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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th October 1849, Edition 3 of 3, Page 1, THUMJERING MEETING AT NORWICH.

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    • THUMJERING MEETING AT NORWICH.
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      Thumjering Meeting At Norwich.

      _THUMJERING MEETING AT NORWICH .

      To The Working Classes. My Fkiexds,—I Ha...

      TO THE WORKING CLASSES . My Fkiexds , —I have just returned from "Norwich , where we had , last night , ( Wednesday ) , one of the largest , most enthusiastic , and attentive meetings I ever attended in my life ; and you * will gather , not more from the speeches , than from the last resolution adopted hy a conference , and unanimously adopted hy the meeting , that the new Eefonn Association is not going to stand still

      Mr . Hcme _, -who -was the first speaker , made a most admirahle speech , and was most enthusiastically received . He repudiated any further , connexion with the Whigs , and stated that the people and the veritable middle classes , could only achieve their ri ghts hy the _enfranchisement ofthe former . Sir Joshua _Walmesleit made a most admirahle speech , showing the effect that the proposed Parliamentary Reform would produce , and the benefits which the working classes would derive from it .

      Jobs Humfbeys _Eauby , formerly a candidate—and I hope , to he the future representative of Xorwich—made a Tegular slasher . It was full of wit , hut not divested of the soundest common sense . He is , and justly , a most popular man with all classes at _Norwich , and Jforwich could not he more distinguished than by returning such a representative . I came next , and was most enthusiasticall y received by all parties . I do not know what kind ofa speech I made , but the meeting appeared delighted . Then came your incorruptible friend , _GtEOKGe-Thompson , who , with his usual eloquence , assuredtiie 3 fiddle Classes ' that npon the very first appearance of a retrograde movement upon their part , he would sound the alarm ; but he stated that he had no such anticipation .

      Mr . TiLLETT _, a most prominent leader of the Middle Classes , took the chair , and discharged his duties like a man . The place , capable of holding several thousands , and the mo 3 t beautiful hall in England , was crowded to _suffiication . The platform is au immense p lace , and upon it were seven magistrates , and twenty-five town councillors ; all of whom most lustily cheered the most democratic sentiment . In short , the meeting repaid me for my sufferings in tiie cause of Chartism , and for the ingratitude of some of the Land

      Members ; and in passing , I cannot forbear stating my feelings of gratitude to a deputation of the Land Members , who waited upon me . It consisted ofthe Treasurer , the Secretary , and a fine enthusiastic young fellow ; and their mission was to tell me that all the paid-up members had agreed to place their scrip _ia _^ ny hands , to do what I liked with it , and apply it as I pleased . This kindness npon their part repaid me for much of the ingratitude 1 have experienced , but , of course , I declined their offer .

      This month the Association is to send a deputation to Aberdeen , and it is my intention to accompany that deputation . I also beg to state , in reply to invitations from Halifax , _Jfewcasfle , and other towns , that it is my intention to visit them upon my tour , and they shall have due notice of tiie time . And now , working men , as I am growing grey in the service , and as I see hope foreshadowed from this confederation , let me implore of vou , in the name of everything that is dear

      to you , in the name of God , of your country , and your families , not to allow any partial briskness of trade to lull you into apathy , which your tyrant oppressors would construe into satisfaction . I have the greatest confidence in the projectors of this movement , and iew men cau imagine what my joy would be at your triumph . let us then co-operatenot only cordially , but heartily and effectivel y —with our new allies , who have at length diseovered , that with us they are powerful , without us tiiey are powerless .

      At foot are the resolutions that were passed at the meeting . Tour faithful Friend , Feahgus _O'Codwok . REFORM CONFERENCE . St . A * _sdhew ' s _Hatx , _Koewich , October 3 rd , 1849 . Mr . Councillor J . W . Dowsox in the chair . Resolutions unanimously adopted . 1 st . —Moved by Mr . Councillor J . H . Tillbtt , of Norwich , Seconded by George "Wthx-et Birch , Esq ., of Wretham . Hall , near Thetford , Norfolk : — " That , whilst this Conference is deeply

      _contllllAU _UIUU « _k _C * . * - « . b _tl-UULUbLU . _* . _UL _bUG -AU . ltkMU . Ul . _* .-1 penditure , and a more equitable adjustment of thc burthen of taxation , are imperatively necessary and almost universally demanded , it cannot see any reasonable hope of permanently securing those important objects , until such a measure of Electoral Reform bas been obtained as shall give the people a direct controul over the taxes which they are required to pay " 2 nd . —Moved by Mr . Councillor _J-eajonAn Colman , of Norwich , seconded by Mr . Councillor J . D . _Smitu , of Norwich : — " Tliat this Conference most cordially approves of the principles on which the National Reform Association is based , and declares its unqualified confidence in its President and Council- it

      therefore urges all who desire Parliamentary ov Financial Reform , to give to that Association their immediate and earnest co-operation , and recommends that the Norwich Reform Association shall be henceforth merged in the National Movement , and that local committees for extending its operations be formed without delay throughout this district ofthe kingdom . 3 rd . —Moved by Jons Turxer , Esq ., of Trowse , Norfolk , Seconded by _Asu Rcdp , Esq ., of East Ruston , Norfolk : — " * That tbis Conference strongly urges the

      importance of a decided effort being made to secure the return at the next Election , of Candidates favourable to the above objects , and particularly directs attention in the two divisions of the County , which ought to he energetically contested , in thc confident assurance that ultimate success will crown perse-¦ verim _* _- ; efforts on behalf of right principles . That this Conference therefore earnestly recommends all "Reformers to do their utmost to encourage and extend the Freehold movement both in East and West Norfolk , witb a view to sustain a decided policy at the next Election .

      • 4 th . —Moved by Thomas Bigxold , Esq . of Norwich , " Seconded by Mr . Councillor Wjl Pratt , supported by Join * Crisp , Esq . Beccles , and the Rev . _Axurew Reed , of Norwich : — " That this Conference rejoices in the hope that a hearty union between the middle and working classes has at length been attained , and strenuously enforces on all who complain of any grievances in the national afiairs , to concentrate all their energies in the constitution of such a tribunal in parliament , as shall deal out full and impartial justice to all classes of her Majesty ' s subjects . J . W . Dowsos , chairman .

      ' Cheap Ships. — The New Swedish Brig Du...

      ' Cheap Ships . — The New Swedish brig Duo , which we mentioned as having arrived here some weeks since to be fitted out at this port , sailed again on Friday last for the Cape of Good Hope . . We understand she laid out nearly £ 1 , 000 here , in laving her wood sheathing taken off , in being rccaulked all over , and rcsheathed with tbe wood , and Muntz ' s patent metal over it She was also supplied with a new rudder , with metal pintles and braces , anchors , chain cables , an iron winch and pumps , several sails , hawser , blocks , ship chandlery , & e . of British manufacture . What will the _Fro--tectionists say to tbis ? That a new foreign vessel of about 200 tons comes here and spends nearly - £ 5 . per ton in being weU fitted out , after heme built

      and rigged abroad , when we have been told that foreigners can both build and equip vessels themselves for this very sum . —Plymouth Journal . The _Govebxmest asdthe hop-duties . —Wehave to announce to the hop-growers the answer of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to the memorials of the hop-planters and others , presented to the right hon . baronet by tbe _dtputation on Friday last . This answer was received by Thomas Law Hodge , Esq , M . P ., at bis residence , Hemsted-park , Kent , by post on Tuesday morning . The decision of the Chancellor of the Exchequer is to the effect that the payment ofthe moiety ofthe 1848 duty , due in Oct , will be insisted on at the appointed time , bat that he is ' not indisposed to allow time for payment of thesecondhalfduein November . '

      _Immxgbaxts ixto the _UsiTED _States . —The number of immigrants into the United States last year was estimated , on the most accurate data tliat could be obtained , at about 250 , 000 . This year the number will probably reach 300 , 000 .

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      • ' •* - AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOUlNAL .

      Yoljm. P. 624. Iohdon, Sathrmy October I...

      YOLjM _. P . 624 . iOHDON , SATHRMY OCTOBER ijm _~~ _^ _J _& JISSZZr _^ .

      Parliamentary Reform. Great Meetisctat N...

      PARLIAMENTARY REFORM . GREAT _MEETIScTaT NORWICH . ( From the Baily News . ) At seven o ' clock Sir Joshua Walmsley , M . P .. Mr . Hume , M . P ., Mr . ' G . Thompson , M . P _., Mr . __ ° Connor , M . P ., J . H . Parry , Esq ., ( the popular though the unsuccessful candidate at the last election for the city of Norwich ) , W . A . Wilkinson , Esq ., W . J . Hall , Esq ., and Tindal Atkinson , Esq ., entered tbe Hall , and were loudly cheered . Besides the gentlemen above-named , tbe following were also on the platform : —G-W . Birch , Esq ., Wretham HaU , F . e . Scott , Esq ., Cranbrook : A . Fowler , Esq ., O . Springfield , C . E . Willett , Esq ., mngistrates ; J . ColmanEsq . Thos . BrightwellEsq .,

      , , , C . R . Freeman , A . Dalrymple , C . Winster , W . H . Woolbright , James Colman , J . W . Dowson , R . Cooks , J . Smith , J . Bateman , J . Francis , J . Tillet , councillors ; W . Pratt , _Jas . Butcher , C . Darkin , C . Jicks , J . Banks , aldermen ; J . W . Shelly , Esq ., Yarmouth ; T . B . Parker , Esq ., Secretary of the Yarmouth Association ; Ash _Rudd , Esq ., Ruston ; S . C . Cooke , Esq ., Horstead ; John Crisp , Esq ., Beccles ; Thomas Bignold , Esq ., Norwich ; Rev . J . . T . Birch , _^ ev . George Gould , Rev . Andrew ¦ Reed , and J . Crompton . J , H . _TttLEii , Esq ., of Norwich , was voted to tbe chair , and in proceeding to open the business ofthe meeting , he congratulated the friends of the movement on the crowded appearance of the hall . There had been no occasion to go about the citv

      to urge tbe people to attend tbe present meeting . ( Hear . ) Hundreds had sought admission more than conld be accommodated ; and it was a source of * regret to the committee that there was no place large enough to contain all those who were desirous of attending . ( Cheers . ) He was happy to have on his left hand , as one of the speakers who would address them in support of the resolution , Mr . Joseph Hume , who during a period of forty years had faithfully represented the feelings of the people in the House of Commons , and who bad on all occasions stood forward as the undaunted advocate of popular opinion and of economy in the public expenditure . ( Loud cheers . ) Next to him also was . Iheir -respected friend , Sir J . Walmsley— ( cheersJ- _^ -the President of the National Reform Association , one of the most honest men of tbe present day , and what was of almost

      as much importance in such a cause , a man of rough business habits and the most indomitable perseverance . He might in fact be looked upou as the George Wilson of this movement . They had also on the platform Mr . George Thompson , the representative of the largest borough constituency in thc kingdom , who bad polled more votes at the last election than any other man in the House of Commons . ( Cheers . ) They had also the hon . member for Nottingham , who had come forward spontaneously to promote the union of thc middle and working classes in this great object —( cheers)—and they had besides the hon . and learned gentleman who had stood forward and fought the battle of that city at thc last election , Mr . J . H . Parry , who would also address them . ( Loud cheers . ) He would now call on the mover of the resolution .

      J . W . _Dowsos , Esq . observed , tbat as the chairman of tbe Conference at wbich the resolutions had been agreed , it became his duty to submit them to the meeting which be would do without comment . Mr . G . "W . Birch having seconded tbe motion , the resolutions were read by the chairman . [ The resolutions will be found at tbe foot of Mr . O ' Connor ' s letter . ] Mr . Hume said , the crowded state of the hall and the unanimity and enthusiasm of all present reminded him in some degree of old times , when they were struggling for the Reform Bill in 1830 and 1 S 31 . It was such unanimity and such enthusiasm that carried the Reform Bill oflS 32 , against an unwilling parliament ( Loud cheers . ) It was now nearlv forty years since he had entered public life ,

      and during tbe whole of that period bis whole time and energies had been devoted to the endeavour to improve the political and social condition of thc mass of the people . ( Cheers . ) And to prove tbat he bad not altogether failed , he migbt , if need were , point to many" measures which others bad since taken credit for carrying , but which bad originated with him many years before . He said tbis , not as claiming any credit for himself , but for the encouragement of younger reformers , and to show that , the seed once sown , no man need despair of success . Hc had no fear , therefore , for thc issue of the present movement , and he hoped hc should yet live long enough to see it carried . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Hume , alluding ( o thc Reform Bill , said that great good had been effected by that measure , but blamed those who having the franchise secured to them bad

      not exercised it famy and honestly . All classes of reformers had long admitted that some change must be made ; even tbe Whigs admitted that . Tbe evil was tbat the people had not that power in thc Houseof Commons necessary to render the popular voice paramount there . They had no control over the purse-strings . They should remember tbat the people were not made for the government , but the government for the people , and it was the duty ofthe government to govern , not for the advantage of thc few , but of the many , and to ensure the greatest possible amount of happiness to the greatest number . ( Hear , hear . ) Was it surprising tbat there should bc distress in the land when the large proportion of the burden of the country was placed , not upon its property , but on its industry ? ( Hear , hear . ) Tbe remedy for the evil was with themselves . It was useless to look

      to the government , whether it was tbat of Sir Robert Peel or of Lord John Russell—there was no difference between Whig and Tory , so far as the interests of thc people were concerned . Mr . Hume then showed how the Parliamentary Reform Association was first originated , and said that at present only one in seven of the adult male population had a vote ; and it had been said tbat , to extend the suffrage to five times that amount as they proposed , would bc unsafe . He ( Sir . flume ) had no fear of that kind . He Lelieved that if they extended tbe franchise to all it would bc found that very few men were incapable of choosing for their representatives those who were most likely to take care of their interests , and that where there was any difficulty those who wanted experience would he guided by those who had ,

      and tliere would be , if not a better , certainly a more free and independent system of representation than tbe present . ( Cheers . ) If it were left to him hc would allow every man a vote who had resided six months in the borough , but to remove all fear of danger from thc minds of timid persons who believed that such a concession would be unsafe ( and there were many such ) he adopted the limit of a year ' s residence . ( Hear , bear . ) But they might depend upon it thatthe broader they extended the basis of the representation , the more secure would be tho _government of the country , and the less danger of violent change . ( Hear , hear . ) . And for this reason—that then every man would feel that be bad a direct intevest in upholding and protecting the national institutions ,

      but when a large proportion of the population were excluded from the pale ofthe constitution , and were led to feel that tbey had no interest in tho maintenance of the existing order of things , that when periods of discontent came , and men were pinched with misfortune and _suffering , there was indeed reason to fear that mischief mi ght ensue . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . ' Hume then glanced at some parliamentary boroughs , and mentioned Harwich , Thetford , Chippenham , Totncss , Huntingdon , and Knaresborougb . These , with a total population of 28 , 000 , returned twelve members to parliament . Balance theso with six otber boroughs—Westminster , the Tower Hamlets , Finsbury , Marylebone , Liverpool , and Manchester ; these , which contained an aggregate population of 1 , 844 , 000 , also returned twelve ; so that , on the one band , you had twelve men representing 28 , 000 persons , and , on the other , twelve men representing 1 , 344 , 000 . ( Cheers . ) Alluding to our extravagant expeuditure , Mr . H . said , he had been

      told that , under the old Tory system , the army and navy had cost tbe country between £ 11 , 000 , 000 and £ 12 , 000 , 000 , whereas , now the expenditure on account of those departments of the public service had risen to between £ 10 , 000 , 009 and £ 18 , 000 , 000 . At tbis moment , hi our navy , we had no less than 150 admirals receiving pay , while only fourteen could be employed . ( Shame . ) Then we had 780 captains ; and there were promotions taking place every day , while only about eighty were- employed . Again , in the army we have 340 generals , and only 120 regiments . ( Cheers , andcriesof " Shame , it is too bad . " ) Let him , however , he distinctly understood , tbat while anxious to effect this change , he was still the advocate and supporter ofthe ancient institutions of Queen , Lords , and Commons —( hear , hear)—and he would tell them why . There were advantages which they bad obtained and did obtain from the wholesome check which those institutions imposed , and which , under any other system , they might hope for in vain . Sir J . _WAuistEt , who was also warmly greeted , next addressed the meeting , and after returning

      Parliamentary Reform. Great Meetisctat N...

      thanks for the gratifying manner in which the representatives of the Associati nhad been received , said , the council over whom I have the pleasure and honour to preside , after much and earnest consideration , and with a full knowledge ofthe responsibility which devolved upon them , liave determined to seek such an extension of the suffrage as shall give to every adult male occupier of a tenement , or part of a tenement for which he shall be rated , or have claimed to be rated to the relief of the poor , the right to be registered as an elector . ( Loud cheers . ) The adoption of the vote by the ballotcheers)—the limitationof theduration of parliament to three years —( cheers)—such a change in the electoral divisiona as shall produce a mere equal

      apportionment of representatives to constituents , andthe abolition of thc property qualification for members ofthe Houseof Commons—( renewed and continuous cheers)—as was observed by my , lion , friend , Mr . Hume , these demands are based upon and are consistent with the old Saxon law , which gave to every man who paid scot and lot a voice inthe common-weal . ( Hear , bear . ) To concede them would raise the number of electors from one million to five million , and would gather a large majority of the adult males of our population within the pale of tho constitution _^ enable the elector to exercise bis right in aecordMee with the dictates of Ms donseience- _^ -give to the constituencies a greater con- ' trol over their representatives , and remove those monstrous political inequalities through which a

      territorial oligarchy contrive to subvert the spirit of the constitution , and to trample on the rights and liberties of the people . ( Loud cheers . ) Sir J . Walmsley entered fully into the abuses of our electoral rcpresentatio _* % . and said eighty-six members are sent to ¦ the _^ _Bojilie of Commons by a less aggregate , number _of-elgctors than are contained in the Tow _» i . HamJ _^ who send only two members—one _dl- _^ _p'm , -bpwever , my hon . friend Jlr . Thompson , is _ajSstuI himself . ( Hear , hear . ) Sixty-nine of ouribprp _^ _twhs are virtually beyond the power of p 6 _pullr- inffii _^ nce , almost as much so as were Gatton or Old _Sfarum . ( Renewed cries of " shame ! " ) - If wc compare a large borough with a county , both as respects population and property ,

      the same inequality exists . Liverpool , for instance , contains from three to four hundred thousand souls , is assessed to upwards of a million and a half to the poor ' s rate , and returns two members to parliament , whilst Buckinghamshire ; with one hundred and seventy thousand of population , and assessed for half the amount of Liverpool , sends eleven members to . represent her interests . ( "Shame , shame . " ) Were we to inquire into tho Irish representative system we should find it still more unjust than that of either _England or Scotland . ( Hear , hear . ) We are superciliously asked what good would arise out of the measures of justice

      which we seek ? As well might tbe thief ask him whom' he has robbed , what good would he derive from the restoration ofhis property . ( " Hear" and laughter . ) We hesitate not however to answer the question . Class-legislation would cease . Taxation would be reduced and equalised . Property would be made to bear its due share of the burdens it entails . ( Cheers . ) Thc colonies would become self-sustaining , and the numbers of our army and navy reduced within reasonable limits . ( Cheers . ) An end would be put to bribery and corruption , ana their attendant evils , in the return of mencbers to the House of Commons . ( Hear , hear . ) The consciences of dissenters would be relieved from forced

      -contributions for the support . of doctrines which tbey repudiate . ( A burst of cheers from all parts of the meeting . ) Millions of our fellow-men would be emancipated from their present state of moral slavery . ( Hear , hear . ) They , too , would feel they had a stake and interest in the institutions of the country , and instead of discontent , disaffection , and pauperism , peace , happiness , and prosperity would pervade the empire . ( Repeated and long continued cheering . ) Sir J . Walmsley concluded a very lengthy and able speech by calling upon all parties to unite in carrying out the objects of the association , and resumed bis seat amid loud and long protracted cheering . J . H . Parry , Esq ., who was loudly welcomed , next

      spoke . He said he still adhered to those opinions on which ho had ventured to fight the last election for Norwich ,, and which ,. tbough then unsuccessful , would ultimately prevail . ( Cheers . ) The great object of the meeting there that night was conciliation . ( Cheers . ) Conciliation amongst all classes of reformers , to be based on tbe entire destruction of the present representative system , on the ground that it was far too narrow to represent fairly the wishes and feelings ofthe people . ( Hear . ) The working of the borough system entirely neutralised the power ofthe large constituencies , and on every great question on which the feeling of the people was set , these small nominative boroughs and their representatives overwhelmed tho

      representatives of public opinion , and were in a majority of votes ; whereas , if a fair system of representation existed , they would be a miserable minority . It must not be forgotten , that Lord J . Russell ' s present position was a mere accident—it had not been gained by his own political energy or political genius , but bad been forced upon bim by political circumstances and in a political exigency—( cheers)—and he retained it only by the forcbeavanceof thc Houseof Commons . ( Hear , hear . ) The reforms which were necessary for the welfare of this couutry could be obtained under a proper system of representation without violence , and without that expensive and inconvenient agitation which all true reformers would be glad to avoid if they could _.

      It was high time that the system of governing the country by a family compact amongst the aristocracy should cease , and that England should no longer be disgraced by denyi _.-g the common rights of hospitality to those whose only crime was tbe having periled tbeir lives for their country ' s freedom ; nor the safety of the empire perilled by the stubborn denial of political rights to the masses of tbe people here , and by tyrannising over our colonies until tbey were driven into rebellion and revolution . He could tell Lord J . Russell what , perhaps , he was not aware of , tbat if he were to abandon public life to-movvow it would be a calamity the people of tbis country could endure with a considerable amout of patience .

      ( Cheers aud laughter . ) In conclusion , he advised them all to unite heartily in this movement , as the readiest means of procuring a better systcm of government ; let them proceed ( as Sir R . Peel would say ) in tbe open path ofthe constitution , using no violence , no threats—not adopting the advice of Earl Fitzwilliam during the reform agitation , to refuse to pay taxes , nor of the Times , when it suggested that the members of the government should be assailed with brickbats and bludgeonsbut let them proceed orderly , peaceably , and constitutionally —( hear , hear)—but at the same time heartily and determinedly , and success was certain . ( Cheers . )

      Mr . O'Coxxon congratulated tbe Conference in having succeeded in joining all classes in the movement for a full and lair representation ofthe working class . ( Hear . ) He rejoiced that he now saw foreshadowed a real co-operation and union between the working and the middle classes —( cheers)—and that Norwich would not be behind in assisting Lord John with that little squeeze from without of which last session he appeared so desirous . ( Cheers and laughter . ) He was happy to say that , throughout England and Scotland , every Chartist had now fraternised with the middle classes in this movement—( cheers)—and he would be the last man to stand in the way of such a combination for good . ( Hear , hear . * ! True , he had on previous occasions opposed

      the middle-class movements—be had opposed them in free trade , and had advised tbe Chartists not to join in that agitation—but that was not because he was not a free trader , but because he knew that free trade in legislation was the first thing necessary before they could carry out any other free trade measure for the benefit of the people . He did not come there to tell them what that association , if successful , would effect for the working classes . No . The greatest difficulty against which hehad to contend in bis agitation for the People s Charter was , the wild and extravagant hopes held out by honest visionaries and enthusiasts , and by artful and designing men who lived upon their credulity . ( Cheers . ) For tbat reason he had always abstained from any prediction or guess at what the People ' s Charter would effect for then * order beyond

      the fact , and it equally applied to the success of the present movement , namely , it would p lace representation in their own bands , and make them responsible for their own sufferings . ( Loud cheers . ) He joined this association not because it was a Financial Reform Association , for he believed " tbey reduced the expenditure of the country ten -millions , and the House of Commons remained constituted as it was now , the people would derive no benefit . But this movement embraced four of the principles of the People ' s Charter , and if they once obtained those tbey would have a quadruped to go upon in their efforts to obtain the remaining points . ( " Hear" and a laugh . ) And they might be sure that when they got the first four , tbe others must follow . What use would it be , for instance , to abolish tbo property qualification , unless tbey _providedfor the payment of members ? ( Hear . ) They could not _haro irorking men ia . parliament to

      Parliamentary Reform. Great Meetisctat N...

      develope" % e wotking of the Labour question , unless tbey _faid hini . He had taken part in every agitation for extending their liberties ofthe people at his ownvexponse , and be would follow up this mpvcmenfrm every large town in the kingdom , in ordci _' . to put down the feudal power of the landlords . Ho _.- _^ as glad to seo that the middle classes had at length discovered that tbeiv power _con-Nstedm tlie co-operation of the working classes . The effect _^ f that co-operation was exhibited in the present _nfl _& tjng . ( Cheers . ) He was glad that Sir Joshua _-Wesley had not confined his strictures to _Enjjhsftjiisrepresentation , hut bad included Ireland . . _*• r . res , thoro was a country showing what slavery , cajolery , and submission the

      , upon one hand , * . and tyranny and oppression upon tho other , * ; could produce . ( Cheers . ) There was a country with ; an industrious people , an honest and _sagaciouspebple _witbidle land , _idlelabour , and idle money , industry chequed , nay prohibited by thc swayiof the feudal lords , and the nation represented by lickspittals in the House of Commons . ( Cheers . ) How was that house' constituted , and from its constitution what had their order to expect ? Here were admirals , captains , and lieutenants _, in , ppwer , all satisfied with everything . _Hj _^^ geg _^ ls _,-colonels , captains , and . lieu-. tenah _^^ _- _^ tkmf _^ dwor , thero . _£ ¦ . jiko _ T , trihe in poweTy all satisfied with everytbing . H ' _Oriiib ' ankers , mo _^ rthnn + ci _cfnn lr nvmrnvo _npnfittnnni _. _aiiii nntl _^ Aff /\ l

      , ...... V . _« _w , UWVW .. _V-Vuv- _» , __ .. V .. _I /* _UWU __ , _U . _W , .. MU VVVUV " lords , all trading upon labour , while labour was unrepresented—( cheers)—but he must not omit the profession to which he ( Mr . O'Connor ) and his learned friend Mr . Parry belonged , namely the law , —they were the worst ( renewed cheers and laughter . ) One got up to explain what the law was , the other to explain what the law was not , while the poor and -uneducated were expected to understand all about the law . ( Cheers . ) Now he looked upon his own and his learned friend ' s confederates as the greatest nincompoops —( cheers and laughter)—the greatest tools , and tne greatest stumbling-blocks in the way of progression ; and if he had his will he would deal with them as the prince did who found that their petulant _quibhlings had entirely destroyed the peace of his subjects .

      He issued an edict declaring that every lawyer who proposed a new law should do so with a rope round his neck , and if he failed that he should be suspended —( great cheering and laughter );—and the result was , says tho historian , that no new law was proposed for two hundred years , and the nation remained in a perfect state of tranquillity . He had shown how the House was constituted in the gross , and he would now sectionalizo it for them . Here sat Peel and his chirrupping nest of young larks ; there sat Russell and his gaping nest of young sparrows ; there sat Disraeli with his pinin _* nest of old cuckoos . ( Tremendous cheering and laughter . ) Here sits Sir Joshua Walmsley , creating his nest of hornets ; and there sits the veteran

      Joseph Hume , that will lead tliem on in the House of Commons , and show their enemies how they can sting the pismires . ( Loudcheers . ) He derived more pleasure fromthe fourth resolution contained in the programrao ofthat evening , than ho did from any that had as yet been proposed by the new Association and for this reason , because it placed the reduction of taxation in the back ground , and developed the truth that by fair representation alone could financial reform be accomplished . ( Cheers . ) Their order—that is , the working classes—were never made acquainted witb the inequality of taxation ; while the middle classes who stood around him appeared to be , heretofore , ignorant ofthe fact that industry was the sourccof ail wealth , and that

      upon the labour of the industrious their order lived and prospered . ( Cheers . ) Could a banker live upon his chest-full of notes or gold if he could not exchange thorn for tbe produce of the labourer ? Conld the cotton lord live upon raw cotton , or even bales of manufactured goods ? No . Tliey must exchange the poor man s labour for all articles of luxury and consumption . ( Cheers . ) Hc would explain the meaning of taxation as regarded the poor , by a minimum standard . Poor old Molly Mulligan used to do her knitting and her spinning from the 1 st of March to the 1 st of October by daylight . On the 1 st of October she worked by candle-light ; sho took hor farthing to hcr neighbour Mrs . Brady , and got her farthing candle : between one . March

      and one Octo cer , however , there was a tax put upon tallow to sustain our war establishment ; Molly knew nothing of tho war , but on thc 1 st of October sho went as was her custom for her candle , she got the candle and tipped the farthing across the counter , "Oh , Mrs . Mulligan , " observed Mrs . B _ rady , "the candle is a half-penny now . " "Wisha , what ' s that for ? " observed Molly . " Thc war , my dear , the war , there ' s a tax upon tallow now . " Wisha , bad luck to their _sowls , rejoined Molly , " do they fight by candle-light ? and wasn't the day long enough for thorn ? " ( Roars of laughter . ) Now this was a tax of a hundred per cent upon poor Molly Mulligan ' s industry . Well , but their rulers declared , and some of their friends also declared , that the present systcm supported by their

      enormous _taxadon , was based upon thc ignorance of the people ; while tho fact was tliat it was their knowledge tbey dreaded , as the ignorance of a people is the tyrants best title to power—the voice of knowledge will silence the cannons roar , ( Loud cheers . ) And one of tlie chief pleasures that he derived from the present fraternization , was that the knowledge of tho people would dissipate the ignorance of their former oppressors ; the middle classes who denounced thorn in their press , and imprisoned and transported tliem as jurors . ( Loud cheers . ) But if that ignorance—of the people did really exist who were the aggressors ? the guilty parties ? Why the system which allowed bishops and idle luxuriant parsons to live

      luxurously upon the sweat and blood of their flocks ? ( Loud Cheers . ) Ay , those gentlemen around him might cheer , but let them bear in mind that they also were great sufferers from thoir own ignorance—an ignorance whicli compelled them to pay over eight millions In poor rates , to keep life in willing labourers , whilo their shepherds wero receiving ten millions in idleness . ( Cheers . ) They liad imbibed their notions of tha people from tho press , but that press liad two chronic diseases , the reporters were deaf and tho editors were dumb . ( Cheers and laughter . ) Now lie would conclude witb an illustration of what was considered ignorance , and what was considered crime , and lie would do so by the Irish interpretation of crime , given by a very sensible una industrious old woman . For thirty years and more this old haa * had

      been in the habit of waiting upon the coach passengers who took tea at Cashel about one o ' clock in thc morning . She knew every body and every thing . Upon one occasion an English gentleman , who had purchased large estates in the county of Tipperary , was going down to Cashel to take possession of them , and on his journey , in the good old times when Irish news three weeks or a month old was new to the English ear , he heard of nothing on his way but the frightful murders that had been committed in Tippcrary . When his fellow travellers started , he said to the old crone , " Pray , my good lady , is it true that they commit so many frightful murders in this county . " " Wisha , " she replied , " I am sure there never was a murther committed here , but they ave the quitost boys in the world . " " Well , but I heard that there were three

      proctors , two parsons , and two bailiffs , recently murdered . " " Oh yes to be shure , " answered the informant , ' -they kills the like ' s of them . But how can the craythuvs hel p it , shure thoy kills many of the poor so wis tbat nobod y over hears of , and nobod y ever calls that murther . " ( Tremendous cheering and laughter . ) Now , as he before stated , he would not attempt even a guess at what Universal Suffrage would effect ; but , as wisdom was very often gleaned from fools , he would be satisfied with the definition of the Yorkshire peasant . The late Earl Fitzwilliam was making his hustiog oration , when he was interrupted by a clodpole . " What do you know about making laws ? " observed the noble lord . "Nout" replied

      , the peasant , " I know nout about making shoes , either , but I know when a chap makes a pair that pinches my toes , he sliall make no more for me . I kno' that all the stuff ' ee the wurld war made for a' the folk ' ee the wurld ; and Ihaint got my share of it . ( Cheers and laughter . ) Now , that ' s just what the Charter would do for them ; it would give them their share of tlieir own property—their labour . ( Cheers . ) And tbe greatest difficulty tbat be bad had to contend against was the enthusiasm and j ' ust excitement of honest men , and the rascality and villainy of dishonest traffickers in their credulity—fellows who , for their own benefit , would uree the poor

      deluded people on to physical force , and then laugh at them when their leaders become dupes to their own credulity . Their enemies woaldnow urge them on to physical force if thoy could , as they had the musket and the bayonet to resist that power , while they dreaded the moral combat , as they had neither arms , regiment , staff , or ammunition , to meet them . ( Loud cheers . ) Neither ambition . or vanity should induce him to oppose such a movement . He bad been imprisoned for them , he had been vilified for them , and by them , but lie had lived down all ; and now promised little Lord John , tbe whistle of such a national breeze , before his toadies met again * as

      Parliamentary Reform. Great Meetisctat N...

      would announce the approach of the national " Express" train . ( Loud and tremendous cheering . " * This was one of those little squeezes from without which Lord John asked for , and . if he ( Mr . O'Connor ) was hot mistaken between this and tbe next session of parliament there would be such a number of these squeezes as would place the . representative powes bcyond the grasp of the Greys and the Elliots , or all the aristocraticfarailie _^ put together . With regard to Mr . Hume , he helieved , that had he wished it , he might have been in office long ago , had he consented to abandon the cause ofthe people , ( Cheers for Mr . Hume . ) There was a timo when he was opposed to Mr . Hume and his views , believing that the people could carry alii for themselves without tbe co-operation of the

      middle classes , and he believed he had then used expressions towards Mr . Hume for which he begged now to express his deep regret . ( Hear . ) He rejoiced at thc meeting of to-day , but especially he rejoiced at the fourth resolution . He trusted that this union of the middle classes would proceed as it had began —peaceably , quietly , and constitutionally . Let them hear no more of physical force from any quarter , but let them proceed together , the working and the middle classes , in unity and mutual confidence , and there cqu'd be no doubt that the representation of the country would be . placed , on a right basis , and then all the . other refom _^ wbuld . _fojloflr in rapid succession . ( Cheers . ) He had struggled long and zealously in the cause of the workin *** claases , and

      I they knew it , and lie would now tell them that , rather than surrender one point of the charter , or oppose this movement of fratertiization with the middle classes , he would resign life . ( Cheers . ) Mr . O ' Connor resumed his seat amid general cheers and waving of hats . Mr . G . Thompson , whilst expressing himself favourable to the fullest extension of popular rights —even to all the points of the charter—hailed tho present movement with pleasure , as a" first step in which all classes could unite for the attainment of the common object . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Hume proposed , and Mr . O'Connor seconded , a vote of . thanks to the chairman , whieh having been carried and duly acknowledged , the busmess of the meeting concluded .

      Public Breakfast. Norwich, Thursday Morn...

      PUBLIC BREAKFAST . Norwich , Thursday Mornino , —About 200 persons sat down to a public breakfast , given by the committee to Sir J . Walmsley , and the other members of the deputation , at the Corn Exchange . After breakfast , several gentlemen who were present on the previous evening addressed tbe meeting .

      The Late Chartist Convention And Assembl...

      THE LATE CHARTIST _CONVENTION AND ASSEMBLY . TO TIIE CHAETISTS . Friends , Iu the "Star , " of September thc 1 st , appeared letters from Mr . Child , and from Messrs . Clark , Dixon , and M'Grath , appealing to you to discharge the debt due to Mr . M'CrOFAJr for printing , which debt was contracted by your representatives sitting in the late Convention and Assembly . Othqr letters have since appeared ; and following these remarks , you will read letters from Messrs . Walter and Reynolds , on the same subject . It will be seen that the former gentleman has contributed ten shillings , and the latter two guineas , towards the amouiit due to Mr . _M-Gowan .

      There can he hut one opinion as to the liberality and right feeling of Mv . Reynolds , Mr . Walter , and other members of the Convention , who have contributed so generously from their own purses ; nevertheless , I object to follow their example . I object on the ground of principle . I think it unjust that upon individuals , should bo imposed a responsibility which belongs to the many . I sat in

      the Convention , as Delegate for Nottingham , at a considerable sacrifice of time and money , giving my services without fee or reward . My successor , Doctor M'Douall , who represented Nottingham in the Assembly , has been for many months past an inmate of a prison , and he therefore has contributed "bis share , taa & moro than his fair share , of sacrifice and suffering for the common good .

      I submit , that it is the duty of the constituencies , and not of their Delegates , to pay the debt due to Mr . M'Gowan ** . Rather than see Mr . M'Gowax unjustly dealt by , I too would contribute from my own means ; bufc I will , afc least , not do so , uufcil tho men of Nottingham shall have failed to redeem their honour . For Mr . M'Gowan ' s own sake I object to the course hitherto pursued of raising money to meet his claim . Experience satisfies me that any such general appeal will meet with no adequate response . . Mi * .

      _M'Gowan ' s claim amounts to ( within a few shillings of ) Forty-three Pounds ; and , notwithstanding the weekly appeals for more than a month past , he has as yet received but Seven Pounds . If , _iudced , every member of the Convention and Assembly were able to contribute as handsomely as Mv . Reynolds has done , there could be no fear of obtain ing the sum required ; but tho reverse is notoriously the fact , as regards , at least , nine-tenths of thc delegates , I am , therefore , satisfied that the money-will not bc collected by the means employed up to this time .

      I suggest that Mr . Kydd , the general Secretary , who is at present in London , should confer with the other members of tho Executive , for the purpose of drawing up a scale of contributions to ho paid by each district represented in the Convention and Assembly—so much to bc paid by London—so much by Manchester—hy Nottingham—by Newcastle—by Glasgow—by Dundee—hy Aberdeen—aud hy all other places whoseDclegates were members

      of both , or either , o _^ those bodies . This might be done at once , andthe necessary notification published in next week ' s " Star . " In conclusion , I appeal specially to the good and true Chartists of Nottinghamshire , to prepare to pay their fair share of this debt , which , in justice to Mr . M'Go _* w _* an , and for thc honour of Chartism , should he instantly discharged , G . Julian Harney . Northern Star Oflice , October 4 , 1849 .

      Reynolds's Miscellany Office, 7, Welling...

      Reynolds ' s Miscellany Office , 7 , Wellington-street North , Strand , Sept . 26 . Dear Sin , —I much regret to hear tbat your printing account , so long standing against tho Rational Convention and the National Assembly , has not yet been paid . I am sure the Chartist body will not allow the fair fame of the good cause to bo in any •» ay tarnished by the non-liquidation of this liability . Your conduct has been most admirable in the matter ; and common gratitude , as well as common justice , demand that you should no longer be inconvenienced by this delay in settling your claim . Thc members of the late Convention and Assembly should exert themselves on your behalf , and set on

      foot a subscription amongst their constituents * , while those who have the means should at once take upon themselves tho responsibility of ten or a dozen shillings each , whereby the amount owing would soon be raised . So far as I am concerned , I hasten to act in accordance with my devotion to tbe democratic cause , and my respect for the working-men of Derby , whom I had the honour to represent in the Rational Convention;—and I therefore enclose you a cheque for two guineas , as my contribution towards the liquidation of your claim . I remain , dear Sir , yours obediently , George W . M . Reynolds . Mr . M'Gowan .

      To Toe Editor Of The Northern Star. Sm,—...

      TO TOE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sm , —As the printer ' s account is still unsettled , I think ifc ought to be kept prominently before the eyes of the Chartist body until it is paid to tbe uttermost farthing ; and as I think those who alludo to

      To Toe Editor Of The Northern Star. Sm,—...

      it should shotv their willingness to bear a portion of the burden , I beg to state that I liave this week remitted to the Executive Council 10 s . on my own . account , and 2 s . ( id ... from a friend . If a few amongst thc numbers that are spread over England , Wales , and Scotland , would give 5 s . or 10 s ., and the many g ive their 3 d . or 6 d „ tho debt would soon bo liquidated , and the burden would be li ght for all . Hoping that what I and my friend have done , may spur others on to do likewise , I remain , Sir , Yours respectfully , EmvAim IVawer . Member of the National Convention of April , 13 * 18 , Broad-street , Worcester , Oct . 2 nd , 1819 .

      The Integrity Of Chartist Orators. ¦ : ¦...

      THE _INTEGRITY OF CHARTIST ORATORS . ¦ : ¦ : ' — " •**""¦"' Sty THE . EDITOR OF THE S 0 RT 11 ERX STAR . SiR ' ,- _^ Shi notice you obliged mo by giving in the town edition of the iast week » Star , of the circumstance wbich prevented me _roplying earlier to Mr * . Cater ' _s letter of the I 5 th ult ., has exonerated ma from the seeming disrespect of neglecting that gentleman ' s _cofianunication ; but I confess that I should have felt uneasy in remaining three weeks under * the imputation of having " slandered" my _co-Iaibourers , the Chartists , —with whom- . I have always co-operated _coi-dially , and whose confidence it lias been a privilege to retain , —had not Mr , Cater ' a letter borne evidence of incapacity to _jud-rc the _Juestion he raises , which disarms it ofthe power of oing serious injury . He reports _me-as one of tho " slanderers " ofhisfriends by an assertion which

      he- charges me with having made : - # _«**• he calls upon me for the " proof . " But while an assertion is open for proof , it is too early to judge-it ,, and pronouitce it" slander , " fov if the truth he foi < thcoming the assertion is a truth , and no slander afrall . Mr .. Cater alleges , that in my lecture , ( at the Hall of Science , on "Hired Orators , " ) I said r "that several'Chartists were in the pay of the Stories to oppos _9-thc Corn-Law League in their meetings . " This , however , is a mistake . So fav from asserting the venality of tho Chartists in this matter , my object was to defend them from this imputation , and I did defend them from it . I said , " If it were true that the-Chartists _eveif took bribes , they took tl _& m , only on the side of their conscience . If a . man take a bribo to contradict his own convictions-he is

      venal and a traitor to truth : but if he take it' only ! to give a more energetic expression to his opinions be may be considered as the victim ofa _pernicious policy , which lays his integrity under suspicion / , but he can hardly be considered criminal . " This , I said , was the case with the Chartists . They hated the Anti-Corn-Law League before they were said to _> bc bribed , and if thoy took pay , they only took it to hate it the more . " The evident good feeling with which Mr . _CaSer writes has . not escaped my attention , and I hopo he will not consider me as forgetful of it in what I am about to say . I am not aware that Mr . Cater- i 3 sufficientl y known to the Chartist public to entitle him to be considered as personating that body . Therefore I pass from him to observe , that had his complaint come from Mr . Feargus O'Connor , from my friend " L'Ami du Peuple , { The . Friend of the People , ) from Mr . Thomas Clark , Samuel Kydd , Thomas Cooper , or other representative names .. I

      should have impressed this fact upon public attention : viz ., that though I did not say that the Chartists were ever bribed , it is said that they were , and it is said so by persons whose authority is not to bc disregarded with impunity . When the League newspaper was about to cease , ono of its concluding numbers threatened , if I remember rightly , to substantiate its accusation of thc hire of Chartist speech-makers , and moreover to publish who they were—who bribed them—and what they received . At that time I looked into thc Star to see this menace defied , publicly and scornfully , under the joint signature of every Chartist of note , but I found no such repudiation . I say , therefore , that if the particular imputation here in discussion , has , in the opinion of Chartism ' s representatives , any power to harm them , they should at once resolve themselves into a Committee of Inquiry , —force this dead League upon tho stage again , take its evidence , and give that _ans-vcr whicli should set this question at rest for ever .

      One who never slanders friend or foo , Reasoner Office , Geougv . Jacob Holyoake . 3 , Queen ' s Head-passage , _Pateriioster-roiv , October 3 rd . [ For myself , holding in contempt the persons whose " authority" Mr . Holyoake seems to think so much of , I treat their lying imputations with scorn and defiance . If my name appeared in tho list of those denounced by the dead and rotten League , it was a compliment . To have been abused by such bribed shams— " hired orators , " and bought writers - bribed by the tyrannical millocrats "to give a more energetic expression to their opinions " —reflected honour on the persons '* calumniated . — L'Ami du Pe _* jh , e . _" |

      Who Pays? To The Editor Ol* The Nort1iei...

      WHO PAYS ? TO THE EDITOR Ol * THE NORT 1 IEIIX STAR . Sm , —On Monday last I read two cotemporary papers—a metropolitan and provincial oue—both having leading articles expressive of sympathy with the victims of despotism confined in Tothill Fields House of Heath . I should like to know who fur nishes thc Editors of those papers with the _bacts they so fluently dilate upon ; or , if their articles are not written more to withhold honour to whom honour is due , than to aid in alleviating the miseries of those still remaining in the prison-house . I think the former .

      They tell thoir readers that the relatives of tho prisoners advanced the means to exempt the incarcerated from oakum picking until they were unablo to do so longer through extreme poverty . Alas' . ihe families are too poor to render such aid ; they wore left destitute when their protectors were unjustly torn from tliem . Mr . O'Connor alone stood by them , —and to him alone tho prisoners were indehto _' d for their exemption from labour . If the Editors know anything ofthe matter they know this . Uut _Feaiiqus ' 0 'Conxou did it ' . ! There is . to them , the eye-sore . Hence they write , xot in sympathy , but to conceal the philanthropy of a man whose virtues and homc-spoken truths eclipse the WE doings of tho whole pressgang . I should not have mentioned tliese perversions of

      facts ( as they arc of daily occurrence , ) . had I nofc seen in tho first edition of tho Shu- this morning that Mr . O'Connoralludcd to the misrepresentations in his speaeh at the John-street meeting . My object is to corroborate his statement , mid I say co the lying Editors— "Go yc and do likewise , " instead of * inventing untruths for party purposes . Friday , September 23 th . William Rider . P . S . —Sir . —Press of matter having rendered ifc impossible for you to give insertion to thc remarks mado in haste this morning , I embrace the opportunity of adding a few words by way of postscript . In looking over the memorial adopted at tho meeting , held in the Hall of Science , I find tlie following words : —

      That thu sentence passed upon the said Joseph Williams and Alexander _Sliar ]) did not include liuwl l'l ' iour ; but , ncvcvtln-less , _t'tcir w * LA _* nv _** s were riquiml _ty the prison aut / iovities ( o i « ty , "" d thai _tuby did so v . vy _, tf . s _stua Cf as . each per week to the governor of the prison for tlieir exemption fvom the dvgradhi _); labour of piclang oahiun . The memorial ought to have contained facts , and facts only ; yet the first paragraph ends with a misrepresentation , which Mr . O'Connor had in his speech pointed out ; and , I may add , tliat Mr . _Mathison _, the chief clerk at the prison , could easily direct the attention of hcr Majesty ' s advisers to tho error ; ho having more than once inquired of me who paid thc money—my reply being " Mr . O Connor . '' I don't know how tho friends who drew up the memorial could fall into such error ; aud more particularly so , when Mr . O'Connor had given tho meeting a refutation of the lying reports of tho Press .

      . _. As it is requested afc the head of thc memorial that ifc , or a similar one , be adopted in every town , citv , village , and hamlet in thc "United Kingdom , I think it rig ht to call attention to the concluding sentence ofthe first paragraph ; and , while 1 implore the country to do its duty towards those yet within the prison walls , I conjure those who havo tho management oftho memorials to sec that no handle ho given to the enemy in the shape of an untruth . Depend upon it , there aro those in power who arc ever ready to take advantage , even of trifles , to perpetuate the miseries of thoso under their fell domination . I must ask pardon for extending this postscript beyond the limits I afc first intended ; but , as figures , like " facts , aro stubborn things , " 1 deem it no waste of time to give a statement of the sums I have paid , aud for which I hold receipts signed by Mr . Mathison .

      ISIS £ s . d . * s . a . July 28-CasU .. 4 0 0 Mar . 2 G-dilto .. 5 0 0 AtiL-. -1 8-ditto .. 0 7 C "May 1-tlltto .. 5 0 0 Sept . 1—ditto .. 5 0 0 - 1 !)—ditto .. 5 J ) p Oct . 10—ditto .. C 30 0 Junelfi—ditto .. 5 0 0 Nov . i-ditto .. 4 0 0 July W-ditto .. 5 0 0 Dec . 7—ditto .. 5 0 0 AuiJ . ll-dit ' . o .. *¦ 0 0 1 S _« Sept . « _—Uitlo .. y 0 0 Jan . o—ditto .. r * o o _„* r ~ _r ~; Feb . 3—ditto .. 5 0 0 _i 74 li 0 — 27—ditto .. 5 0 0 ¦»

      Thanks to the Halifax friends for the -U , remitted through Mr . Culpan , to exempt Mr . Jones from labour . That , and £ 2 in addition , must bo paid on Saturday next , or we may have more deaths in prison from attacks or Asiatic cholera (?) The £ 2 must come from the pocket of Mr . O'Connor , as a matter of course . The wives and families liave not tlio power to advance the money . God knows they arc -suffering many privations which they do not publish to tho world ; and from which Chartism ought to have shielded them . W . B . * I do not know the date when this last sum w . is handed in . It was paid by Messrs . Clark and _U'Qratl ; by order ox Mr . O'Connor , 1 have repaid it . ... ¦ _,,. Mv . O'Connor stated in his speech that he had paid between £ 10 and _^ SO cut of lusown _\ mkQt , TlK flB 0 Y _6 Will show how _«

      0, Ir I J \3

      0 , Ir i j

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 6, 1849, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_06101849/page/1/