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Northern Star (1837-1852), 4th October 1845, Edition 3 of 4, Page 6, femilturt an* ^Bitttulittre*

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      Femilturt An* ^Bitttulittre*

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      Field-Garden Operations. For Ihe Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN _OPERATIONS . For ihe Week commencing Monday , Oct . _9 th . 1 S 43 . I Extracted from a Dunr of Actual Operations on five small farms on theestates ofthe late Mrs , D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ot the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaitc . in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessore of field gardens , by showing them _, -what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Crilltcndcn and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked hy Jesse Piper , the ether by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , thc latter at _Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Bastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with thc north of England . Thc _Diaky is aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . _Xowcll , calculated for the time and season , whicli we subjoin .

      "It is a very pleasant sight to see children _eugaged m useful and healthy labour upon a spot of ground which they can call their own ; they shall be kept apart from the -rice aud folly of the young men of ths city . " 2 _? 0 i £ . —The school farms are cultivated bg boys , _vi _/ _ie m return for _tliree hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of tlieir labour in Uic afternoon for the master's benefit , which renders the schools selfscpfoeuxo . U ' e believe that at Farnly Tyas sixseventlts of tlie j > roduce of tlie school farm will be assigned ta tlte boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive tlte usual school-fees , help tlie boys to cultivate their land , and leach diem , in addition tO reading , writhi

      SFSSEX . _Mospat —Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Sixteen boys digging up , and gathering potatoes . Piper . Turning dung leap , ami emptying tank . Dumbrcll . Thrashing oats , sowing rye and tares . _Teesdat— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing two bushels of wheat , to « . o to Yorkshire for seed . Eastdean School . Boys digging , & c ., for rye . Piper . Chalking the potatoe ground for wheat . Dumbrell . Harrowing , _discing , _thrashing oats .

      _Wed . _vesdat—Willingdon School . Wet weather , tying up straw iu the barn . Eastdean School . Boys " digging up stubble , manuring , and sowing " winter tares . _IVpcr . Sowing rye . Dumbrcll . Thrashing oats , trussing straw . _Ibcbsdat—Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Emptying tank and piggery , gathering potatoe haulm . Piper . Digging wheat ground for tares , is very particular in taking out weeds . Dumbrcll . Thrashing oats , trussing straw .

      Iridat—Willingdon Sdiool . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Boys carrying manure for wheat , _picking out weeds . Piper . Sowing tares by hand in the drills . Dumbrell . _Tliraghing Oats , digging . _Sayckday—Willingdon School . Boys sowing winter tares . Eastdean School . Boys emptying portable pails , cowhouse tank , school cleaning . Piper . Sowing tares . Dumbrell . Winnowing oats .

      _COW-PEEW . _VG . Willingdon Sdiool . Cows feeding on white turnips , clover , and a little chaff . Piper ' s . Feeding as before . _DumbrelFs . One cow stall-fed till Tuesday , with Italian rye grass , and cabbage . On Wednesday , with mangel wurzei leaves , turnips , and oat chaff . Thursday , potatoes , turnips , mangel wurzei leaves , green rye , oat chaff . Friday and Saturday , with Italian rye grass , oat _chait One cow and heifer , on Monday , stall-fed on white turnips and tares . Tuesday , staked out on the young clover , and fed mora and even with carrots , tares , and straw . Wednesday , stall-fed on potatoes , turnips , carrots , and cat chaff . Thursday , staked out in clover , stall-fed with turnips , _cai-rots _, tares , oat chaff , Friday and Saturday thc same .

      Potatoe Gettixg . —When von dis- nn _vonmntaioiaioe _uettixg . —When yon ujg up your potatoes , do not _neglect to dig the spaee between the rows , by doing -. vhich your ground will bc quite clean and ready for dibbling the wheat as you proceed with the potatoe getting , as follows : — _"Wueat _AYiEii Potatoes . —Clear away two ov three rows of potatoes at once , draw your drills as before directed , and sow or dibble the wheat as you proceed ; on the latter plan let your seeds bc placed six inches asunder , two and a half OP three inches deep , cover tip and tread them in well . Potatoes Axn Wheat ix Succession . — "On Sir G . Caylcy ' s allotments , it is usual to have one half in wheat , the other half in potatoes , changing thc crops every year , the part in wheat of one year , being cropped the year following with potatoes * and

      vice versa . On this short rotation the land has not diminished , but actually increased in fertility . For the last ten years the " produce of wheat has been forty bushels to the acre , in some cases fiffv-foill _* , TfMIc for the twenty years preceding , _tkirxv-six bushels was the average . The half acre of potatoes , ana others supplied by the garden , are usually consumed by thc pigs . Cottagers have been known to sell twenty pounds worth of pigs , besides tlieir families being well supplied with bacon I . ' And some cottagers , who have the happy fortune to be blessed with careful wives , and good cows , have sent 12 Ibs . of butter to market per week , during the flush of the feed . " Another _iustance of a quick succession of crops is that of S . _Bridge , of Stoek Green , near

      Feckenhaiu , Worcestershire . He cultivates four acres of poor land entirely by the spade . His crops for tho most part are successively wheat and potatoes . Thishe has fallowed with great success for twenty-four years . As soon as the wheat is off , he breast-ploughs his stubble ground , raking up the stubble to litter the pigs . He then digs it over with a fork , and plants on it potatoes in the following spring ; this crop being kept clean , theland needs no further preparation for wheat . His average produce has been forty bushels of wheat per acre , and t . velve tons of potatoes per acre . The source of manure is the pigs which he keeps upon a part of the produce ; the potatoe haulm , stubble , and straw are , of course , carefully husbanded _, for this purpose .

      Dk . Joh . vsox os Agriculture . —The labour of the farmer gives employment to the manufacturer , and yields asupport for the other parts of the community : it ia the spring which sets the whole grand machine of commerce in motion , and the sail could not be spread without the assistance of the plough . Of nations , as of individuals , the first blessing is independence . _Neither the man nor the people can be Jiappy , to whom any human power can deny the necessaries or conveniences of life . There is noway of _living without the need of foreign assistance , by the product of our own land , improved by our own labour . Every other source of plenty is " perishable or casual . By agriculture only cau commerce be perpetuated , and by agriculture alone can we live in plenty without intercourse with other nations . This , therefore , is the great art which every government ought to protect , every proprietor of lands to practise , and ereiy inquirer into nature to improve .

      _Cra-nvATiox of Cottage Aixoimexts . —The following is a short account ofthe system 1 consider best -adapted for fhe most profitable cultivation of one acre of land , to suit the cottager : —Divide the land into three equal parts , containing 53 J perches each . Separate these portions by small alleys of such a size as will permit a wheelbarrow * to pass along with manure , and also for weeding thc crops , or applying liquid manure to them . Thc liquid manure to be collected In a wcll-construetcd tank suited to the cottage . One portion , or 53 _£ perches , should be planted with « _ir ] y potatoes , to be succeeded by tramps , broccoli , savoys , lettuce , and mangold wurzei transplanted . Thesecond division should be planted with potatoes , in April , for the next summer ' s sudoIv .

      lhe subdivisions of thc third , or remaining portion , should be as follows : —20 perches planted with early Wellington and _Eattei-sea cabbages , to be succeeded by transplanted Swedes ; 2 with _careots ; 4 -with parsnips ; 3 with beans ; 3 with peas ; 1 with onions ; i of a perch with leeks , lettuce , & e . ; 2 perches sown with various small seeds , sneh as broccoli , early _Tork , lettuce , a _* d savoys , to afford a supply of plants to fill vacancies that may occur ; 4 perches sown _Avith Swedes , which , when thinned , will give a supply of plants for dibbling after the 20 perches of early cabbages ; i perches sown with mangold wurzei for transplanting , after the early potatoes mentioned in the first division

      Ten perches should be sown with wheat , wkch will supply the family with nice bread and hotcake for Christmas . The nian » old « swedes and cabbage _strippings will afford excellent feedin » for pigs , and will produce excellent pork when properly _attendedto . There should _ali . 0 be planted , either 39 standards or espaliers , 12 dwarf apple trees 4 plum trees , A pear trees , 4 dozen of gooseberry bushes , and 4 dozen currant trees . Bv adopting this system the cottager and his family " will enjov the sweets and eomforis of their labour . The three portions in which the land is divided can _nndereo * _w _l _^ f Dse 3 orrotat { ° ns of cropping , and one of _xnem should be trenched each succeeding tear . — X ! _1 / _fe _% acticat Land Stcward - _bridged irom the _DOton Farmers' Gazette .

      _"A _&^ i _^ Tuasrss—Bran ( the husk of _^ _W _^ a _^ P erimen < alI y » in comparison the field _Mdraitdn _^ c per - aCre > and tUe P art of with bone _^ . _ifcl _^ Su _^ e" 0 l ; t 0 that Part chilled than four or _fivVL _^ _Mdef not _"**> _™ more _derea thereby should < _iLJ ! _t _*? ™ ientation _engen-** . _JWvSJ _, _S 7 ei _^ r ' _«* _entity ' -4 -x _ _^ i _^ _JS _^ a , -would manure ai _" "" - — J _ , _^ U _„

      Field-Garden Operations. For Ihe Week Co...

      braa could be obtained at any time from the nearest miller , its whole expense would bj its first cost—a point of great consideration in the midland counties . Wo need not send to South Africa for guano to be sold at £ 10 per ton , if we had sufficient manure at our own doors to be purchased at £ 5 per ton , more especially as by taking the bran out of the market , it has the twofold benefit of producing greatly increased crops , and indirectly by allowing us to obtain a better sale for the hay and oats , which must be substituted for the bran so used . — -Agri . Gaz . Importasi Discovery . —In the Geological Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , a communication was made by Professor Ilenslow that promises to be of great importance to the English agriculturists . In the red crag , London clay , and green sand , there abound nodules which have been found on analysis to yield 50 per cent ., of phosphate of lime and phosphate of . iron , and these

      nodules ave m great abundance . Phosphate oi lime is the most valuable manure ; and as the supply of bones , from which it has hitherto been chiefly obtained , is diminishing , thc importance of the discovery will be seen . So important , indeed , was it _considered to have a new source for the supply of phosphates , that Dr . Daubeny visited Spain , to examine a reported natural phosphate formation iu _Estremadura , but he found that it was confined to a small space , and difficult of access . It now seems , however , that the agriculturists of the eastern counties possess an abundant , quantity of * this mauurc under their lands . A discussion arose as to the nature of the nodules , it being the opinion of Professor Ilenslow and _ Mr . Solly that they are formed of theexuvia . of animals , as fragments of" animals are found among them ; but Dr . Buckland contended that they are aggregations , and that the phosphates they contain are derived from the iron which enters into their composition .

      _PnOLU-ic Wheat . —In the harvest of 1 S 40 , Mr . G . Spring , of Soliain . Cambridgeshire , gathered from one of . his fields , eighteen very Hue ears of wheat ( which were five , six , and seven set ) , the proceeds of which filled a common wine glass . The above were planted the following autumn aud produced one peck , which was again planted November 3 . 1841 , and produced seven bushels and one peck ; planted the same Novembers , 1842 , the produce 108 bushels and 2 pecks ; which was again planted in the autumn of 1 S 13 , aud produced 1 , 808 bushels . Thus the increase from the . 18 ears , in the short space of four years , was the enormous quantity of 407 coombs !

      To Make Ckeam Cheese . —Take one quart of very rich cream , a little soured , put it in a linen cloth and tic it as close to thc cream as you can . Then hang it up to drain for two days ; take it down , and carefully turn it into a clean cloth , and hang it up for two or more days ; then take it down and , having put a piece of linen on a deep soup plate , turn your cheese upon it . Cover it over with your linen ; keep turning it every day on a clean plate and clean cloth until it ia ripe , whicli will be about ten days or a fortnight , or it . may be _longer , as depends on the heat of the weather . Sprinkle a little salt on the outside , when you tuni it . If it is wanted to ripen quick , keep it covered with mint , or nettle leaves . The size made from a quart of cream is most _Convenient , but if wished larger , they can be made so .

      Guaso—By Professor Johnson . —Guano is the name given to the accumulated dung , chiefly of sea-birds , which is found upon the rocky promontories , and on the islands , that skirt the coast of South America , from the 13 th to the 21 st degree of south latitude . In that part of America , the climate being very dry , the droppings of the birds have decomposed with exceeding slowness , and upon some spots have continued to accumulate for many centuries , forming layers , more or less extensive , of JO , 20 , and at certain places it is said even of 60 feet in thickness . In some places , the more ancient of these deposits are covered by layers of drift sand , which tend further to preserve them from decay . In our moist climate , the dung of the sea-fowl is readily washed away by thc rains , so that even where sea-birds most abound , no

      considerable quantity of guano can ever be expected to collect . The droppings of birds and fowls , however , particularly when they ean be collected before being _dcctUHposed , form one of the most powerful of known manures . This arises , in part , from the circumstance , that , in the economy of birds , there is no final separation between the liquid and solid excretions , as in animals . Both escape mixed _together from thesame aperture . The immediate effect of this kind of manure depends upon the quantity of soluble matter it contains , and this varies much according to its age , and to the circumstances under which it has been preserved . The soluble matter of recent droppings consists of uric aeid in small quantity , of urate , sulphate , and especially of carbonate of ammonia , common salt , and sulphate of potash ; tlie insoluble , chiefly of phosphate of lime ( bone earth ) , with a little phosphate of magnesia , and a variable mixture of sand and other earthy matters . Thc uric acid and urea sradually undergo decomposition , and are

      changed into carbonate and other salts of ammonia . I If applied to thc land when this stage of decomposi' tion is attained , they form an active , powerful , and | immediately operating manure ; but if allowed to re-! main exposed to the air for a lengthened period of | time , the salts of ammonia gradually volatilize , and the efficacy of what remains becomes greatly diminished . Hence , the guano which is imported into this country is very variable in quality , some samples being capable of yielding only 1 per cent , of ammonia , while others are said to give as much as 25 pel" Cent . When thc dung of birds or fowls is intended to be kept , it should be mixed with dry vegetable soil , or made into a compost with earth and sawdust , with a portion of pidverised or charred peat , with charcoal , with gypsum , or with burnt clay , broken tiles , for instance , reduced to powder . The dung of hens and geese often accumulates , _decomposes , and runs to waste about farm-yards , when , with little care , it might be collected in considerable quantities .

      Guano , as imported into this country , is very variable in its composition . Dr . Ure gives the following as the average result of his analysis of genuine guano Per cent . Organic matter containing nitrogen , including urate of ammonia , and capable of affording from 8 to 17 per cent of ammonia by slow decomposition in the soil , 50 "Water 11 "Phosphate of lime 2 a Ammonia , phosphate of magnesia and ammonia , and oxalate of ammonia , containing from 4 to 9 per cent of ammonia 13 Siliceous or sandy matter from the crops of the birds i ..., „ ...,. 1 100

      It may , however , almost be taken for granted , that very little of what comes to this country is so rich in soluble matter , containing ammonia or its elements , as is represented by this analysis . Still there can now be no doubt , that any ofthe samples yet brought to Britain may be advantageously applied as a manure to almost any crop . From the most remote period , guano has been the chief manure applied to tbe land on the parched shores of Peru ; and at the present day , it is not only applied for the same purpose in the provinces which lie along the coast , but it is also carried across the desert of Atacama , many leagues inland , " on thc backs of mules over rough _, mountain paths , and at a great expense , for the use of the agricultural districts of Peru and Bolivia . " It has been estimated that 100 , 000 quintals ( equal to 1 Gifts . avoirdupoise each ) , are at the present day annually

      sold in Peru . There , also , tbe quality and the price vary , the recent white guano selling usually at Ss . Gd ., the more recent red and grey varieties at 2 s . 3 d . per cwt . In this country , the latter , the only variety yet imported , sells at present at about 10 s . per cwt . In regard to the effects of guano upon various crops , many important experimental results were obtained in 1842 . These results seem to show , that guano is more uniformly successful with root crops than when applied as a top-dressing to corn and grass . The unusual drought which prevailed in 1842 no doubt materially diminished its action , when used as a top-dressing ; and the results npon the corn crops , in a more moistseason , may probably prove more generally favourable to its use as an economical manure . In respect to turnips and potatoes , the results are very _eratlfyinff .

      since they seem to show that this light and portable manure may be substituted with safety and great advantage for farm-yard dung , Some experiments seem already to indicate , that the favourable influence of guano does not cease with the first season . If the phosphate of lime which bones contain operate in any way prolonging thoir fertilizing qualities , the large , though variable , quantity of this phosphate contained in guano , should render this latter substance also capable of permanently improving the soil . By exposure to the air , guano gradually gives off a portion of its volatile constituents ; it ought , therefore , to be kept in covered vessels or casks . It also , in our climate , absorbs moisture from thc air , and ihereforeskould be purchased as soon as possible after importation . "When applied as a top-dressing , it may be conveniently mixed with an equal weight of gypsum or wood ashes , with charcoal powder , or with fine dry soil . "With respect to artificial manures , particularly

      bones and guano , another _writersays : " The farmer must see that he buys the genuine material . Let him buy from a _fii-st-rate dealer , who will warrant the manure genuine , and let him pay a fair value for it , or he need not be surprised if he lose his crop , and what money he lays out for the adulterated cheap stuff . We by no means disparage artificial manures . Some ol these are very good . Bones have been long tried , and proved to be of substantial benefit in agriculture . Their effect is lasting , and their chemical action , as manure , will , we have no doubt , be greatly felt in the breaking up of lands which , years before , had been sown down after a turnip crop manured with bones . In _this _ way we think it very unlikely that bones will be entirely given up and guano substituted ; while , however , we have as little doubt that guano will also be extensively and successfully "HSCd as a cheap and efficacious manuie . As to guano , if the fanner is resolved to try it , let him see that he ** _"" **** - *'• "' _™* ic . p . that he eets it from a respectable

      Field-Garden Operations. For Ihe Week Co...

      dealer , and in applying it to thc ground with a turnip crop , he ought to have the manure nicely mixed with a certain proportion of ashes , to make it sow more easily ; and , above all , the land should be thoroughly cleaned and pulverised , and the weather ami _ground dry , when the manure is put in and the seed sown . "

      Chartist Fitmfpna.

      Chartist fitMfpna .

      London. Cits Loc/Oxcr.—Mr. Cooper's Eigh...

      LONDON . Cits Loc / _oxcr . —Mr . Cooper ' s eighth lecture , last Sunday evening , was more thronglj * attended than any former one . Mr . Overton was chairman , anil , _aftor one of the " l ' eople-Songs" had been sung , introduced the lecturer . Mr . Cs leading , theme for the evening was the English common wealth * , but he introduced it by a picturesque description of . the .-Gunpowder _l'lot in the reign of James I ., and a somewhat humorous portrait of the English " Solomon" himself . The hypocritical and tyrannical Charles I . was also boldly sketched ; and wheu , after describing liis wilful and despotic rule of eleven years without a Parliament , his levying of war upon his subjects , and , above all , the finding of his vile and murderous letters in the messenger ' s saddle , while he was promising peace and good-will—when the lecturer came to ask " What could be done with sueh a man V a general

      echo ofthe query seemed to go through the audience , and the trial and execution ofthe despot were detailed with a feeling amongst the audience that seemed to proclaim that was the natural end of such a course . The government of Cromwell was also honestly described to have been vigorous and politic , and to have displayed far hi gher monarchic qualities than the feeble aiid wavering course of many " born kings . " Yet the hypocrisy of much ofthe Protector ' s course was unswervingly opened ; and amidst the more interesting features of the lecture , was the picture of the-fanatical , but high-minded and unsnbduable George Fox , the Quaker , The immortal patriots _Illimpden , Eliot , Pym , Selden , St . John , Hollis , Ilaslcrig , Fleetwood , Ireton , Bradshaw , Marten , Algernon Sydney , and , above all , the incorruptible Hutchinson , wore energetically depictured ; and ths lecture closed with a very brief sketch of tho characters and reigns of Charles II . and James II .

      _Gbeenwich and Deptfokd _LocAM-rr , —Air . Cooper lectured here , in the large room of the George and Dragon , Blackheath-hill , last Tuesday evening . There was a good attendance , and Mr . Shaw , of London , was chosen chairman . One of tha lecturer ' s " Peopl « - Soiigs" were suns ; and the chairman then made some very suitable observations , concluding with the introduction of the lecturer . Mr . Cs subject , according to announcement , was " ihe true _character of thc insurrection under Wat Tyler , in tha reign of lUchard the Second . " He first described the state of the country preceding the insurrection—tha spirit kindled by WicUlilte—the reports of the doings of the Jacquerie in France , and the success of the insurrection under Van Artareldt , the brewer of Ghent , in the low countries—the villainage or serfdom which had SO long'existed—and lastly , the grievous and unjust poll-tax . The extent of the insurrection in Norfolk , wider Lister , tho tanner—in Suffolk , under

      "Westbroom—in Essex , under the priest who took the name of Jack Straw—and in Kent , under Wat Tyler and John Ball , the Wickliffe or Lollard preacher—was graphically described . The assembly of 200 , 000 men on Blackheatb —the march to London—the beheading of Simon of Sudbury , Archbishop and Chancellor , with other of the young king ' s ill-advisers—tho boldness and cvaft of the king himself , and the treacherous massacre of "ffat . Tyler , wi _. h the falsehood of the-king and his counsellors , who broke their word after promising charters to the people , were severally narrated ; and thc insurrection , in spite of its failure , was shewn to have had the effect of commencing the abolition of villainage ( whereby the serf could be sold Willi the soil ) although the king and parliament-, at first , declared it should not . Mr . Cooper concluded with a fervid exhortation to zeal among working men , and to a more hearty and persevering union for tha People ' s Charter .

      Hammersmith . —At the weekly meeting held atthe Dun Cow , Brook Green-lane , the members took into consideration the distress « d circumstances of our brother Llewellyn , caused by the villanous persecution to which he has been subjected ,- on account ofhis firm adhesion to the principles ofthe People's Chartw ; and it was unanimously agreed to present him with five shillings from the fund , at the same time recommending his case to our Chartist brethren .

      STOCKPORT . Lectdbe . —On- Sunday evening last , Mr . Thomas _CLll'k lectured inthe Association-room , on the " present state and future prospects of the people ' s cause . " The meeting was a numerous one , and strict attention was paid to the lecture . At the close of the meeting , a handsome collection was made for tllC funds ofthe Association . Several large firms in this town have their weavers working short time ( four days a weeh ) . The reason assigned by the employers is , that they cannot get a remunerating price for cloth . They are manufacturing twist yarn- fov exportation , to bc woven abroad , whilst the weavers at home are walking about only half employed . In a short time foreigners " will be able to make their own twist , " and then both spinners and weavers will be out of employment .

      LANCASHIRE . The Sooth Lancashire Delegate Meeting was held iii the Working Man's Hall , _Horscdge-strcet , Oldham , on Sunday last—Mr . John Burdekin in the chair . Delegates from the following places were present : —Manchester , Mr . Donovan ; Oldham , Mr . Burdcldn and Mr . Homier ; Rochdale , Mr . Balie ; Ileywood , Mi * . Bell . The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed , after which the following sums were paid to the secretary for the Executive : —Oldham , 7 s . Ii . ; Ileywood , for three months , 5 s . Cd . ; Rochdale , 13 s . 2 d . ; ditto , a friend 3 d . ; ditto , a friend , Cd . Total sum for Executive ,

      -tl 7 s . Proceeds of levy for camp meeting for the County Fund , 8 d . The following resolutions were passed unanimously : — " That wc , the county council of South Lancashire , do sympathise with Wm . Dixon , late reporter of thc Northern Star for Manchester , and do recommend his case to the country , but most particularly to the Chartists of South Lancashire and North Lancashire ; and we earnestly hope that every Chartist will respond to the appeal made by Mr . O'Connor , and which we now most sincerely repeat in behalf of Mr . Dixon . " " That a levy of one penny be levied for the next month . " "That our secretary ' s travelling expenses and bill for postage ,

      London. Cits Loc/Oxcr.—Mr. Cooper's Eigh...

      dse ., 'be paid . " " That ournextdelegate meeting be held'thc last Sundayin ' October , at ten o ' clock a .. m ., in the Chartist Association Room , Mill-street , Rochdale " "That wc adjourn until the last Sunday in October . " _tIvteooIf Punwo Mbkting . — On Tuesday evening , Mr . M'Grath addressed a spirited meeting in the Theatre , Christian-street , on the Charter and Laud . Mr . W . Jones presided on the occasion . The proceedings of the evening gave much satisfaction . .

      COCKERMOUTH . . . . _Tudlic Meeting . —A numerous meeting of lhe inhabitants of this town assembled in the Town Hall to hear a lecture from Mr . M'Grath , on the "Land —its capabilities , and the way to get it . " Mr . Peat was appointed to the chair , who very appropriately introduced the _all-engaging subject . Tho lecturer gave universal satisfaction . The society here is goiug on prosperously . 1 y WIGTON . Public Meeting . —On Saturday evening we were favoured with a visit from Mr . M'Grath , for the purpose of expounding the rules and objects ofthe Chartist Co-operative Land Society . The use of the Primitive Methodist Chapel was granted for the meeting . The lecture , which lasted upwards of two hours , frequently elicited the applause of the meeting . Several copies of the rules weretaken , and twenty persons enrolled themselves members ofthe society .

      DALSTON . _Puhlic Meeting . —On Sunday Mr . M'Grath addressed an out-door meeting ofthe inhabitants of this little village . The result was the formation of a branch of the society , wliich bids fair to prosper .

      CARLISLE . ' : Public Meeting . —According to announcement by placards , a meeting was held in the theatre , to afford Mr . M'Grath an opportunity of addressing the inhabitants of the town on the Land , and the plan propounded by the National Charter Association for its obtainment . Mr . Richardson was unanimously called to the chair . The lecture , whieh was long and lucid , gave universal satisfaction . The spirit of inquiry was indicated by alarge number of the rules being purchased by the audience ; We hold weekly meetings of the branch , and are steadily increasing its numbers .

      OLDHAM . Lecture . —On Sunday last , Mr . T . Tattersall delivered a very energetic _Leetove on " the Land , " in tho Working Man ' s-hall . The audience listened with s _^ reat attention , and the address gave general satisfaction . . To the London CoitDWAiNEiis . —Shopmates , — Although nearly eighteen years of varied fortune and misfortune have gone over my head since I "bent over the last and wielded the awl , " I still delight in thc old familiar word of fellowship by which it is the

      pride of all jolly lads of " the gentle craft" to hail each other . I shall indeed bc proud and glad to assist in carrying out Mr . Shute ' _s suggestion , which I observe in the last number ofthe Cordwainers ' Companion . . I thank Mr . Shute for his very friendly and flattering expressions of regard ; and shall say no more , in conclusion , than that I shall look forward with pleasurable anticipations to the approaching feast of " Crispin Crispian , " in thc hope that I shall pass the evening surrounded with many happy hearts and joyous faces of our honourable order . —I am , _shopiuates , yours right heartily , Thomas Coopek . —m , Blackfriars-road , Oct . 1 st , 1845 .

      North Laxcashibe Miners . —The Belthorae and Broadficlds Colliers arc ' still out . They thankfully acknowledge the following smns received for their support : —Darwen Colliers , £ 10 . _Baxentlale ditto , M . Swinsham ditto , £ 2 . "Blackburn Spinners , £ 1 9 s . 6 d . Funden ditto , 9 s . Cd " . " ' Enfield ditto , 5 s . Cd . Marsden friends , 5 s ; Haskinden ditto , 3 s . Richard Kales , Cd . Duckworth-hall Colliers , 4 s . Brooksidc , ditto , £ l 2 s . 6 d . Darwen Spinners , 3 s . 9 d . Bottom district , £ 1 . Blackurn corn-millers , 6 s . Mr .

      bettersly , Cd . Oliver Bolane , draper , 2 s . Gd . Benj . Whaley , Is . Tl omas Livesey , ls . George Wright , Cd . Richard Proudlove , Gd . Macharis order , 23 . 7 d . Ditto , honest men , 5 s : George Dunbury _, Is , Gai'bot ' s men , lis . Friend , 2 s . 6 d . John Bicup , Haworth , tailor , 2 s . Cd . Little Leaver district : Farmers ' Arms , 10 s . Ditto , Rose Tavern , 2 s . 6 d . Ditto , Horse-shoe , 3 s . 3 d , Ditto , Robin Hood , 2 s . Gd . Ditto , "Bull ' s Head , 3 s . 6 d . Wigan district : Johnston ' s men , 10 s . Dean Church , 10 s . Chorley District , 10 s . Little Hutton No . 3 Lodge , 10 s . Friends ,

      F . II . B ., £ 1 . A Delegate Meeting or the Uniteb Tailors ' Protection Society was held on Sunday , the 21 st instant , in the Rose and Crown , Bolton , Thc following delegates were present : —Mr . Douglas , No . 1 section , Bolton * , Mr . Barrett , No . 2 , Bolton ; Mr . M'Cann , Manchester ; Mr . Richardson , Leith ; Mr . Mitchel _, Ashton-under-Lyne ; Mr . Leonard , Stalcybridge ; Mr . Hall , Glossop ; Mr . Leach , Hyde , district secretary . Tho Executive money was paid to the secretary by each delegate , in proportion to thc number of members in the district . The following resolutions were agreed to : — " That all relief shall

      be stopped on all cards belonging to the Spread Eagle Society , Manchester , until they relieve protection cards . "— " That this district is _prepared to pay for the support of a lecturer , if other districts will join them . "— " That a levy be made throughout thc district to defray the expenses of calling a public meeting in Ashton-under-Lyne . "— " That the names of all dishonourable members of the trade be reported to the district secretary , aud tbat Mr . Leach be re-elected to the ollice of secretary . "— " That a brief report of the meeting bc sent to the Northern Star for insertion , also to the Bolton Free Press and Chronicle . " Thanks having been voted to the president , the meeting was adjourned to the White Lion Inn , Hyde , to take place in December next . |

      FoRTipnsa _Sheeuxess . —The fortifications of this garrison arc to be considerably strengthened , and seventy guns are to be immediately placed on the old batteries . A detachment of the Royal Sappers and Miners has commenced work on the south side , near the drawbridge , by throwing out the mud and clay from the adjoining moat , also raisin" it higher , and a large number of masons has also been set to work to csmplete the job . Thc greatest activity prevails throughoutthe whole of the official departments , which leads the inhabitants to think that a " storm is brewing . "

      The Great European Railways' Company.

      THE GREAT EUROPEAN RAILWAYS' COMPANY .

      Ad00609

      [ Theportion of the Earth comprehended under this title covers an extent of 3 , 700 , 000 English square 7 nilcs , and embodies a population of 230 , 000 , 000 souls . No part of England , hmvever , _tvillbe included in the operations of the present Company . ] ( _niOVISIONAILY REGISTERED PURSUANT TO 7 th AND 8 fh VIC , Cap . 110 . ) THE ACTUAL PAID UP CAPITAL WILL BE ONE MILLION STERLING ; IN SHARES OF £ 100 EACH . Deposit , 10 s . per Share , being the highest amount allowed by the Provisionsof _thefthandSthVic , Cap . 110 . OFFICES OF THE COMPANY , ST . HELEN'S PLACE , LONDON . [ A more detailed Prospectus , containing the names of the Trustees , the Board of Directors , and a most powerful Provisional Committee , with a complete list of the Bankers , Counsel , Engineers , Solicitors , Secretaries , Share-brokers ( London and Provincial ) , with all the officers of the company , is in course of formation , and will shortly be ready for delivery . ]

      Ad00610

      The Bankers ' ' rceeipt will be given to cash Subscriber sn payment » his deposit , , ¦ which receipt must b _exchanged for a certificate at the Office of the" Company within _twenty-wie days' after the date fixed for tin payment of such deposit . The _non-wmplianca- with this _cgndition will subject the' Subscriber to the for feiture of his or her deposit , and of all * interest in the undertaking . . -.- f . No further call , under any circumstances , will femade _in-tois Company , _biyond the first payment of % per share , nor in any other Company until such time ' as the Directors shall havs' actually obtained the pre _^ liminary ministerial concession of sonie foreign line 0 ? Railway ,- and then only When such sceond payment shall have become nccessarv , either for replacing and releasing tlie original deposit money , cr for thc _ininie diate progress of the public works of such Railway , due notice of whicli payment will be given in the London Gazette , the Daily Morning and Evening London- Papers , and in the _Peblic Journals of the country contributing tbe grant . ,,,. _ _-, _ , _ .., From the period ofthe concession of any line of Railway obtained by this Company , and llllfill such entir line is opened , interest at the rate of i pev cent pe _** atmnm will be paid half-yearly to the Subscribers on the amount paid up by them in every such subsequent Company . Subsequent to the opening of ' each and every entire line for traffic , the profits in every Company but the present one ( wherein the deposit money is expressly guaranteed tobe returned when the several lines of Railways for which it is advanced shall be obtained ) will be divided as _MJowa : — -First , a sufficient sum shall be set apart as a sinking fund , for the gradual return of the entire capital io the Shareholders ; secondly , a dividend of o per cent , per annum will be paid to the Shareholders on the amount of * the respective Shares ; thirdly , thc surplus will bc divided into twentieths , of wliich _17-20 ths will _belong to the Shareholders , and be divided among tlicm in equal proportions as a further dividend , and the remaining 3-20 ths will be paid as . follow : i-20 th will go to the formation of an accumulating fund , to be annually divided and placed to the credit of all Shareholders in the present Company , and tbe remaining 2-20 tlis will he paid as an annual remuneration to those individuals through whose services such concession shall have been chiefly obtained , or each of these annual bonuses may be commuted for a single payment , the amount of each to be determined at the first general meeting ofthe Subscribers to such Company . Each Director iii the present Company will bc eli g ible for a seat in the Direction of every new Company , thccapital ' of whicli shall be subscribed by the original Shareholders , provided always that he possess his share qualification therein . The entire management of the affairs of- each Company will be vested in a Board of Directors , and will consist of a- Chairman , Deputy-Chairman , and twelve other Directors ( triennially elected ) , who shall have power to appoint one of their body as Resident or Managing Director ( under certain restrictions ) in the various countries contributing the several grants , and the foreign interests of all such Companies will be again represented by tivelve Resident Directors in each foreign countiy ( giving a majority of two in favour of English interest ) . The deposit of 10 s . per share will be invested in approved securities , and the interest arising therefrom will be carried to a fund-for defraying in part the expenses of the Company connected with its general management . _t _ , ' , , Although the act of subscribing for shares in any of the subsequent Companies which may result from thc present . one , has been expressly stated as being quite optional on thepart of a Subscriber hereto , it is , perhaps only proper to state , iu addition , that on any occasion of an original Shareholder declining to takesuch new shares , and relinquishing liis right of claiming shares in every new Company , lie will bc at perfect liberty to withdraw his original deposit money on giving thirty-one days' notice to that effect ; and the Directors expressly guarantee that the total deduction ior expenditure ( at home and abroad ) shall not ultimately exceed from five to ten shillings on each deposit , - these expenses , however , will bc defrayed , as they are incurred , in equal proportions by the various Companies establised from time to time through the successful negotiations of * the present one , and thus the full amount of the original deposit will bc returned , not only without any deduction , but with the addition of the various bonuses . The bonus ( annual or commuted ) given by every Foreign Company for each sepavatc act of concession will be carried , as before explained , to an accumulating fund , for the benefit of the Shareholders in this Company ( through the aid , in fact , of whose capital the caution money deposited with Continental States for securing the concessions of such foreign lines will have been primarily , although temporarily , advanced ) , and will , when all the various lines are conceded for which the Directors intend to propose the necessary advance of capital , be divided in proportion to the amount of deposit money advanced by each original Shareholder , which deposit will then be returned in full , together with all accumulations . A subscription for one or more shares in any Company will carry with it and imply an adhesion to thc statutes , rules , and regulations of such Company , and to all rights and privileges thereto attaching -, but it has been rendered optional on the part of Shareholders herein to accept or decline such shares previous to his or her act of subscription . . Negotiations of a highly important nature with several Foreign States will , in a _VCl'V brief period , 1 ) 0 fully and uiirese ' i'vcdly communicated to the Shareholders ; and , without a more direct reference at the present time , to the objects actually contemplated , it may , perhaps , not be considered premature to stae that a short time only will elapse before the announcement of some most important accessions to the interest ofthe present Company . Tub Annexed Statistical _Summauy of all the Nations and States comprised in Europe ( England alone excepted ) , carefully and expressly compiled from Official Sources , containing the Names of the great European Countries , tlieir Capitals , their Superficial Area in English Square Miles , the Amount of Population to each Square Mile , the Population of the Chief Cities , and the Annual Revenue of each Country in Pounds Sterling , will convey some idea ofthe Extent of Territory from which the Directors will Select the Choicest Portions on which to pursue tlieir Operations .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 4, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_04101845/page/6/