Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th September 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 7, jf-btetgn iftobeinents

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (3)
    • jf-btetgn iftobeinents
    • gcrrirulture antr imtmutuit
    • ^anlmipt^ &T*
  • Text (12)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      "F T'Gifw K Lxafi -N- 1"^ O Mtt-»- ^ Tr>...

      "f _t'gifw k lXAfi -n- " _^ _o _mTT- » - _^ _Tr _> _^ . _S _S-fiEft . " ' - _lo- _*«> ' ___ . _„_ .. ___ * & & _lWlx J xi _jCj _KIM * ft TAK . 7 - ~ *"— — . - i ~ " - _*—————— ,. __»——» irr mm .. ir _. _¦¦¦ _M n _. v . _' i _jj rariaiHii - ¦¦ - m - ¦ — - - " T _^ _J-SaWM-P- _; _-W » g _»[—^ - ; . _

      Jf-Btetgn Iftobeinents

      _jf-btetgn _iftobeinents

      " Ancll Wir War, At Least In Words, (And...

      " Ancll wiR war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , With all who war with Thought !" " I think I hear a little hird , who sings The pe _» ple by and hy will he the stronger . "— _-Btdojc

      Italt, Austria, Aiat) The Pope * So. Vii...

      ITALT , AUSTRIA , _AIaT ) THE POPE * SO . VII . "We cannot qait Air . aIazusi ' s excellent work withonfc extracting some further illustrations of the damnable character of thc Austrian despotism . It is a sacred duty wc owe to our readers to impart to ihem all the information we may acquire as to the _workings and deeds of the institutions and rulers of other countries , that so they may be moved to sym--pathisc with and aid the oppressed of all nations , and _become inspired with a holy hatred of despotism and determination to fraternise with all true patriots in purging tbe . earth of tyranny in every shape and form . To this end we give the following extracts _, showing thc way political prosecutions are conducted wherever Austria has rule or influence : —

      In 1 S 2 J _, Count Frederic Confalonieri was condemned to death ; which sentence , as an act of hi gh clemency , was commuted into the careers dure for life . The onl v thing proved against him was a letter written to the General-Minister of War , Santa Jtosa , at the period ofthe _Tiedmontese insurrection , anel when tbe revolutionary troops , encamped on the Ticino , were prcpar . ng to pour into tlie plains of Lombardy . Here is the letter : — _« General—If I ever possessed any influence with yon , let tliis be tlie occasion for evincing it . I plead our old friendship—I plead the good opinion yon formerl y honoured me with , to beg of you not to pass tlie Tieino . Lombardy is not prepared to receive you . Your advance would only compromise those who should declare for you , who would have no force to support you . Spare this pro--vince the evils of a contest in which you could not he victorious . " This letter , written to a revolutionary G eneral , was held to he a crime _against the State i .

      Ciro Jlenotti _, a young and rich banker of Hodena , was at _Ihe-head of those who in 1 S 31 ' organised an insurrer tionary movement in tliat city . Attacked in his palazzo "before the hour fixed on for the outburst , after a contest _heroically sustained for a whole ni ght by thirty young men who happened to he with him , lie fell wounded into the hands of the Duke . Shortly after , when the insurgaits were successful , the Duke took to flight , and carried -with him his prisoner , bound , into the Austrian territory ; into the territory thus spoken of in an Imperial and lloyal order of the 14 th September , 1 S 2 G— " Every slave is free from the moment he sets foot on Austrian territory or even on hoard an Austiian _vessfcl . " _Jleuottl was thrown into a prison at ilnntua . A deputation from

      Modena made ineffectual claims for his _libe-rty . The new state of things having been subverted hy an Austrian army , the Duke _reconvened his prisoner to _Jlodena , and there hanged him onthc 2 Gth August . It may he tliat , as an Italian , I exaggerate the importance or' this fact ; hut I know , if I were an Englishman , I should feel my cheeks redden at the mere thought that the correspondence of an Italian patriot has been covertly violated for a period of five mouths , by a Secretary of State fox England , to gratiiy the Ambassador of a government on whose territory a foreign Prince was allowed to drag after him one of his subjects , in fetters , and to deposit him in prison as a reserve for the scaffold .

      Some months afterwards the Austrian Executive gave the following answer to a petition from Celeste 31 tuotti J _,, tlie victim ' s brother . ; Celeste had been himself captured at sea -with other patriots on hoard the Isotta , the vessel before mentioned ; and the petition claimed his liberty , for though a iledenese subject , he was then in an Austrian prison at Venice . The answer is , in my opinion , a chef ( _Tceurre of immorality : — ¦ "His imperial and Koyal _Majesty , far from wishing to pronounce judgment against Celeste Menotti , recognizes an obligation towards his Koyal Highness the Duke of _SJodcna to give up the subject of that Sovereign to the competent authorities . But the petitioner being in custody of the Imperial and lloyal authority of Austria , and his _ilajesty being desirous to afford him an

      opportunity of serving the cause of puhhc tranquillity , it lus IS sovereign pleasure tliat the petitioner sliould be prevailed on to declare sill that he knows cf political events and revolutionary plots , and particularly of the _origitj and carrying out of the late revolution in Italy , and other objects relating thereto ; his llajesty deciding on his treatment _according to the conduct the petitioner may adopt in this affair . _Consequently , if the revelations of the _tTcfcnu are recognized as true , his _llajesty is disposed to liold « utto him the promise not to hand him over to the _Mole-nese Government , end , moreover , to set him at liberty , if he merits it ; adding , thatincaschis declarations should be of such a nature as to bc considered important , the petitioner would acquire a peculiar claim on his Majesty's consideration : "

      I need not say , that the invitation to turn traitor met with thc contempt it deserved . The above is horrible enough , hut read the follow ing , _--howing how they manage these things in the nnhappy province governed by that blood-gorged monster , that wholesale murderer , the Duke oi _Aiotlena;—Giulio Besini , a ci-devant Carbonara , but then a director of police discharging his functions with the full persecuting energy of an apostate , was poniarded in the street on tlie evening ofthe _ISlh May . 1 S _. 2 . Arrests took place on lliejsaine night ; a commission of state was appointed l ) y the Duke ; and , as if hinting , you must ih-. d nie the guilty among those prisoners , a decree ( published afterwards , at the close ofthe sentence , but with this date }

      was signed , tiring the place whero those capital punishments should bc _carriedinto effect which would bc rnrai < _IeJ hy the Commissioners to the authors of the crime . Gioachino Zanoli and Pietro _ZoccoK -were among those chiefly inculpated . After two months and a half of investigation , the commission , composed of the Advocate-President Alessandrini , the Judges Zerbini arid , Mar-• tiiie _* lIi , _theAdvocatei"iscalAngioIiiii , and the Chancellor Crcnnonini , acquitted them both . They were , however , retained io prison , atthe disposal of tlie police , till th e middle —will it believed ?—of 1 S _27 . For ayearacd a half Zanoli Was COUfiuedsuecassivaly iu two wretched prisons called ia yi < a % Ovayia and X' Orba : from thence he was transferred to the Camerone , a prison with b . ire apertures for windows . The air , the cold , and the damp lodged in his joints , and he pincdjn sickness , isolated and unattended , for more than eighteen months . At length the surgeon of the pr ison . Giovanni Ganzerli , made a report to the

      Government , declaring that he could no longer answer for the life of his prisoner if they did not remove him to another pr ison : the reply was , they did not know where to put him . The surgeon was soon afterwards tVis xnissed . Zoccoli , shut up in solitary confinement , sometimes in la JUaitotana , sometimes in a prison known as ia Czfbonara _, received so much ill-treatment , that in despair he resolved to die of starvation ; but his keepers _prerented him , by placing an instrument in his mouth to hold it open , and then administering nourishment . On tlie 15 th of Jnly , 1 S 2 G , a new Commission of State was appointed , and a fresh investigation commenced . The examinations , almost entirely by night , began in September , and conclude- ! in April , 1827 . by a decree ordering the restoration ofthe accused to liberty . This was at length carried into effect ; hut _arcoinpanied as to Zoccoli , pursuant to deriaon of the Supreme Council of Justice , hy the s urveillance of tlie police _.

      with tlie two I have been speaking of , there was arrested , on the night of Besini ' s death , another _Modenese , named (' _aetano l _' _onzoni . When pressed on lis _deathbL-l , _Uesini had said that if any individual could besus-1 _'scK-d it was _Ponzoni , whom , four months before , he _hzC . caused to bc deprived of an office under the Congregation of Charity . The _3 Iarquis Coccapani , a creature Of the Duke and Governor of _Jlodcua , evderei the Gancdliere _Sclmi , who was receiving the de-position of the dy 3 i * jp : v 3 „ to suppress all that Mas mere suspicion , and tjv . r _iieihat Besini had indicated _Tonzoni as the murderer . . Solmi refused , and the day after he was disjn " : sscO _ _Arrahrne-J before the State Commission , no

      _c-nvicaon could he procured against the accused . One <*; the-judges , Zerbini , gave judgment for de 3 tli ; another , Aic « -uidt mi , the galleys for life ; Ihe thin ! , _Jl-irtinelli , a _« a .- 'uiitial : this last , also , was soon after dismissed . 3 _V _« aoiii remained in prison , at the disposal of the _Govi-rn _uiaa _^ till _iS 2 o . Then , brought before another _coiniiw aiia , he was condemned to imprisonment for life—au ha- risonment _aggravated , with every severity hy tlie _Govv _rsneent oflieers : in 1 & _-U , he was transferred to a prison atthe hack of which were cells full of nicphitic _exhalations , ten anted hy those condemned for crimes on the _higln-ay ; and theoiny aperture for light was boarded up . } > z } 1 > the insurrection restored him to liberty _.

      T _^ e-n ; cne « s _u- _a-c given , hesides , against some forty _in-^ _" " _¦ _cala— -Bin ,, for doalli , the rest for various terms cf _««] r _isonincnt . Of the nine condemned to death , eight , _wrtuiiatel y , ma jj e , jJeir _^^^ . : li 0 , le _suffered—Oiu « _-jipe AiHlreoli , an ecclesiastic , who ascended the _M- snuM'with the calmness and resignation of a saint , thanking h « ivcn aloud that he was the only one to die . f , _fet ! . n : Z-uccoli , Zanoli , l _' onzov . i , —all the men _martyrttUuring _thtse long years , were completely innocent ; : hey did not even _knoivthemurdercroflJesini . A _Sowig _sMiutiitit-ivas , who , revolting at the cruellies exercised hy a man that had once belonged to the national i ar

      acHeu _plit * , to strike the blow . This person , living to _* _" _* day , had left Italy . During the trial of Ponzoni , he _sw-i _fruxn Loudon to the _Xodencse authorities a _deelara-J--a , backed b y proofs , and legally authenticated _accord-* ' _5 * E * _'gl » u forms . But the duke , irritated that the aWh y individual was out of his power , determined at - * 1 « make tlie responsibility of the act fall on the _^'/ 'f - _l-arty . The- , judges , selected by him , knew this : -i _^ " _^ _. were it only by the dismissals I have recorded , _' _& X _^ _' ' _d _het-n appointed to condemn . Ha J not the " " _¦^ _kwriiiasfer , chosen tlie place of execution on tlie c * 1 _^ 't of themurder ? - Bad he not replied to au ob-7 ' ; - ' _?? l ! lat 1 _' onzont was evidently innocent : " llctt ,

      . - ' - ** - " -At in prism till the _retl culprit be found . '" " '' en IIexotti was hung , there perished with liim _* _•* stafibhl , one Eoheui , a notary . He had i ,, ' , < hHcu "with anv plots ; he Lad never be-{ _"f activel y to thc national partv : but he had tv ? 77 oa in 1 _" « _-U-alitv of notaiy , hy the Pioa % A _r " - _"Wenmicnt of 1 S _31 , who would have sent ii'V ti Se , ' _^ a _™ _cs for Mm it he had refused , to certii ' _r- _^ * e s _'Snature 5 of those individuals who drew np aet _aauouncing the Duke ' s deposition .

      Italt, Austria, Aiat) The Pope * So. Vii...

      _Eelually , nay , more innocent , as the sequel has proved , was the Cavalier Iticci , executed in 1831 , on the charge of conspiring against the life of the Duke * of Modeca . This unfortunate man was condemned on the declaration of . two wretches named _, T « si and MooTAXAui ; the _fonuer , aired fiftv-eightfhad passed thirty years of his life in the prisons of . Mantua and Modena _, . for . thefts of various kinds : Moutaxam , _aijed thirty-seven , the son of a criminal , had passed six years in confinement for theft ; no sooner was that punishment complete than he was implicated in a ease of assassination , and had onlyhcen released at the epd of two years' detention by a verdict hardly amounting to not proved . Both had been some time in prison for stealing cheese , when Ricci was arrested ; and here they concocted their evidence .

      ihe Commission never confronted the accused with their accusers , never examined them , never saw them : they came to a decision on the written process , based , according to the language of the" sentence itself , " on special indications furnished by the Government . ' _^ Ilicci was condemned to death : his family threw themselves at the feet of the Duke to implore Ms favour , and the ducal assassin made a display of sovereign clemency by ordering the condemned man to he shot , in place of being hanged ! llere is something still more horrible than anything wo have yet detailed . The miscreant Besot , who was so justly poniarded , but whose death caused

      the persecution of so many innocent men ; this devil iu human form—the worthy agent of his hellish employer , the Duke of Mode . ya— used to cause the _linusion of belladonna ( atropos belladonna ) into the aliment destined for certain detenus , so as by _wealcating the nervous system , to obtain revelations from them I Among the unhappy patriots to whom this potion was administered , _Mf . ' _Mazzisi names " Giovassi _ilAszoiir , Secretary of the Commune of St . llario ; the advocate Axto . mo _IIajifaiji _, of Monteeehio ; Doctor J . B . Cavaxboli , of Canossa ; and the Jew Latis , of Modena . The dread of this accursed potion among the etacmis was such that the _Cas-icrc Toscur starved himself to death in prison .

      These horrible doings are not confined to thc Duchy of Modena . The Duke of that state is matched by the infamous Marquis del Carretto , Minister of Police , of A _aples . The deeds committed by this miscreant in 1828 , in the province of Salerno , at Catania in Sicily in 18-37 , the Aquila proceedings in 1 S 43 , and the other debaucheries and cruelties of the Neapolitan Government , rival the infamies above narrated . For this week we close this list of horrors with the following extract on the Piedniontesc trials of 1833 : — In 1 S 33 , tha general discontent had reached the _riedmontsse army : vague rumours were in circulation announcing an insurrection at hand ; and whatever might have been tlie extent of preparation , I doubt not that if the initiative had risen promptly from the bosou of the middle classes , at Genoa , Turin , or elsewhere , a great

      portion of the troops would have acceded . Through unforeseen circumstances , the moment was lost . Tlie Government , regaining courage , seized the opportunity in its turn , and determined on striking decisive blows . _Numerous arrests took place both among the army and civilians , at all the important points in the kingdom . Searches were made , with tlie object , it was said , of discovering _depots of arms , oc something which might bring to light the existence and the ramifications of the conspiracy . So far the Government was acting on the right of defence : hut in proportion as danger disappeared they commenced the attack , and by frightful means . To calm the fermentation , and to deprive the arrested of public sympathy , the authorities did not hesitate to publish a proclamation affirming that the plan of tho _consiilrators had been discovered , and that it consisted in

      blowing up by mines the various barracks , situated m populous quarters , as thc commencement of manifold horror . Every species of terror and seduction was set at work in the prisons , not to confirm this shameless statement—tbat was cot attempted—hut to justify as far as possible the acts of vengeance meditated . To some they promised life , to others gold ; whilst on young men of lively and susceptible imagination , they brought into play all the resources of a system of moral torture often more stringent than physical . The search had been entirely ineffectual : but they found informers in the prisons . The trials and death sentences had no other groundwork . At Genoa , of which I am now particularly speaking , as in other cities , a court-martial , or Military Commission , was appointed to try both soldiers aud civilians . _These latter protested , A representation ,

      addressed to the Monarch by five Genoese advocates unconnected with the proceedings , appeared on the 17 th July , to back this protest , and to demand th . it civilians shouia he remitted to the ordinary tribunals : this was answered negatively on the 25 th . It was demanded that at least tlie civilians might choose their advocate for the defence : this also was refused . The informers , who were promised a pardon , contradicted each other in their depositions . On the 12 th 3 Iay , two were lodged in the same prison ; on the 23 rd , three ; and on the 30 th , the whole four were thrown together . Kow they agreed as they could ; and the public heard , for example , one sergeant Turff declare , in confirmation ofthe evidence of another soldier , Piacenza , that he had himself given to thc association the detail as to the artillery , though he had never made mention of this important circumstance ill

      seven preceding examinations , that haa exhausted all he pretended to know . As to the time fixed for thc insurrection , thc heads of the conspiracy , and the object aimed at , the contradictions recorded in their separate examinations remained ineflhccable , completely destroying the identity of the fact tbey laboured to establish . One of the four went so far as to declare that he had been affiliated to the association ( Giovine Italia ) in 1830 , when it was not yet in existence . Well , it was solely on the assertions of these men , to whom immunity had been promised—on the contradictory denunciations of persons who had been told , There is no way of saving your life but hg _tfceoming informers against your & rc ( _ftr « n—and on a pencil note addressed to one of them , whicli I insert below , to show its insignificance , « that the military tribunal declared the existence of a conspiracy to be

      established ; awarded I know not how many sentences of imprisonment for five , ten , or twelve years ; and on the lath Hay sent to death _i ' rancesco _Miglio , _1 i sergeant of Sappers , Giueseppe Eiglia , sergeant of the Guards , and Antonio Gavotti , fencing-master . Similar occurrences were taking place at Turin , Alexandria , and Cliambery . General Jlorra at Cbambery , _GoTC-rnor Galateri at Alexandria , added revolting cruelty in the punishment to the iniquity of the trials . At Alexandria , one Yoehicri , condemned to death after having _i-uffered the most brutal treatment from the Governor , entreated as a favour that they would not take him past tlie windows of tlie house where liis wife , then in a state to create sympathy , and his family , were residing . He was refused : the mournful procession stopped before the door on its way to the place oi suffering . This was the reign of monarchical

      terror . In one town they shot then * victims as assassins murder , almost in the dark , at the very dawn of day : in another , the troops refusing the horrid service , convicts were set to slaughter honest men . And as if thc scaffold did not satiate vengeance , they sought to slay the soul before assaulting thc body . At Genoa , Jacopo llulliui , a young surgeon , had resisted every temptation to lead him to dishonourable inculpations . One day the "War-AuditOl _oalled hiin before him : "You are , " said he , " a noble but misled young man . You thought you were proceeding witli companions worthy of you to the achievement of a generous aim ; you refuse now to save your life by confessions , that , by tiie hy , will teach the Government nothing : hut I feel pity for you and for

      your aged mother . See here , what the men are for whom you are braving martyrdom I" Papers were placed hefore him : they were informations against himself ; and at thc bottom was the forged name of one of his most intimate companions . In such a moment the young man could make no very critical examination . Deceived , stupified , grief-stricken , he ashed till the morrow morning to take his resolution . _Ueconducted to prison , he tore out with his fingers a nail from the door of his cell , and opened with it a vein in his throat . On tlie wall was found written in blood , "IlchoUl my answer . _Ibequeatli Vic avenging to iny brethren . " lie was my earliest aud best friend . " Xever -would he have forgotten me : neither will I ever forget him , or his last words .

      And to crush sucli spirits—to uphold such governments and such horrors , you , Sir James , have descended to arts so low that not the purest purpose could justify them . ' To uphold such governments against thc recognised will of a . Mini-ling people , you sought to extenuate your first mistake by calumny ! To uphold such governments , _falschocdshave tcciiaileged , perhaps for flic first time in full _rarliauient , by persons charged with august elutics To uphold such governments , you , ilinisters of a free and constitutional nation , have extorted froma Parliamentary majority politically bound to you , thc disgraceful declaration " that it did not regret what had occurred . "

      "Wc sicken over these horrible revelations . 0 , heavens : that tliis cur England should , blindfolded and befooled , have been led to be a participant in the guilt oi" these abominations ! Had thc Peel Government been guilty of no other offence , in all other respects been worthy of tlie confidence and approbation of the people of England , this damning crime alone of aiding the upholding of the Italian despotisms bv espionage , fraud , forgery , and the vilest treachevv , would be sulKcient to blast the name of that Government with eternal infamy . It mav be said that the murders and other abominations , above narrated , took place years ago , and therefore that _Gkaiiau , Veel , Weiaisotox and Lo ., cannot in fairness be held responsible lor those _doings . But the assassins who committee ! those

      horrors still rule , and are ready to enact all their abominations over asiin rather than yield one jot to the claims of humanity and the demands ol justice . This _Giiaham and Co . well know : and yet , knowing this , thev hesitated not to be guilty oi theft , lorgery , and calumny , to serve these rascally tyrants , damaging their own country ' s name , and causing thc blood of patriots to _iloiv anew . And then our precious Parliament ! Mr . Mazziki calls us a free and constitutional nation" ( ' ) -of course he speaks t . ie language of bitter satire , and wc deserve it . But tne Parliament—the Ilouse of Commons—what wdl the class who elect that house do with its present recreant members , the scoundrels who have disgraced our England ? _AYc cannot go into this question now , but we will do so fully before we quit this subject .

      - 2 sr Wc have before commented on thei criminal silence of the British press as regards Mr . Mazzisi s pamphlet . There have been a few , very few , exceptions ; and amongst those honourable exceptions Yfe

      Italt, Austria, Aiat) The Pope * So. Vii...

      have now to number 0 u"V influential contemporary the Leeds Mercury . In thai ! paper of Saturday last '' in a familiar letter to a frichi abroad , " by a ' writer in that journal whose articles ; .- are printed -as ' 'leaders , " there appeared the _folloVfing : — ILuzi . vr , the Italian , whose letters Sir James Graham opened , lias just published- an eloquent and g loiving pamphlet , entitled "Italy , Austria , and the Pope . " Ho is a line fellow , aud it would do you good to read his exposure of the wretched misgovernment of Italy , —of tho detestable tyranny maintained hy Austria , the Pope , and the minor princes . The only inconvenience would be , tliat a copy of his pamphlet found in your possession , would inevitably subject you to carcerc dun . He does " a tale unfold" that excites horror and disgust , and compels one to sympathise with the men who , throughout all

      Italy , from tlie Alps to Cape Keggio , are panting for thc liberation of their fine country from Austrian and Papal despotism . He shows that Lombardy is , and in the nature of things must be , held ill military subjection , with all the rigour of a government that knows itself to be detested , and that seeks safety in chaining the mind of the people , and repressing every tendency towards improvement . Ofthe " organized anarchy" of the Papal territory , with the gross corruption , personal immorality , ! and rapacity of its priestly rulers , he speaks with un . i measured contempt . He declares that nearly all tlio young aud educated Italians belong in heart to the party of " Young Italy , " and seek the union of the entire peninsula under ono native and constitutional government . The insurrections of 1 S 20 , 1 S 21 , and 1831 , with the many YKU-tial outbreaks since , go far to bear out his assertion .

      _ilazzmi himself avowedly and enthusiastically promotes the conspiracy to throw off the yoke . He docs it on noble principles , and maintains that in spite of every obstacle , La Giovine Italia will realize its beautifeil vision . The want of a dynasty or a constitution , —the influence of the priests , —the long habituation of the people to arbitrary government , —and . the power of Austria , are formidable impediments . Yet his strong faith overleaps them all . He addresses his pamphlet to Sir James Graham , whom he gibbets genteelly .

      * Italy, Austria, And The Pope.- A Lette...

      * Italy , Austria , and the Pope .- A letter addressed to Sir James Graham , Bart . Dy Joseph Mazz ' mi . " London : U . Albanesi . 8 , Queen-street , Golden-square ; Cleave , Shoe-lane ; Hetheringtou _. Ilolywell-street ; Watson , PauVsalley ; and Strange , Paternoster-row . t After fourteen or fifteen years ' residence at Spielberg , Confalonieri -ivas amnestied . X Now living at Paris . 5 Atthe Hubiera prosecutions in 1821 , two of the members of the Tribunal , the advocates _Bavelli and Mazzoli , refused to found tlieir judgment on depositions drawn up by the police : they were suspended from tlicexercise of their profession . II This will prove to you that we were at the place of meeting ; not being able to wait longer , we acquaint you that we will talk to-morrow of all that you have been speaking about to Oi . Endeavour to be to morrow at thc Cafl ' e delle Quattro Staggioni , where you shall have an answer . 13 c sure to bring with you the note or list agreed on . "Yours , Xi . Oi . " The names were interpreted to be those of Noli and Orsini . f Miglio made a will in favour of the indigent family of his fellow suffi . ' 1 _' ei- Gavotti .

      Gcrrirulture Antr Imtmutuit

      _gcrrirulture antr imtmutuit

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Sept . Wth , IS' 18 . [ Extracted from a Diary ef Actiml Opemlions on five small farms on thc estates of thc late Mrs . 1 ) . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on thc estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaitlnvaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of _Farnley Tyas , near Ilucklcrsnelii , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tfceir own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Ci'uttenilen and John Ilarris . Second . Two private farms , of five ov si : acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaitc . Fourth . Several private model farms near the someplace . Theconsecutivcopcratioiisintliesereports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate aud agricultural value of thc south with thc north oi England . The Diari is aided by "Notesand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time anil season , which , we subjoin .

      " Tho joys of these little ones shall be continually iu the hoped-for success of tlieir iabours ; their thoughts shall be turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , _ivhs in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for thi master ' s benefit , which renders the schools si » _fsupponiiNG . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , who ivill receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and leach them , in addition to reading , writing , dec ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and bemade thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . }

      SUSSEX , Moxdat— Willingdon School . Boys carrying- red wheat . Eastdean School . Boys had holiday , master digging up potatoes , cleaning barley . " Piper . Preparing wheat stubble i ' or rye or tares . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung with the heifer , thrashing tares and wheat . _Tuesdat— Willingdon School . Boys carrying barley , getting out liquid manure for rye . Eastdean School . Digging tare ground , hoeing cabbages , cleaning school-room . Piper , Digging potatoes . Dumbrcll . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying out dung with the heifer . Wedxesdat—Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye as spring food . Eastdean School , Boys Chip * tying the privy tubs , tank , and cleaning tares .

      Piper , Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung with tho heifer . _TiiunsoAT— Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing beans and wheat , and cleaning the pigstyes . Piper , Digging potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung . Fiuday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eastdean School . Cleaning school-room , & c . taking off turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Preparing dung heap . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying dung with the heifer . _Satumjax—Willingdon School , Boys digging for rye . Eastdean School . Boys cleaning school-room , emptying the privy tubs , and gathering turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing and raking stubble , carrying manure with thc heifer , thrashing wheat .

      _COIV-FEEIILYC . WiUhigdoii School . Cows living upon , clover and white turnips . Dumbrcll . One cow ' grazed in the day , fed in the stall morn and even with mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed entirely , with 1041 & S . of clover for six days , and one day upon tares . Piper's . Cows living upon white turnips and lucerne , in the stall . N . B . Be sure to keep your cows within doors at nights , for now is the time they wiil get low in condition if you are not very careful . Let them have a little extra food ; if you have any chaff , give them each about a gallon of it , mixed with a gallon of potatoes , twice a day . If they happen to have the vellows , a complaint caused by obstructed perspiration , the following is a good remedy for it , viz . —3 oz . of soft soap , 3 oz . cf caraway seeds , and 3 pints ol beer boiled well together .

      Beneficial Effects Of This Sownrc, Aot N...

      Beneficial Effects of this sownrc , aot nus-BASDisc-ur alt , Ma . _vure . —At the annual meeting ot' thc Bramham Agricultural Society , lately held , a communication was read from Mr . George Lane Fox , who was unable , from indisposition , to be present at the meeting . From that communication wc extract the followimr , whicli is deserving of groat attention : — " You may recollect that last year I said a good deal on the subject of thin sowing . I can now only say that I continue to believe that thm sowing is ot the createst advantage to the farmer ; without taking into-consideration the great saving of seed by thm sowing , the increase of produce resulting Irom it is a matter of extreme importance ; the experiments I have tried in my farm are few in number , and pn t

      a comparatively small scale , and at tins season ot . ic vcav vou must be aware it is impossible to come to any decided conclusion as to tho actual increase , but from what I have seen already , I have no doubt but that they will be attended with the most satisfactoi ) results , " { Applause . ) Last autumn I got Irom Mr . Trewburv , in Oxfordshire , a machine lor d _a bbling corn , —it was tried in the presence ot Mr . lvcllaiici Mr . _Garecdon a part of my form , whicli is _unlortunatcJy rather wet Jand-tlus machine , 1 have no doubt , is capable of being much improved , —tnc tauit that I find with it is , that instead of depositing one , two , or three seeds in each dibble-hole , it deposited from six to eight . This is a great iaiilt , lor 1 line that in the common method of dibbling by hand

      twoseeds are quite sufficient—and when tlicy spring , jliavo _generally found an advantage in taking ont plant away-so certain is it that the thinner you sow the greater the produce ; recollecting that the _piopei distance is from four to six inches in the row between each dibble-hole ; and what I consider of the very greatest importance is , that the rows should be at least two feet apart . ( Hear , hear . ) Last year about a rood of barley was dibbled on this principle—the rows were two feet apart ; single seeds were dibbled three inches apart in the rows ; after they had conic tip they tillered to such a degree that it was found necessarv to thin the plants to six inches apart , i . c , to take out every alternate one . You all know what a had season it was for barley—it not only came up

      _iiTCiilarlv , butit ripened irregularly ; when one part _wasvipe and lit to cut , another part was in a green state , so that to save that which was dead ripe , it was necessary to reap the whole , —sa it was with my

      Beneficial Effects Of This Sownrc, Aot N...

      rood oi ground , notwithstanding which it produced atthe rate of seven quarters anl a half jier acre , aud 1 have no hesitation in saying that if " it had been a good average : season it would have _puoduced ten _QBAOTers Td .. rjiC acre . ( Applause . ) I . cannot help talcing tins opportunity ' of strongly recommending ail my tenants to cany out the same principles of wide sowing in turnips—so win the row as thick as you may think requisite , but thin out at wide distances ; and depend upon it , if the rows bc made one yard apart , and your plants in the row thinned out to form ten or twelve inches apart , barring accidents and bad seasons , you will have a much greater weight of turnips on . the land , than by . cultivating on a more crowded system , Upon this principle Mr . Garsed s ? _l in his garden last year a few rows of turnips

      .. . of different sorts , the produce of which averaged in weight from 10 to _1-llbs . each turnip . I do not attribute this result exclusively to wide sowing and _tlliunitiij . but in a very great measure also to a compost which was made by Mv . Garsed for the growth of turnips . I whTtako this opportunity of stating that Mr . Gaped has this year applied liis compost to five acres of turnips in my farm . These five acres wore the last sown , and tlicy are now much more forward than other turnips sown a fortnight before them , and manured with a famous compost invented bv tlie celebrated Professor Justus Licvig . The idea will naturally suggest _itself—Whv was this experiment tried so late in the season ? ' This was caused by accidental circumstances , which it 3 s not _necess-iry to mention . I hope at our next nicotine to be able to

      give you the results of this experiment , and describe the component parts ofthe manure . ( Applause . ) You will recollect last year I alluded to experiments which I had tried in setting potatoes in the autumn , instead of tlie spring , and at the distance of one set in every square yard , and planting them deep in the ground . I have iound great benefit from that method , and I have now about an acre and a half of land sot with potatoes on this plan . They were set with different sorts of manure , and . vou will perhaps laugh when I tell you that sonic were set iu marl , some in reel sand , and some in road-scrapings , and some with farm-yard manure ; the latter have decidedly the healthiest and most flourishing appearance at present ; the rest I shall not bc surprised to find failures . ( Loud laughter and applause . ) Of oue thing I am quite

      certain , that you may try as many experiments in different manures as you please , but you will never find any compost , generally speaking , to be compared to good farm-yard manure . ( Applause . ) But allow me to observe , it frequently makes my heart ache to seo the waste of good manure in farm yards . You seldom pass a lane near a farm yard without seeing a largo heap of manure by the road side , generally covered with a few ashes or a little soil , and the very essence of the manure draining away into a neighbouring ditch , in which yon will sec growing the most luxuriant grass—if farmers could only be persuaded to read Mr . John Harrison ' s beautiful essay upon tlie waste of manures , and practice thc remedies therein recommended , tlicy would find themselves richly repaid —( applause )—but a very simple method of making the farm-yard manure rich and

      keeping it so , might easily bc adopted—let every former have in the centre of his farm yard a liquid manure tank according to the size of ' his farm—lot all the liquids from every sort of manure , cow-houses , pig styes , stables , and washings from his house , drain into this tank—let his dunghill bc formed round the grate of his tank , and whenever the heaps become a little dry , let thc liquid manure from the tank be pumped out upon them till it is well soaked through and returns again into thc tank—in this way nothing is lost , your manure heap becomes a rich mass ,-and it goes fresh out of your yard whenever your land is prepared to receive it . Farmers are too apt to _eomplainof the expense of a liquid manure tank , quite overlooking that thc great increase of produce from such rich and fresh manure will speedily repay any money laid out in forming ono . ( Applause . )

      Agricultural Instruction. Lectmie Bv Rao...

      AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION . _lectmie bv raoFEsson jouxstox . At the request of a num her of the parochial schoolmasters of Scotland , Professor Johnston lately delivered a lecture in the Hi g h School Hall , on the introduction of agricultural instruction into elementary schools . There was a very full attendance of schoolmasters and others interested in the matter . Mr . Gunn , ofthe nigh School , on the motion of Mr . Brydei } , was called to the chair . Professor Johnston rose and said—Mr . Chairman and Gentlemen , I would not have presumed to appear before you to-day to speak upon the subject even of agricultural education to persons so much better acquainted with practical tuition than I myself can pretend to be , had it not been that I have been

      requested by various parties , members ol your own body and others , to come before you on this occasion i ' or the purpose of presenting to you a few observations on the very important topic which is now engaging public attention , namely , the introduction of _agricultural education into theschools of Scotland , under the hope aud expectation that I shall be able to present it in a light in which , to some of you , it may not have previously presented itself . The applicacations to which I particularly refer are a letter from Mr . Milne , accompanied by another from the Lord Justice-General , a memorial from the schoolmasters in a district of Scotland , a letter from Sir John Forbes to his lordship , altogether forming so large and strong an expression of opinion on the subject , that I think myself justified , audi hope you will

      consider mc justified in appearing before you this day . ( Cheers . ) I have , besides , been encouraged by the result of a meeting held a short time ago in Glasgow i ' or the purpose of considering , first , whether or not it be possible to introduce into our elementary schools any kind of elementary scientific instruction , bearing upon agriculture , which is likely to be useful to thc children in after life ; and secondly , whether that could bc , done without interfering with their ordinary course of study . I had doubts before that meeting ; but in order to satisfy myself and those with whom I co-operate , wc had a number of boys brought over from the school of Larne , in Ireland , for the purpose of examination . The result was , that all of my scruples were at an end ; and had you been present yours would have been so also . Had I

      not been satisfied , I should not have appeared before you this day ; but having this satisfaction and this invitation , I appear _vith the greatest pleasure . In anything I have to state to you , I express only what arc my own present views . 1 do not appear as the officer of the Agricultural Chemistry Association , but simply as an individual in compliance with a requisition presented to mc by other individuals . As regards the importance of agricultural instruction in general , you will sec of how great consequence it is to all persons interested in agriculture that such instruction should be given , because at present the population of the country is a-hcad of the productive powers of the land—because the land docs not now produce enough of corn i ' or the people—and because the land of the country could easily be made to

      maintain a much larger population : asd ix _uoixg so , GIVE JIOItE PROFIT TO Till' FARMER . Scotland is . IS much advanced , in the science of agriculture as any other country ; but in every other countrv thc same opinion prevails , that even tlie best cultivated districts may be improved by thc application of chemistry to thc land . If you go to any great manufacturing town , you find that scarcely a day passes without an improvement in thc art which is there practised . So agriculture is capable , like other arts , of being broughtto a higher state ; and I do not think that we shall ever bc able to speak of a time when agriculture shall have reached perfection . Not only in Europe but in America the conviction that agriculture must bc improved is _spreading .. Such , indeed , is thc general persuasion of its importance , that

      Agricultural Chemistry Colleges and Schools have been established at Pctersburgh , at Moscow , in the "West Indies , in England , , _iih ! also in Ireland—in fact , agricultural schools are springing up everywhere , in a way adapted to the circumstances of oac . li country . If it be of importance for all to acquire this kind of knowledge , how much more so is it for those who derive their education from the parish schools ? Some farmers possessed oE wealth arc enabled to scud their sons to other than the parish schools to receive education ; but it is otherwise with thc small farmers in many districts , especially in Ayrshire , whose sons have no other education than they receive at these schools . I need not toll you how difficult _^ is fov the farmer to acquire new and additional information when engaged in tbe

      cultivation ot lus ( arm ; thcraoi'e , it is ot great nnportancc , if ' the _Jand is io be made more productive , j that that kind of knowledge which would conduce to accomplish so desirable an end should bc acquired i while at school by those who arc to succeed their fathers in the cultivation of the soil . Besides the formers' sons , these are tlie sons of the labouring classes from whom the grieves aro selected ; and when you consider liow much the prosperity ofthe country depends on tho knowledge of thc labourers , and of thc overseers who rise from that class , vou will sec how important it is that the sons of the ' labouring classes should acquire that knowledge before tlicy leave the school , thereb y giving" them thc means of raising and bettering their in turn condition in life . A very wide impression prevails , especially in the southern part of the island , that it is of importance to give not only to the labouring class connected with

      agriculture , but to thc labouring class connected with other arts , a portion of land to cultivate ; and it is a well-founded belief that thereby their moral condition as well as their animal comforts , must be great ] v advanced ;—( cheers)—therefore , you will see how important it is that those _elates should be properly educated , not only to promote the improvement o _' f the country generally , but that they might bc prepared for thc cultivation of allotments , should thev obtain them , and be fitted to become more useful members of society than they have hitherto been . You all recollect the saying of Dean Swift , that thc man is a great benefactor to his country who makes two blades of grass grow where only one grew before . What good , then , might bc expected to flow from giving every man so much agricultural knowledge as would enable him m this sense to become a benefactor to his country . ] come now to wliat must interest vou more unmcuiirtoly , namely , what should be taught .

      Agricultural Instruction. Lectmie Bv Rao...

      _Agriculture divides itself , strictly , into three branches—1 st , the culture and improvement of the soil ; 2 nd , the rearing aud improvement of stock , _* and , 3 rd , thc use and improvement of agricultural implements . These are all necessary ; but , as you areaw . ire _. the main force of igrici / _itcral societies has been directed to thc second branch , consequently the improvement of stock has gone a-hcad of the improvement of tho land ; and this in face of the fact that the land is thc more important of the two , as being tho feeder not only of the stock but ofthe people also . Indeed , I bold in my hand a letter from a most intelligent farmer , who states that the stock is too good for tho land . There is some land which is fitted to rear any kind of stock , but the remark was nevertheless truo in general . Thc subject of

      _airriculfural implements has been taken up with vcrv great vigour , especially by thc English Agricultural . Society , and groat progress is now making in it . But as the cultivation of the land is of the greatest importance , the other two branches being subsidiary toil , the force of the schoolmasters would bo most usefully , as it would be most easily , directed to teaching in regard to the culture and improvement of the Boil , Now , your touching may be of two kinds—theoretical or practical , or both . In elementary schools I think you may very easily anil very completely inculcate and impress on thc minds o ' f those under your care the elementary principles on which the culture of the soil ought to bo based , These principles are theoretical in this sense , tliat they consist of a certain number of important

      deductions __ from a large number of important facts . Of the different-sciences on which these principles depend , chemistry is the most important ; nnd it is necessary , therefore , before you can instruct the pupil , and impress those principles on his mind , that you should give a , knowledge of so much elementary chemistry as to make him understand the words used by chemists . In chemistry a word is a fact . A word often comprehends multitudes of facts . You must make him understand thc meaning of tiioso terms . It is not enough that lie knows such names as soda and potash , be should know also the difference between them . But , gentlemen , I must guard you here—and it is a very impovtant caution—that though you must teach so much chemistry as will familiarise the boys with tlie terms you use , you are not to teach

      chemistry or any other branch ol science tor its own sake . I have had opportunities of conversing witli schoolmasters in many different districts of the country . The term " Agricultural Chemistry" has misled them into the belief that it is necessary for a muster to havcattended a regular course of instruction in chemistry so as to _eimbla hint to give the boys a regular course in turn . That is not the case . In order to give the young agriculturalist a knowledge ofthe principles by which his practice afterwards is to bc regulated , it is not necessary to communicate more instruction in chemistry than lie requires to make lum understand its application in reference to tliosc principles ; itis necessary to give him so much instruction in chemistry as may enable him to understand twenty or thirty or forty words which vou may

      require to use , iverc you to extend your instruction on this point , you would give the boy a great number of facts which would only confuse his mind , nnd which it is , therefore , better that he should never know at all . _ For instance , in this little Catechism which I published some time ago , at the request of thc Ayrshire schoolmasters , you will sec that only six pages are devoted to the explanation of those terms which it is necessary to use ill order to explain the principles of Agricultural Chemistry . To explain the meaning of those terms , it will be necessary to perform a certain number of experiments . They are very few , and very easy . Any man with ordinary dexterity of hand will be able to overcome the difficulties . What more easy than such an experiment as this ? Here is a liifclo common limestone in ono

      glass vessel , and here is a little soda in another—in chemical language carbonate of lime and carbonate of soda . Here is spirit of salt —( vinegar will do as well)—which I pour on them ; the mixture boils up or effervesces ; and you will explain the word _cfturucscenceVy this example . It is caused by thc escape of a particular kind of air or gas , which chemists call carbonic acid gas . A lighted taper introduced into this gas is extinguished . You will also perceive that the smoke ofthe extinguished taper floats on the top of thc gas , thereby showing how much is in thc vessel . Then the gas is so heavy that it may be poured from one vessel into another . You arc aware that it performs many important functions ¦ but it is not necessary to give the boy move information than is requisite to fix in his mind the name and

      characteristic properties ofthe gas . Then , as to phosphoric acid—here is a piece of phosphorus , which you will observe , when I burn it under a glass , sends up white fumes ; all wo have to do , therefore , is to tell thc boy that those white fumes are phosphoric acid ; _iliafc thc same is in his bones , and in the food which lie cats—and ho will then easily remember what phosphoric acid is . You impress it on his mind not only by _thefact , but by making it a living fact , when you refer to the constitution of things around him . If you do hot happen to have phosphorus , you may use luelfer matches , which are easily procured , and which , on friction being applied to them , send up thc same sort of white vapour as the phosphorus which you have just seen burned . You can also connect carbonic acid with the daily life of thc nvmU , by telling him

      that what is produced when charcoal is burned is tlio same witli wliat he discharges from liis lungs when he has breathed . Tell him that this samo substance which he throws off from his lungs is what the leaves of plants suck in from the air ; that the carbonic acid I throw off is derived from thc starch or sugar I eat ; and tell him that thc plant sucks in this from thc atmosphere , and with it , in the stem of its own substance , or in tlio grain of corn , forms thc starch . He will see how this is connected with a most important process . The plant sucks in the carbonic acid and forms sugar or starch , which is eaten by man ; and he again converts it into carbonic acid . This is the rotation which is going on ; and you can take up and place thc subject in such a relation to liis own existence , that the boy will never

      forget carbonic acid . I was told by a schoolmaster that he had shown an experiment with carbonic acid to a friend , and that he put a mouse into it to show how it extinguished life . Tnoy met some time after , when his friend asked him , " What was the kind of air that killed thc mouse ? " But if the schoolmaster had explained the beautiful connexion between this gas and _atumal anel vegetable life , 1 am sure his friend would never have forgotten it . It was the death of the mouse that made thc impression . Then let me give you another illustration . Here is common hartshorn . Its smell is ammonia . Hartshorn is ammonia dissolved in water , which parts very readily with it ; and thc ammonia floats above . One will understand what is ammonia from the effect on his own nostrils ; but you make it a -living

      iaetit you connect it witn the ordinary processes by which it is constantly produced around him . Ammonia exists in gas liquor , in liquid manure , etc . Apply it to plants , and you find itiuereasc their bulk , darken their leaves , and raise the height of their stems . Take next sal ammoniac . Mix it with slaked lime . An odour like ammonia is given off . Apply a feather or a rod of glass to the mouth of the bottle in which it is contained , and a white fume is formed . If you loll him to go into thc stable , and that there you will show him the same—if you point out to him that the dung yields the same fumes—thc name of ammonia ceases to puzzle him when you thus connect it with all that is going . on around him . The more simply the teacher can make his experiments thebctteryou should teach no more pliilosphyllian is absolutely necessary ; but at the same timo it must be strictly correct . I would advise you to confine yourselves to facts , not to announce principles—I would also press upon you , in endeavouring to fix facts upon the boy ' s mind , " to call to aid all his senses ,- —for instance , you

      should call in hissense of sight , as regards phosphorus and carbonic aeid ; for ammonia , his sense of smell ; his sense of taste will very often enable him to distinguish , as , for instance , in reference to soda , alum , salt . 1 attended an examination thc other day at a country school . The boys were examined on a part ofthe fourth book ofthe Irish schools . In that book the teacher made them read a chapter of natural history , which contained an account ofthe diamond , of borax , etc . These words , however , they applied by an effort of memory . They might liavc an idea of tlie diamond ; but of borax they knew only tho name , If , however , you call in the aid of all the senses , you make that dead knowledge living and intellectual knowledge . Then touch will very often be of use , l \ y breaking oil ' a fragment , the nature of a substance nfay be tested . Another important method is thc employment of such tables as you sec there . These will keep thc names before the pupil , but they also teach him facts . L'l'he Professor then directed attention to a set , of tables which he recommended fov the

      use oi elementary schools ; one of them , to which he specially oalled the _obscivatkm ofthe meeting , was an exposition of the ash of the _differcntkiiuls of grain , namely , potash , soda , lime , magnesia , oxidu of iron , oxide of manganese , phosphoric acid , sulphuric acid , silica , and ciilorine . ] Such a table as this would tend much to fix the words used by chemists in thc memory Of the pupils , and also to impress principles upon their minds ; as , for instance , that in the ash of all the different kinds of grain , there was more phosphoric acid than any other substance . As to the means of information for themselves , it is a great _convenience in bringing thc subject forward , both here and elsewhere , that I can refer to the Elements of ATicutliiral Chemistry , of whicli the Catechism is

      only a _diircst ; and the lectures , on Agricultural Chomistri * contain tho fullest exposition ot principles . A few months ago , and 1 could riot have told you where the knowledge you required could beobtameo . As to the expense of making the experiments , it will not _rmountto move than five shillings _a-yciw , as the materials can bc procured at a very cheap rate . With regard io the _apparatus , all that _wncccMnry can be got for thirty shillings from Messrs . Gnlnn , of Glasgow , who have , at my request prepared a set of apparatus . Then , as to the time it would occupy to teach the science ; why , that is a point on which some misapprehension might _readily arise , ihe bo s who attend school generally , do so for three or lour years ; row all that I ask is one hour a-weck—that is _*¦ enough to learn nil that is necessary to be taught on

      Agricultural Instruction. Lectmie Bv Rao...

      the subject ; bat if you cart give me two hours Ishould like it the better , as then there would bc time to spare . The children , also , would learn much without teaching , from seeing thc tables I have alluded to , and also from the experiments you had shown to tho older hoys before they were themselves old enough to be instructed in one branch of education . I do not wish that this one hour a-week should interfere with ; the usual course ofinstruction , although it might not ' necessarily be new or additional time to what is now given teaching . In fact , I do not wish any of yon to teach in one particular way or anotlier- —I leave that to yourselves , merely taking the liberty of giving my opinion in thc matter . As to the practical teaching of the science , that can bo done in various ways . For instance , the teacher miirhfc en a Saturday *

      afternoon go with thc boys to a farm in the neighbourhood , and describe the operations of ths farmer . Aftei : telling them all about the rotation of crops—that a green crop followed after grain , and so forth ,- tl * . e _> teacher might then say , "Tct us go new and sec how tho farmer works . " This , i think , might be of great benefit to tho . scholars . As to school farms , the ? system of attaching pieces of land to _sehsols has been ; adopted in the Irish _A ' ational Schools ; it is also doner in theschools which have been established in England ; and it has been proposed to adopt a similar practice * here . But this I do not hold to be indispensable .-If I were asked the question , should the _schoslmastcrshave a live-acregiuoe ? I slwuld say that , in no case of a parish school tlo I contemplate that the master shouhhvork so many hours a-davin his farm , and

      superintend' the labour of the boys . But I have no crotchet in my head on this point—my mind is nob made up on the subject ; and although I might afterwm-ds recommend if , at present w . y opinion , if asked , is , " as a general rule , Ko , at least at first . " - But , if _ysu differ from me , I leave you tcdo as you like— - making only these two conditions , namely , that . voir do net ' lower yourselves in station—that you neglect none of the other important branches of education . There aro two objections to the _pro-posnl . In thc first place , there is a . jealousy on the part of the _schoolmaster themselves that it wiil lower _t-icm in public estimation to cultivate , hvsid at the same time that they arc engaged in tbe cultivation of the youthful mind . Then there is a jealousy on the part ' of tliosc interested in the proper teaching ofthe scholars , Icsc

      thc master , finding it profitable to cultivate the land , should take more than he could properly cultivate , and thus neglect other and more important matters . But no general rule can belaid down in this respect , as all the schools arc differently circumstanced . The same mode will not suit for all , as the same necessity docs nob exist in every ease for having pieces of land attached to the parish schools . As an _induceniei't to you to pursue a course of _agiicuiliiral education , I may remark that you will have thc satisfaction of contributing towards a great national good , and you will also maintain the parish schools in that ' position and pre-eminence which it is desirable they should ever be iu , and thus neutralise rivalry . The Government ofthe country take an interest in thcr subject—they have shown that thev do so bv declaring ' . "

      themselves in favour of a coiirseci' agricultural education , and establishing schools for that purpose . Now , thc parochial schoolmasters , many of whom 1 now address , are at present , through their friends , making an application to Parliament for an increase to their allowance , which is admitted on all hands lo be toe small ; and I hold in my hand a letter from a gentleman who takes a great interest in thc matter , which states that if thc schoolmasters show an interest in promoting thc fundamental welfare of thc country , as , for instance , in the improvement of acricukurc _, the application of their energies to tho diffusion of knowledge having' that tendency , would have great weight with _IVa-lianicnt . Another point is , that , as individuals , they will have an opportunity of _bringing _fliemi-clvcs into " notice , aud new means of rising

      presented to them . It will increase their _consideration in the localities where they reside . For instance , a schoolmaster may go to a farmer and talk to hint about Latin , which he will not care about , as lie does not unelerstaiul it : but ii' he can hold the plough , then he will tliinkhim a better man . As an illustration of this feeling , I may mention what the Schoolmaster of Eyemouth saiil thc other day to a friend of niiiio _* . " If I could teach fishing , the parents wouhl take more interest in the school . " ( Laughter . ) You will , I repeat , render yourselves of more importance in the district where you reside , and be thought moro of by tho farmers and others with whom voucome in contact . You may find indifference , and may meet with opposition ; but yourhandsmay be stieimthcned

      by the establishment of clubs ; and 1 would therefore recommend you to meet occasionally , and consult with one another regarding the mode of teaching ; and by doing so , I have no doubt you will overcome many local ( lilTiClllfics . The way lo gain over tlio old farmers to your views—to remove their prejudicesis not by opposing and railing at them , but by becoming in appearance then * pupils ; not bv propounding hastily-formed nnd positive opinions , but by calmly and dispassionately conversing with them on the subject . In conclusion , the Professor said that if twenty ofthe gentlemen present would like to hear an address on the science itself , in cider that they might have an opportunity of understanding some of its niceties , he would be happy to meet them next forenoon in the same _nlnec .

      The otter of Professor Johnston _wns at once accepted , and ii committee named to make the necessary arrangements . . [ Wc shall give thc second Lecture next week . !

      Ox The Verge Of The Gluvf. *. Ok, A Mir....

      OX THE VERGE OF THE _GlUVF . * . OK , A Mir . ACn . OCS Cuke hy IIoij . owat ' s Pills . —James Allen , a ladies ' shoemaker , residing in Allen-street , GosweU-strcct , caught a violent _cbld about twelve months since , which , being neglected , _brou-rht en a swelling in the legs and feet , pains in the side and shoulders , night sweats , with inability to keep food upon his stomach ; indeed , he was at last minced to such a state of general weakness and debility , that no one thought lie could long survive ; but In * the use of HoUowny's Pills , every dangerous symptom ( iuhkly disappeared , and he is now as hale and as hearty a . man as ever he was in his lifo .

      _Ixti'i . uckxt as most certainly thc community now are , comparatively with the state of society in former times , still there appears to have been one essential matter overlooked in the search for intelligence and happiness . How often do medical men recommend exercise to tlieir patients i ' or indigestion , liver complaints , ccstivcncss _, sick head-aches , _-i'c . Females leading an inactive life , and thousands of both sexes arc , through their sundry avocations , debarred from that exercise in a pure atmosphere which is essential to health ; to all such , therefore , we would recommend the occasional use of that excellent family medicine , " I ' rampton ' s 1 'iU of Health , " which , as a restorative , a gentle aperient , and a promoter of a , healthy action of the system , stands unequalled in public estimation .

      ^Anlmipt^ &T*

      _^ _anlmipt _^ _& T *

      Bankrupts. (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...

      _BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday ' s Gazette , August 29 , 1 S _13 J _Georsc Chenuell , Capel , Surrey , carpenter anel huildev —Jolitl Guv . Mury-Strei ' t _. lV ' ostinillStei ' , publisher— Samuel Culhnii Hi ' « mare , Uavcrill . Suffolk , straw _phiit-nninulacttirer—Oohh Redden , Cambridge , eoiieh-huilder-Robert Hntchinson , Jewry-street , _Alelgalc , _lenthev-sulIcr-Jolin Jo ]> lin , Bishopwe : irinouth , ]) urhiiiii , dr . _* i }! i « r—JiiiMibltichiird Owen , Manchester , stock-broker— "William StonlYird Hurley , Pony . un ce , Cornwall , hatter—Joseph Curtis , liskeard , Cornwall , linen and wuoUfcn-dvavei _* . BANKRUPTS . ( From the Gazette of Tuesday , September 2 . J Eduard William Jenkins , iruiigcrlbrd . m : iri 5 et , winomcrchaut —Walter Smith , _Ahevjiaveiiiiy , iuukecner — Gcorjrc Stone Huron , Plymouth , nuuicy-scrivcnev—Win . ~ JJickertun , ICiiigstoii-u ] ioii-lIuU , timber-merchant . nivmr . _N'DS .

      Sept . , W . mil , Woolwich , Kent ; builder— Sept . 2 uf J . _Ydtcs , York-road , _lainlie-fli , _sliij'o-. _vm-r—Sept . _« , J . Cocklmrn , New _llroaihstreet City , _merchant—Se-yt . J 5 , J . and _G-. Hard ' , ' , Wisueach St . l'elur ' s , Cambridgeshire , irrocers—Scyt . ' 25 , \ V . _Iloli ' c , _Therhe-hi , Hertfordshire , _fnnne-r—Sept . 23 , J- _JSrooker , Soulh _.-unpfon-vuw , _J'looms--bury , carver and gildcr-Oct . 11 , 11 . Sccadiiiiiu and W . Aide , Uiiiniiii'haiii , biillon-ma / ccrs . _CSKTIFICATES to be granted , _unlcss-eause he shown to tho contrary on the day of _inee-fii ! _. _-, _' . Sept . " 0 , W . ]{ obs » n , " Chi | . ji ! iijt li : ii _* uct , ! fi _* oe _* cr— Sept . 2 " ' , J " . I . ; u \ u , _liYistoWiconsted victualler- Oi-t . * - '• , . 1 . and W . Sugilcn , Leeds , machine makers-Sept . 23 . R . Roberts , Liverpool . _hunUev-Seyl . _'i ' . ' -, . 1 . II . awl V . _"ilanswnn , _Aileluhi-v-havf ,. Strand , eoal-inerchjinls—Sept . ' - _' _;) , J , Ji . JJucklcc , Kidderminster , "Worcestershire-, mercer—Sept . ti , M . ami _VT . Checthiim . Snieulcv . Lancashire , _iiit-ee-uc-silers—Sept . 23 , T . Patterson , Sheriff-hill , _lliirhuiu , _eartlieiiwave-uuiiuit ' _acturer—Se-yt . 2 S _, w , ii . Williamson , _Dougatc-hill , City , tobacconist—Sept . 23 , J . Vf . Summers , Sunderland , Durham , _coka-maiiufacturcr— Sept . 2 : i , li . Kipling , Woodstreet . Cheapside , warehouseman—Sept . -M , T . Robson , jun ., Manchester , estate agent—Sept . ?& , i . Lowthiu and It , Brinlev , Xcwcastle-iinon-Tyne , printers .

      _rAKTSBl . SHIPS DISSOLVED . J ., I-:., and IT . W . Taylor , Colchester , cabinet-makers as _t'u- as rm .-avds J . Tavlor—W , Stevens , J . _Wiiliinsoil ,. and J . Sateholl , Queen-street , Che-upside , attorneys ; as far as _rcsjards J . WilUinson-W . Lawson and J . _llorno Wellington-street , Loudon _Bridge , hat _niiiuulaeturcrs-l * . Wills and !! . _Gadd , Chichester , mercers-W . Js . _Wilson nid ' j Barton , Pendleton , Lancashire , _mousseliiiedelaine-1 . _1-i . ntcvs-W . . Reed and W . Raker , Bristol , builders-J . Dixon and J . Neve , _Yfolverhamutou , coalmuslevs—C Dennis and . 1 . B . Quy , Wh ' ue ' s-c . vouuds , lievmoiulscy ,. size manufacturers—J . Taylor and Vi . Dronsiicld _, KoytOll ,. Lancashire , cultuu-spiimers—V , ' . and X . llamfurd , Bel ! _-, bar , llertl ' mihliiro , farriers—T . II . Irwin and 3 , Asyiwdl _* Liverpool , st . ckbrokers—10 . Granville and Vf . Wame , Cheapside , merchants—A . Harrison , J . Stevenson , J , and . C . J . Tennant , 6 . Brown , Vf . Stevenson , aud J . C . Williamson , South Shields , manufacturers of alkalies ; asfiu * as _regards A . Harrison—3 . Wade . Vf , HaiOTaves , and J _»

      Wade , Bradford , Yorkshire , _n-orstcd-spiiuiers ; as tar as . regards W . _lrnvgrcavcs—S . Mav and P : Mottram , Shrewshnrv , drapcrs-B . Hunt and Cf . T . _Tyndalc , Liverpool , merchants—S . and S . Smith , Manchester , woollon-drapeva -II . Leaker nnd T . Trudcll , _Lcadeuhall-strect , City , _irounioiisers—T . J . Kirton and J . Kcwmau , BanksiUc , •' - 'ontii-Wiivk , white lead _mamii'acturcrs-F . W . Holler and A . C . _Wirsin- ' , _Union-comt _, Old Brnail . street . City _. _niei'cliaiits--, _v . A , nis ,. _i . _llaUon , and S . Marshall , _Bisliopsrate-street Within , silk-mercers-E . and M . Barnctt , Great _lrescottstrcet , floodmun _' s-iields _, schoolmistresses—J . Hall anel J . 11 . Jloreton , Leadcnhall market , mcat-salenien-J . and J . Ttuivnc _. _Xottmgluuu , curriers-. ! . Calvert and i , _M'lntvre _^ Lceils , woollen-drapers-W . Stawpert and R . Piumett _, Willington , >" orthumberhind _, grocers— J . Jl . and \ Y . Carkeet , Plymouth , general merchants—R . Roy , 3 . Blunt , D . G . Joimstone , and C . Walton , Lothhuiy , City , attorneys ; as far as regards C . Walton—0 . R . Aleltscr aud J , _» W-j < _i 5 « worth , Lecis , flux-merchants .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_06091845/page/7/