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    • TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS.
    • fMm Mtu tmM*
    • Craties' Hftolinnent^
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      To The Imperial Chartists.

      TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS .

      Mr Test Beak Fhiesns,—The Alknighty Meas...

      Mr Test Beak FHiEsns , —The alknighty measure proposed bj Sir Robert Peel as a response to the call office trade , strikes me , as I trust it will strike yon , as an instalment of those concessions which , sooner or later most , and will be made , to the demo , cratic mind of this country . Ton must not expect to be dignified by Ministerial notice , while you will derive consolation m > m the fact , that in every word attered br him , and in every clause of the measure proposed by him , you will recognise an apprehension , if not a dread—a knowledge , if not an aversion , of

      our progress . lie purposely proclaimed a false-1 hood , when he said that the demand for tree trade was one in which the working classes had almost unanimously joined the League . Thesophistrywasneces sary , notmore for the purpose of parading oar gigantic strength to frighten the aristocracy , than to withhold a knowledge of it from foreign powers , who are one and all haunted by the rapid pr ogress of onr principles . But this is an insult that we can afford to bear and to forgive , the more especially as the measures , emanate from what influences they may , arc pre-eminently calculated to advance our principles .

      My letter to you upon Sir Robert Peel ' s tariff of 3 S 43 , is still fresh in your recollection . In that I predicted that further changes would be forced from the aristocracy in 1 S 4 G ; while I now assert that three months will not pass without such a bidding for popular support—which SHALL MEAN Chartist support—as will astonish the most sanguine . Tie strength by which any great measure may be carried does not , and especially in onr present limping representative state , predicate the satisfaction even of its supporters , and this rule holds good more especially in the present instance . It is not the League ,

      it is not famine , it is not England alone , or English considerations , that have induced Sir Robert Peel to propose & measure which , I confess , staggers me : it is Prussia , France , America , England , or rather Great Britain and Ireland , that hare unitedly forced this timely concession from a reluctant aristocracy ; but , emanate from what source it may , there is not the less honour due to the man who has been intelligent enough to dHcover , and bold enough to act npon , the agi ,.-egate of opinion . In good truth , onr complaint against public men has net been so much of their ignorance as of their reluctance to act upon

      well-founded convictions ; it is their custom to defer change until revolution enforces it , and then the change ends in retrogression , as the working classes , who invariably constitute the movement party , are ever sure to be thegreatest sufferers from revolution It would be very unpoprlar to make any confession of the popular strength , and would be considered unwise to make concessions to , its will , and yet , by our prudent nurture , onr systematic training , and proper directionpf the national mind , ithasextracted a reluctant confession of its strength from the Prime Minister of England . Such must ever be the result of honourable , continuous , consistent , and energetic agitation . While , upon the other hand , look to the degraded state of unhappy Ireland ; her agitators

      complain of abuse , bluster about oppression , and fill their pockets out of popnhr confidence , whiletyranny gains strength and the national will daily becomes more weak and imbecile . England , by the straightforward policy and manly bearing of her people , has at once triumphed over the usurpations of the aristocracy , the raonied power of the League , and the prejudices of the Prime Minister ; while Ireland , unhappy Ireland , as the tribute to her subserviency , is threatened with coercion . Bad Ireland warred for pr inciple , instead of personal ambition , that idle and unprincipled demagogues may be distinguished as patriots , she would have been a nation long since , but asher leaders warred for pelf , she is yet a degraded province , linked to her oppressor by servile

      Now reverse the relative positions , and suppose that the English leaders were in possession of some £ 5 Q , 000 a-yearto canyon the war of progression , and suppose it to have been spent as honestly and effectively as the Chartist pence have been expended In the cause of freedom , where would League and aristocracy have been now ? While , with that command of money for nearly thirty years , the boastful

      patriots of Ireland are obliged pulingly to beg the co-operation of the Orange faction , whose unjust ascendancy was ths one thing to be broken down ; upon the other hand , supposs that the Irish mind had been tutored by honest poverty , and that the accomplishment of principle was the only object sought , can the mind of man contemplate a greater change than Irish valour and Ir « h virtue would have achieved !

      It will be th'rteen years on Tuesday nest since I first came amongst yon—a long period for a public man to serve a jeabus nation , without more censure than the ravings of disappointed ambition , and the fears of the prii'feged order could fabricate ; and , although no man living can depict to his imagination the political and social sufferings that I have endured within that period , yet I candidly , proudly , and manfully confess , that the homage paid to ths prin ciples for which I have contended , in the speech and measures of Sir Robert PeeL wor'd repay me for a whole life of greater suffeilng .

      You have not time to see the map of the world s mindbeforeyonatone glance , asl do ; you cannot dis cover thenew shoals , and rocks , and quicksands which are daily being presented to the terror of the old crew of corruption ; nor can yon see the bays and harbouic that are opening their arms to receive the principle 3 of democracy ; and yet strange , most strange , though we were foremosbin looking for , and most instrumental in producing the great change , yet , of all nations npoa earth , we have received the least credit for any participation in it . The continental press of Europe and of America has been a great aur'liary to Irish freedom , while the trafficking jugglery of her leaders has been able to withstand their influence , as well as the power of her own people . I

      Aow , picture to yourselves , for a single moment , { he wide circulation that the opinions of Mr . O'Connell and the Irish nation have received , and then think of the limited circulation that onr opinions have received , and yon must come to the conclusion , that the creation , organisation , and direction of the Eng ! sh mind has I xn prudent and judicious . I know that in perusing the complicated , but at the earne time simple , propositions of Sir Robert Peel , the operative may say , "All very fine , butwhere ' s MY SHARE ? " 1 will tell him . His share will be found in the annihilation of those privileges which were based npon monopoly , and injuriously exercised against his interests , in order that the ascendancy of others might be upheld . He will see it in the pro

      mised settlement of a long pending dispute , which promised to eventuate in a great national catastrophe , if not in the total undoing of his erd « r . He will see a new field opened for the exercise of his intellect , and anew field opened for the exercise of his in . dustry . He wiH very speedily learn , thatthecapricions protection accorded to agriculture led to that capricious use of the land , which made its owner a born tyrant , and it a sealed preserve . Had there never b * en more protection afforded to the landed interest than that which the improvement of the science of agriculture would of itself have conferred , tte working-classes of tins day would have had precisely the constitution that so much time , and labour , and blood , has been expended in endeavouring to achieve .

      The very ey ^ stence of a government is of itself a proof of the popularity of that government . It is a proof that the people have tolerated it * becanseatany given moment it is in the power of a nation to demand a perfect reflex of its will . A nation of thieves will sanction and will have a representation and a cabinet of thieves . A nation of lewd and dissipated ton will have a representation and a cabinet of lewd and dissipated men . We have had both ; but a nation of sober thinking men will have a representation of sober and thinking men . The nation IS NOW

      sober and thoughtfnL- Sir Robert Peel is a sober andthougntfbl man , and these combined influences ralJyall tie sober and thoughtful mind around them . Sow , these arethe advantages which ah * of the poorest will reap from thought and wisdom , while our glor ious colony of landsmen will reap the benefit of sheap land , stripped of unjust privileges andprotec twe prerogatives ; cheap timber , cheap furniture , a Je , even cheap paper , cheap everything to live upon , ^ everything towear , while , if tteirsarplasproduce l- cheapened , it willexchangefor aamucaof tteother

      Mr Test Beak Fhiesns,—The Alknighty Meas...

      necessariesof lifeas the dearer produce will now procure . As a matterof course , I do notconsider Sir Robert Peel ' s measure as anything like a final settlement of the battle between labour and capital ; for , despite of law , despite of tariff , despite of commercial regulations , and of acts of Parliament , represented capital will ever possess an undue influence over un' represented labour ; and the reason 1 hail the

      Ministerial boon is , because it must inevitably help labour to its fair share of representation ; and when labour is represented , it will see but one friend and one enemy—an enemy , however , which may be converted into a bosom friend-THE LAND'AND MACHINERY . The Land , as a means of enabling the surplus population to live upon their own produce , and to convert the surplus into a medium of exchange for that which they cannot produce ; and machinery , to be converted into man ' s holiday , instead of being

      man s curse . Again , I say that the use of machinery must be restricted to the necessities of the labouring population , instead of being converted into a competitive powerto starve them . It is all fudge to talk about foreign competition , while this domestic devil stands as the great national competitor . Upon the whole , we have great reason to rejoice in the proposed changes , and we have great reason to thank ourselves for having forced them upon the consideration

      of tha'Prime Minister—while it is no slight enhancement of the value , that Mr . Buncombe has expressed to me his unqualified approval of them ; but , notwithstanding the importance I attach to the measure , our apathy must neither allow the opposition to pluck a single feather from it , nor faction to make a false use of it , before we become acquainted with its workings . Had we watched the progress of the Reform Bill from its birth , we might have made it a better measure than it is , and let us not lose the benefit of this NEW CONSTITUTION for want

      of a proper watchfulness in its infancy . I am , your faithful friend , and unpurchasable servant , Feahgus O'Cossob

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      And National Trades' Journal.

      AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .

      Vol. X. Mm. ~ London, Satokday, January ...

      VOL . X . mm . ~ LONDON , SATOKDAY , JANUARY 31 , 1846 . ^^^ Z ^^ LT

      Saxox Sympathy For Celtic Suffering. The...

      SAXOX SYMPATHY FOR CELTIC SUFFERING . The Liberal Irish Phess has , during the last eyht years , inrariably refused to give publicity to Saxon sentiments , similar to the following , on the grounds that the publication of such sentiments would mar the ends of Irish agitation , and place the agitators in an awkward position with the Irish people : — TO PATRICK O ' HIGGIKS , ISQ ., DUBLIN . Keswick , Jan . 18 , 1 S 4 C . Beak Sib , —It is with heartfelt feelings of sorrow and sympathy for your persecution and prosecution , I , a total stranger , a Saxon , write to you .

      I never saw either you or your persecutor , Mr . O'ConnelL I have read , carefully read , every word of the published dispute between you and him , and my conscientious conviction is , that his hatred of yon arises out of the contrast which your manly , upright , honest , and consistent conduct bears towards his shuffling , truckling , and deceitful conduct Sow * Whig , then a Tory ; again , a Radical , afterwardsa Whig—the basfc betrayerof the intrepid forty shilling freeholders , the real emancipators , A Kepealer , and again the foe of Bepealers ; tbe supporter of Raphael and Haute , non-Repealers . An Orangeman in 1 S 30—SI ; again , thereviler of the Orangemen ; and now , 1 S 4 G , an Orangeman . We shall soon have the glorious , pious , and immortal memory from the lips of tins " Knave in politics , and byprocrite in religion . " When will jour poor countrymen open their eyes ?

      As I said before , you and Mr . O'Connell are both personally strangers to me , although I spent five years in Dublin about twenty years ago . I worked with that kind and good employer , the late lamented Mr . Burke , of ifilltown , woollen manufacturer ; and afterwards with 3 fr . W . Foley , of Brown-street , in the liberty , who was also a kind and a good man . I lived on the best of terms with my kind and respected sbopmates , who were all Roman Cathelics , except William Lambert , who , like myself , was a Protestant . I cannot now , at this distance of time , remember all their names ; but there were three hearty good fellows amongst them—namely , Fat Lacey ,

      Joseph Dixon , and William Cain ; who . u alive , will not forget their old shopmate , David Johnston . These men will rally round yon for Universal Suffrage , as every Catholic should do , at any rate in Ireland , where you are nearly all Catholics , and all trampled npon , because—and only because—you have not Universal Suffrage . I never was in a Catholic chapel in my life , yet I respect every Catholic , and love him as a Christian brother . What have I to do with their manner of worshipping God ? Nor should they have anything to do with mine , Let us prove our Christianity by acts of mutual kindness and forbearance . Let us join hand in hand , and struggle together for onr common right , Universal Suffrage .

      I am , sir , a Chartist of the O'Connor firm , and I am proud that you are at the head of the Chartists of Ireland , where a man of sterling courage , firmness , and determination is so much required . Universal Suffrage is my ' old heart's delight ; and , as O'Connor says , " so votb , no bosket !" I am now upwards of sixty years of age , and have long been in an infirm state of health . I cannot write now as I could have once done , as my memory is beginning to fail me . I hare two sons unmarried , at home with me ; one of them ( the youngest ) , a county Dublin boy , is twenty-three years of age , the other is a Manx-man . They are fine young men , the mainstay of my old age , and a credit to me and to themselves . But should they be torn from me and their aged mother , to be sent into Ireland to help tyranny to oppress still more my beloved

      Irish brethren , it will break my heart , and bring down my grey hairs with sorrow to the grave . May the great God , for his mercy ' s sake , avert such a calamity . Oh , may I never see the day when tyranny can force out the Saxon to shoot down the Celt , or the Celt to shoot the Sixon . The very thought is bursting myheart , and tears drop from my eyes at the bare thought of such cruelty . Oh ! where are Irish Catholics , thatyou do not rally for Universal Suffrage , and put an end for ever to this cruel system of oppression ! Where is the father in once happy England , that does not feel as I do * Ob , great God ! in thy goodness raise up some Father Jfathew , who will unite in one holy bond of Christian brotherhood the oppressed Saxon and Celt , so as to render their just and righteous combination all-powerful and triumphant .

      Fear not ; O'ilicgins ; the God of Justice is with you ; the triumph of those holy principles , for which yon are the advocate and the victim , will soon become triumphant . When money is wanted my mite shall be forth- ' coming : tha men of Keswick v . ill vie with each other in their efforts to eustain , support , and encourage their Irish brothar . Wishing you health , happiness , and prosperity , and the speedy OTsrtbrow of all your enemies , is the sincere j prayer of your friend and well-wisher , David Johsstow .

      Frexch Trul Bv Jury. —A Woman Named Le C...

      Frexch Trul bv Jury . —A woman named Le Calvez was tried last week at Quimper upon a charge of having murdered her third husband , a farmer , by strangling him whilst he was ask ep in his cornloft . The case disclosed remarkable atrocity on the part of the prisoner , for her husband was a man of mild disposition , and had never given her any real cause ot offence . There had indeed been a quarrel just before the murder , but the fault was entirely on the side of the wife . After the commission of the act the woman sat down to dinner , and was quite gay . One of the servants having expressed surprise at the

      absence of her master , the prisoner replied that he was asleep , and observed that they could do very well without him . Shortly afterwards a child came and said that the husband was dead , bat the prisoner merely laughed and replied that he was asleep When the servants and neghbours found the body the prisoner pretended to weep , but did not in reality shed a tear .. The evidence against her was circumstantial , but so strong that the jury immediately returned a verdict of guilty , but with extenuating circumstances . She was sentenced to imprisonment for life , with hard labour and exposure in the nillory .

      Accidental Death of an Octogenarian Baptist Minister . —On Monday , Mr . Wakley , M . P ., heldan inquest at the New Tavern , opposite to the Clerkenweil police court , on the body of the Rev . Thos . Jonas , aged eighty-three , a Baptist minister . Mrs . 'Elizabeth Elsaw , a young widow , said deceased had lodged with her for several years at No . 39 , Fredenct-street . Though so very aged he still performed his sasred duties , and on Sunday , the 4 th of January , was going to his chapel , when he fell down : the door-steps , in consequence of the wind blowing his cloak between his legs . The neck of the left thigh bone was fractured , and although deceased had the surgical services of several gentlemen in addition to Sir Benjamin Brodie , he died from exhaustion on Wednesday , the 21 st inst . Verdict "Accidental Death . " '

      Fmm Mtu Tmm*

      fMm Mtu tmM *

      France. Frekch Legislation And Liberty (...

      FRANCE . FREKCH LEGISLATION AND LIBERTY (•) —APPALLING DISTRESS' AND EXCITEMENT . We have no favourable news to report of our French neighbours . As yet , the Liberal editors have not agreed upon the looked-for scheme of Electoral Reform ; or , it * they have agreed , they have not reported the result of their deliberations . Within the Chamber of Deputies , a motion in favour of Electoral Reform , proposed by M . Bcchaud , could not find a seconder ! Never were congregated together a more ialanious set of knaves than these same French deputies . Guizot rales like . 1 second Walpole , inaintaining his power by corruption and fraud . Himself a disbeliever in principles , lie treats all men as creatures who have their " price , " and buys voices and votes accordingly . He is but too successful ; and noiwonder , when it is remembered that of thirty-five millions of people , only some two hundred thousand

      proprietors and profit-mongers have the suffrage . How long is this odious despotism—this infamous scandal , to be endured ? The Iteforme , though no friend to England , admits that France presents an afflicting spectacle when compared with Great Britain . Public opinion is all-powerful in England . "How is it , " asks the Iteforme , " that public opinion , so efficient in Great Britain , is unavailable in France ? " It is because its liberty of action and expansion exists in the former . The English have a right to associate—to meet on the public square , or in a field , when the town does not contain a space sufficiently capacious to accommodate the meeting . In France , twenty persons assembling periodically in a saloon are regarded as conspirators . Young men proceeding to the house of a professor to compliment him , are charged by gendarmes as if thev

      were rioters and revoltcrs . Public life is everywhere stifled . Let us suppose for a moment that what has lately occurred in England was tried in France , and that , to effect the reform of a political or commercial law , an extensive association was organised , having its acknowledged chiefs , its orators , its treasurer , and its budget . Let us suppose that the association had convoked , at Paris and in the provinces , monster meetings of 20 , 000 and 30 , 000 persons , and levied publicly on its adherents a contribution of 7 , 000 , 0001 ' . or 8 , 000 , 0001 ' ., with the avowed object of creating agitation and procuring the repeal of the law or the overthrow of the Cabinet which supported it . Would not , we ask , all the attorney-generals , the gendarmes , soldiers , and tribunes in the country be called out

      in such case to prosecute , disperse , imprison , and condemn the delinquents ? The noise of the fusillade and the fracas of requisitories would have drowned the voice of the popular orators , and all the courts of justice in the empire , including the Court of Peers , would hasten to save the state by confiscating first the funds of the association , and afterwards sending its chiefs , leaders , and adherents to rot in the dungeons of Mont St . Michel and Doullens . In England , the Government sees in these demonstrations of public opinion mere advertisements , of which it knows law to avail itself . It resists as long as it can , but it yields when it considers resistance likely to prove fatal to it . Great distress exists in different parts of France ; a letter from the department of the Lower Rhine says : — "This year , distress has reached the population of our mountains in an unusual degree . The population of the six villages of

      the Ban-de-la-Roche is 2600 souls , and of this number there are 1500 who have no employment during several months of the year . In an ordinary year the potatoe crop in the six communes amounts to 40 , 000 sacks . This yearit amounts to only 10 , 000 ; the disease has destroyed three-fifths of the crop , so that the sound potatoes amount to only 4000 sacks . In Paris the retail traders are suffering , and in nearly all the provinces similar commercial suffering prevails . In Lyons , the small shopkeepers are bankrupt in means , and from being unable to pay their license duties are rapidly losing their privileges as citizens . At Avesnes several bakers have refused to bake bread , alleging that they have suffered loss by selling bread at the price fixed by the authorities . The operative classes are in many places withdrawing their monies from the saving banks . Considerable excitement prevails in all the provinces .

      SPAIN . ARRESTS IS CATALONIA . Death or Calatbava . —The news from Spain is not very interesting . Arrests continue to take place in Catalonia . The fathers of thirty-four young men , who had fled into the woods and forests to avoid being drawn for the army , have been arrested ; thus punishing the fathers for the acts of their sons ! The present unnatural despotism must , ere long , drive the people of Spain mad . Joseph Marie Caiatrava , a celebrated leader of the Progressiata party , formerly Prime Minister after the events of La Granja , died on Saturday last in Madrid . His funeral was attended by a vast multitude .

      PORTUGAL . An exact imitation of thesquabblescarried on in the French Chamber of Deputies respecting governmental interference with elections is being gone through in the Portuguese Cortes . Costa Cabral , too , imitates Guizor in all his tricky doings , and adds thereto all the brutal ferocity which so eminently distinguishes that pink of statesmen , the Spanish butcher Narvaez . Force and fraud have enabled the minister to get together a chamber nearly wholly composed of his tools and supporters ; the "opposition" being limited to ten members . The Periodica dos Pobres announces the fact of the opposition being active in their views of effecting a political revolution , in which several Spaniards are concerned , and warns them of the probability of falling victims themselves ; hinting that the authorities are on the alert .

      GERMANY . REPORTED REVOLUTION IN PRUSSIA . The Courrier Frangais publishes the following intelligence , without , however , vouching for its authenticity : — " It was reported to-day , in the diplomatic cire'es , that the King of Prussia had been obliged by a popular movement to quit Berlin and seek refuge at Potsdam . Nothing precise has yet transpired on the subject , but such an event would not be improbable in the present agitated state of the public mind ,

      roused to the highest pitch by the religious congregations now assembled in council , at Berlin , and by the provincial diets , which were displeased with the reply returned by the King to their reclamations . " We doubt the truth of this intelligence , although such anevent is extremely likely . Certain it is that the greatest agitation pervades Prussia and the whole of South Germany . In Carlsrhue a general storm was raised against the Minister of War , in the debate on the budget ; he barely escaped impeachment . The discussion still continues in terms of

      intense animosity . An event equally novel and surprising took place recently in the Upper Chamber of Bavaria , where Prince Wrede made at once six motions of the highest importance , attacking Abel , the Minuter of the Home Department ; declaiming , with unheard of frankness , against the increasing number of monasteries throughout the kingdom ; demanding , in terms of open hatred , the expulsion of the Redemptorists—charging the Minister with anti-constitutional acts , systematically exercised against the Protestants of Bavaria — accusing the BMup of Eichstiidt , one of the foreoiost men in the

      ulxtmontase agitation , of having , in the public prayers offered in his diocese , left out the Queen ' s name , in consequence of her being a Protestant princess ; and , finally , proposing an act impeaching the Minister , and legislating anew in regard to the official responsibility of his office . All these niutions were listened to with deep attention , the galleries being filled with Eeop le , amongst whom were the Hereditary Prince , is brother Luitpold , and tbe whole diplomatic body . In the Chamber of Deputies the government obtained a majority of nine enly ( the numbers being 73 to 04 ) on the question .

      SWITZERLAND . Situation op the . Canton op Berne . —Letters from Switzerland , dated Berne , 20 th January , announce that the primitive assemblies are convoked for tbe 1 st of January , in order to decide in the affirmative or negative , if they agree with the late decisions of the Great Council , relative to the question of a revision of the constitution issued on the 17 th inst ., of which the following is the substance : — " Taking into consideration the wishes expressed by & great number of citizens , and recognising the necessity of terminating many inconveniences and vices in the

      Constitution of the State—we have resolved , in an extraordinary sitting , and [ after serious deliberation , to submit to full revision the Constitution of our Republic 1 " The eyes of ail Switzerland are now directed towards Berne , for on the attitude it takes depends , in a great measure , the fortune of the Liberal party of the Confederation . The foreign diplomacyregards veryattentivel y the marchof events , being quite aware of the consequence that may arise throughout Switzerland from the political organisation of the canton of Berne ; for it must not be forgotten that the canton of Berne will take the lead in federal affairs from the 1 st of January . 1847 .

      POLAND . POLISH CONSPIRACY IN POSEN . Arrests are daily taking place in Posen ( Polish Prussia ) . The persons arrested are principally Poles . Some of them have been conducted to Graudenz .

      France. Frekch Legislation And Liberty (...

      The intended revolutionary movement lias sen j oasly alarmed the Prussian government . It appears j that a coup de main was positively intended at the end of 1845 , by a sudden attack on the two fortresses of Thorn and Graudenz . Thorn is completely Polish : all the country round , as far as Graudenz , distant seven German { or thirty-five English ) miles , on the yistula , is filled with Polish inhabitants . For some time pasta conspiracy of great extent had organised itself in this partof the Prussian dominions , and hither Dunckcr was sent by the government , where , for the last few months , he has been busily occupied in his work of inquiry and discovery . It is " said that the inquiry led to the discovery of the existence of a secret society , possessing a fund of upwards of a hundred thousand thalers ( £ 50 , 000 ) , to be employed in accomplishing its objects . On the 31 st j of December the outbreak ivas to have taken place ;

      instead of which , numerous arrests were made on the 30 th , and amongst those who were seized wore several military men . Public rumour says , that not only were well furnished magazines of arms discovered , but also a powder-mill to aid the purposes of the conspiracy . Thorn has been officially declared to be in a state ofsieee ; and a military corps , consisting of the 21 st Regt . of Infantry , the 3 rd Dragoons , and a battery of six-pounders from the second Brigade of Artillery , have been sent by a Cabinet order ink the Grand Duchy , and cantoned on the right bank ot the Vistula , between Thorn and Graudenz , so as tol urm a corps . of . observation on both places . On the LJ of January , the police authorities of Thorn publisbtd an order directing the gates of the city to be shut at five o ' clock in the evening , and prohibiting the inhabitants from passing in or out after that time . Minutoli , the head of the police of the Grand Duchy , has since arrived in Thorn .

      THE WAR IN THE CAUCASUS . Axotmkb Defeat op the Russians . —The last news from the Caucasus « p to the 20 th December , informs us that the forts on the left wing of the Russian line were surprised by the mountaineers ; the Russian garrison , consisting of from 800 to 12 , 000 men , has been cut to pieces , or made prisoners ; the loss of the mountaineers was also very considerable . A large quantity of arms and ammunition fell into the power of the victors .

      ALGERIA . THE " GLORY" OF WAR . —SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF FRENCH SOLDIERS FROZEN TO DEATH AND DESTROYED BY THE ARABS . The French glory-hunters in Algeria have received . 'mother and a severe lesson , recalling the disasters of the retreat from Moscow . The column of General Levasseur returning from one of those murdering , plundering expeditions , our French friends call " razzias , " were surprised in the mountains of the Boutaleb , province of Constantino , by a tremendous fall ot snow . The General and his followers had been engaged from the 23 rd ult . to the 2 nd inst . in a succession of butcheries , burnings , the razing to the ground of every house and hovel , the cutting across

      of every fruit tree , the destruction of every ] morsel of food , and other infernal acts of the like character . These " civilisers , " numbering about 2 , 500 , set out on the 2 nd inst . on their way back to the garrison of Setif . The weather was beautiful , and the troops were marching in high spirits towards their bivouacs in the douairs of their allies , the tribe of Msaoud , when , at about three o ' clockin the afternoon , the sky became suddenly overcast , the snow began to fall , and , chilled by a cold north wind , it soon reached the height of a foot and a half . The darkness was in a short time complete . The guides lost their way , and at five o'clock the soldiers bivouacked in the snow . Already had a part of the rearguard fallen victims to the severity of the

      weather , and the mules carrying the provisions of the army having been unable to proceed , the men remained frozen with cold and without food . On the morning of the 3 rd ,, the column resumed its march . The snow still wntinued to fall , and the soldiers found the utmost difficulty in proceeding . All day they toiled on , advancing slowly . At midnight , however , they were still in tbe midst of a vast plain , where no sign of a tree was to be seen , dying from hunger and cold . The guides had again lost the direction . They said they thought they were distant about three miles from the douairs of Msaoud , but , after seeking in vain for the road , they were obliged to give up all idea of finding it that night . Despair then took possession of the

      hearts of the men ; disorder was at its height ; there was no shelter but a few tents , the rest having been abandoned the day before . An immense j number rushed pell-mell into their tents , at the risk of suffocating each other ; indeed , several thus met their deaths ; the rest of the column remained in the anow , which still fell heavily , and waited ( ill day-light appeared , amidst the sftrkfo and lamentations of the unfortunate men , who were dying every moment . Never had such a disaster been seen since the campaign of Russia . Day at length dawned ; a great part of the men , with what remained of the baggage , began their march , the cavalry in front , towards Setif , distant about twenty-five miles ; this was the second day the soldiers had tasted no food . The column

      became gradually thinner and longer , as the weakest lagged behind , and at every moment several fell exhausted by the eoltl , whilst their comrades passed on , unable to give them any assistance . At four o ' clock in the evening the cavalry reached Setif , and informed the inhabitants of the disaster which had taken place in the plain , The garrison immediately turned out , and several of the inhabitants accompanied them with carts , provisions & c , to assist the unfortunate men left behind in the snow . From that time till the 8 th of January some soldiers were seen coming in , led on horses , or brought , in carnages by the inhabitants ; but up to that period there were 800 men still missing . It is supposed that these 800 victims have fallen ; a still » reater number have their hands or feet frost-bitten .

      The column has lost about 1 , 200 muskets , all its mules , provisions , canteens , tents , & c . Subsequent letters state that the disasters of the desolating corps of General Levasseur had not been solely the work of the elements . The Arabs hung upon his retreat , cut off by scores the unfortunate stray or weary soldiers , and captured immense quantities of arms , with all the baggage of the column . The campaign against Abd-el-Kader is for the present at an end . The splendid cavalry corps of '' the renegade " Youssouf , as Abd-el-Kader terms him , had been so cut up and harassed intlie pursuit of the Emir , that it was found necessary to dissolve it . Abd-el-Kader had cither withdrawn to re-organise , to observe his enemies , or to take shelter in Morocco , for nothing certain was known of him .

      MONTE VIDEO AND BUENOS AYRES . SANGUINARY BATTLE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BATTERIES OF ROSAS , IN THE PARANA . The steamer Cyclops arrived at Plymouth on Tuesday from Rio de Janeiro . She brings the important news of the destruction of the batteries of Rosas in the Parana , by the combined fleets of England and France , in an engagement on , the 19 th of November , producing heavy loss on both sides . Monte Video , Nov . 2 S , 18 i 5 . —On the 20 th inst . the positions of the enemy on the Parana were attacked by the Anglo-French forces . The resistance was obstinate . The combat lasted from ten o ' clock a . m . until 7 p . m ., when all the batteries had been taken , and the enemy cut to pieces , with considerable loss .

      On the occupation of the batteries 250 dead men were found in one , and 1 G 0 in another . The loss of the combined forces is , on the part of the French , 18 killed , and 70 wounded . The English lost 10 killed , and 25 wounded . The morning of the 20 th was hazy , but cleared up about eight a . m ., with a fresh breeze from the south ; at forty-three minutes past eight o ' clock the southern division weighed anchor , and was shortly followed by the St . Martin , the Comus , the Dolphin , and the Pandour .

      At fifty minutes past nine o'clock the batteries opened their fire on the Philomel and the rest of the southern division . That of the north lost no time in taking up its position ; the wind had begun to drop the moment the cannonade became general , and some vessels were obliged to anchor two cables beyond the points assigned them . At half-past ten o ' clock the action was general , and although we may perceive , from the effect produced by the guns of the squadron , that the fire of the batteries was irregular , still the resistance was obstinate ; the places of the gunners swept oft by the fire of the ships were instantly wfilled ; and , it must

      also be mentioned , that the enemy's cavalry concealed in tbe woods massacred without mercy the infantry who attempted to fly . . At half-past twelve o ' clock the enemy ' s brig Republicana blew up in consequence of a rocket thrown from the Dolphin . The fircships proved ineffectual in consequence of the stream . At this hour Captain Hope , of the Firebrand , manned his boat to cut the chains ; success crowned his efforts , and he opened a passage , through which the Fulton passed at one o ' clock , and took the enemy ' s batteries in flank : she was speedily followed by the Gorgon and the Firebrand .

      An instant before that manoeuvre the fire from the shore had dreadfully mauled the San Martin and the Dolphin . It seems that the enemy fixed themselves with inveteracy upon the first of these vessels , which , having had her cable cut , drifted before the wind and received about 100 shot . The Expeditive and the

      France. Frekch Legislation And Liberty (...

      Comus now came to the assistance of the flanking ships , and placed themselves within musket-shot of the batteries . The enemy ' s fire had gradually begun to slacken , and at four o ' clock they only fired an occasional shot . At this hour the English commander made the signal to man the boats , winch were to unito nlongsidc ° thc Gorgon and Firebrand . The French commander made at the same time arrangements to support the landing with , intrepidity . At a quarter to six o ' clock Captainllothamlanded with 32 o men , infantry and marines ; a detachment under the orders of

      Captain Sullivan was received at the summit of the bill by a very brisk fire of musketry , but the arrival of the remainder of the force under Captain Ilotham caused the enemy to retire . Almost at the same moment the French commander affected his landing , and took possession of the first three batteries , which he caused to bo destroyed forthwith . The next morning fresh forces were landed , and completed the total demolition of the enemy ' s positions . Ten pieces . of brass cannon were embarked , and the rest thrown into the river .

      UNITED STATES . THE OREGON QUESTION . —WAR . ' —INVITED ANNEXATION OF IRELAND ! Advices have been received from New York to the 8 th jinst . inclusive , by the arrival of the packetship Henry Clay . The Oregon question has been taken up in the house , and warmly debated , with a warlike aspect . On the 2 nd inst . Mr . Adaras gave his views at great length in favour of promptly giving the notice to terminate the existing joint occupancy of the Oregon territory . On the 5 th the Committee of Foreign Affairs recommended the adoption of that measure . The report was debated and adjourned on the Gth . until the first Monday in February , by a majority of 102 to S 2 . Some

      conversation then took place as to the time fixed for tiie special consideration of the Oregon Bill , reported from the Committee on Territories ; and , on the motion of Mr . Douglas , the second Tuesday in Feb . was substituted for the first for that purpose . ' A bill was introduced on the 2 nd instant , by Mr . Haralson , from the Committee on Military Affairs , for the organisation of two regiments of riflemen , and also for increasing the infantry , artillery , and dragoons , to be at the disposal of the president tor the protection of emigrants to Oregon or the defence ot the frontier . After considerable discussion upon the question of making the resolution a special order for the first Tuesday in January , Mr . J . Q . Adams rose and addressed the house . He referred to the varietv

      of bills providing for the defence of the country before Congress , and asked what reason there was for increasing their military establishment when tliey were at profound peace with the whole world ? Three or four years ago , when the prospect of war was as great as then , they had reduced the military establishment by one-third ; but , he said , " I do not believe at all in any danger of war at this time . " if there was danger , the first measure should be to give notice to Great Britain of their desire to terminate the existing joint-occupancy of the Oregon . Last session he had declared himself ready , as he did then , to give this notice . He hoped it would be given ; and that then they would proceed to a real occupation cf the whole territory , lie was surprised the Committee on Foreign Affairs had not reported the notice in question , and he should deeply regret if a majority of that committee should

      not bo prepared to do so . If he hoped that a majority of the house would support him , he would press such a resolution that day . While the existing convention remained , he would vote for no resolution such as that then before them . It did not follow that if they gave notice , there must of necessity be war ; nor did it follow that they should then take noHsession . It would only be saying to Great Britain , " After negotiating twenty years about this matter , we do not choose to negotiate any longer ; we shall take possession of what is our own ; and then , if to settle the question what is our own you wish to negotiate , we will negotiate as long as you please . " On the 0 th , Mr . M'Connell , of Alabama , asked leave to introiluce a resolution , which the house allowed to be read for information . [ The reading was interrupted with laughter , and the whole thing was regarded b y many as a fitting burlesque upon the proceedings of , and speeches in , Congress ] : —

      Resolved , that we hail the elevated feeling- winch now unusually prevails in our glorious confederacy to strengthen and consolidate the principles of Republican freedom , and extend the blessings of our free institutions in every practicable quarter of the universe , in the spirit of Christian love and peaceful brotherhood . Resolved , that while we hail the admission of Texas ( Which fought hev way to independence ) as a sister slate into our union , we now , with unaffected pride and satisfaction , hail the resolution of the Executive and the Congress of the United States to uphold our title to Oregon ; and in the same spirit we observe the growing desire to incorporate Mexico , Yucatan , California . < tc . into tlio Confcdpraoy ; nud thm irciano is fully entitled to share the blessings of our free institutions .

      Resolved , that the Irish people , as a nation , have long been ground down by British misrule and misgovernment , and while her people for centuries have been ground down by a monarchical yoke , they have always cherished the democratic principles of a republican governmentthe only government that has insured freedom to man . Resolved , that the house will receive with due attention and consideration any communication that may be forwarded by that high-minded and liberty-loving people , with a view to effect such an object .

      Craties' Hftolinnent^

      Craties' Hftolinnent ^

      The Truck System.—At A Public Meeting He...

      The Truck System . —At a public meeting held on the 20 th instant , at the house of Mr . Richmond , Nag ' s Head , Larabley , it was unanimously resolved , " That this meeting appoint a committee of thirteen , to be called the ' Anti-Truck Committee , ' to be composed of six farmers and seven working-men , to watch the truck system . "" That every bagman who deals in truck , shall have fourteen days' notice given him to sell off his goods , and if any one be found practising the truck system after this notice , he shall be dealt with according to law . " — " If any person be thrown out of employment in consequence of laying the information against any bagman who deals in truck , the committee do pledge themselves to use every endeavour to find such persons work until lie or they can find other employment , "

      An Address from the central committee of the Sheffield United Building Trades , to their fellow workmen : — Worthy -Brothers , — The absolute necessity and paramount importance of union and co-operation amongst the sons of labour , fur the maintenance ' of their just right * , is a tact never to be doubted : our unions are composed of parsons living by the bard-earned wages of industry , and our sole object is to protect the labourer from oppression . Labour is the primary source of all wealth ; had we mountains of gold , rivers of silver , and broad and blooming fertile plains for agricultural purposes , they would be of no real utility were it not for the industrious hand of the artisan and the labourer . In the present state of society , the three great elements of wealth aro , land , labour , and capital ; without labour , land and land and

      capital would he unproductive ; and without capital , labour could not be employed : justice , then , sternly demands that we should receive a fair remuneration for that labour . But we are gravely told that Trades Unions are monopolies , and , therefore , working men should not join them ! Hut why abuse the working classes for adopting what those above them have practised long ago ! What is the "Shipowners' Society" but a Capitalist Union ? What are the various Agricultural Associations , but so many Landowners' Unions ? What is the Bankers' Society ? the Attorneys' Society ? the Licensed Victrallers' Society ? and last , though not least , what is the " Carlton Club" but a Trades Union for those who make a trade of Tory politics ? Why , then , should the working classes be denied the use of those

      institutions so long practised by their mis-called superiors ? But what is the poor man to do ? Ho is shut out /> f the pale of representation , and buffotted on all sides by the petty tyrants of the . world . Have they not piled tax on tax , until the backs of the industrious population are breaking beneath the cruel lord ? Restrictions , exactions , and extortions , framed into engines of plunder and oppression ? The loaf of the starving millions must be halved , that luxury may be more amply poured on the table of sloth ; even the light of heaven must be taxed , that the lamps of our lordly aristocracy may throw a more dazzling splendour on tbe scones of their folly . They hare made the rich proud , profligate , and unprincipled ; the middle classes hard hearted and pprossive ; courtiers smooth and deceitful ; merchants , avaricious and selfish ; the young profligate and the old severe ; religion lost in ceremonies , and its ministers in search of

      preferment : women , the gaudy puppets of show and vanity ; children , turned out in-educated upon the world to find their way as chance or jussion guides ; taxes oppressive , and the poor starving ; tho fruits of industry squandered , to keep the world at war ; knaves fattening , white honest men starve and die . Seeing this , we earnestly call upon every man connected with the building trade to join his respective union , and lend a helpinghand towards betteringhis physical , mental , and moral condition ; for let it be distinctly understood , that the wages of those who are not in union , are supported and upheld by those who are , and although they will not pay to the union , they are reaping its fruits from theforethoughtand industry of other men . But there aresome , who are not receiving full wages , may think they are not benefited by union , yet they are grossly mistaken , for were the unions broken up , and the wages of the be > t

      The Truck System.—At A Public Meeting He...

      workmen lowered , their ? would fall proportionally lower still . Some of the best workmen also fancy they will always obtain good wagi-s , union or no union ; tliey are equally worn ; with the others , for it is th

      to the masons' union attached a sick and funeral fund ; to the joiners' there is the same , with the audition of a fund for making good those heavy losses of tools which are sometimes tbe consequence of fire or oiiicv accident ; to the bricklayers' and labourers ' , there is an accident and funeral fund ; in short , there is every infuiciment for you to join , and none to withhold you from our ranks , Not that we wish to ute the power we pos . -. ess , to encroach on the just prerogative of a master , hi dictating whom he shall or may not employ ; all wo require is a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work , We aK- quite con . vinoed that every good master is benefited V Trades Unions maintaining a uniformity of wages , a ? it then depends on the energy and enterprise of ma . iters who succeed . But where Trades Unions do not do this , they

      who can with the least scruple of conscience grind the face of the poor man , will succeed , and a good upright master has no chance of competing with them in the labour market . We again call upon every one of you io come forward , whatever branch of the building trade you may belong to , to join your respective union : let us mutually instruct and support each other : let us understand our relative positions and duties in life , for of what use is it that we arc daily compelling the various powers of nature to serve us , and administer to our wants ? of what use are all our mechanical improvements ? of what use arc all our advances in the arts and sci ' -ncas , if the great end of ail be not that the millions who labour , and

      who constitute the great majority of our race , are not to be permanently elevated in the scale of comfort and ease ? Thus united and instructed , our wives will sympathise with us in our exertions , our sons will scorn to be the tools of tyrants , and our daughters iriU bo doubly armed against the thousand ills to which -lift children of the sons of toil are exposed . Leteach and all of us , then , continue to stir up the timid and the time wavering , and cheer on the brare , and , casting to the winds MI past differences , unite in charity and brotherly love , to remedy the mutual errors of past times ; let us ptaceably yet firmly bind ourselves together , and the voice of our united numbers uprisen in their might , shall sound the death knell of the Oppressors op Mankind .

      Wiixi ah Barker , ( Chairman . )) „ . ., Geoivge Thompson Jk . ' . J -CK ! a > 'ers * Thomas Lee ) ,, JohsRoddess J Mssojis . JAMS BlJIGtEY \ . Cuaiu . es Coward j- Joiners , James Farra 1 T ,. Thomas Cook j- Labours . Samuel Locewood ) _ , , Thomas Eabkouw J rlastcre , ' s - The Biudgnobth Carpst Whavebs have been on strike for the last five weeks . The strike commenced with the carpet weavers of Messrs , M'Michael and Grier . son ' s , who turned out on account of the bad materials tliey were supplied with . The men waited on their

      employ-era on the 5 th and 8 th of December , and asked them to alter their materials , which they would not accede to . Oti the 17 th of December the men passed aresolution and gave it to their masters ; the following is a copy :- — * ' Gentlemen , we , the carpet weavers in your employ , feel ourselves much aggrieved and injured on account of the badness of your materials , and we , as workmen , consider it tyranny and oppression . We have appealed to you time after time , and can get no redress , and , moreover , you have told us that if we did sot like it we might leave it ; we are now determined to do so unless you alter our materials forthwith . For the last five or six weeks we have been labouring at a rate of wages worse than ever , and many families have suffered great privations , and unless you comply with this , our request , we shall cease

      from labour till you do . \ Ye subscribe ourselves , Tub Carpet Weavers . " The only answer from the employers was , that they would consider of it . The men struck accordingly , and have been out ever since . Last week there were forty-nine summonses taken out by the masters against the men for violation of contract . Nineteen were sentenced to pay £ 1 fine , and lis . Od . expenses , or one month ' s hard labour in prison ; and eleven Is . fine , and 10 s . Cd . e . « . penses . Two were discharged , one because he had a lame hand , and the other because he was ordered to stop . Seventeen wera had up on Monday . Tho first was fined £ 1 , and lis . Gd . expenses ; the next two were fined £ 2 and expenses , at the solicitation of our attorney , who begeed of the magistracy to impose a higher fine , on purpose that he might remove the case to the quarter sessions , and the men were bound over accordingly . The first nineteen were in prison a night and a day , and it cost upwards of £ 30 to get them out , but

      there was upwards of £ 16 gathered in two hours amongst the town ' s people towards defraying the expenses of tibe . rating them from prison , but still it falls very heavy on the poor men . On Saturday last the masters made a proposition that the men should go to work on condition of leaving the union for six months , and if they did not go on better in that time , they would give them leave to join the union again , but tbe mtn are determined to stick to tiie union , especially since the men of Kidderminster and Bridgnorth have come forward so nobly to suppsrt them in such trying circumstances . The fpil :. < . ¦•« % Mil has been circulated;— "To the inhabitants of the borough of BridguortU and its neighbourhood Wc , tin- oarpM weavers of Bridgnorth , feel it our bounden duty to return you , and the public generally , our sincere tlw . l , ? f ., v thkind and liberal manner in which you contribute : ! »;• ' 1 " fray the expense of liberaM-a- ' »•" ' " / « ' us trom prlwn , ... „ i i . upe we shall never forget your act of beucvclaux , — Low Town , Bridgnorth , Jan . 21 st , IS 4 U . "

      AssoerArrn Poweb-loom Weavers . — Tho central committee of the Astociated Power-Loom Weavers of Great Britain and Ireland met on the 25 th instant , for the transaction of business , in a school-room at ' Oldham . There were present representatives from fourteen of the principal towns around Manchester , and letters from Glasgow , & i' ., were r » ad . The minutes of the last meeting wore read and confirmed , after which the rules directed to be drawn up were discussed one by one , and , with some slight alteration , agreed to , and ordered to be printed . It was then resolved to hold a general festivity

      on the 7 th of February next , Lctteri from several parts of Yorkshire have been received subsequently to the meeting of the central committee , all of which breathe a warm desire on the part of the writers to join in the good work . No branch of operatives connected with cotton manufacture has suffered more from unneecssary reductions in wages than weavers , and this solely because they have been reckless as to their fate , and the grasping and avaricious have taken advantage of them accordingly , But it is to be hoped that the days of apathy and slavery are numbered .

      To the Members of the " Cordwainers' Mutual Assistance Association , "—As number 23 of the CordwiineM' Companion , which will appear on tho 1 st of March , is to be principally devoted to matters connected with the necessary improvements in the present laws of the Association , this is to request that the secretaries , or ( any other member , who may wish to offer any suggestions in furtherance of such a purpose , shall send tbe same for insertion without delay , so that the trade at [ large , as also the delegates of Conference , before they next meet , may , in due time , havo their attentions called to all such reasons as may be advanced in regard to many important particulars as bearing on the ultimate well , being of the Association , —Communications to be addressed to mc , iu care of the printers , Messr * . Jones and Paul , No . 2 , Smithfield , near King-street . —Editor of tiik " Cobdwainers' Companio . v "

      Arnold Framework Knitters . — The following resolutioiu were passed at a public meeting of tltc framework , knitters , held at the Druids' Tavern , Arnold , on Monday , January 26 : — "That we , the framework-kaitters in public meeting assembled , do conceive that tho local journals do not advocate our cause , to the injury of the framework . knitters ; we , therefore , request admission to the columns of the Northern Star , for the purpose of shortly stating our grievances before the public . " " That no framework-knitters encourage those public-houses where those journals are taken iu that refuse to advocate the framework-knitters' interests . " "That a three county subseription be immediately set on foot , in order that an honest lawyer may be employed ( say Mr . Roberts , I lie miners' friend ) , to advocate the cause of the framework-knitters connected with the Ticket Bill , which we , tiie framework-knitters of Arnold , are determined lawfully to carry out . We recommend the same to the adjacent villages . " " That the above resolutions be sent to the Nottingham papors and the iVivtfmi Star . "

      Smoke On Railways.—During Tho Last Few W...

      Smoke on Railways . —During tho last few weeks , experiments , still [ in progress with a view to demor * strate the possibility of getting rid of the smoke from the locomotive engine , have betn making on the Limerick and Dublin line of railroad , under the superintendence of Mr . C . Wye Williams , of Lircrpool . What they tiiisk op these Tmxcs is Fp . anck !—The following are the terms in which the National describes the opening of Parliament : — " Tiie Queen of England opened the Parliamci t on Thursday , with the usual ceremony . The car of state , a magnilicicnt work , hut utterly devoid of taste , — . eigh ; cream-coloured horses , —lackeys , halberdiers , and heraids-at-arniB in the costume of tho middle age ; the young Queen in that' interesting condition' in which she is accustomed to bo , attired according to

      ^ etiquette and receiving the Royal robes from noble Lords , statesmen bearing le'bro her one _ a sword of state , another a teriestrial globe , a third a velvet purse , which signifies that England invades the entiro world for the purposo of plundering it ; the antiquated peers walking backward before tho Queen like bonisss before an idol ; the Lord Chancellor kneeling at the foot of the throne , and presenting to his gracious Sovereign a roll of paper , which she unfolds . In the interior aro more women than men ; more white feathers than handsome faces ; and in the background , standing in rather a turbulent attitude , the members of the House of Commons preceded by the black gown and immense wig ot the Sneaker ! Rueh is tliowritten , uniform , and immutable spoctacto . ?

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 31, 1846, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_31011846/page/1/