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Northern Star (1837-1852), 1st August 1846, Edition 3 of 3, Page 6, Baker, jun., at the Duke of Wcllinston, ...

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      Mb. Oastler's Letters

      MB . OASTLER'S LETTERS

      THE POLITICAL ECONOMISTS . IO THE _EMOTR OF THE _HOBKTKO POST . Sm—Iu my two last letters I endeavoured to prove how *? ery far the scientific teachers of political ccoflomy were from being masters of the philosophy they professed to demonstrate . From their own works I proved that Adam Smith , Malthas , and M'CuHoch declared their inability to prove the truth of their own theory ; they ono and all confess that the subject is beyond their comprehension— "It is not , perhaps , altogether evident " { Adam Smith ); there is " something e } se" _wantina to complete the argument ( Malthus ); " it _& , indeed , quite obvious that it _admits of no satisfactory _SolutoV ( M'Culloch ) . , - I think - also , that I have proved , if the scheme of Ricardo -were adopted , the result wonl _£ _"l _JKf that Great Britain would no longer be the seat ot

      manufacture . . »™ -,. «* : _t If there be any hrohen link _w _"r . _^ f" ; - » any error in my _quotatious-if -W talse _^ eduction from the premises-let it be proved . I am open to conviction , when shown to be at fault . If . however , there be no flaw in the chain of ray proof-no false quotation—no mistake in tbe deduction , then I have _estaMished the fact ( to prove which was my aim )—the _astounding fact , that our commercial code has been most _unwarrantably revolutionised on fhe autho ritg of those who declare themselves to be no authorities , and who acknowledge their inability to teach ! ' I have shown that Sir Robert _^ Peel confesses to have been convinced by the reasoning of one wbo declares hia determination not to reason—one who

      refers his followers to the demonstration of a man who " confesses he cannot demonstrate—in fact , I have proved that the Prime Minister of a country which has , " under the system of Protection , attained'the highest position " ever arrived at by any nation in the world , has ventured to change and revolutionise the whole system of that nation ' s commerce , without having any authority , any reason , or any example , on -which to found " his new theory ' . If 1 have not demonstrated the folly of tfiat Minister , and of aU who have been his instruments , I am mistaken .

      Now , Sir , as I believe that the only reason for Sir "R . Peel ' s change of commercial policy is the " superstitious" veneration iu which the name of Adam Smith is held by Mr . Cobden and his followers , and the false notion that Adam Smith has proved the Srinci _pJes of Free Trade to bejsound and true ; having emolisbed the latter assumption , by Adam Smith himself , it may not be amiss to give yon the opinion of the highest authority among our Free Trade statesmen on the unsoundness of the theoiy taught by Adam Smith . Surely , after that proof of the "loose hvpothesis" of Adam Smith , Mr . Cobden trill regret having misled The League , by the announcement that ¦ " Adam Smith had so clearly demonstrated" the soundness ef Free Trade principles , that aU _farmer discussion " should , therefore ,

      De sedulously avoided as supererogatory , and calculated only to mystify a plain and unembarrassed question . " I have heard Mr . Cobden , in the Ilouse of Commons , advise the Protectionists "to use their heads , and not to be led away by the feelings of their Hearts . " The authority I am about to produce is one who , I am persuaded , Mr . Cobden himself will admit to have been guided by the head . Perhaps Mr . Cobden will confess , when he reads the opinion ofthe late Mr . Francis Horner on the "loose hypothesis" of Adam Smith , that he has entirely mistaken the nature of Adam Smith ' s "demonstration " ofthe science of political economy . I hope that _Sir Robert Peel will also admit that he has committed a very great error by assuming that Mr . Cobden has , "by his appeals to reason , " established the truth of _Ree-trade principles .

      It may be well to state , that , in the beginning of the present century , the rising statesmen of the day thought it essential to direct their most serious attention to the study of political economy , in order that tne subject might be opened and argued in Parlian * ent , more perfectly and more successfully than it 'had previously been . A knowledge of this science was , in fact , _| thought to he the great necessity of the age . A school was accordingly founded in Edinburgh ; ihe Rev . Sydney Smith , Mr . Brougham , Mr . Francis Horner , Mr . Jeffrey , and Mr . Dugald Stewart were among the earliest students .

      Mr . Hnski 3 Son , "who afterwards directed the commercial policy ofthe empire ( and who lived to regret ihe advances he had made towards Free Trade ) , "being _withoni that full _scientificloiowledgenecessary for the management of the great questions that would necessarily arise in Parliament during the discussions on our commercial policy , awaited with anxiety the advent of Francis Horner in Parliament as the first scion of the Edinburgh school . It would seem that the members uf the " school directed their first attention to the study of "The Wealth of Nations . " In the memoirs of Mr . Horner , composed by Mr . Horner , and , since his death , published by his brother , he has given a very interesting ( and , at this moment , a most valuable ) sketch of the progress of his studies , and of the impression made on his mind , by an examination of the existing state of the science , as _propounded by Adam Smith in _«*¦ The Wealth of Nations . "

      Mr . Cobden cannot pretend to have brought a better " head " to the investigation—he will not say that he has displayed more industry and perseverance in the study of Adam Smith , than Mr . Horner . He cannot assume that his opinion is more to he relied on than Mr . Horner ' s . Sir Robert Peel must acknowledge that Mr . Horner was a man whose judgment carries more authority—whose reasoning powers are of a higher order—than those of Mr . Cobden . If there were one man pre-eminently qualified to form a correct judgment of the merits of Adam Smith ' s ""Wealth . of "Nations , " it was most undeniably Mr . Francis Horner . He has left bis opinion on record . What this opinion is . the following extracts from his memoirs testify . I commend them to the serious consideration of Sir Robert Peel , Mr , Cobden , and all who may have been misled by the notion , "that Adam Smith had demonstrated the soundness of Free-trade principles . " Mr . Francis Horner says : —

      "We ( tbe students of fhe Edinburgh School of Political Economy ) have heen under fhe necessity of suspending onr progress in tbe perusal ef " The "Wealth of Nations , " on account of the insurmmntoMedifiiciilties , obscurity , and _embarrassmentiin _tofticTitne reasonings of the fifth cliapier are invoiced . It is amusing to recollect the history of one ' s feelings in a matter of this kind . Many years ago , when I read « The Wealth of _"Nations / ' the whole of the first Book appeared to me as perspicuous as it was interesting and new . Some time afterwards , while I lived in England , I attempted to make an extract of Smith ' s principal reasonings , bnt I was impeded by the doctrine of the eeal _heabdbe of value , and the distinction between n own at . and eeal price . 2 he discovery thai Iliad siot imderstood Smith , speedily led me to doubt whether Smitii understood himself , a . nd 1 _Ihonghl 16 aw the price of labour was the same sort of thing as the price of any other commodity ; bnt the discussion was too hard for me , and I fled to something more agreeable , because more easy .

      It is then quite clear that In the judgment of Mr . Francis Horner ( if the Free-traders ean refer me to a higher authority I shall be obliged to them ) Adam Smith had not demonstrated "the real measure of value , " nor "the distinction between nominal and real price . ' Has Mr . Cobden done so ? No . he refers to Adam Smith . Has Sir Robert Peel ? No , he relics on Mr . Cobdeu . Well , then , the truth isthat , in perfect ignorance of the fundamental principle of the science of political economy , the Legislature has pas-red a measure of the most important character , as bearing on all our agricultural , manufactur ing , commercial , and _monetary interests . Whether for weal or for woe , none of the supporters _i of that measure can tell . Had Sir Robert Peel mas-1 tered the study ofthe science of political economy , he

      1 "would not have been ignorant of the results of bis < own measure , as he now declares himself co be . Fn-1 tare historians will scarcely believe that the dearest * interests of tbis powerful nation have been left to the j award of so much ignorance . Tbey willsearcely credit 1 the fact , that infatuation could have proceeded to ! sueh extravagant lengths—still more will they _niar-- vel , that the agents in these insane projects wcrc _. par , excellence , the thinkers—the long headed _philoso-] phers (!) ofthe age , who laughed at their opponents ; and constantly exhorted them " to nse their beads . " A few words from Mr . Francis Horner ( him the ] philosophers must listen to ) may be useful to Mr . I Cobden and his dupes—I regret to number Sir Ro-1 "bert Peel iu that class—he , however , has placed hinii self there l Mr , Horner writes : —

      An indirect application was made to me to furnish a i set of notes for a new edition of "Smith ' s "Wealth of Na-1 tions ; " this , of course , I declined , hecause I have other " _"finings to attend to i even if I had been _prepared for such Trill undertaking , which I certainly am not jet , Ishouldbe i rclwiant to expose Smith ' s errors befobe his work had _opeiVdteditsfull effect . We owe much at present to the superllfirioustoorinipo / 5 rrtu 7 i ' siianic , andwo mnst not impair iiihatfeelbig till the victory is complete . .... It . would seem that a great hoax was fo be played : _liart " lie name of Smith , and that " the enlightened Ipph j _Qpsophei-s" were uomore than priests of Smith , i _& krrviiis on their deceptions on the neonle . hv _en _.

      f && nj raan _ "the _supei-stitions worship of Smith ' s iqq 5 me , r' Nor was this false " worship " to Ue _discon-IfJMUf-fl . ' * till the victory was complete ! ~ " These words iiMll | racr explain much of the marvellous which has _iiastc' & _iU'eil the public in these later days . They afford ' _^^^ _pfjofj deep consideration for the politician , the _fmSm 5 _DpVcr , nnd the Christian ! _JW-Y _$ _?" more on _^ _^ _**> ' _lk- raer " — ] ltj 1 tjj 7 _*^ til ; W' *' : t _* angi * 'ca correct and precis ? theory _oflhenamwmfcvr-klin Of wealth , his ( Adam Smith's ) popular , * _$ _& _i _£ _S # C ' < MHfc ; lOOSE HYPOTHESIS IS AS «< _JOD FOE TU 6 _| CyipA _» : _Aa ' _Jsr otdek .

      ¦ _jaSach _>« _rasflhe estimate ofthe most finished student it * til _# & e _* trade _schoal—of Adam _Sniiili ! Surely , It t is needful that we ask , why all our interests Ihheuld be risked on the delusive ami mad dreams ot la ' ae whose theory is so "loose aud plausible" as to

      Mb. Oastler's Letters

      deserve no better name-than a trap for the Vulgar ? ' .. How strange that " the most powerful , accomplished , and enlightened statesman ofthe age —Sir Robert Peel—should havo been caught _^ n the trap , set only for the « ' vulgar r ; -that /«! should have mistaken a - " loose hypothesis" for «• sound principle !" How melancholy that the most important interests of the wealthiest and most powerful nation should thus have been unsettled and jeopardised !¦'" On such irrational premises an entire change has been made in all our agricultural , manufacturing , and commercial affairs , although it is acknowledged by all , tbat _. under the system of Protection / wehave risen , in the scale of nations , to the highest pinnacle of power and wealth !

      Strange as it may appear , our established and successful commercial system has been revolutionised by those who are utterly unable to demonstrate " the real measure of value "—who do not know "the distinction between nominal and rcaZ price" —who are not , in fact , aware that low priced corn may make very ' dear bread . If I am asked why I have attempted to demonstrate the extreme unsoundness of Sir Robert Peel ' s premises , and the folly ofhis '' great and comprehensive measure , " I answer , I havo been told by some Members of Parliament , that" they do not pretend to understand the question , but Sir Robert Peel does ; and , although they fear the measure will be most injurious , the *? have voted for it , relying , against tbeir own opinions , entirely on the superior knowledge of Sir Robert Peel . ' " I have therefore felt it to be my duty to prove to those misguided men , thatSir Robert Peel has used no _ar- » umentor demonstration—that they have been following a blind guide .

      I have endeavoured to avoid any expression that might give offence . I have not appealed to the prejudices or feelings of your readers . I have addressed myself to the head , not to the heart . In _thui treatinc the subject , I have followed Mr . Cobden ' s advice . Granted , it ia dry—very dry—the philosophers will not , on that account , despise my logic . I have demonstrated a fact—I have shown the utter weakness of their position . They have _presented no proof ! There they are—Peel relying on Cobden—Cobden trusting to Adam Smith—Adam Smith refusing to sustain the argument—and Francis Horner , asserting that , the -whole-thing " is a loose hypothesis , as good for therm - gar as any other ! " And this , after all the labour , exertions , sacrifices , and agitations of the League / They are

      thus proved ( on the testimony of their most talented supporter —Francis Horner ) to be . themere , ' _* . superstitious _worshippers of the name of Smith !" The subject is all important ; though late , it is not too late to reGuest the solemn and earnest attention ofthe Legislature and the public to the . extremely loose and unsatisfactory premises on which the most important of our national interests have been jeopardised . It is due to those who have , against their own convictions , supported Sir Robert Peel , that that statesman should prove , if he can , his superior knowledge in this matter . He may , if he can , showthat I hare erred in my statement or in my deduction . If , without such proof , the national interests are still to be subject to the game of chance , I shall be satisfied that lhave done my duty in attempting to stay the ruin ol ' my eountry .

      If , however , there are those who are resolved to rescue the nation from the destructive effects of " the greatand comprehensive measure , " it will be needful that they should adopt such measures as are calculated to remove the delusion under which the Legislature are labouring . What those measures should be , it would be presumptuous in me to dictate . Time presses—delays are dangerous-. If success is to crown our efforts , no time should be last . I am , Sir , Tours respectfully , Richard Oastler .

      London , July 14 , _184 G . N . E . —The study of tbe Bible , and of the fundamental principles of the British constitution , would be most useful in dispelling the mists of error raised by false philosophy . R . O .

      Lbtieb H. Sir—T Hare Demonstrated That T...

      Lbtieb H . Sir—T hare demonstrated that the " principles of Free Trade have not beea established by the man on whom Mr . Cobden relies—Adam Smith . It is very easy for Sir James Graham to assert that , "the principles of Free Trade are the principles of common sense , " or that Sir R . Peel should declare , that- 'they are sound principles , known to be i'Tefragable . " It is , however , impossible that either of those right honourable baronets can name the

      statesman , the author , or the agitator who has proved them so to be . Is it not , then , a duty that they owe to themselves and their followers , to establish , by argument , what they . have ventured to assert ' A schoolboy may repeat . "We must buy atthe cheapest market and sell at the dearest ; " but it will require the sagacity of an old schoolmaster to prove that the lowest priced market is always the cheapest , or that the highest priced market is invariable the dearest .

      These and such like , mere clap-trap , expressions , are , as jet , the only argument * that have been furnished to prove the nece _^ sity _^ or the wisdom , of overturning the principles on which our commercial code was founded—they seem , however to be thought , by our modern statesmen " as good for the vulgar as any other . " Well might Francis Horner say , "We owe much to tbe superstitious worship of Smith ' s name ! " No wonder that he added , "We most not impair that FBKLIXG TILL THB _VICIORT IS COMrLETE . "

      Smiths work "has now operated its full effect — his " errors" luxve been received as truth—and thus has folly triumphed under the sanction of" the most powerful and most enlightened statesman of the age ! " Enraptured by the " loose hypothesis" of Adam Smith , Mr . Cobden resolved to propagate the " superstitious worship ofhis name ;"—he determined to secure the " victory" proposed by Francis Horner for the " vulgar . " In his pamphlet entitled , "England , Ireland , and America , " Mr . Cobden says"We have our _JBaiitsian , our _iinncjan , our . Samel-fan societies , and why should not , at least our greatest com . mercial and manufacturing towns , have their _Smithian _sociaties , devoted to the purpose of promulgating the beneficent truths of "Tbe Wealth of Nations !"

      Four years after that appeal , "The Anti-Covn Law League" was formed ; not long afterwards " The Free Trade Hall" was erected in Manchester , asa temple in which "the superstitious worshippers ef the name of Smith " might assemble to promulgate the doctrine of his ' * plausible and loose hypothesis . " The High Priest ef that " superstitious worship " has at last _succeeded— "the victory is complete "and he has dragged at the wheels of bis triumphal car . Commons , Lords , Bishops , and Queen ! We are now all expected to bow with reverence to

      the spirit of Free Trade!—to receive for truth the " loose _hypothesis of Adam Smith "—and , forsaking the worship of the true God , we are to join the tbron « of the _« - superstitious worshippers of the name of Smith . " who are , for the moment , in the ascendant ! In vain we ask why we are to believe in this "loose hypothesis ? " We implore that argument may be afforded ; all are deaf to our entreaties . We are officially assured that "the loose hypothesis" is " common sense "—that itis "sound principle , known to be irrefragable I "

      Seeing , then , that no argument will or can be given , I shall endeavour to test "the soundness of Free Trade principles , " by the declared axioms of those who stand foremost in the ranks of Freetraders—those who are relied on as authorities bv ihe league . From those declared principles , I may be enabled to discover the spirit of Free Trade , and try that spirit , if it be of God—Jf It be reall y beneficent . " The Free-traders have no right to find fault , if ( in the absence of any argument of theirs ) I try to sift from their apostles what it is they are about . They

      garnish their speeches with much that ia "beneficent "—they profess to be the friends of the artisans , the labourers , and the poor . They would have all believe that their object is , the universal renovation of man ; that their great aim is . to unite all in ono common brotherhood , nnder thc Christian maxim , * ' Do nnto others as you would that they should do unto you . " Let us gather , then , what is the spirit which pervades these ' * friends of the human race . " I shall not inquire of their enemies—I will receive no evidence but from their friends—their avowed and acknowledged friends .

      The poor have no right to a seat at nature ' s feast—no claim upon the community for the smallest portion of food . —Malthus . Every permanent fund set apart for the support of the poor , from whomsoever proceeding , and by whomsoever administered , must needs multiply the evils it is destined to remedy . —Brougham . Our passion for accumulation , our inextinguishable passion for gain , has no limits . —M' Cullocli . To give our capital a fair remuneration , the price of lahour must he kept down . _—Hushisson . Tho condition ofthe man who has to compete with a cheaper , better , or more rapid mode of production , must be deteriorated . _—Bowriny . The employer of lahour is entitled to avail himself of all _cibcijjsistaxces * oy which he can _hedcce the value of labour . —Editor of . Worninn C _/ _ironicle .

      Be he farmer or be he labourer—what is it that makes him valuable to those above him ? It is competition . _Bisliop of Oxford . Such , Sir , arc a few ofthe axioms of thc great apostles of Free Trade ! To the spirit which indited them cur Conservative Government 1 ms yielded" It is by that spirit ( unless we arouse ourselves to bid it defiance , ) that we arc henceforth to be governed How contrary to the spirit of Christianity—to the spirit of the Constitution—is fhe spirit of Free Trade . I would solemnly ask your readers—Shall the finest and noblest feelings of our nature be outraged

      Lbtieb H. Sir—T Hare Demonstrated That T...

      —shall the most authoritative commands of our holy religion be violated—shall England be liho ' mlised , and her religion abandoned , because Philosophy has discovered that -selfishness is a virtue—that the profits of capital are more sacred , than the just reward of labour—that man is only valuable to those above him , whew competing against his brother man —nay , that the image of God shall be , "deteriorated by competition with iron , wood , and steam ?" If the Clergy and the Aristocracy are so far degenerated , ' as to surrender tlieir rights to the dominion and control of a spirit so sordid—I will turn me to the industrious inhabitants , thc working population of that portion of tho country which Mr . Bright says . " must govern the nation , Lancashire , the cotton district , and the West Riding of York . " I will ask those men to read with care and attention the extracts above quoted , and say—is not the author thereof the spirit of the " unregulated " factory system ?

      The tact that Messrs . Cobden and Bright oppose all legislative interference in factories — that the free-traders have ever done so—is a ' proof that the spiritof Free Trade is as clearly exhibited , in practice , in the old unregulated factories , as it is , in theory , in the foregoing unsocial and unchristian

      . I need not tell the manufacturing operatives what are the workings of that spirit . We have succeeded in mitigating a portion of its rigour and cruelty—we have made a step in the right direction—but if its demands are to be circumscribed by reason , justice , and equity , we must advance much farther ! Shall we then bow to the uncontrolled power of that spirit , and unloose the regulations which have been obtained at so much cost and sacrifice ? Or , shall we endeavour , by every lawful means , to limit the power-of that spirit , and 'hira stay its universal dominion ?

      If we yield , then we shall be driven back to those horrors that were the features of the factory system , before there was any legislative interference!—when "the passion for gain" indulged itself in the " cheap labour" of the unfortunate children from the metropolitan and other workhouses—who were transported to the factory districts — and there ( banished from parents and friends ) were subjected to such tortures , such agonizing and unheard-of cruelties , as never before—either on black or whitewere inflicted on human beings 1 I do not exaggerate —the records of the unregulated factories exceed in

      cruelty those of black slavery ! And why ? The white slaves could be replaced at less cost than the black slaves , consequently , " gain" being the only object of their employers— " cheapness" being their idol—the poor victims were clothed , housed , and fed , more like _swiue than human beings ; tlieir labour was only limited by their power to move ; every painful stimulant that cruelty could invent being applied to prevent their sleeping while at work ! With these most astounding facts hefore them , Mr . Cobden _. ' Mr . Bright , and their colleagues of . thei League , deprecate legislative interference ! _, _U _^ _ngUlfy UkUl _VVUtV _IVfjIIUUVI 1 V « MVW . _¦« . * VB _> _W .

      It is nonsense to tell me " those are bygone crimes . " True , the monster of selfishness has been curbed by law ; bnt the principle of the League is to unfetter him— "to restore his power to torment , tobrutalise , to slay ! " and , remember , he now rules triumphant over Queen , Bishops , and Lords . He has only one barrier left—Aw slaves . I warn thum . Mr . Cobden and Mr . Bright may try to smooth down his ugly features—the latter may ( as I have heard him in the House of Commons ) sneer at hia "Billy roller 3 "—( would that the forms of "the house" would have permitted me to reply )—it is my duty to show his real character . 'They ( Mr . Cobden and Mr . Bright ) would leave the wolf and

      the lamb to make their own bargains and arrangements ! They would not have " the employer and the employed to be interfered with . " I know the nature of such " mutual contracts . " I have seen their effects in sorrows , In woes that are indescribable ! Why do not these philanthropists of the League , for very shame—build hospitals for their cripples . Thousands of them are now kept hy the rates ! Surely a part of their countless wealth might he thus applied ! But no , neither factory cripples , nor maimed , nor mill-made orphans , nor widows , are cared for by them—these "have made their own bargains "—they and the parishes—are paying the penalty !

      I ask the operatives of that'district which is to govern ihe nation ?"—to reflect on the horrors of the factory system , even after the " apprentices" were protected from the cruelties of their Free-trade taskmasters , by law , and say , shall we suffer the more recent restrictions on the factory masters to be rescinded , or Btrive to limit the labour of factory workers to the ability of rational creatures ? I have not forgotten the cruel demands made upon the factory workers b y "that passion for accumulation , that inextinguishable passion tor gain _> that has no limits "—by that spirit of " competition" that resolved to make the factory slaves " valuable to those above them , " lhave witnessed how men , women , and children were "deteriorated" ( for want of

      protection ) , when made "to compete with a cheaper , better , or more rapid mode of production ' . " I ask the factory workers , if the Lords and Bishops are dismayed by the power of unrestrained and unregulated " competition "—Are ihey disposed to prostrate themselves before the spirit to whose cruelties they have once been ihe victims ? Do ihey —( if ihe >/ do I do not" )—do they forget the labour of mere infants five , six , and seven years old , male and female , working from twelve to eighteen hours a day ? Walking through frost and snow some miles to work and home ! Sometimes not even allowed a moment for meals . Are the tears of those poor infants no longer remembered ? . God has not forgotten tbem ; nor how they were tortured to keep them awake at their killing labour , by heavy blows from fists , and kicks

      from . feet with heavy clogs , and stripes irom thongs with nails inserted to make them cut moro keenly ; or how they were seized by the hair and dashed upon the factory floor , or were thrown into a tub of cold water to make them start from sleep ! God has not forgotten the hundred schemes of torture invented and practised under the reign of thut demoniacal spirit which now rules the governors of this so called Christian land ! 1 have seen the backs of infants ploughed with the factory strap ! I have wept over the bleeding scalp , torn by the rude hand of the overlooker ! I have held the severed locks of infancy thus cruelly riven from the quivering scalp I .. . . Can wc ever forget the weary infants unable to travel homeward—laying in the lanes—or carried by their elders—being , when arrived at home , unable to masticate their food for very weariness—nay , even dying of excessive toil !

      And then the morals of the unrestrained factory system ! It is lawful to describe the immoralities of black slavery—those ot * the factories are not to be rehearsed ! else I could tales unfold that would make the worst of the black slavers congratulate himself that his plantation is not a factory ! Sir , I do not over-colour the vices of the system ; I have been present when a black slave owner has exclaimed in the presence of factory masters , under their admissions , " Till now I thought to bo a slave holder was to be of the most degraded class—but 1 am thankful we are not as bad as you are !" Well , then , I ask the men who know of what I write—shall we yield to that fell 3 pirib ? If the Bishops and Lords are silent , I have mistaken the men of Yorkshire and Lancashire if no voice answers , " We have tried the spirit—we know its cruelty , and are resolved to restrain its murderous arm ' . "

      Am I asked wliy I thus write ? My answer is , The League has opposed itself to factory regulation ! I demand restraint . I have been told , too , that the _Zectaite has deceived Lord Ashley . A friend ofhis Lordship informed me that the Secretary of the League assured Lord Ashley that "if" his Lordship would support Free Trade , the League would support the Ten Hours' Factory Bill . " Messrs . _Cobslen and Bright were , in Parliament , " lis most strenuous opponents ! Thus is the League Die enemy of thc Ten Hour . s ' Bill . That is why ( tho Lords and Bishops being silent ) I address those who Mr . Bright says " suU . 1 govern the nation . " lam , Sir , Yours respectfully , . . .. _Riciuan OABTmn .

      _ P . S . —It is time that the Protectionists told the people what aro their principles . The League are for unlimited , unrestrained freedom in labour and trade . I am for a well regulated and protective system . They would make foreign trade tlie rule , and home trade the exception . I assert the converse , being persuaded that the only safe path to domestic peace and happiness , is to acknowledge home trade as the ruk , foreiqn trade as the exception , always remembering our colonial , is part of our home trade . What say the Protectionists ? _\\ , q ,

      Letter Iii. Sir,—"It Is Of No Use Attemp...

      Letter III . Sir , — "It is of no use _attempting to go luck ; Free-trade principles are now established , and wc mustgo / onuord . " Such is the declaration of persons who fancy that error may lead to truth . 1 find many , who are alarmed at the last decision of the Legislature , imbibing this notion . I was conversing with a county Member , a Conservative , wiio did not * ' rat" with Sir Robert Peel , and itwas in those very words that bo addressed me . lie admitted that , in his opinion , imminent danger to all our national interests was involved in the onward movement ; but

      hn could .-see co possible chance ol arresting it . When I talkud about principle , he smiled and said , " Principle , Oastler ; it is _nizver thought of now _•—espedicmy—ftnything to gain a majority . Wc should bo laughed down in the House wero wc now to talk about principle ou any question . " I left the Conservative ( remember , sir , I am au old-fashioned Tory ) , and fell in with a _Peelite—an old friend , oi ' whom 1 had hoped better things . " Well . " said I , " and wliat do yon expect will be the efte ' et of vomi _* Free-trade vote ? flint ' s « iore than I can tell , " replied the new convert , "I do not understand it-Peel says he does . " " Nay , nay , " I _rtjoiueti . * _'*" a

      Letter Iii. Sir,—"It Is Of No Use Attemp...

      _R obert avowedly pins his faith on Mr . Cobden , Mr . _Sbdon oh Adam Smith , and Adam Smith tells you D e cannot answer . " ' My friend said , « U amSUrcthC 6 t onsumer will be benefited ; but how it will Tate with he producer I cannot tell > I fear the producer will have the worst of it . " " Then , " said I . it is clear you will impoverish tha industrious producer to enrich the idle consumer . " " I fear wo shall , but , really , I do not understand the question . So spoke one , who . I should have thought , would have been the very last man in " the House" to have been led blindfold , either by Sir Robert Peel ov any one else . who

      Well , I next met an ardent Free-trader-one had written and spoken on the subjeot many years before Mr . Cobden ' s name was known to fame . lie seemed vexed that Mr . Cobden should have received so much praise , and mentioned several ( among the rest , Colonel Thompson ) , who , he said , "had done much ' more . and made greater sacrifices for Free-Trade than Mr . Cobden . " On my asking him what would be tho result ofthe _Free-trade scheme " , lie candidly replied , " We can none of us tell , it is a great experiment . Whether it is for good or evil will be iroved by time . " Tlie abovo remarks , I make no doubt , exhibit the present state of mind ofthe majority of persons composing the threescctions of the Legislature to whicli those individuals respectively belong ; Being friends df mine , they spoke without-restraiiit or reserve—in " thc House" they would , perhaps , have been more guarded ; there , _however - their statements being deprived of candour , would have lost their value .

      Now , Sir , I would ask you , have we not cause , as a nation , for deep humility and unfeigned regret , when we find the most momentous questions , involving the _weaL or woe of every class among us , thus trifled with ? When we see our national interests committed to tho arbitration of those who decide _without being convinced , believing that some one else better informed upon the subject than themselves has solved the problem ? or to such as fancy they comprehend the subject , without being able to

      form a conception of its effects ? or of those who deem that the whole principle of the measure they oppose is founded in error , and persuade themselves that it is in vain to hope foi * tne triumph of truth , and so give themselves up to despair ? I wish it were certain that this state of mind , so much to be deplored , was confined to the members ofthe Legislature . I ' fear ihat the _gentlemen to whom I have referred but ! too faithfully pourtray the feelings aiid opinions of those whom they represent . . ' . '"' "

      What then is the cure for this national disease ? How can the nation be aroused from this nightmare ? These , Sir , are questions that must be answered , if England is to preserve her rank among the nations ofthe earth .-Itis not my duty to answer them . I look to those whom ranlt , intellect , and education have elevated to the proud eminence of leaders . I have proved the utter weakness of the philosophy of the Free-trade school . I have shown that all is

      mist , perplexity , and confusion in the mind of tho "philosophers . " lhave demonstrated the utter ignorance of those who , ia " the House , " prate , " Use your heads' !"' lhave exhibited the cruelty ofthe spirit that pervades the " Liberal" principles of this age . I could prove its disorganising influences on socioty ; but enough ; lhave , I hope , convinced tbe confiding dupes of Sir Robert Peel , that he himself is no Solon—that the most clever statesman of the age has actually been caught in the trap set exclusively for the " vulgar !"

      So far , then . I have done my duty . Let those who hope to steer the vessel of State through this storm and mist show—How . I am Sir , yours , respectfully , _RlCHAUD OaSTLBR . London , July , 1846 . P . S . There is " no mistake" about those whom Mr . Bright says " must govern England . " They are over open to the influence of truth . It is for those at the helm to point the way . R . 0 .

      €6mtyotibihtt.

      € 6 _mtyotibihtt .

      "Mr. O'Connor And Mr. P. M. M'Dowall." T...

      "MR . O'CONNOR AND MR . P . M . M'DOWALL . " TO TnE EDITOR OP THE NORTHEnN STAR . Sin , —In these days of political changes , when agricultural babies are rocked to sleep in the swaddling clothes of " protection to rent , and the good old constitution ;" nnd awake after a disturbed slumber , to the cry of "Free Trade ; " when working men who used I o oppose Free Trade only on ground of expediency , can . hold a conference at Birmingham , and declare protection tobe " _sounfllnprinelpie ; " when an avowedly Whig ministry talks of borrowing ministers from its _predecessors , with as little ceremony as ft small farmer would borrow his neighbour ' s horse at harvest time—and members of the House of Commons declare tliey do not know on wliich side to sit , 1 _ihink

      after such an education , such a training to change , thnt the minds of most men are prepared for strange payings _, and no less strange doings ; hut I must admit , that spite of nil , _Iswas not prepared for ; a _statement made by Mr . O'Connor at the evening meetinp on the opening of the Chartist Hull at Manchester . Mr . O'Connor is reported to have said , " Mr . Scholefield is amongst us once moro , and Dr . M'Dowall lias also \ mckled on his Chartist armour —( loud and long continued cheering and waving of hats)—and every particle of difference that did exist between us , and tliose who struggled with us before , must perish nnd he for ever forgotten . ( Loud cheers . ) The enemy is in the field , and we can only be beaten by our own disunion , "

      It is not yet two years since Mr . 0 Connor , the Chartists of Todmorden , Glasgow , & c ., brought grave and heavy charges against Dr . M'Dowall . A tribunal was called at Manchester , for the purpose of examining the evidence in behalf of these charges : The said tribunal , held in Carpenter's Hall , at which Mr . O'Connor wa 3 _pi-csent , brought in a verdict of' guilty" against Dr . M'Dowall * resolutions were _passed condemnatory of Dr . _M-Dowall _, and the Chartists of Great Britain were never more unanimous on any subject than tliey were in considering and declaring M'Dowall to be a treacherous , dangerous , and bad man .

      Now , Sir , if the Chartist body came to such conclusions , after a culm and deliberate examination of facts , I want to know what Dr . M'Dowall has done to entitle him to a renewal of thc confidence of the Chartist public . Mr . O'Connor informs us thatthe said M'Dowall has " buckled on his Chartist armour . " All the acts of M'Dowall were done under the cloak of Chartism ; it was all to serve the movement , and save the people from being deceived by that" coward , traitor , and rf « m _«; i ( 0 _ji ( e , O'Coniior ; " but it so happened that the people thought differently , and registered their _thoughts by walking M'Dowall out of tho movement , something after the fashion that they are now practising in the case of "Cooper , the Chartist . " Mr .

      O'Connor , on the plea that we can only be beaten by our own _disunion , asks us lo sink every particle of difference that d'd exist between us , and those who _struggled with us . This is a proclamation of amnesty to all the men whom the people in their wisdom thought they _n-ere better without . Will , If it mu & t be so , we will have a union of wonderfully honest fellows ; there will be the " Old Chartist , " Mr . Williams , of Sunderland ; Mr . Philp ; Mr . Thomason , the ex pedagogue of the vale of Leven ; Mr . O'Brien , of Bentinck notoriety j Mr , Vincent ; Mr _. Lowery ; Mr . A . Duncan , " the man of peace " Peter Murray M'Dowall ; Jonathan Bairstow ; John Watkins ; _avsd the Itev . Mr . Hill . Ihope Origin w'Mhear of it ; it _inaj / be of service to Mm , a Whig govtmmentmay want Mm ,

      The statement of Mr . O'Connor ' s policy contrasts strangely with that of the Chartists in the case of Cooper . If we are to sacrifice all differences for the sake of a union , why think of expelling Cooper from the movement . The people have already done so ; yet Mr . Cooper calls himself " a Chartist . " Now , snppose Mr . Cooper retires into private life for eighteen months , : t the end of whicli time lie delivers a series of lectures on political subjects , Mr . O'Connor goes down to Munchester , declares Mr . Cooper has " buckled on his armour " —we must forget all the past—Mr . Cooper and Mr . O'Connor tire once more friends , and the men of Manchester ( who are now of opinion that Mr . Cooper is a traitor to their cause ) veceive the statement with " waving of hats and loud choers . " I ask what is public opinion worth 5 n such a ca _^ e ? The enemies of Charl ' . _Stfi might well callus a " mob . " To court such publie opinion would be mean ; to fear it would be cowardly .

      I can only find the cue to Mr , O'Connor ' s statement in a knowledge of his unbounded generosity . I believe him to be capable of forgiving all his enemies . Such a feeling of benevolence is good iu itself ; but when used _ndiseriminately , good men lose a _senso of its valuebad men take tho advantage o £ it . I must certainly give Mr . O'Connor credit for one exception to his general rule of forgiveness ; and that is his hatred of the Whigs _, lie will never _forgive tlicm for their past aclluns , and he has good reson not to do so . There is no man in the Chartist movement who will be more willing to co-operate with any honest man , whose motives may have been misunderstood , and who may have been abused by the people owing to such a misunderstanding , than the writer of this letter . In such a case I would be proud to acknowledge nn error of judgment , and endeavour to make amends for the injury done .

      But in all cases where the difference has not arisen from a misunderstanding , but , on tho contrary , lrom avowed treachery , practical apo & _taey , ha „ I ask Worn tha party sueing for public favour and confidence , an open and publie acknowledgment of the crimes of his past career , as a first step towards > lw _guuiing of his object ; without wliich _acknowledgment till union will ho but a hollow thing , distrustful in its nature and will , in my opinion , do more to destroy a real union of the friends of Chartism than any oilier _stt-p I could at present think of . I am , yours _respectfully , A . " _Mehiseb ov the Glasgow Biiakcii of the National _Chah-osr Association .

      P . S . — -YOU may give my real name to any one desirous ofknowiiigit _. aiulwhomyou think truthfully interested in the success of _ciuocracj

      To The Delegates Ov The National Chamtis...

      TO THE DELEGATES OV THE _NATIONAL CHAMTIST _ASSOCIATION ABOUT TO ASSEMBLE AT LEEDS . " - ' - * '¦ ' ¦ : ¦¦ ¦ ' "¦ ¦¦ _'¦ Gentlemen-. — -Prom a _noticeJn the Star a short time ago it was understood that the Chartists of Bolton proposed to raise a subscription to present Mr . Feargus O'Connor with a gold medal and chain , as a testimonial of that gentleman ' s increasing exertions in the cause . of freedom ; and in a later number I find that the Chartists of Newport have resolved that £ 500 out of the sale of Carpender ' s Estate should be presented to Mr .

      O'Connor . Now , gentlemen , I do not think that either of these propositions are sufficient to compensate Mr . O'Connor for all the losses , pecuniary nnd otherwise , which he has sustained in the cause ; and it is my humble opinion that _hj appealing to the Chartist community of this kingdom , a gum sufficient . to raise an annuity for Mr . O'Connor and place him on a level with the other agitators of the day would be readily acceded to , and it would only be in accordance _fitb the principles of the Charter— "Payment of Members . " I think that so long as thing * remain as they are , we are violating that principle . . his

      When we consider that Mr . O'Connor has sacrificed fortune , his time , and his practice at the bar—far thwell being of the working classes of this country , should we be unmindful of returning to ihat gentleman what isin reality due to him . Gentlemen , were you to search the United Kingdom through , could you find a man to go through the work he has done t Could you find talent , integrity , uprightness and straig htforwardness , tbe nerve and the ability such as Mr . O'Connor possesses ? No ! in a word he is all we want and all we could wish , and shall it be , as he has told us in his defence against Cooper , VI shall die a _paupeb V No , gentlemen , it must not be sold the question be brought forward at your Bitting and an appeal be made by the several delegates throughout the country and the work is done .

      I am well aware that Mr . O'Connor ' s good and gene _, rows mind would oppose such a proposition , but , that onght not to deter us from _doing out duty . ; In conclusion I would beg leave to intimate thatifjou would crown his exertions with success you must _streniitben bis hands , and by so doing you will let the world see that we value Mr . O'Connor above all men , not merely by votes cf confidence , but by something more substantial .

      I remain , gentlemen , your obedient servant , . William Russell Fishpond-house , Broughall , near Whitchurch , Shropshire .

      Coopeu's Resolutions. To The Editou Of T...

      _COOPEU'S RESOLUTIONS . TO THE _eDITOU OF TUB NORTHERN STAR . Sib , —In reference to the resolutions which it is _stated Mr . Cooper the Chartist I is about to propose to tha forthcoming Convention , I would with your kind permission make a few observations . By the _fint of these missiles it would seem that Mt . Cooper ( if ever he was ) is now unacquainted with Chartist Sentiments and only anxious as a last political source to keep himself hefore the public . Notoriety being apparently his hobby no .. matter at what _expense to _ini tegrityand principle , Mr , Cooper would have the Convention "deplore" the " physical force" acts of parties Whose Zeal led them on to the sacrifice of their liberty : he would have the Convention , by deploring :, convict

      themselves oi a _participatioa in those acta , and were they to " solemnly declare" their " abandonment" . and-. " . disavowal" of tbem in the manner In which it 18 _pViipost'd , they would therby sanction the act 9 of the government , and irrevocably seal the door of mercy and justice against the unfortunate exiles , Frost , , Williams , and Jones . It is not enough Sir , that the government goaded the people to acts of madness and desperation by its long continued system of misrule , thatit punished the victims who fall into the snare which was laid for them , and that U holds within its iron grasp the persons of men who are and ever will be dear to the people against the voice of public opinion , without having such a cry raised by one who should be more honest ? He ! to call on the representatives of labour to denounce labour ' s champions i

      The Convention of the people to denounce John Frost and his companions ' . ! And " solemnly promis « " to " discountenance" his conduct for the future ! Cooper , Sir , must know and does know that the Chartists do deploreand discountenance physical force as much as any man living , but Cooper is mayhap trying to pose himself into the faction which is forming , and which has for its object the ruin of Chartism . The Convention will , I am confident , treat this resolution as the _WOl'ld will treat its author , when time will have brought with it opportunity for reflection . And no matter whether he takes refugo amongst that faction , or hides himself in " Purgatory , " the voice of public opinion will reach hira , even though he should shadow himself under the wing ofthe last traitor to his country and his cause . Dan , even Dau , cannot save him .

      The second resolution ought of ri g ht to he discussed in the stables of Prince Albert ' s horses . ' but as I would not have the Convention to demean themselves hy such associations , and as Mr , Cooper insists upon the " tolerance" of the " opinions of others" who can tell but one of those learned animals , whose education cost the people £ 70 , 000 , _J might open his sapient mouth , and deliver an oration on the relative value of men and horses . Does Mr , Cooper think hecause the people cannot climb Parnassus , or because they do not lif ! their heads above the clouds , or pry into the secrets of "Purgatory , " that they cannot nevertheless understand the language of nature and common sense , with its thousand voices _ringing in tha very vitals of . _suSevivi" ; _raUlwna ' . Ave they , because they do not chance to know Latin for bread , or Greek for buttermilk , te be branded as "low , " ' vulgar , " " abusive" and " immoral" characters .

      Alas ! poor mortal . The spirit of darkness cannot bear the sunlight , and thus tbey spit their spite against a little " ST Alt" light ! " Lucifer was bright . " and he would shine alone , but being eclipsed and punished for his ambition and ingratitude , he , with a spirit of vindictiveness , wages war against everything superior to himself , but cowardlike _, uses the mark of virtue and "morality ! " to cover his insidious advances . Genuine Chartism can bear the light , and it matters not whether Mr . Cooper ' s vision be unable to bear Star light so long as the people have their eyes open . The third resolution is scarcely worth observation , nnd I will just remark that , as far as I have reason to judge , Mr . O'Connor eannot be spared just now from tne movement . Nor do I think the people would be quite satisfied , even though an angel came express from heaven to take him .

      It is plain , sir , to preserve peace , law , and order , to obtain the Charter morally , educationally , modestly , aud genteelly , wo must still retain thc only light left to guide us on our perilous course . And in order to keep peace with sovereign powers , Mr . O'Connor must not be permitted to either ascend or descend from , the sphere where he now is at tl ; e will ov pleasure of an ambassador-extraordinary , whom I have no doubt will be furnished by the convention with his passports to return to . his Government forthwith , Before I close , I would just ask if it bo true that Mr Cooper has become a member of the last new Beet ;

      they are said to he a highly patriotic society called the _Anti-morali physkiabusivivu Garitonians ; it is further said that tlieir exceeding modesty and astounding philanthropy has induced them to curtailjmore thiin one-half of the syllables of their name in charity to the ignorant , particularly of the Chartists , Their address is everywhere , but their honesty and consistency is of necessity so subdivided betwixt the members that you cannot fiud a particle of it anywhere . I hare the honour to be , Sir , Your most obedient servant , W . II . CLIFTON .

      Fatal Accidxxt In Tiik London Docks.—On Monday Afternoon Nu Inauost Was Hold" Lipfnrp. Mr. W.

      Fatal Accidxxt in tiik London Docks . —On Monday afternoon nu _inauost was hold" lipfnrp . Mr . W .

      Baker, Jun., At The Duke Of Wcllinston, ...

      Baker , jun ., at the Duke of Wcllinston , Cannon Street , St . George ' s-in-the-East , on the body of Robert Weston , aged forty , late watchman in the London Docks , It appeared from the evidence tliat on Saturday evening last , the deceased was standing ou the gunwale of a barge lying in tho Wapping basin , ile was ordered to go on shore by his foreman , when his font slipped and he loll Into the water , and immediately disappeared . Several labourers repaired to the spot , and succeeded in _recovering the body shortly afterwards , but he was quite dead . The jury returned a verdict of ' Accidental Death . "

      Destructive Finn at Paisley —On "Wednesday evening , shortly after the workmen had retired from the Underwood Cotton Mill , the alarm was given that fire had broken out in the garret-room in thc wostcrn section ofthe mill . Shortly after the fireengiiies and a party of soldiers from the barracks , whose services wero invaluable , ware on tlio spot , but all endeavours to arrest the progress of the flames were ineffectual , and the care of tho firemen was concentrated in the adjoininfr rosidenoo of Mr . Orr , which was fortunately saved . In about three hours the mill was burnt to tbe ground . The factory was one of the oldest and largest iu Paisley ; it contained about 30 , 000 spindles , and gave employment to upwards of 500 people , who by tiiis sad caiamit ** arc all thrown idle . Tlie property was insured for £ 20 , 000 , which , it is expected , will cover the loss .

      Finn at IToxto _** . — 'On Saturday morning , a fire , whicli threatened very serious consequences , and bv which a man named John Lloyd was dreadfully burnt broke out on the promises of Mr . Osborne , " glove cleaner , opposite the King ' s Arms . High-street , Hoxton Old Town , lt , appears tha t the man iv ; isengaged in thc still room , the iloov of which war , shut atthe lime , where he was distilling a composition of which turpentine forms a largo portion , and which is used to clean Ihe gloves with , when by some weans or other , _wfiinh do nos ; clearly _appear , but supnosetl

      _tobexhoboihngovci ' ot ' tliocompmuul , it took five , and the whole place was filled with _llames wlii-h burst torth from _tiie door and windows of the room . 11 he screams of tho _uufortunato man brought some ut tha neighbours to liis _ftsftiatftMi _* - A eab _wu _mvi cuved , ami ho was _imracumtel . v convoyed to St . W tlmlfimcws _Hospital , where he now l * os in _o-reat agony , hems severely burnt about the hands , arms , and face . Some oi tho other _win-kuuni veUmvid r » m their breaklnsts , together with thonoishboura , throw large quantities of water into the phce to which tho flames wero thereby confined ,

      I Festival At The National Hall . * On M...

      I FESTIVAL AT THE NATIONAL HALL . * On Monday last , there ' was a' soiree to _ielebrato the fourth anniversary of the National Association for Promoting the Political and Social Im provemenf ofthe People , in the lecture-room of tke _lnstitntfJ , _Iliffh Holborn ; 'W . J . Fox , Esq .. in the chair . _?' After a lengthy speech from the chairman , Mr , _"BuoGa proposed , the first sentiment ,. "which was " May the working classes be speedily convinced that one of their highest duties is the moral , _social and political enlightenment of themselves , tj le _* j ' _milies , and tlieir brethren , and that limited means *

      with combined efforts , would , soon enable them to achieve this _t-reat object , and thus make education effective , independent , and truly national , inste ad of restrictive , sectarian , and governmental . " The sentiment was supported by 11 . Parry , Esq Mr . W . Lovktt , in a brief and forcible address proposed the next sentiment : — " The unenfran ! _chised millions—may a deep sense of their political degradation stimulate them to fresh exertions in favour _, of their political _rights ; and may the next public triumph over legislative monopoly and iniustice be the peaceful and legal attainment of tha People ' s Charter / ' 10

      Mr . Elt submitted the last sentiment : — " The principles of peace and brotherhood—may they take deep root and spread widely among the nations of the earth , and may tho industrious millions , who are now the principal victims of war and warriors in all countries , urge their rulers to establish a Congress of Nations for amicably settling , all national disputes . " Which wa 3 supported by Mr . G . M . Thompson . After which the proceedings terminated .

      Mmimte & T*&Gt;

      mmimte _& t *>

      {Frem Tuesday's Gazette, July 23, 1846 J...

      { Frem Tuesday ' s Gazette , July 23 , 1846 J BANKRUPTS . P . B . Kettle , horse dealer—TV . M'Dowall and B . Brown , Pemberlpn-row . Cough-square , printers—F . Mnequeen , Leadenhall-street , merchant—C . Burrows , and J . Oliddon . Plymouth , beer brewers—E . Evans , Bristol and Weston-super-Mare , Somersetsbire . silk mercer—J ; Carlisle , West Derbv , Lancashire , builder and mason—J . S . Chadwick , Manchester , calico printer—B . * f . ' IncWey , Drayton , Leicestershire , corn dealer— W . IncWey , Dray ton Leicestershire , coal dealer—J . Coates . Leominister , Herefordshire , tailor and grazier—A : W . J . Mason , _Edjfbaston , Warwickshire , builder—T . S . Smith , "Wednes . bury , Staffordshire , carpenter and cabinet maker—T . C . Fletcher , Nottingham , glass dealer and chemical manuremerchant— W . G . W . Tayler , Tywardreath , Cornwall , _su-geon and apothecary .

      dividends . . In the Country . - ¦ " B . Marsden ,. Brynmawr , Brecknockshire , linen and woolendraper , Aug . 25 , at eleven , at the Court , Bristol—Jf . 'Harrison , Liverpool , merchant and commission agent , Aug . 21 , at eleven , at the Court , Liverpool—W . B . Pnttinson , Liverpool , currier and leatherseller , Aug . 27 , at twelve , at the Court , Liverpool—B . Foulkes . _JSoughton , Flintshire , cattle , salesman and milkman , Aug . 2 b , at eleven , at tbe Court , Liverpool . _DECLMUTIOH 3 01 DIVIDENDS , J . TV . Rogers , Lewis , Sussex , draper , 8 s 3 d , on Fridays , between the hours of twelve and three , at the ofiice of Mr . Follett _, 1 , Sambrook-court , Basinghall-street . T . Standen , Pudden-lane , Maidstone , brewer and beer . seller , 4 s 5 d , on Fridays , between the hours of twelve and three , at the office of Mr . Follett , 1 . Sambrook-court , Bashinghall-street . J , Mirls , Manchester , butcher , 3 s _4 _Jd , on Tuesdays , between the hours often and one , at the office ofMr .-Hobson , 72 , George-street , Manchester .

      B . S . _iyle and T . Booth , Sheffield , and Tinsley park , Rotherham , Yorkshire , _ir-mmasters and _coalmasters , Is 6 d . on Tuesdays , between thr hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . _Kynaston , 4 , Commercial-buildings , Leads . J . Sugden and D . Sugden , Springfield and Hudders . Held , Yorkshire , fancy clolh manufacturers , ls Id , on Tuesdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Kynaston . Commercial . _buildings , Leeds . J . Sugden , _Sprinennld and Huddersfield , Yorkshire , fancy cloath manufacture , 3 s Old , on Tuesdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at " the office of Mr * . Kynaston , 4 , Commercial . _buildinjts . Leeds , "W . "Wilks , Li eil ? , builder and stonemason , 7 s , on _Tucs . days , between tbe hours of eleven and _tn-o , at the office of Mr . "flope , 7 , _Commercial-buildings , Leeds . J . Pembcrton , Knostrop , Leeds , soap boiler , 6 Jd , on Tuesdays , between the hours ot eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Hope . 7 , _Commercial-builniogs , Leeds . J . Stainthorpe , Hexham , Northumberland , brewer , 2 d , on Saturdays , between the hours of len and three , at tho office of Mr . Wakley , 111 , Plhjrim . streer , Newcastle-on . Tyne .

      S . Archer , Rochdale , woollen manufacturer , ls 3 d , on Tuesdays , between the hours of eleven and one , atth _» office of Mr . Praser , 35 , _GeoraD-street , _Manchester . G . C . Green , _Gcorgc-yard , Bucklersbury , wholesale sta . tioner , 2 s Id , on Saturdays , between the * liours of eleven and tivo , at the office of Mr . Edwards , 7 , Frederick ' splace , Old Jewry . S . Pursell , Satrand , ironmonger , 2 s _, " on Saturdays , be tween the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Edwards , 7 , Frederick ' _s-phtce , Old Jewry . R . G . Fox , Canterbury , wine and spirit-merchant , 4 s 3 d , on Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of rTr , Edwards , 7 , Frederick ' s-place , Old Jewry . P , W . Carter , Brewer-street , Golden-square , woollendraper- os , ou Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , nt the office of Mr , Groom , 12 , Abchurch-lane . P . W . Carter and J , Jackson , _Brewer-street , Golden _, square , woollendrapers _, 8 d _, on Saturdays , between the liours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , _Anftliuveli-mne .

      G . Dickinson , South Portman-mcws , Portman-square , fsrrier arid blacksmith , Is id , on Saturdays , between thu liours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , Abchurch-lane . E . Burnett , _Riclies-nourt _, _Lime- _^ treet _, merchant , Ss , ou Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , Abchurch-lane . T . Johnson , sen ., W . Johnson , and C . Mann , Romford , bankers ,. 2 d , on Fridays , between the hours of ten and four , at the office of Mr . Follctr , 1 , Sambroolccourt , Ba « singhall-street . E . Clayton , Edgeware-road , licensed victualler . 3 d , o Fridays , between the liours of twelve and three , at th office of Mr . Follett , 1 , Sambrook-court , _Basinghall _. street , J . A . Dow , Romford , draper , Did , on Fridays , between the liours of twelve and three , at " the office of Mr . Follett , 1 , _Simbrook-court , _Dnsinjrhnll-street _. S . Rogers , _Diile-lmll , near Burslem , Staffordshire , earthenware manufacturer , Sd . between the hours of eleven and two . at the office of Mr . Valpy , 13 , Waterloo-street , Birmingham .

      J , Howies , Leicester , worsted-manufacturer , _ajd , on Thursdays , between the hours of elsren and three , al the office of Mr , Christie , 7 , Waterloo-place , Birmingham .

      NOTICES OP _CEBTiriCATES . In the Country . N . J . Reed , ""farlborough , Wiltshire , licensed _coramcu brewer , Aug . 24 , at twelve , at the Court , Biistol . _- At the Court of Review , Aug . 48 . . W . Dale , Liverpool , bricklayer—S . Whatley , Williamstreet , Lisson-grove , grocer—C . CUrke , Goswell-road , and Cranbourn-strcet , draper—J . Jarvie and i . Rowley , Newton , Manchester , siik manufacturers—S . M . Lathiim , Dover , bankor—T . D . Brown , Liverpool , commission merchttnt—C . J . Edmonds , Bluntishain , Huntingdonshire , apothecary—B . M . Ryder , _Kingstou-upon-Hull _, grocer .

      _PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED . R . B . GiraultandJ . Richardson , Steward-street , Spitalfields , silk-manufacturers—W . and 0 . E Newton , Vernoiistreet , Bagnigge-wells-road _, cabinet-makers—J . _Jucholls , and T . llallum , Longton . Staffordshire , earthenware-manufacturers—L . Lloyd and J . DawsoR , Manchester , stock brokers—J . Lee and W . Shore , Manchester , _eotton-mcrennnts—B . _Mnyjjer and "W , II , _Cowbam _, Sew Brentford , millwrights and engineers —& . and H . Case , Milbourno , St . Andrew , Dorsetshire , button-manufacturers—G . _andll . Case , MilbourneSt . Andrew , linen-drapers— _VT . S . _Shovs and W . A . Trill , 151 icklieath , linendriipers—Susannah ffolebnwK and s * ar « l _> sreriinjf , Eil _^ nare-rond , schoolmistresses—F . Scaratiekeand F . J . Searaneke , St . Alban ' s , brewers—M . L . _Phlllipson and II . A . Joseph , Budge row , City , perfumers—G . Harris and J . Bedfern , Manchester , stock brokers-Elizabeth Jnnc Bertie and _MarvCouldweii Colo , Rcgent ' _s-parlc , inilliners-T . Ai'Dougal , E . M . Sambourne , mid R , Bell ( so far as regards T . M'Dougall , St , Paul's Churchyard , warehousemen— W . G _.-ilbraith and J , Wilson , _Jf'inchester , publicans—T . Ovimrton , C . Warwick , T . G . Orillgton , and M , _Ovin-rton , Cheapside—O . Corbott and E . Leivty , Stuurporr , Worcestershire , coalmm _' _irluillts .

      _INSOLVENT PETITIONERS . William Holmes , _ClGi'konwcll-siccn , butcher — John Porter , Sun-street , Bishopsg . _'ttt ' , shoe titet'cct _'—Gcorgf _* Baddeu , Bruton , Somersetshire , shopman and traveller-John Edward Stammers . Broadway , Essex , omnibus conductor-Henry Davis , _Elizabeth-placc , Old _Kcnt-road , cnrintui—Peter H . _mfrliton , Wood-stvcct , sub-rnilwav contractor—Daniel Elliott , Victoria place , Old Kenrlroad , merchant ' s clerk- —William Watts , St . _Gcunre-strcot , St . Gcorgcm-tlie-East , baker—Richard Bailey Borer , Whitecross-street , Old-street , tea dealer—Thviiins Cook , Bowland-street , _Vitzroy-gquarc , _lv-itclt maker— Jacob lluren _, Dalston , grocer—George Ainsworth _, Chatham , bread and bis ; rmt baker—Jane Kelly , Deptford , lighterman—James Marshall , Horton , Yorkshire , groetr-Samuel Ross , Bradford-moor , Yorkshire , _bec-r-se-Iler—John " ell . Horton , Yorkshire , tea-dealer—fiphraim Harris , Bristol * general liardwa ' reman— Charles Booth , Broughton , _Lancashire , butcher—John Pepper , Liverpool , pilot—JohnBoardinaa _, Liverpool . Hour dealer — Patrick _llovle , Liverpool cow keeper—John Sharpies Hallows , Liverpool surgeon and _apotliecavy—William Brett , Liverpool , temperance liottl keeper—Thomas Fox , Air Balloon-hill , Gloucestershire ,

      huckster—William AVithers , jun ., Lawrence-hill , Gloucestershire , _lioi-se dealer—Willi _.-iin Clark , _l- ' romo _SclwooJ . Somersetshire , plumber—John Carr , Cheltenham , coach smith and stationer— _Georjre Matthews , Deptford , tailor and habit maker—John Bi ' nstead . Alton , Southampton , (" linnet _mjlki'r— William Ward , Now North-street , _Finsbm-y , circular sawyer— Pounlil in * r _** iersi » i , Jpswieii auctioiiur—William Wardell , _SuninierV-tou'ii , Oxford , cliait _niiikei' —Thomas Bray , Fetter-lane , coachman — Henry Mtt . _vmtitl , Long-lane , _J'iei-momlsey , baker—James Beaumont , Moiild-tTecn , _Hiulderslii'ld _, cloth dresser—3 ereniiah Yutiiiij , Beverley , Yorkshire , sexton—William Watki _»*> _"Uoiiiiioiith , Monmouthshire , plasterer 1 —William Barker , Halifax , stunu delver — Thomas Gruudsoii , _Bi-adfin-3 _, _Yurkslure _, small shopkeeper—Daniel Wilson , Hurst " . "' " ' Yorkshire , stouc mason — _Churlcs Smith , _fri-ir-gat _* _Doi-h y , joiner ; _uul wheelwri ght— John Hackney , L iver . pool , white-smith end beer-seller — Thomas _Ifeiirieifi Birkenhead , Chester—John Beaumont , Helm , YorI « . hii _** i _eh'tli _Imislior—Gourae Fvobislmr . _Leeils _, apothecary - I ' euvy Wilson , Shcllwhl , coufcelfoncr- 'niouuis _Wnniif _, _4 Vti ! ivkv ; Siivtlle , Sliut \\ bld , _warelioiiseiiian--l'ii » ' ' eavt _"* 1 ShctttcLl , woollen doth merchant .

      SCOTCH _SEQCIiSTBATIONS . _T ) . Morrison . Inverness , _lwoksfcUer Mill Stationer , » meet within thu _Caleiloni-. m Hotel Inverness , Aug . 4 _»! _' ' * 'Vis _M'lxton nnd J . Dixmi . Leith . founders and _tfi _' o " ue e ' _l-s ' to ' meet _ivilhin tl . e "Waterloo Uobi _, Vf _^ evlo _^ i _' . _^' _Kdidbui'ifh , Amr . « and - _'l , at _tl-ree . __ , 1 . r . Dixon , Kdiiiburgli , banker , to meet witlun _i' _- l ' uviil Oak Hotel , Alloa , Aug , 4 and 22 , at twelve .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 1, 1846, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_01081846/page/6/