On this page

• Departments (1)
  • 
• Text (4)

  Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

  • 

    jtjke g, mp. w | '^^ ,H9 ^tM»9oS^ns*^- m...

  • 

    fmim 1-ftDfiemeirtS

  • 

    " « Audi wiE war, at least in words, (An...

  • 

    Thk Oregon Question.—We have reason to b...

• Transcript

  • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

    Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

    Jtjke G, Mp. W | '^^ ,H9 ^Tm»9os^Ns*^- M...

    _jtjke g , mp . _w | ' _^^ _, H 9 _^ _tM _» _9 oS _^ _ns _*^ - m "

    Fmim 1-Ftdfiemeirts

    fmim _1-ftDfiemeirtS

    " « Audi Wie War, At Least In Words, (An...

    " « Audi wiE war , at least in words , ( And—should say chance so happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thought l " « I think I hear a _litfle "bird , who sings t _jbe people by and by will be the stronger . "—Brae : * . EASTERN EUROPE AND THE EMPEROR

    "NICHOLAS . ko . v . X -rery interesting episode is contained in the third chapter of this work detailing the fortunes of tie celebrated Russian Commander , Admiral TcMtchagoff . This veteran , almost the only Russian Commander , who exhibited anything like military talent when that talent was so much needed io cope with "Napoleon , is no longer a Russian , or at feast no longer a subject ofthe Autocrat ' s , hehaving

    some years ago renounced his nationality , and transf ormed himself into an Englishman . The treatment this eminent man experienced at the hands of the Russian despots , Paul and Nicholas , graphically illustrates the character of the Russian t yranny lamiral Tchitchagoff ' s story deserves to be made widely known , hut as it ia not oar place io reprint these volumes , to the work itself we must refer our _riaders for the particulars of the gallant Admiral ' s history

    The fourth chapter is devoted to a brief review of the present state of the Slavonic races , aud an inquiry into the probabilities of their emancipation . The author shows how erroneous ia the opinion generally , or , at least , very widely entertained , that the Slavonic race is either irrecoverably gathered beneath the sceptre ** of the Russian , _Austrian , Prussian , and Turkish despotism , or , worse still , as doomed to become generally Ru 3 sianised . He enumerates the various nations helon _^ ng to this race , numbering , in all , from eighty to _<> ne hundred millions , j and shows that , of this immense multitude , only the Muscovite portion ( from thirty-three to thirty-six millions ) are the passive slaves of the existing tyrannies

    while their quiescence is based upon the idea they entertain of the omnipotence ef their tyrant . * If once thai idea -was dispelled- by the successful uprisings of any portion of the Slavonic family , the pas ** sive obedience of the Muscovite wonld cease , and the lastprop ofthe Russian governmentwould fail it . We hare before shown the insecure state of the Austrian and Prussian despotisms , it is , therefore , _uuueces ary to reiterate the statements of the author concerning those governments . "Far from the battle being won , the strife is only impending , " and as regards numbers , energy , and an awakened and soulanimating desire for liberty , all the chances are on the side ofthe oppressed .

    Of all thc branches ofthe Slavonic race , the Poles are entitled to take the first rank , not only because they have made the greatest progress in civilisation , bnt because on the one hand they form the connect ing link , which , by mingling the spirit of both , unites { newest of Europe with the east ; whilst on the other they stand the military antagonists of the Russian despotism , and of necessity are the champion s and leaders of their brethren . To the Poles , therefore , or at least the thirteen out ofthe twenty millions , belonging to what is called " Russian Poland , " tiie greater part ofthe nest chapter ( V . _) is devoted nnder . the head of

    THE POLES IN THEIR RELATION TO RUSSIA . " Whilst in disposition the Poles bear a stronger resemblance to almost every other branch of the Slavonic family than to the Muscovites , they differ from the whole of it in one important particular , which assimilates them more nearly with ourselves , and peculiarly fits them to lead the civilization of their race . " " . All the rest ofthe _SkvonianS i derived _' their ideas and their religion from that corrupt source the Eastern capital ofthe Christian world ; Poland , on

    the contrary , owed its civilization and religion to Rome , and to the West . " "All the lore and wisdom of antiquity—all those ideas of _freedem and of jus « fee which survived wherever Latinity was transmitted , together with a large share of that chivalric element which the Norsemen spread so widely when they took possession of the thrones and lordships of so many lands , —mixed np though both might be with Monkish rubbish and with feudal barbarism , have * operated on the character of the Polish nation , and have given it a deep and indelible analogy with that of Western people . "

    The Poles have ever been remarkable for their patriotism . The provinces torn from the ancient Repablic by Austria and Prussia , are still regarded by their inhabitants as indissolubly part of Poland . In fie provinces subjected to Russian violence resistance is continuous and indomitable . The Russian authorities avow their belief that nothing but exterimnation will permanently tranquillize the country . "And , in fact , what else remains to secure a _conges over a race _^ Mch bo severity will reduce to resignation ? Where the women alone , as long as they propagate the population , will irreconcilably instil a deadly hatred of the oppressors into the minds oi their lisping children , —where the first lesson of

    the mother is to point ont to the infant where its grandfather , or its father , or its nncle , fought and bled , or was punished or imprisoned ; _-where , in 1845 , intermarriage between a Polish female and the most powerful and wealthy Serviter of the Emperor is considered in the same light as religious apostacy ? " Bnt how exterminate a people whose number at the lowest computation amounts to thirteen miliums ? " For though the territory of the * * kingdom of Poland' has been cut down till only five millions of inhabitants are left , the annexation , by Ukase , of Vflna , Grodno , Vifepsk , ilohflef , Minsk , Volyhnia , Podolia _, and Bialystok to the Russian empire , has not ¦ su fficed to Russianise them in anything out name . "

    In answer to those who . _attribute to the Poles _tur--bnlenee of disposition , and a proneness , to violence , the author of this work shows what has been and is the condition of Poland since the first partition ; and deduces therefrom the right and duty of the Poles to do as they have done , and will do , nntil they succeed _iarelifcving themselves from ihe monstrous tyranny _onder which they groan . From this part of chapter 1 ' we give the following extracts : —

    _AIBOCITIES COMMITTED BY CATHERINE . The Empress Catherine , the least tyrannic sovereign ** io _erer ruled in Kussia , wrote fifty-one years ago to "fiepnin _, her ambassador at Warsaw : ' — " Thisis why I must impress on you to cause the armies now at your disposal in . Poland , to act , setting _aafle all illusions of Uumanity , { _dbstraction / aae de tonics fe illusions _dethumxnUel with the energy necessary to deprive iu inhabitants ofall means , and of all hope of revolting . Tou must not spare any ofthe inhabitants of this district , even if they should allege the quiet and retired lives they bave been leading , excepting always such 32 may be taken in arms , alter & _vmg proofs of _thelr _valour . These you had better incorporate in my armies , as they may prove useful in the war whieh , as you know , we intend to carry into the south , after the pacification

    _OfPoland . " Afew days after , "Warsaw was stormed ; and Snwarrow , tine of the great captains of his age , and by no means the most inhuman of the Russian generals , put to the sword twenty-five thousand ofthe infiabitants of the suburb of fcaga , inclusive of its defenders , women , and children . This unscrupulous woman made energetic and cruel _efforts to secure her conquests . She prosecuted "rigorously the task ( which experience had then not

    Jet shown to be hopeless ) of extinguishing Polish nationality . She shut up the schools , caused the publie libraries to be transported info Russia , and those _whoin she suspected of being political opponents into Siberia , Although she cared nothing for religion aod dispised all creeds , yet as a matter of state policy site ordered the commission of the most abominable atrocities to compel the Soman Catholics and the United Greeks to embrace the Russian religion . On

    this subject our author quotes Colonel Sztbma _, a _Polish Protestant , from which quotation we give the following extract : — Prom the returns prepared at the close of Catherine ' s leigaitmaybeseen thnt not less than 3 , 100 , 000 Roman Catholics were then forced to go over to the dominant <& urch- Missions for converting Roman Catholics used hj be accompanied hy a military escort . Placed under itch safeguard , they traversed the country , forced the

    d < ors of Catholic churches and chapels in towns and _triages , and consecrated them anew as if they bad been _PiXiSaneO . Priests who would not change their religion * tre expelled their parishes , and were replaced , by _Russian popes . Intimidation and rewards were in turn **>? lojed with the Catholic clergy , and when thesefeiled ib ( 8 ect _theirobject , many were thrown into prisons and _^ _'Red ; and the infliction of corporal prarisbinent was _** iuarlj called _'tteonopntitw of t _» 8 & _a-iaMsi " Jrttfrtn . "

    " « Audi Wie War, At Least In Words, (An...

    - Such ; _in brief _TOffi _^ n _^ t _anil em [ Miii ' oftfie " philosophic Catherine , ' _*^^ 0 " wliich , however " , should be added , that she employed emissaries to excite the peasantry of _Hurnagn , in the TJkraine , to massacre the nobles , thus anticipating the infamy recently earned by the diabolical Austrian government . To complete the "horrid work , as soon as the assassinations were over she hung the leaders of the assassins under a show of justice , while she in _reality had instigated them to their criminality . Was ever there a more

    horrible command issued by a despot than that addressed by her to Rephie to show no mercy , to set aside _ifte illusions of humanity , and spare none , even the peaceable and helpless ? Did ever fiend exist in human form more worthy of eternal execration ? Tet this Catherine was , we are told , the best sovereign that ever ruled in Russia ! If this she-devil was the best , * what language can do justice to one of the worst—Victoria ' s pet , the darling Nicholas ?

    Paul , though considered a tyrant by the Russians , was regarded by the Poles as a mild and merciful ruler compared with his mother . He put a stop to religions persecution , re-opened the colleges and schools , and set at liberty many victims of his mother ' s tyranny ; bnt in return for the sufferers he liberated , he sent other and numerous victims to Siberia , or otherwise punished them—the victims of his capricious temper . We now come to the doings of that very Christian , very pious , very "liberal" hypocrite , Alexander , " whose ideas appear always to _haveibeen liberal til * he was called upon to put them into practice , at the expense of theslightest shadow of _hiso-wn authority . " Who was according to Bxsox—¦ The cox-comb Tsar ,

    The autocrat of waltzes and of war ! A Calmuck beauty with a Cossack wit , And generous spirit , when'tis not frost-bit ; Now half dissolving to a liberal thaw , Bat hardened back when ' er the morning ' s raw ; "With no objection to true liberty , Except that it would matte the nations free ! The author of this work enters at some length into thestate ' _ofPolandjUnderihe " _Cal _^ _rackbeau _' _-y _. _,, acts of cruelty and rapacity to which the Poles were

    continually subjected under his reign , sufficiently illustrate the -value of Ms _hypocritical professions . The " eonstitution " conferredonthe " 'kingdomofPoland " he violated , and as good as annihilated within six years after conferring it . When the nobility of Lithuania in 1818 , solicited him for permission to emancipate their serfs , he refused , and commanded them to proceed no further in the matter . We must refer our readers to the work itself for most ofthe author ' s illustrations . of _Aiesajtdeb _' s rule , confining ourselves to the following extracts ;—

    CRQIES OF _ALEXANDER . . It will be remembered tbat about this period Russia itself was still full of secret societies , many of which had formerly looked forward to Alexander as their warmest friend . In Germany , previous to the fell of Napoleon , these associations had been encouraged by the Austrian and Prussian despotisms , as having an anti-French tendency ; and in Poland , Alexander had been anxious to encourage them , when still hopeful of uniting-the whole Polish nation beneath hie rale . The fermentation of secret societies in Poland had not , therefore , the same rebellious or dangerous signification as might be reasonably attributed to them at the present day ; as their existence had never been forbidden , it was sot concealed ; the secret only extending , like that of freemasonry , to their institutions . The Polish youth then congregating in great numbers at the university of Wilna , had established many of these , amongst which the public society of ths ** niuminati , " and the two secret orders ofthe Philaretes and PhHomates .

    Though these three societies were dissolved as soon as strictly prohibited by ukase , the mania of forming secret associations spread amongst the juvenile members of the community , and school-hoys of twelve and fourteen years of age entered into conspiracies to uphold the threatened nationality of Poland by their literary efforts . Alexander , who had encouraged secret societies , who had used his best endeavours to keep alive the nationality of Poland , and who had spontaneously declared , on the first establishmentoftheconsdtution , in the midst of the Polish diet , that he would unite the Palish provinces of Kussia to the kingdom , and that he hoped to extend tbe benefits ofa free government to every portion of the vast dominions he had been called to govern , now allowed "Novosiltioff to enter on a career of persecution whieh , amidst all the Polish * people has since suffered , is still indelible in its recollection .

    Hot only did Novosiltzoff bunt out and punish all those who had formerly belonged to these associations before tbey were forbidden , but he adopted the Snssian mode of political investigation , by torturing the accused to elicit the truth ; whilst Alexander confirmed their sentences of banishment , Kovosiltzoff filled ten monasteries in the city of Tilna alone with youthful students . In every other part of Poland , the prisons were crowded with mere schoolboys . They were tried by courtsmartial , and condemned to Siberia or to the mines , to confinement in the casemates of fortresses , or to do duly in regiments in distant parts of tbe emp ire ; and these mere children were sent off in irons by hundreds , amidst the heartrending lamentations of their relatives . Though since that period such scenes have become common-place , the effect of this persecution bas never been forgotten , and is frequently alluded to by the Polish poets .

    AH the normal schools were abolished . The Emperor Alexander declared by ukase , dated the 14 th of _August 1824 , that the condemned students had been guilty of high treason , in associating to perpetuate , by means of literature , the nationality of Poland , Long imprisonment , hunger , cold , and the infliction ofthe lash , were used with so much severity to elicit com _^ _essionsofguntfromthehaplessstndentswhowere merely " suspected , " that hundreds sunk under this cruel usage . But we bave to add something still more devilish , a refinement of villainy on the partof the pious Aibxakbbb ' s government , unparalaUed in the history ef imperial atrocities . To the maxim of " divide and rule , " was added that of " corrupt and role . "

    The former professors and teachers were gradually removed from the universities and schools , and replaced by men who appeared to bave been chosen to give tha Polish youth the example of every kind of dissipation and debauchery . Not only Kovosiltzoff himself , but all the authorities to whom the superintendence of _iastruction was confided , seemed boastful of their crapulous orgies , anxious to propagate their degrading vices . There were no excesses , however morally and physically ruinous , to which the Polish youth were not encouraged to resort , by ¦ example , indulgence , and approbation ; whilst all who resisted the pernicious influence , or who sought , however unobtrusively , to pursue their studies , were marked out as objects of persecution .

    It would be impossible to believe in the premeditation and cold-blooded execution of such a scheme , if the evidence of its existence reposed only on the character of "Novosilteoff , and ofa few of his agents ; but from the time of his being dispatched to "Vilna , this policy became general , and was too openly avowed , too long continued , and too widely attested to admit ofa doubt . Like an over-dose of poison , it failed in the effects it was intended to produce . The odium which attached to the character of these agents , on account of their cruelty , and the sudden deaths and loathsome diseases to which several of them fell victims , made their example serve as a _warmns instead of inflnrlne imitation .

    We will sot attempt to comment on this infernal scheme to poison the source of the moral life of an entire people , we leave onr readers to form theirown conclusions , and express , if they can , the thoughts which , almost too big for utterance , must rise from tbe protesting heart of every being worthy ofthe form and name of man . O ! Englishmen , brother Britons , is it not time

    to teach the very stones , To rise against earth ' s tyrants ? In 1825 _Alexasdee died , —bnt Nicholas , the 'beloved / demands a column or two to himself , and for this week we pause .

    Thk Oregon Question.—We Have Reason To B...

    Thk Oregon Question . —We have reason to believe that the object of General Armstrong , the United States Consul at this port , in proceeding to Amerieaby the Great "Western , was to take out a proposal for the settlement of the Oregon question on the part of the British Government . General Armstrong is a veteran soldier , a companion in arms ot General Jackson , and an intimate friend of President Polk , and yet a firm friend to the preservation of peace between the two countries . Tbe

    terms which he is authorised to propose are said to be such as the Governments of both countries can agree to with honour . We think it necessary to mention what we have stated above , as we have seen it stated in some of the papers that General Armstrong has been recalled by his own Government to act in a military capacity . He has not been recalled , and we have reason to believe tbat he will return to Liverpool in five or six weeks from the present time , we trust with a treaty for the partition the Oregon territory . —Liverpool Times ( Fudge . )

    As _ImsmsM .- "I wasgoing , " said an Irishman , " over Westmmster-bndge , the other day , and I met Pat Hewins . "Hewins , " says [ , "how are you ? " "Pretty well , I thank you , Donellj , " said he . "Donelly ! " says I , "that ' s not ur name !" " Faith ! no more is mine Hewins , " said he . So we looked at each other again , and sure it turned out to bet-either of as _.

    Thk Oregon Question.—We Have Reason To B...

    CONFERENCE OF THE _^ _NATIOMl-ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES . MANcmsTER . « -The first annual conference of this body commenced its sittings on Monday , in the Hall of Science , Campfield _, under the presidency of T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., M . P . The extensive and protracted strike among the building trades which has now-lasted upwards of thirteen weeks in this district : the facts that theprincipal "point of difference

    between the masters and the men of late has been the requirement ofthe former that the operatives sign a document pledging themselves not to belong to any general union , and that the employers have considered the association to be of so formidable a character as to call for the formation of an equally extensive counter-combination , —have given rise to much interest in its proceedings . The lave number of delegates and the variety of trades represented by them , also testify that the association had some influence over theworking classes .

    Ten o _' clockinthemorning wasthehourannounced for commencing proceedings , but the forenoon was occupied by the Central Committee in receiving the credentials of-delegates and other routine business , and it was not until nearly three o ' clock that Mr . Duncombe entered the Hall ; at which time there were about 120 delegates present , and a . considerable _"ao'nwrw spectators in the galleries . Mr . Duncombe experienced a most enthusiastic reception , and order being restored , he addressed the meeting as representatives ofthe working classes , ana said that in pursuance of the resolution of last year appointing the Conference to be held in Manchester this year , he and' his colleagues had the honour and pleasure to appear before them , and to give an account of their stewardship for the last year . He was proud on that occasion to meet so large an

    assembly , especially when he knew the immense amount of intelligence that meeting represented . He was also desirous of stating that their doors were open to the press of all shades of party . One of the representatives of the press was present , whom he was informed had been sent down expressly to attend that meeting by the conductors of a newspaper which had always honestlv and ably advocated the interests of the working classes . ( Cheers . ) But he repeated , their meeting was open to the press of all parties , and they invited criticism , because they sought for nothing but what was perfectly legal as well as just . ( Cheers . ) Before proceeding to other points , he would notice some of the publications issued by their opponents . The honourable gentle man then referred to a pamphlet issued by the masters , in which reference was made to the Association

    as open to great objections and liable to gross abuse , on account of its giving power to the directors to promote air meetings having for their object the educational , political , and social improvement of the people . __ He did not see anything objectionable in such objects , and he left them to judge of the animus of those who did ; but the writer nroceeds to say that the laws were of suck a nature " , that though they had the name ofa Member of Parliament appended to them , it was to be hoped it was merely nominal . Now , he felt it his duty to state , in this centre of industry , this mighty hive of the laborious , that not a single document had issued from the directors which had not his cordial approval , and bona-fide signature . ( Great cheering . ) Nor had they taken a step which

    was not characterised by justice and reason . ( Hear , hear . ) _^ The writer then accused the Association *©! imitating the general union of 1833 , in dictating tyrannical terms to masters , and issuing mandates , which they were required to obey , without any responsible signature . Now , in the first place , he had signed all the documents issused by the Association , and was fully prepared to take all the responsibility of these documents upon himself ; and , in the next place , the complaint came with a bad grace from the masters , who were now using the most illegal and tyrannical measures to each other . The hon . gentleman then proceeded to adduce several instances iu which the Masters' Association had used threats and

    intimidation to small masters , for the purpose of inducing them to discharge their men who would not sign the document pledging themselves to withdraw from the union . He would next briefly advert to to _^ the circumstances out of which the Association originated . A cerrespondence heretofore took place between himself and Mr . Dmry of Sheffield , which led to the convening ofa national conference in Easter week last year . That Conference appointed a Provisional Committee , with instructions to frame a code of laws , to present the same to another Conference in the following July . The Committee did so , aud issued an address , in which they thus stated the reasons which induced them to call upon the working classes to join this Association : —

    "In the history of man never did thero exist a nation richer than Great Britain at the present moment—either as to the real property it possesses in comparison with its population , or the scientific mechanical , and industrial powers at its command . "Yet with this unexampled amount of accumulated wealth , and of powers for producing more , poverty is the lot ofthe working man through life . "Numerous have heen the attempts to amend this la . mentable state of things , but in vain . "Politicalagitations , Trades'Unions , and Strikes have hitherto failed to remove this anomaly , or to arrest the downward career of the producing classes . Is the evil , therefore , irremediable , or have the means heretofore adopted been inadequate for the object in view ?

    "We believe the latter to be the true solution of the difficulty . New and more comprehensive measures are imperatively required , based on sound principles on a full understanding of the evils to be removed and the causes Which generate them . " After briefly describing the leading objects of the Association to be the adoption of means " by which the surplus labour shall be absorbed , or kept out of the market , and an equality be maintained between the work to be done , and the number of those required to do it , " he said , these _objeets were proposed to be carried out by the labouring classes expending "their funds in the erection of machines that will work for and not against them , and in the purchase or rental ef land , whereon they can set to profitable

    employment the redundant hands , who , if suffered to remain in the labour market , would reduce the wages of the whole trade to which they belong . These measures are proposed not to supersede , but to aid those already adopted by organised Trades . " Itis proposed to render them more effective by extending their sphere and operation . A General Union of Trades , for the purpose of regulating trades ' matters and trades' strikes , for collecting Information and funds to one common centre , and thence distributing them effectively , was also resolved upon by the Conference . By means of this union the united strength ofthe whole Association would be enjoyed by every individual trade in any case of strike or dispute with employers . An organisation

    so general and powerful would , not only in the majority of cases , prevent the commission of injustice , and the occurrence of strikes , but when they did unavoidably take place , would bring them to a speedy and successful termination . We desire to create no invidious or antagonistic spirit in society ; but simply to pursue , by fair , open , and peaceable means , a course which shall give to the operative classes a fair participation in the wealth they assist to create . With politics , as party politics , we do not meddle . The social and industrial position of the labourer , and the means by which it may be improved , are the great objects at which we aim ; and we invite the cooperation of good men and true , not only among the working , but all other classes of society . " Now ,

    to show that the views expressed in this address were correct , and fully borne out by subsequent facts , he would refer to a document issued by Mr . Jones , secretary to the Central Committee of the Building Trades , reporting the result of an interview between the masters and men of Liverpool , before Mr . Rushton , the magistrate of that town , lor the purpose of adjusting differences , in which it was stated on the part ofthe masters , as a reason _for-declining to with _, draw the document they required the men to sign , that " This strike was not for either wages or time ; but that the only point at issue was the General Trades' Union ; and that they ( the employers ) were unanimously determined that all men must sign the declaration on their resuming work—assigning for

    their reason that the protection afforded by General Trades' Unions to the working men of any locality , is irresistible , inasmuch as the power of the whole union could be brought to bear on any one locality , if required . " Why , this was his very case—the very position he had taken last year at this time , and the admission ofthe masters showed that this association was already striking terror into those who had hitherto looked upon the working classes as mere machines , out of which they could create wealth for themselves . ( Cheers . ) It required some time in the formation of such an association before they could judge of what were likely to be its results , and it involved great care on the part of the Directors to guide the Association in its infancy . So Jar as they

    had gone their progress had been of the most satisfactory character , and if there was anything defective , anything that could be amended , that meeting had _thepower of applying a remedy , either by fresh instructions to the _present directing body , or by appointing an entirely new directory . ( Applause . ) For himself , so long as he continued to have any share in the management of its affairs , he would , to the utmost ef his powers , direct all Us energies to the great and paramount object of securing for the honest , industrious _^ wealth-producing classes of the country , that participation in the fruits of their labours to which they were so justly entitled , and ef which they

    were at present deprived . ( Cheers . ) He trusted that the reports which would be submitted to them by the Secretary would give them satisfaction , and was certain that the points which the Executive had before them for consideration would meet with tbat calm , orderly , and intelligent revision , which his experience of assemblies of working men hitherto had taught him to expect . ( Cheers . ) He would not detain them farther , but simply repeat his _gratificatien at so large a gathering of the representatives o ' labour , under such auspicious circumstances , and r , "< confident hope that by judicious , prudent , _const '' _, tu tional , but , at the same time , bold and detenr _jinec _meaa-iws , they would ultimately succeed in _thiev-

    Thk Oregon Question.—We Have Reason To B...

    ing the must extensive and permanent " benefits for the industrious classes * of the community ; They had no desire unduly or improperly to interfere with other classes , but simply to maintain those rights ; and acnieve that position in society which reason and justice alike point out as the proper position of those who are the very hfeblood of society . ( Cheers . ) With these observations , he would call upon the Secretary to bring forward the business in the order in whieh it bad been laid down by the Committee . ( The hon , gentleman sat down amid loud cheering . ) The standing orders were , then put and agreed to , and the sittings of the Conference were fixed to be from nine in the morning till one o ' clock , and from half-past two till six in the evening . MrM \ _Barsatt , the secretary , then read the following report : —

    In presenting their report , the Committee beg leave to state , that in the whole of their proceedings throughout the year , in which they have had the honour to direct the affairs of the Association , they have been guided by a desire to ensure _through gradual and cautious progress , its future stability . Experience has shown , in previous attempts , to form a National Union of the Working Classes , that ruin has always ensued , by attempting more than the organisation could bear;—they , therefore , have been more intent upon perfecting the organisation of the Association , than of bringing it to bear upon its legitimate objects _. With this view they postponed , as premature , making any levy for the support of strikes , conveying such intention to the trades who applied for assistance to the following effect ;—

    That in the opinion of this Committee , the Association is not sufficiently matured to justify giving support to strikes . They are of this opinion because previous attempts to form an aggregate union of trades have failed , entirely ; through entering upon strikes prematurely , They , therefore , have not felt it necessary to determine upon the allowance which the Association should give to those who they may support _during strikes . The following questions suggest themselves to your Committee , in relation to this subject , upon each of which tbey beg the decision of the Conference . 1 . How long a trade ought to belong to the Association before eligible to receive its support ? Your Committee propose six months ; they think a shorter period would be inadequate to insure the immunity of tho Association , from nn accession of numbers , solely for their immediate' support . 2 . The allowance in cases where it may be necessary to cease from labour .

    Tour Committee suggest that the allowance should not exceed eight shillings per Week for each individual receiving support . This amount , of course , to be raised by a levy on the different trades belonging to the Association , and transmitted to the Society whose trade requires support , for distribution . In case of the dispute being of magnitude , an agent from the Central Committee to attend and observe its progress . That the conduct of the dispute be carried on by the disputing trade , subject to the mediation of the Central Committee . The Committee here beg the attention of the Conference as to the duration of time such support shall begiven . 3 . Whether it be advisable for a time to limit Strikes supported by this Association , to the defensive I 4 . What number shall receive support at the same time !

    Circumstances , of course , must mainly determine tbis . Tour Committee however submit , that unless thc number to receive support bear some practical relation to the number contributing , efficient support cannot be given . It appears to your Committee , that as at present constituted _. the numbers ofthe Association do notindicate that a very large number from any one trade would be upon its Funds . The Society highest in number is 2 , 528 , and it is reasonable to suppose , ihat the whole of any given trade would very seldom be engaged in a dispute at the same time . = Supposing the number of the Association to be 80 , 000 id . per week from each will give 83 . to 312 members—2 d . to G 21—3 d , to 036—id . fo 1 , 218—5 d . to 1500—Od . to 1872 . This is supposing all , whether receiving or not , to contribute their quota to the levy .

    The Committee submit that , as it would not , in their opinion , he advisable to impose a higher levy than Cd . for each member of the Association , that the relative numbers , receiving and paying , should be as 1 , 800 is to 30 , 000 ; that is to say , while the whole number of the Association is 30 , 000 , 1 , 800 might ba supported , and so on , Cases have arisen during the past year which suggest the consideration whether females and children shall be admitted upon a less contribution to the funds of the Association , or otherwise . This seems to be of importance , in certain trades , ths ., frame-work knitters , lace makers , hand-loom weavers , die . Indeed it appears difficult to give effectual support to those trades , unless some support i 3 also given to the women and children employed therein . This question , however , is so environed with difficulty that the Committee do not feel competent to offer any suggestion thereon .

    It appears to your Committee highly desirable that tbe Association should have a fund to meet any sudden emergency . They suggest that this fund should not be less in amonnt than Gd . for each member of the Association . Your Committee now call attention to the following alteration ofthe Kules of the Association , alterations suggested by their practical working during the past year . 1 . To that section of the rule entitled duties of Conference , which state that no fundamental or important law shall be repealed or altered , nor any addition made

    to the rules without at least six months' notice being given thereof , and that such addition or alteration must have the concurrence of at least _two-thirds of the Conference . In reference to this rule , your Committee beg to state that it was _impossibfe , in the first year of the Association's existence , for them to know by practical experience what rule required alteration , the time for the six months' notice having more than elapsed before they could gain practical knowledge of the adaptation of the rules to the wants of tho society . They have , therefore , proceeded with the utmost caution , and are only desirous of such alterations as may appear to them necessary to its well-being .

    In the rule entitled Elections , they propose to change the words , within one month , to , not less than one month , which the Committee believe to have buen the original intention of the Conference . Your Committee now propose an alteration in the constitution ofthe Committee . They suggest tbat the number of the Committee shall be seven instead of eleven , and that they shall be elected from the London Trades ; it having been found impracticable to consult the country members of tbe Committee , on any subject without greatly embarrassing the movements of the Assoeiation .

    Your Committee do not so much urge the delay and enormous expence attending such proceeding , though these would in themselves be a powerful reason , as tbe utter impossibility ofgning to members at a distance , an accurate knowledge of the position of the society ; knowledge of which can only be gained from its voluminous correspondence from all parts ofthe country , from time to time , in the diversified circumstances both of fact and opinion , as they continually arise , aud which is only valuable as fused into coherence , by continued and unremitting personal observation and assiduity . Such knowledge they need not say cannot be transmitted _Impost , And tbey submit that legislation upon imperfect knowledge is an evil , fraught with danger so eminent to the very existence ofthe Association , as to justify the alteration they have proposed .

    Your Committee suggest , that the moneys of the association be vested at a banker ' s in the name of the President and Vice-President of the association ; the cheque , drawing out the whole or any part of such moneys to be signed by both of these officers . In the rule entitled Powers and Duties it is proposed to alter the two last lines , from ' shall elect another of the Conference Delegates to fill the vacancy , ' to ' shall elect another from among the members of those trade societies that form the Association to fill the vacancy . ' In the rule entitled Levies , your Committee propose , that it shall be imperative on the various societies to send the levies , week by week , as required ; it being impossible to convey the necessary support , unless such levies be sentin proper time . This is a question of considerable difficulty ; your Committee , therefore , will have much pleasure in consulting the Conference , as to the best means of preventing embarrassment and delay in this most important point .

    Yonr Committee now give some account of their proceedings during the past year . They commenced b y issuing an address , explanatory of their views , setting forth the capabilities of your Association , and of the sister Institution for the employment oflabour in agriculture and manufactures . Your Committee then organised a plan for visiting the various metropolitan trades ; this proceeding , though only partially successful in adding to the numbers of the Association , was ofthe greatest _consequenos as a means ef disarming prejudice . Your Committee next engaged aleeturer . who , in

    various parts of the metropolis and in Manchester , delivered lectures with the same end in viewi The expenses of the lectures was defrayer _^ jointly by your As . sociation and the Association for the employment of labour in agriculture and manufactures . These lectures , upon the whole , were not attended with suceess . This want of success , which cannot in any way be attributable to the want of zeal or of talent in tbe lecturer , nor the want of indefatigable exertion on part of your committee , caused lecturing to be superseded by organised visits to the various trades at their own places of meeting , a plan which , as far » s it has proceeded , has been attended with

    success _. Your Cornmittee , in exercise ofthe discretion given to them in t \ _ie rule entitled " Expenses of Management , " have red * aced the monthly payments from one penny to _half-po any per month . They hope this measure , whieh has Contributed to increase the members of the _Association , will met the approbation of the Conference . Your Committee have already alluded to a resolution " delaying as premature and inconsistent with the stability ofthe Association , the _impesing of levies for the support of strikes until after the Conference of 1846 . _Thisresolution , which was the result of much anxious delibera-; tion , your committee are gratified to find has met with ' tbe approval of various trade societies in the Association .

    Thk Oregon Question.—We Have Reason To B...

    Your Committee , however , anxious to render all the assistance in ' their power , at the request of the Mansfield _fraraework-khitters , sent your Vice-President as agent to that body . Their case was one of great oppression , presenting the anomaly of legislation in tbeir favour which none of the magistrates would carry out . The reason assigned was , tbat , from its obscurity , they could not understand thc Framework-knitters Act . Your Committee _, of course do not impute any but tbfi purt'St motives to these magisterial mahntacturerB , but they cannot help regarding it as a remarkable circumstance , that , while the working classes are often defeated iii their appeals for redress to legal tribunals on account of the obscurity of the law ;—they never find the same obscurity when tho law is appealed to against them '—the law is always precise , and the mental vision of its administrators unclouded ! . ¦ I

    Your Committee now advert to the proceedings of the master builders in Liverpool , Birkenhead , Manchester , and other places . In reply to the extraordinary and unjust pretensions set forth by them to the publie , your _Cemmitteehave issued an address , which it is hoped will have the effect of silencing the calumnies of these employers and of proving to the public , that the often repeated charges against working men are not only without foundation , but belong in reality to their opponents . Tbis contest proves the absolute necessity of working men joining tins association . Your Committee cannot but contemplate the different aspect that would be presented if tbis association bad been formes ! some years ago and supported—as they confidently ttustit will be by the majority of working men in the United Kingdom . They do not urge that under sueh a state of things , the anxiety and extreme difficulty of finding support for the men resisting this oppression , would not exist , but they ara confident if tho working classes had been thus organized , this contest would never have taken plaee .

    In furtherance of the exertions of the Building Trades , your committe have united with the agents from those trades in visiting tbe various other trades in Manchester , its vicinity _. ' and in London , to cbtain assistance in resisting this tyranny . Your Committee cannot conclude their report without paying a just tribute to the indefatigable exertions , the exalted talent , and the high moral courage of your hon . Chairman . These qualities , known and acknowledged by his political opponents , your committee have had the opportunity of personally witnessing , in full exercise , in behalf of the working classes ; away from the publii , gaze , apart from any circumstance or motive hut that of contributing to their well being . "When your committee state , that on more than one occasion , your hon . Chairman has sat presiding over their liberations , and those of the Board of Directors of the Sister Association , for upwards of seven hours , without intermission , they are sure that such attention to their interests will be met by corresponding _devoteOness on the part of the working classes .

    In conclusion , your committee have no doubt in delivering up the trust reposed in them , that the wisest am " most beneficial measures will be proposed by you in Conference , to be carried but by their successors . The allusion to Mr . Duncombe ' s conduct as chairman of the committee was loudly cheered . The motion that the report be received was then put . and carried unanimously . The cash balance-sheet for the year was then read , which exhibited a balance of £ 90 in hand . This document ; was also reeeived . The Chairman said that before entering upon the discussion of the measure recommended by the Central Committee for their consideration , it was necessary to mention that the laws of the Association precluded them from altering any fundamental Jaw or principle without at least six months' notice . As no such notice had been given , it was competent for any member of Conference , if he thought that these alterations were of that character , to object to their being made .

    A Delegate suggested that as that course would probably be productive of inconvenience , he should propose tliat the conference should be at liberty to discuss not only the propositions of the committee , but any others thai might be brought iorward . The Chairman said the experience of the House of Commons and of other public assemblies , showed the absolute necessity of adhering to some general rules , and he doubted that much inconvenience , if not danger , would result from the adoption of the course proposed . Tlie motion not being seconded , fell to the ground . The Jonfercnce then took up the question of the time a trade should belong to the Association before it was eligible to receive support from the funds .

    Mr . _Fejckin , of Mansfield , delegate nom the framework knitters , moved that the recommendation of the Committee , namely , six months , be adopted . This motion gave rise to a long discussion , in which several delegates took part , Various terms were proposed—four months , nine months , and twelve months , were respectively advocated as most likely to conduce to the prosperity of the Association . In favour of tho shortest term it was ui _^ ed that the last returns showed tliat some of the trades had withdrawn in the absence of any immediate support from the Association . The Secretary explained that the omission of the names of those trades from the quarterly balancesheet was owing not to their withdrawal , but to the the fact that their remittances had not reached the office in time to be included in the quarterly account . The original motion , that a trade shall be six months in union before receiving any relief , was ultimately carried , with only eight dissentients .

    Tbe Conference then took up the question ot the amount to bo allowed per week from the funds of the association . The Committee recommended _Sj . A long discussion on this resolution ensued , and an amendment was moved , that the sum be Cs . The question was not settled when the Conference adjourned at six o'clock till nine next morning . Tuesday . The Chairman took his place at nine o'clock . The list of delegates was read , from whicli it appeared that credentials had been received from 120 delegates , representing in the aggregate 40 , 000 paving members .

    Mr . _Blvtii , of Leeds , moved as an amendment , that all members on strike receive 12 s . per week , and be set to work for the same : in support of this resolution , the speaker said , some time since they had a strike in Leeds , and being allowed 10 ,- . a week for single men , and 15 s . a week for married men , he proposed that instead of expending the money in supporting men in idleness , it should be applied to setting them to work with it , as he believed that , by adding their labour to 10 s . worth of material , they could at least increase its value 10 s . or 15 s . He did this because he felt that all previous strikes which had been carried on upon the principle of supporting the men in idleness had not only been failures in reality but deservedly so , because based upon a false principle . ( Loud cheers . ) The trades of Leeds had expended 199 , 0001 . in support of strikes , and he did not see that they had reaped any benefit from the expenditure of that immense sum . At the time he made

    this proposition it was not received with that cordiality he anticipated . He was appointed the manager of the business agreed to be established , anil though they commenced with only a small sum—a very few shillings , in fact—they had prospered very much , having had several houses to build . —( Lnud cheers . ) If he had had but a portion of the money which had been expended on the strike in Manchester tin ' s season , he would long since have had the means of employing large numbers of his fellow workmen on independent terms . When the body ho represented joined the National Association , it was with the belief that it was going to abandon the old _viciout principle of strikes . What he , and those he represented , wished , was to see that the men who received support should earn the money awarded by the Association . This was not only necessary in a pecuniary , but a moral point of view , and could alone enable them efficiently to attain the objects they had in view . —( Cheers . ) ¦

    Mr , "Punning objected to thc resolution , as pledging the association to set men to work at less prices than paid when in regular work . Mr . Robson , shoemaker of London , suggested that the motion should be withdrawn at present , as he intended to bring * forward the whole question at a future period . Be fully concurred in every sentiment uttered by the delegate from Leeds , from a deep conviction that it was the only means by which their class could be elevated in the scale oi

    society . Mr . Jacobs , cabinet-maker , Bristol , while concurring in the principle ofthe amendment , could not support it , inasmuch as it would tie up the Committee to a certain course of action wliich might not be practicable in all circumstances . Again , it would be seen , that to give 12 s . a week to men who were only able when at work to earn 6 s ., would lead to «* reat abuses . lie thought that theselow-paid trades should be improved , but this was not the way to do so . It could only be done on a large scale by the

    association itself , and it was not at present prepared to enter upoH arrangements for that purpose . Mr . Roberts , of Manchester , said that the only way to improve the condition of the low-paid trades , was to set the example themselves . Twelve shillings waa little enough , but to give that money to keep men idle was a fruitful source ol demoralisation and debasement . Let them make a liberal allowance , but not to be spent in idleness . ( Cheers . ) A question of order having been raised , inconsequence of Mr . Evans , from the Potteries , desiring to address the Conference .

    The- CHAinMAtr said he understood Mr . Evans , though a director of tho association for the employment of labour in Manufactures and Agriculture , was not a delegate to that Conference , which was composed of delegates of the association for the protection of industry . With respect to the proposition ofthe delegate from Leeds , he suggested its withdrawal at present , on the ground that it was premature . They might afterwards go into its consideration . Ee believed that they were all of one mind as to the improper and erroneous manner in which past strikes had been conducted ; and it was one of the peculiar features of the association thnt it contemplated the abrogation of the system of enabling men to walk about the streets , living upon the money contributed by those who were in work .

    Thk Oregon Question.—We Have Reason To B...

    So long as the trades resorted to that system , the , ie , _i , would inevitably ba beaten . Capital had such a _tra-ej mendous power , ; that it was impossible labour _cbnlula _eitectively meet it by such means . —( Cheers . ) Thdm omy course was for tiiem to employ their own Jauouiun and ea , pital _repnuluctlvnjy , as wns _proposed at , _thaiee outse ., ol this-movement . Do was convinced , _thalall by . tlm . plan alone , they could be enabled _tocom-ninand ant maintain a fair day ' s wages for a fair day ' a ' a labour . —( _-Cheevs-, ) Mr . _BtvTii withdrew his amendment on this _sug-rgestion , . with the understanding that the _questioVa would again-be brought ionvai-d . Mr . Rosson then moved that tlie levies of _thisisi Association be contributed in tho following ratio : For a levy of 2 d .-, the-trade to receive 5 ° . weekly ; ; for 4 d ., 7 s . r and for Gd-.,. 10 s . weekly ; leaving to theie different trades to join these sections at their ownn option . In proposing thi : _i resolution , he must _states thathe had _noluith-in strikes as the means of

    im-i-proving the condition ofthe working classes . There'e was a time when strikes ' _eonld do much , but it hadd now gone by ; , science and machinery had alteredd the posit on . of thelabou i-er had introduced a totally y different order of social relations . They had marched d past the old system , and if the labourer was to par- - licipate in the benefits of t ! _ss new order of * things _,:, they must march * with it . How could this be done s but bv becoming their own capitalists ? ( Cheers . ) ) There was no law against that . ( Cbem . ) lie i understood that it was now desired that ti : is Asso- ¦ elation , instead of being of a positive cli _.-nacter , an i active , _instrunient fin ? improving tlw cemiition of the > artisan , should be simply of n ui'giitii'e and defensive _s character . Why ,, if so , of what value would it be i to the low-paid trades—to the men with five shillings _i a week ? Such a sum was not worth defending . If "

    tliey limited then- _effin-ts . _to-sutli objects , they would give no encouragement or hope to the low-paid trades of any benefit from this assochtiou . ( 11 ear , Hear . ) With nspect , however , to the proposition he submitted to the conference , he _thought that to fix an _ecju-il sum to be paid to all classes of tradesmen , and to impose equal levies on the _humlhiiun wcitivor with five _shillinjjB _, and-the brick layer with thirty shillings a ' week , waa - < v self-evident absurdity , - aud would be utterly impracticable , as a working-measure . Even were it practicable , it would be injudicious : to give n larger sum to men on strike than they received while at work , woultl be in facr , a premium on idleness . ( Cheers . ) By the plan he proposed , the tradt-s would _have an opportunity of joining any class whatever , and would receive benefits in proportion to their payments . ( Hear , hear . )

    The motion having been seconded , a long _discussion followed . Several delegates from the low-paid trades . urged that a large , levy would be utterly beyond the power of their trades . Mr . Dkan , delegate from the frame-work knitters ot Loughborough , said that he considered himself well paid if he took home 8 s . on a Saturday night , and a large levy upon him and his tdlowsutferers wouid practically _exclude them . The only way he could see to the improvement uf their condition was by independent employment being provided by the _Association , as he understood it originally contemplated . Mr . _Lenagan _* _. from the "Wigan baud-loom weavers , thought thc scale proposed by Mr . ltnbson was not an equitable one , as from calculations he had made he thought a larger sum could be given in return for a twopenny levy . Though his trade were ground to the dust in their _struggle with machinerv , and their

    permanent _lwtwas and had been one of _mis _.-ry , they were still dt-siious of becoming members of thatgiva _' t confederation upon honourable terms :. ( Dear , hi ar . ) His trade disclaimed all idea of becoming dependent on the generosity of their higher paid _bicihicn , and in order that they might co-operate with what he might oall the aristocratic tradus on independent terms , and such as were suited lo their limited means , he would recommend they should commence at one penny . Having been chairman of a committee to inquire into the condition of thehandioom weavers of Wigan some time ago , he was enabled to state that many families did not earn more than la . weekly , out of which they had to pay lOd . a week for bobbin mending , leaving 4 s . 2 il . to support the family , out of whieh many had to pay Is . Gd . and 2 s . for rent alone . ( Hear , hear . ) He would ask , therefore , if people in so miserably depressed-a condition could do more than give the merest fraction to support a body like thc _present ?

    Several other propositions , modifying the orignal motion , having been sent up to the chairman , he suggested that it would be _bctti-r to confine tho attention of the Conference to the propriety of adopting the principle of a sliding scale of contributions and relief , and having settled that in the affirmative , to remit tlie whole of these _propi sitlons fo a committee , to be digested and reported upon at a subsequent stage of these proceedings . The motion was then withdrawn , and Mr . Young , carpenter , of _Lon- ' on _, moved that a committee of nine he appointed to draw out a plan of levy and support on the principle of a graduated scale . This proposition was resisted by several of fhe « delegates friendly to a fixed amount being paid to all trades alike .

    Mr . Gow , lithographer , contended , in answer to those objections , chat the natural aud inevitable result of the present system was to generate a feeling of isolation andexclusiveness among the trades ; and he did not believe that the high paid trades would be satisfied with a fixed levy . At tke same time he was convinced that the only way to improve the wages of such low-paid trades as the handloom weavers was not by means of levies and weekly payments , but by the Association purchasing looms , which he understood cost 5 / . eacn , und setting the weavers to work upon them . He was informed that larger profits were realised from the productions of these looms ; at ; d _, if so , it was better that these lar _^ e profits should be applied to improve the condition and raise thc wages of the labourer , rather than suffer them to add to the already too large heaps ol" the capitalist .

    Air . " Winters , frame work-knitter , of Leicester , in supporting the proposition to refer to & committee the principle of a graduated scale , said that his trade was subject to peculiar evils . There had been great fluctuations in their wages . In 1811 , the price of 24-gauge women ' s stockings was 10 s . per dozen : in 1 S 115 , os . ; 1 S 17 , 10 s . ; 1819 , 7 s . 6 d . ; 1825 , 8 s . 6 d .: and in the present year they were paid only 3 _i . 9 d . to 3 s . for the same description of work . While such was the depressed condition of the operative , the capitalist was realising large prolits from these very

    goods . The cost of production was ds . Gd . per dozen ; the market' price was lrom 18 s . to 14 s . The net average wages were not more than os . weekly ; the gross average wages Ss . ; but from this 8 s . weekly rent of loom , was deducted on all occasions , whatever the amount of earnings might be ; , and they had numerous instances in which the whole of the earnings in certain branches were absorbed by hame rent , when the work was short , and the weaver not able to get a full week ' s work . Sometimes they were even in debt , nnd such debt was deducted from their

    first earnings . Mr . Williamson , tin-plate-worker , London , said that many of ihe most powerful . trades had hitherto stood aloof from this Association , from the fear that they would be continually called , upon to pay to the . support of the trades with small wages , who were not only most immediately in need of improvement , but we : e also the most numerous . The adoption ct a sliding-scale was the only way , of meeting these prejudices , and show that the benefits to be realised by joining the Association ware in proportion to the sums contributed . It was useless to . talk of benevolence and generosity ; they , must act . upon general principles , applicable to the actual state of tlie trades , and their feelings with respect to it . If not , himself and others who were present , mure for tlio purpose of watching the proceedings , with a view to guide their future conduct , than anything , else—would be compelled to make s _\ _i- > h . a report as would still prevent these trades from , giving' their adhesion to the-Association .

    Mr . Main , representative of the General Cat-pen ters' Association of London , said that . his constituents were of opinion that , local assaciations were useless _,, and that by means ofa graduated scale of payments , the separate energies of each trade could be united under proper arrangements , and made powerfully effective for lifting , up tke working class from the dependent position thev at present _occupied . Several other Delegates having , spoken ia tavour _oS thc graduated ssalc , . Mr . James ( of London ) , on the pant ofthe Central Committee , explained that the Committee , were

    notpledged to the _pi-oposal of a fixed levy , but had merely thrown it 02 I for discussion .. His txpeiieuee had shown him * that th _« adoption of a _ alidin » scale would cause a large and bifluent ' tal section of ihe trade to join the _Associatian . He _considm-d this question as one of ths most important tbat they could discussone which , in fact , involved the veiy oiUtence of tho Association itself . He hoped aud believed , that if the Association was conducted with prudence and honesty , it would ultimately abf orb all local unions , but , as a preliminary to that desirable coubunimation _, it was essential to give the present unions _coutidence in the moderation and practical wisdom of the

    measures . The motion for the appointment of a Committee was then put , and caniid unanimously , an . l the following delegates were elected , representing the high and low paid trades—Messrs . Hobson , 0 ! _Ltmdon ; Winters , Leicester ; Gow , Manchester ; Jacobs , Bristol ; Lonagan , Wigau ; King , Manchester ; Williamson , London ; Birkett , Liverpool ; _ai-, d Forrest , ef Cradley , "Worcestershire . Ic was then resolved that the conference , at its rising at oneo ' e'ock , adjourn till _to-iu-ivrow morning at nine o ' clock , in order to afford the Committee time to consider the subject , with the understanding that the delegates should attend to give any information thc Committee might require . Report to be presented to-morrow

    morning , The next resolution-put by thc Chairman was , that children and femah s be admitted at a less contribution to the funds than that paid by adult males , and that the amount of that contribution bo iixeu oy the Committee—Unanimously adopted ,

• Citation
  • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 6, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_06061846/page/7/