised by-gas companies in _Paisb-y and other places . It wa 9 unanimously agreed that we should have the new light , if the necessary funds could be had . A person in the ' meeting then stated that he was authorised to state from ono individual that he would sink £ 500 in this j poculation , ., From this and other statements made to the meeting , it was evident that plenty of money could be got , if wo were willing to allow the profits to be monopolised by a few : '" Tho chairman' then stated , that wheu he came to this meeting he was convinced of the propriety of making the gas , and realising the profits , if any ,

      for ourselves ; if anything was wanting - to strengthen that conviction , the statements given this evening had , to a certainty , produced that result . He then proposed a plan , which was in effect as follows : —There are a number of Sick Benefit Societies , and a Mutual Protection Society against Fire , in the village . These societ es had as much money in the hank , at a small per _centage , and otherwise lent out , as would do the whole business . The meeting broke up ; but the chairman ' s _suggestion was not lost sight of . ¦ Meetings wi > re held ofthe various societies , nrcessnry monies were voted , and a board of directors chosen ' to conduct the business , to be elected annually , _pvoportibnably from each society , by Universal Suffrage . A proper site was next selected , and the work immediately ' commenced , Friday , the 1 st , of May , was appointed for laying the

      foundation stone ; it was arranged that there should be a procession , and that the ceremony should be performed with masonic honour * . There wore present the Kilbarchau and Johnstone lodges , and the members of the different societies , The instrumental music was of tha most enlivening character , and altogether the procession was such an imposing spectacle as has not b-en seen here since Mr . Feargus O'Connor ' s visit in 1839 . On the procession arriving at the appointed place , Mr . Wm . Greene held up a bottle , and said , this bottle is to be deposited in the foundation stone of this work ; it contains a variety of current coins of tlie present reign , and as there caii be no harm in letting ' future ages know tbe conflicting opinions that are prevalent in the middle of the nineteenth _cen'ury , there is in this bottle a few of the leading journals of the day—the Post and Reformer , the Renfrewshire Advertiser , The Northern Star , and The Times . fie then put the bottle with its contents into a hole cut in the stone for the purpose . The grand master of the

      masons being unwell , his . deputy , Mr . Mathew Houston , then laid the foundation stone , when the procession moved off through the different streets , after whieh a dinner was held at Miss Margaret _Galbraith _' s . Mr . \ Vm . Greene , chairman ; Mr . P . Craig , jun ., croupier . After dinner a number of toasts were given— " Prosperity to the Gas _Woiks , " hy the chairman ; " ' Prosperity to the Public Library , " by Mr . Craig , croupier ; " Richard Cobden , " by Mr . W _. Love ; "The speedy enfranchisement of the produsing classes , of 21 years of ape , " by Mr . J . Davie ; Feargus O'Connor , the uuflieliing advocate of the _people ' s charter . " by Mr . 3 . llill ; ** Mr . Montgomery , the architect , whose valuable services have been giv- n gratis to this work . " The above , with a sumber more sentiments , were responded to with the utmost enthusiasm . A number of appropriate songs were sung in fine style _. The band ; played a few airs , and tlie meeting was conducted with the best order till about twelve o ' clock , when they separated highly pleased with the proceedings .

      •Bankrupts, &T.

      • Bankrupts , _& t .

      Bankrupts. Joseph Miller " , Whllllebury...

      BANKRUPTS . Joseph Miller " , Whllllebury street , _Ilan-p-jtoiid-rnad ' painter—Jules Valle , Manchester , silk printer—John William Pilseh _, Sackvillc-street , Piccadilly , tailor—John Dailey and Alfred lnskipp _, Long-lane , Bermondsey , leather manufacturers — John George Ufford , Holloway , common brewer—Joseph Willis , _lliu-klersbury , eatinghousekeeper—James Weston , _lli-shopsgate-stt ' cet Within , hatter—William Thompson , Minories , ship chandler-Henry Walters , Bristol , licensed victualler—Will " am Brook , Manchester , stuff merchant—John Taylor , Huddersfield , commission airent—Edward Joseph Staples , liristol , _surgeon—Samuel Jlosley Wade , Liverpool , cot-Ion merchant—Joseph Taylor , Liverpool , merchant . DIVIDENDS .

      May 28 . E . and T . Rolph , Upper Brook-street . _Grosvenor-siruaie , builders , at half . past one , at the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 2 » . W . Parsons , Bristol , brewer , at eleven , at tho Court of Bankruptcy , Bristol-May 28 . "W . " Jones , Usk . Monnioutli ' shire , linendraper , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Bristol—May -21 ' . A . Mnthe anil S . Moore , Liverpool , merchants , nt twelve , at the Court oi Bankruptcy , Liverpool—May 2 C . J . Webster anil J . Harrison , Liverpool , merchants , nt twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—May 26 . O , F . FairclougH , Liverpool , banker , at eleven , at the Court ot Bankruptcy , _Liverpool—May 'ill . J . H . I _' emberton , Liverpool , merchants , at half . past eleven , at . the Court of llnnkruptcy , Liverpool-May 2 d . J . _Threlfnll , Liverpool , hanker , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—May 27 . J , Roberts , Plnsyii Derwcn , Denbighshire , miller , at one , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—May ' 18 . J . Sill and W . Watson , Liverpool , merchants , at one , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool-May ' 11 . W . If . Bell , _Kingstoii-upon-Hull , seed crusher , nt twelve , at the Court . f Bankruptcy , Kingstoii-upon-Hull .

      CERTIFICATES . May 29 , T . Don-glass , Vigo-street , cloth manufacturer , at half . past eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 27 K . C . Turner , Houndsditcli , builder , at half . past eleven , at . the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 27 , it . Childs , Queen _Ann-strcet , Cavendish-street , tailor , afc twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 2 S , II . Ward , Burford , Oxfordshire , paper manufacturer , at one , nt the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 28 , 11 . G . _Spedding , Queen-street , Cheapside , -tine manufacturer , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 26 , W . Urlwin , Wa ford , _fislluionger , at one , at the Court of Bankruptcy , London—May 2 G , J . Roberts , _I'lasyu Derwin , Denbighshire , farmer , at eleven , at the Court of _Bankruptcy , Liverpool—May 21 ) , S . Littler , Liverpool , draper , at cloven , at the Court of Ba _.-. kruptcy , Liverpool .

      PAIITN £ fiSIIlPJ DISSOLVED . S . Glendinning and A . Glendinning . Huddersfield , Yorkshire , woollen cloth m erchants—I . Reading and li . Hill , _Brown's-court , Edgeware-road , St . Mnol « bone , coach . builders—G . Pile , aud G . Mead , White Hurt-court , Bishops _, gate-street , wine merchants—J . lleppenstall and H . Hills , Sheffield , Yorkshire , stock-brokers-W . Spilinan and G . Hunter , Lincolnshire , curriers—J . Seamen , and W . Naish , _Moorgate-street , City , boot and shoe manufacturers—W . Blackwcll , mid C . C . B . Williams , Old _Montujjue-sti-eet . Whitechapel . lucifer manufacturers—J . Burgess und T . Leach , Manchestur , joiners—G . Hartley and J . Heath , Yorkshire , attorneys—T . Hibbletliwaite and G . Hibblcthwaite , Yorkshire , maltsters—J . J . Page and W . A . Calvow _, Nottingham , lace manufacturers—T . _Fothergill and J . Wall , Manchester , wholesale grocers—W . Marshall andl W . Marshall the younger , _Nottinjtham , painters—r' . St . John anil Co ., _YTorvustur , fincuustic tilo manutai ! turer &—II . Parker and F . Hebden , Yorkshire , tick niiiiiufiietuveva

      —II . A . Johnson and W . Pearson , Lincolnshire , druggists —A . Oldham and Co ., _Kin-iston-upon-Hull , millwrights . —J . Hutchinson and Co ., Liverpool , glass bottle liuina facturers , as far as regards the said J . Hutchinson—J . Scholes and Co ., Dog-hill , near Oidham _, coal provvictori —J- _Scholes , and J . _Uitylnidis , Sholvei'moor , _neiii' Oldham , coal merchants—M . _l'hillippo and W . 11 . _Praneis _, Norwich , surgeons—J . Hill and Co ., Exeter , druggists , as far as regards J . Hill—J . B . Blnckaller and W . Shw-S , Liverpool , sail makers—S . A . Butt and S . Satchell , Cambridge , milliners—A . P , Eden and E . W . Hollis , _PenehurchJwld . ings , City , opticians— M . liichardson _aiwU . Richardson Liverpool , coopers—J , Son ' e anil 1 ' . StBide , Eling-unU Southampton , millers—It , Anderson and II , Anderson _^ linendrauors—J . SolomoHaiul J . SoUhuoh _, Exeter , tailors —G . Sykes and Co ., _Almondbui-y , _Yorksliiie , fancy cloth manufacturers , as far ns regards li . J agger—T . Butterworth and Co ., Shaw Clough , Lancashire , wool carders—. 1 . Waites and F . Holroyd _. WaVeneld . twine nwiitfaciurers G , Holt and Co ., Liverpool , common carriers .

      SCOTCH _SSWESTlUTlOKB . George Brown , Edinburgh , _writei _" -AndrcwButherfflem Glasgow , _booksellM' -Jolm Richard _Fi-iiser . _* _" '' » ' '' ' ' _£ *» china merchant— -William Macintosh and Co ., _W _* _jpWK ship brokers—J . and W . Stevenson and Co ., _^ UO « . _* _- Renfrewshire , power 1 ( > ° _manafaetu _rera . _-- W _>^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 9, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_09051846/page/7/