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      September 27 ^ 1845. The Northern Star. ...

      September 27 ^ 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 : ~~^ " l : " - ' ~ T— , . ¦ ' ¦ .. ' " ...,..,. ¦ ¦ ... : ell . = ^ = ^ = ^ = ^

      The Andover Abominations. (Continued Fro...

      THE ANDOVER ABOMINATIONS . ( Continued fromoar sixth page . ) viv & voce by the " eminent a ^ nntrat " with the & before Mm in open court . But this , though { Rayrig ht course , would hareb « n » dangerous one , as Mr . Mitchlnermnstthen have been subjected to the inconvenience of a CTOss-exaiiunation , which svouldhave confuted his statements-with regard to ficmres and stopped his opinions on diet , for which he was ' not ashed , but which show how completel y he is the creature of the system by which he lives , he being the auditor of sixteen Poor Law unions . ^ -- ^^^ .--. fTW » rnTnTg 7

      Mr . Parker left Andover yesterday morning for London just before church time ; he has not returned , but it is expected that he will be hereto-night , and re-open his court to-morrow , for the purpose either of onV into the new cases or of stating tbat no furtherlnquiry will be made , and the reasons why . Asdoveb , Sept . 23 . —Contrary to general expectation Mr- Parker , tne AssistantrGommissioner , did not come down here this morning to re-open his court ; but a letter was received from the Poor Law Commissioners by the master , a copy of which was also forwarded to Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the board of ituardians . ' . dated 221845 and states

      The letter is September , , , that the object of the inquiry was to discover the fitness or unfitness of M'Dougal for the office of master of the union workhouse ; and that sufficient evidence having been brought forward to warrant his dismissal , he was therefore required to quit the workhouse with the least possible delay , as the Commissioners no longer considered him master of the house . They also state that they disapprove of the guardians having engaged him to manage the house for anofhermonth . Thoystatefnrther , thatMr . Parker laid before them a copy of the evidence , which would he immediately investigated and reported thereon , as to whether further steps should be taken for an inquiry into the other charges , hinting that such inquiry would in some measure depend upon the instant obedience of M'Dougal to their command to leave the house directly .

      I do not know who M * Dougal' s present advisers are , but they appear to be very unwise persons if they have instructed him to pursue the course which he declares he will take . He considers the Poor Law Commissioners are not his masters , but that the guardians are so , and them alone he -will obey . He has therefore closed the workhouse door against all comers , and acts as porter himself , keeping a lookout from his office above to see who approaches it . He says that he will not go without a warrant , and that he will admit nobody unless he pleases . His

      friends should tell him to complete his resistance to the orders ef the Poor Law Commissioners by fortifying the workhouse and arming the male inmates , who , no doubt , from their great affection for the master , would rather die than suffer him to be compelled to surrender his command over them . If any more need be said beyond what has been already stated to show the impropriety of retaining the master in fall exercise of his powers during the inquiry into his conduct , the following facts are strong illustrations of that opinion : —

      One of the inmates who was examined as a witness in favour of M'Dougal , and who swore that she had always duly received her rations , though the contrary was the fact , has ever since evinced great distress of mind , frequently weeping and expressing her sorrow for having told such lies , and her wish that she had an opportunity to recant the falsehood and tell the truth . This shows how much the presence and control of the master have influenced those inmates who spoke favourably of him . The second case is that of violent conduct of the matron towards one of the inmates , who did not ample to state the truth boldly , for having done so . She abused the poor woman , whose name is Elizabeth Gate , for having said things against M'Dougal , and threatened to throw a not of hot erael over her . and

      continued to talk and act in such a manner that the woman became alarmed for her personal safety , and left the workhouse . Asdover , Sept . 24 " Is he come ? " " Is Mr . Parker down yet V " "Where is the Assistant-Commissioner ?"—These were the universal inquiries this morning J but they received no satisfactory answer . As the day wore on it became known that Mr . Westlake had received ^ lctterfromthe Poor Law Commissioners , which in some degree accounted for the continued absence of the Assistant-Commissioner , after his promise on Saturday to be here either on Monday or Tuesday , Lot at the latest on Tuesday . This is the letter : — " ( 11 , 409 a—45 . ) "Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house , September 23 , 1845 .

      " Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to inform you that they yesterday received a report from Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker ; accompanied by the evidence taken in the recent inquiry , by which the commissioners have been made aware that on tha 20 th instant Mr . M'Dougal p laced his resignation of the office of master ef the Andover Union workhouse in the hands of the board of guardians , and that his resignation was then accepted by the guardians . " This was a step entirely within the discretion of the guardians to take , and , as they havo accepted Mr . Jf / DougaTs resignation , the inquiry by Mr-Parker—the object of which was to ascertain Mr . M'Dongal ' s fitness for the office which he no longer holds—is necessarily terminated .

      " The commissioners could not now issue an order dismissing Mr . and Mrs . M'Dougal , since such an order would be a nullity ; inasmuch as there is no longer any master and matron on whom an order of dismissal could take effect . " What further proceedings it may be incumbent upon the commissioners to take in this matter , after a perusal ofthe evidence , now for the first time before them in any official shape , they will proceed to consider . "lam , sir , your most obedient servant , " Geobgb Coode . Assistant-Secretary . "

      Tie commissioners do not state what length ' of time iliey will take to consider what further proceedings it Way be incumbent upon them to adopt ; and , therefore , the rate-payers are still in suspense as to whether the master will be criminally prosecuted , or suffered quietly to walk off , being enabled to say wherever he goes that he was not dismissed or punished , but that he magnanimously resigned . The letter is silent also upon another subject upon which Mr . Westlake has for the last three or four days expected a communication from Somerset-house , namely , the personal attacks made upon him in the course of the inquiry by Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker , and upon which thefollowingcorrespondence has already taken place : — "Asdover , Sept . 18 , 1 S 15 .

      "Gentlemen , —Upon one passage of your letter ofthe 16 th instant I beg leave respectfully to make an observation . You state that the summonses on the witnesses are to be served by ' persons employed by you or by your assistantrconumssioner . ' " This method of proceeding will cause inconve - nience and delay , but nevertheless you are the proper judge to determine upon the course to be . pursued . I must , however , lay before you a complaint not unconnected with this " subject , against your assistantcommissioner , Mr . Parker , who has thought fit publicly to state that the summonses served by me and my solicitor , Mr . May , were surreptitiously obtained , by which , as I was the person by whom they were obtained , Mr . Parker was understood to mean , and must have meant , that I had surreptitiously obtained such summonses .

      "Xow , I beg to inform you that shortly after the evidence taken by the guardians had been forwarded to you , and yon had directed an inquiry should take place , I saw Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the guardians , who apprised meof your determination , and , producing a number of summonses bearing the signature of Mr . Parker , said to me , ' I have received these from Mr . Parker : yon are to have as many as you please , reserving a few for Mr . M'Dougal . ' "I had no kind of desire to be troubled with the service of summonses , nor had I the least notion up to that moment that I was to be called npon to take nponmvselftUe prosecution of the charges which 1

      had preferred ; but considering that Air . Lamb was acting in pursuance of your instructions , I received from him a number of summonses , which , at great expense and very considerable trouble , I either served or caused to be served . And I ask you , gentlemen , whether it is proper that a gentleman clothed with your authority should , under these circumstances , publicly in the town in which I am living and practisiagmyprofession , charge me with surreptitiously obtaining these summonses 1 I am in the discharge of apublicduty , to me of a very difficult kind , thrust upon me by peculiar circumstances , and Irespectfully submit that I ought not to be grossly and unjustly calumniated by the person appointed by you to hear charges which I have thus been compelled to

      support . "I think it rig ht also , gentlemen , to bring under your notice a circumstance which occurred during the inquiry yesterday . " I was sitting on a seat which I had occunied on former occasions , and a witness named Annetts was under examination , when Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker publicly stated that he saw mc looking at the witness in a way I ought not . I denied , and 1 most distinctlv and unequivocally deny , that I was looking at the wttuessat all . I was indeed inastate of great bodily suffering at the time , and I am conscious that neither my eyes nor my thoughts were

      directed towards the witness ; and I can e ven establish that your assistant-commissioner ' s accusation was Unfounded by other unquestionable testimony . Still , the imputation is publicly made , and I am again nnjustly calumniated bv the person whom you , gentlenien , have appointed to discharge an important public trost . "I have considered it a duty both to you , gentlemen , and myself , to draw your attention to these b atters , not inerelv because in prosecuting this inquiry I consider mvself complying with your wishes a « d iustructions , " but because I know of no other power or tribunal to which I can appeal for the projection I need , and to which I think I am entitled .

      The Andover Abominations. (Continued Fro...

      Personall y , I care but little for these unjust attacks upon me , but since they may tend or be intended to prejudice the inquiry , I feel bound to repel them , and most respectfully to call upon you to prevent a repetition of anything of the kind . " I am , gentlemen , your most obedient servant , "T . C . Westlake . " « n .- — .. T - ...... .

      ..,- ( Answer . ) "No . 11 , 299 a-45 . "Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house , ., _ .. T Sept . 19 , 1815 . Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 18 th inst .,- complaining of the conduct of Air . Parker , Assistant - Cemmissioner , in connection with the inquiry now being carried on by him at Andover , and to inform you that the statements which you have submitted to the commissoners will meet with their consideration . " I am , sir , your most obedient servant ,

      " George Coode , Assistant-Secretary . "T . C . Westlake , Esq ., Andover . " There was a pretty full gathering to-day of the friends andadmirers of M'Dougal at the reading-room , over the door of which , singularly enough , is a signboard , bearing the inscription , " Society for Promoting Christian Knowled ge . What connection there is between such an object and the moral , or rather immoral training , which for nearly ten years has been upheld at the workhouse , it is difficult to say ; but tktre it is , that the guardians , —not of the poor , but of the master , —lay and clerical , congregated during the inquiry , with a few select friends , to strengthen each other ' s hands in their labour of love on behalf of the " most chaste and delicate-minded

      man" ever met with by the schoolmistress , as she declared upon oath . She has since resigned her office to be married ; the character which she gave the master , founded as it was upon comparison , must be a great compliment to the bridegroom . There was a great deal of conversation to-day among the " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , " both sitting in the reading-room and "standing in the streets and in the market-place . " I understand that one topic discussed was the abrupt vocal resignation of the Rev . Chairman and others on Saturday last , and the . probability , no formal resignation having been made , of their quietly resuming their functions , lest parties whose principles are the very reverse of those upon which they have hitherto acted should acquire too much influence at the board . Another topic was naturally enough the departure of the master . It appears that the

      pro-Poor Law clique regard him as a persecuted man and a martyr ; the victim of wholesale perjury . It is very easy to say that a witness is perjured ; but why not indict the parties for perjury , and prove to the world their guilt , more especially as wrongful damage is pretended to have been done by their evidence ? One legal gentleman , who asserts that all the witnesses against the master were perjured , and that all who spoke in his favour are those only who an worthy of belief , was asked whether the fact that a woman had at some period of her life had an illegitimate child would disqualify her ever after from speaking the truth ? He replied emphatically in the affirmative . By the same rule , the evidence of one of Vie clerical witnesses for the master mig ht be rejected . Isparehimthepublicationofhisname . Thelearned clerks can translate " Qui cajrit ille facit . " So much for this " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . " Next Saturday will develope their new

      move . The master and matron still remain exercising their functions at the workhouse ; and , strange to say , notwithstanding the letters from the commissioners repudiating them as servants of the union , no actual means have been resorted to for causing their removal , or for establishing any other persons in then * stead pro tempore . The master expresses his willingness to go away as soon as his accounts are made up and his salary paid to him . It is said he is about to take a public-house in Andover or Stockbridge .

      The Corn Trade. (From The Mark Lane Expr...

      THE CORN TRADE . ( From the Mark Lane Express . ) The reports received from the northern parts of the kingdom speak in a very desponding tone of the probable effects of the extremely wet and boisterous weather experienced during the week on that portion ofthe crops still outstanding . That injury , to an extent difficult to be remedied at this advanced period ofthe year . has been done is greatly to be feared and unless wehavean immediate return " of dry weather the consequences may be serious . Even if the northern harvest had been got in well the yield of wheat could scarcely have been expected to prove an average ; and , under existing circumstances , the deficiency in quality , if not in quantity , is likely to

      be much greater than was previously calculated on . Notwithstanding the fineweather experienced for three consecutive weeks , there is still a great quantity of grain abroad south of the river Humber ; whilst further north much is yet uncut . Of the total produce of the united kingdom probably twothirds may have been saved ; but it is needless to remark , that the manner in which the other third may be secured must greatly influence the whole . Our previous estimates of theprobable result of the harvest have therefore , we fear , been too favourable : and we now apprehend that , besides the already admitted deficiency in wheat and potatoes , the crops of barley and oats , as well as those of beans and peas , may prove inferior to what we were induced to nope .

      As thrashing is proceeded with , the complaints of the yield of wheat certainly increase ; nor do the accounts of the quality improve . The loss in weight alone is a serious consideration ; supposing the same to be 31 b . per bushel on the entire quantity ^ grown which is a moderate computation , and taking the whole produce of wheat of the united kingdom , in an average year , at 20 , 000 , 000 quarters , this item alone would make a difference of a million of quarters . Regarding the acreable deficiency little can as yet be authentically known ; but , from the dissatisfaction generally expressed by farmers who have put the matter to the test of thrashing , there is reason to suppose that there will also be a material falling off in that respect .

      These considerations haveiadsome influence with holders of wheat , and the disposition to sell at present prices has much diminished . Those parties who have still stocks of old , naturally conclude that the superiority of last year s growth over that of the new will cause it to command a ready sale at any period ; and , though fair supplies of new have been brought forward by thegrowcrs , they have refused to sell except at enhanced rates . The increasingly unfavourable reports relative to the potato crop have also had their weight ; and the trade has assumed a decidedly firm tone .

      3 fot only is the crop short in this country , but the harvest has been defective over the greater part of continental Europe . In Holland and Belgium the fact is so well ascertained that the government ofthe former country has deemed it prudent to reduce the duties on grain to the minimum point ; whilst all restrictions on the import of com into Belgium have been removed for a given period . Already numerous orders have been received from Rotterdam , Antwerp , & c .: and the moderate stocks of bonded com are likely to be shortly reduced into

      a very narrow compass , if not exhausted by shipments to countries whence , in ordinary years , we are in the habit of drawing some portions of our foreign supplies , in the Baltic ports Great Britain must expect to be out-bid by the Dutch and Belgians ; and in the Black Sea wheat has been bought up to supply Italy , where the crops are stated to have yielded indfiferently . It seems , therefore , that unless prices advance materially in this country we are not likely to draw any quantity of wheat from abroad .

      At nearly all the leading provincial markets held since our last enhanced rates have been obtained for wheat . Up to Tuesday therewasnotmuch excitement ; but since that period considerable anxiety has been manifested by all parties to get into stock . The upward movement has not been confined to the large consuming towns , the rise having been quite as great at many of the markets in the agricultural districts as at the places above named ; and , though the inferiority of the quality of the new wheat must tend to keep tho averages down , a material reaction in the duty may be expected to occur later in the vear .

      The most important intelligence from Scotland this week is . unquestionably that which relates to potatoes . The same disease so prevalent in the south has attacked the plant in various parts of Scotland . This discovery , together with the unfavourable change in the weather and the animated accounts from the English markets , had produced much excitement . Some of our letters from Ireland begin to express fears that the crop of potatoes has not escaped in that country ; buithe reports thence on the subject are not of so definite a character as from other parts ofthe kingdom ; and we still hope that the failure may be confined to this side of the Channel . The fine weather broke up there about the same time as with us , and all harvest operations had been arrested by the rain . _

      We Be8 To Direct The Attention Of Our Re...

      We BE 8 to direct the attention of our readers to thefollowing communication addressed to the proprietor of " Paul ' s Every Man s Friend , " whose advertisement appears in another column : —2 , Craven Buildings , London- " Sir ,-The efficacy of your corn and bunion plaister is beyond dis pute . I have been troubled-ten years with two hideous bunions , which rendered it impossible for me to get a shoe to fit , nnd when I did obtain such , I was unable to walk in them , the pain being so acute . Having seen your advertisement in a weekly periodical , to which I am a subscriber , I was induced , from the astonishing testimonials I there saw , to give the p laister a trial ; and my hopes have been fully realized ; I can now walk with the greatest comfort ; in the warmest weather , without the mortifiation of having the deformity of my feet observed . —I shall recommend the p laister to all I may find suffering from bunions , and for the benefit I have received , pray accept my thanks . I am , Sir , your grateful servant , Ltjcx Cole . June 9 , lSi-5 . "

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      " And I Will War, At Least In Words, (An...

      " And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance go happen—deeds ) , With all who war with Thought !" " I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . " —Byron

      Italy, Austria, And The Pope. No. Viii. ...

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . NO . VIII . We resume our extracts from Mr . Mazzixi ' s work ; we shall probabl y bring the subject to a close ( for the present ) next iveek . In the following extracts Mr . Mazzisi combats the arguments of those who , looking back to the intestine quarrels and divisions which' rent Italy in the midd e ages , and judging of the present by the past , disbelieve in the possibility of a national organisation and unification of the ( now ) several Italian states . To these doubters and unbelievers Mr . Mazzisi replies : —

      There is no true period of cessation for nations , bo long as the purpose to which their historically-national tendence impels them , has not been attained ; so long as the faculties and powers whose germ they bear within them have not reached the highest degree of possible development ; so long , in a word—to avail myself of a phrase scarcely current in England , but that perfectly expresses my view of the subject —» o long as their mission in humanity Is unaccomplished , Xo that period Italy has not arrived . What she has done in the world , once by material force , by conquest—once by moral force , by the word—she has done in the name of a city or a man ; in the name of a power or a principle incarnate in that man or in that city , never in tha name of the entire nation . The nation has never yet exUted in action . ; There

      has heen a Rome of the Cresars ; there has been a Rome of the Popes j the Rome of the Italian people has yet to burst forth . But vtrything has hitherto converged towards this point . The internal crisis that so long vexed Italy has its meaning , its historical explanation in this : it was the working of the Italian clement , taking up substance by substance , reducing , absorbing , all the foreign elements , races , and castes , that came from every quarterof Buropeto pour like aflood on the Peninsula . All that function of fermentation and ebullition that constitutes onrMiddle age was a work of fusion : it elaborated as it were the medium adapted for the development of that unifying Italian germ that stilt broods under the accumulated ruin of the Capitol and the Vatican .

      Moreover , this work has never been discontinued . It went on , ltss strikingly because less varied , but with twofold efficacy , during the times that followed the fall of the latter republics—times that appeared to the eyes of the superficial observer as swallowed up in inertness and insensibility . TVhen civic liberty fell , the work of equalisation progressed the faster : if it were less apparent , it was precisely that it was acting on the nation ' s oiscera , Whether before or during the revolutionary movements that at a later period came from without to agitate Italy , the people gained ground far more than the educated classes : in fact , if from time to time there were manifestations crowned with success , they were popular manifestations , such as those of 1716 at Genoa , such as those , hitherto so misunderstood , of Naples in 1799 .

      This grand general fact of the Italian people becoming by degrees substituted for every partial element , influencing hereafter every question , and forming the necessary and only point of departure for every endeavour at action , has completely escaped all those who have taken up the Italian question . The book of the nation has been sealed to them aU—to the historian Botta , as well as to the revolutionists Santarosa and Menotti ; toM . DeSismondi , as well as to the Provisional Governments of 1831 . Among writers , Romagnosi alone has caught it ; but the deduction of all the consequences was beyond him . Among men of action , Napoleon alone , himself an Italian , comprehended it ; hut be did not choose to apply it . France—perhaps because he felt more sure of her obedience—was his lever of action ; and he would give her no rival . 'Twas not tiU St . Helena , when there was no longer a motive for silence , that he could declare" Unity of manners , of language , of literature , must at a future more or less remote , end in Vringing her inhabitants under onegovernmatt . " Memoirs , Vol . 3 ,

      Where is there a single difference between the Lombard , the Romagnese , and the Neapolitan , * which is not equally marked in France between the Basque , Breton , and Norman families . The middle age is dead ; the Guelphs and Ghibellines have passed away with it ; and those who dream of them full of life , and prepared to revive and rekindle bitter dissensions between province and province , deal in romance and not in history . The factions havelost their standards : the Pope and the Emperor tore them from their hands on the day they signed their treaty of union . Three centuries of an oppression exercised towards all in tho name of the two , have placed the pair on exactly the sam » footing , and devoted them to the same conditions of life and death . . No more warsj . no more rivalries : as regards the elements of nationality , there exists nolonger Genoese , nor Tuscan , nor Bolognese ,

      nor Roman : there exist—in Italy as everywhere elseelements for the commune , none for the province . By an apparent contradiction that the vanity inherent to mediocrity sufficiently explains , it is just among the class of semi-thinkers , of semi-gifted litterateurs , political or professional—the superficial crust thrown over Italy by foreign influences and foreign schools , offering itself first to the sight , and not worth the probing—it is among that class that the distrusts and jealousies talked of are still exhibited : among that class at least is to be found a disposition to admit and exaggerate these jealousies , little reflected elsewhere . The people , the grand Italian mass , know nothing of them . ' How should they feel them ? "Wretched slaves that they are , where should they find elements of rivalry , local influences to pander to , vanities to satisfy ?

      There is enough in the distrustful habits of the Italians of tho present day , to render extremely difficult and perilous the understanding that must necessarily precede any movement ; but that movement successful , there is little or nothing to hinder the unification of Italy : unification , I say , and not centralization , such as it seems to be too often understood , pushed to those farthest limits where it passes into despotism . # # # # * Almost all the States into which Italy is now divided , are net of popular national formation—they have been made what they are hy foreign diplomacy or usurpation : on the other hand , there is not , there never has been , hittorically speaking , a settled , active antipathy of province against province . Scarcely do you find that the boundary of one of those provinces , as now traced , resulted from

      the wars that attended the period of Italian vigour . Those wars , when they were not between citizens of the same city— " tra quel che un muro e una fossa serra , " as Dante expresses it—raged between trae city and another : Pavia , Como , Milan ; Pisa , Sienna , Florence , and so on , But all these rival cities have long since been engulfed into one vortex of power ; their hatreds have been deadened hy ages of common slavery . What remains of them - —if indeed aught remains—is barely enough to furnish a proverbial expression for household gossip , and is too feeble to reach the forum of national regeneration . Prisoners may sometimes give a turn to sorrow by quarrelling in their chains ; but the first grand impulsotowards general deliverance will stifle in enthusiasm this relic of the old leaven . The tocsin of the nation imposes silence on

      the gossip ofthe household : and she slight differences existing may become , under the hands of able and popular men , an exceUent stimulus to emulating efforts . Let me not be accused of neglecting facts , and of opposing hasty negatives to the deductions from a calm study of realities and to the lessons of experience : for I should be tempted to reply somewhat tartly to those grave and calm studies that are limited to a given epoch , and to that pretended experience that breaks tradition in place of continuing it , and nullifies the present for a past often ill-understood . "Why should tha recent immediate fact always be sacrificed to the ancient ? Why , in favour to the middle ages , are we always to shut our eyes to what the last forty years have been incessantly repeating as to the inevitable effects ofthe impulse I have heen describing

      on the Italian masses 1 If those who nourish these fears for our future had seen , as we did , the wives and daughters of the people at Genoa , who a few days before , in the bitterness of common misery , were singing old snatches of song against the Piedmontese , now lavishing flowers . and acclamations , as they accompanied them on their route , on regiments of these same Piedmontese , that , after having worked out the movement of 1821 , were quitting the city to march—at least so it was theughtagainst Austria ; if they had seen the spirit of fusion and warm fraternity that actuated the youth of the most rival cities of the Popedom at the time of the insurrection of

      1831 ; if they had followed , as we have done , the phases of Italian opinion throughout the inconceivable efforts of succeeding years—then they might comprehend what a feeling of country , reduced to a frank and energetic formula , could accomplish in a land all the districts of which have been cementing their brotherhood for half a century by the blood of martyrs ; they could more easily calculate the progress , what between its consecration on the battlefield and on the scaffold , that must have been made in Italy by an idea re-echoed for fifty years , half from conviction half from imitation , by our literature , and diffused , filtered , through all classes , by an uninterrupted chain of secret associations .

      And now , ye throned scourgers of nations—ye liberty-hating diplomatists—ye English traitors , base seal-breakers and forgers , tools of foreign tyrants , shameless betrayers of England ' s honour—all ye hated and detested ones , whom the nations pant to trample down , read the following : list ! to the prophetic voice that foretels—aye , andforetels truly , too —your discomfiture and Italy's regeneration . Bead , too , ye patriots , and rejoice at the fast coming of that hour when Italy shall burst her chains , and become once more

      " Great , glorious , and free . " " Italy , then , wills to be a nation ; and one she must become , happen as it may . As certain as lamivriting these words , this age will not ^« s » away ere the protocols of the treaty of Vienna shall have served for wadding—perhaps on the march to Vienna itself—for the muskets of our Italian soldiery . "

      * The Islands Alone Present A Physiognom...

      * The islands alone present a physiognomy decidedly peculiar ; and no system of consolidation ever aimed at withholding from them a special administration .

      Asrr Iroltttre M Jtorticulture

      asrr iroltttre m Jtorticulture

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 2 nd , 1843 . LExtracted from aBurt of Actual Operations on five email larms on the estates ofthe late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near bastpourne , Jn Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at blaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley lyas , near Iluddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . Ihe farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of liastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diart is aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Newell , calculated for the timo and season , which we subjoin .

      "Let us ever remember that , in all our attempts to improve society , we ought to direct our efforts to the young and unsophisticated . . By giving them sound mental and physical training , we may correct the errors and subdue the prejudices of . their elders . "—Anon . Wots . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , whs in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in . the afternoon for the master s benefit , which renders the schools SELFsupporting . W believe that at Faml y Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned ta the boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive the usual school-fees , help the boys to cultivute their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , & c . to convert thir produce into bacon , by . attendlng to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after , payiny rent , and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach , their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUSSES . Mondat— Willingdon School . Boys hoeing white turnips sown after oats . Eastdean School . Fourteen boys digging up . potatoes , and clearing ground for wheat Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Digging . TuEsnAY—Willingdon School . Boys turning dung and mould heap , to be ready for wheat . Eastdean School . Digging up potatoes , healing them for winter , and stone picking . Piper . Carrying chalk upon the potatoe ground intended for wheat . Dumbrell . Digging . Wednesday— Willingdon School . Digging stubble for winter tares . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the pigstye tank , gathering stones . Piper . Carrying chalk as before . Dumbrell , Digging .

      Thursda y— Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean Sclwol . Boys digging potatoe ground , and picking up the haulm . Piper . Sowing rye . Dumbrell . ^ Digging , hoeing turnips , thrashing tares ; applied 24 gallons of liquid manure to one rod of ground , for rye . Fkidav— Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Wet weather , boys in the school all day . Piper . ^ Digging wheat stubble for tares . Dumbrell . Sowing rye , thrashing barley . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing barley , the weather being wet . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable tubs and tank , cleaning styes and school room . Piper . The same as before . Dumbrell . "Winnowing barley , tares , thrashing oats , and harrowing .

      COW-FEEDING , Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips and a little chaff . Piper s . In the morning a little clean straw while cleaned out , while milking , a gallon of potatoes mixed with chaff , afterwards turni ps or tares , Dumbrell's , One cow stall-fed with Italian rye grass , and white turnips till Tuesday night , afterwards with Italian rye grass and lucerne . One cow and heifer staked out on the young clover , and fed morn and even with tares , potatoes , and wheat chaff till-Friday night . On Saturday , stall-fed with turnips , potatoes , carrots , and barley chaff .

      Com P Ostiso Manure .~In Every Moment Of...

      Com p ostiso Manure . ~ In every moment of leisure attend to your mixens , compost mould and dung together in the mixens . Some one may say , "Where is the mould to be . procured ? " You may reply , " Every one that has land is not without . mould of some sort or other . "—Then again it may be said , '' Where are we to get dung V And your answer at once may be , " By growing plenty of food for cattle . " It may be said that there is an immense deal of trouble with these dung mixens . This is very true ; but we can get nothing in this world without trouble . The real question is this , not whether you have great trouble from it , but whether it will pay you for your trouble . Be not afraid of getting too much manure ; for if you neglect the chief object , your farm will be a failure ; while with plenty of manure , you can double crop and double your stock .

      Method op Compostiso . —Spread equally , and cover the whole of each mixen floor with a layer of cow dung , horse litter , & e ., to the thickness of eight or ten inches , and keep the long straw nearest the floor . Then for every cart load of fresh dung , take 10 or 12 fts . of gypsum pounded from the rock , which will cost you from 2 s . Cd . to 3 s . per cwt . Sprinkle it over the surface of the layer of dung , Bring ia a load of mould from headlands , decayed roots , scouring of ditches , road scrapings , stubble , saw dust , nothing can come amiss , and leaving it on the composting yard pavement , the cart may pass through the cow-lodge without the trouble of turning round . Let the rubbish , so left , be handed to cither mixen , and spread over the surface , and when you can obtain a load or two more at intervals , you may spread it upon the other . In this state let it remain until you have a fresh supply of dung under the manure doors ,

      then fork the first layer well over , and proceed just as before , careful neither to omit the gypsum nor mould , in forming your second layer . Previous to forming a new one , always fork over the last layer , and after a few repetitions , pump and diffuse over the whole surface as much tank liquid as will completely saturate the manure heap , and any excess will fall back again into the tank ; and this repeat , from time to time , when it may be deemed necessary to do so . With plenty of cattle in the byres , and plenty of space in tho yard , you may thus create an enormous bulk of manure , rich , and well mixed . Further Means of Enriching the Mixen . —Your pigs must be continually supplied with fresh mould . They will tread it and make it into the richest compost . It may then be handed over to , and compounded into the mixen . The night-soil compost may be also used in the same manner .

      Agluculturlal, Uilfcimlstry. (Continued ...

      AGlUCULTUrlAL , UilfciMlSTRY . ( Continued from the Northern Star ofAngust Id , ) ASHES . 02 . We have already alluded , incidentally , to the existence of ashes in the residual matters of all organized substances , when the volatile matter and the carbon have been burnt away . It _ would tend only to protract and perplex our inquiries , should we attempt even to enumerate all the residual substances which ingenious persons have seen or imagined in the ashes of organised beings . Gold , for instance , has been discovered in tamarind stones ; " copper in coffee , to a large amount ; and arsenic in the remains not merely of poor Madame . Laflarge , but of many

      other persons less unfortunate , it may be hoped , in their domestic relations . Much more useful was tho observation of Sir II . Davy , that flint , or silex , exists in the stems of wheat , oats , and other grasses ; and it is perhaps by a continued investigation of the influences exercised by even minute portions of some inorganic or mineral substances upon the growth of certain plants , that we can hope to establish the practice of agriculture on a truly rational basis . Our countrymen have contributed little to promote such inquiries since the time of Sir II . Davy , but continental chemists have done more ; of this the pages of Professor Johnston , Liebig , Graham , « fcc , bearabundant

      testimony . 93 . About four years ago , Mr . Rigg published the results of some interesting experiments " ofthe influence of nitrogen on the growth of plants . " ( Phil . Trans . 1838 , p . 395-403 . ) Ue notices the remarkable connection between the nitrogen and theresidual , as he calls it— -f . c , between the nitrogen and tho ashes . He points out the influence of both , upon the growth of plants , lie observes , "that in that part of the seed where germination ( 84 ) takes place , nitrogen preponderates , when compared with its quantitv in other parts of the seed ; " " that those seeds of the same kind which contain the largest quantity of nitrogen , germinate the earliest : " " that the quantity of nitrogen is largest in the spring , and diminishes with the season . " He finds more nitrogen in the roots than in the stems and trunks of different plants , and then makes this important observation : — "Not only is the nitrogen more abundant in the roots ol

      plants and trees ; the residual , also , when compared with the quantity in the trunks , will be found incxcossin the roots . " " Now , if we admit the principle , that nitrogen is a powerful agent in favouring chemical action upon vegetable and animal matter and that this residual is essential to the healthy performance of every function of the roots , as well as every other part of the plant , and forms , as it were , a most perfect skeleton olthe whole , we have in these roots that which will favour such action in an eminent degree , when compared with the other part of the tree . " The sap-wood is very differently constituted from the more perfect part , the heart-wood , an c . V cess ol mtrogen being Invariably found in the former . " ' ihe sap-wood more readily passes into a state of decay than the heart-wood . Here , again , the nitrogen and the residual being present in larger quantities in the iorinet- than iu the latter , we have them exerting their influence as promoters of decomposition ! 4

      Agluculturlal, Uilfcimlstry. (Continued ...

      We have also tho greatest quantities of nitrogen and residual in' those timbers which grow the quickest ; and ; further than this—for directly asis ] the quantity of nitrogen and residual , taken collectively , so do we appear to havcthe decay of timber , all other circumstances being equal . " In Dantzic and English oak , the quantity of nitrogen and residual are both very small . In American birch , the nitrogen and residual are in large quantities , and , as is well known , this timber decays very quickly . " But it is not enough for us to find a difference in the proportionate quantity of nitrogen in the different parts of the same

      plant or tree ; we must also observe , that the quantity appears to be proportional to the functions which the parts of the plants have to perform in vegetation . For instance , if the agency of any part of the plant be great in tho scale of vegetable physiology , so is the quantity of nitrogen , and vice versa . So apparent is this , and so universal is the operation of this law over the whole sphere of inquiry in which I have been engaged , that we might almost consider this element , when coupled with the residual , to be the moving agent , acting under ihe influence of the living principles of the plant , and moulding into shape the other elements .

      95 . 'Throughout the whole course of my experimental inquiry , " says Mr . Mr . Rigg in another place , " 1 have not met with one instance wherein wo have a large proportion of nitrogen and residual , that we have not violent chemical action , and quick growth of the plant , all other circumstances being favourable . "Ihave not analysed any product in a natural state wherein I have not found both nitrogen and residual . " Mr . Rigg concludes his most valuable remarks , of which the preceding extracts form only a small part by statinghis object to be , * ' to draw attention to an element which , comparatively speaking , has escaped unnoticed , and to vindicate the necessity of a most scrupulous attention to those products which , though so minute in quantity as to be with difficulty detected in our balances , have ,

      nevertheless , been wisely designed to discharge the most important functions . " 06 . If , for the sake of experiment , we burn wood , peat , or wood charcoal , and collect the ashes they afford , we shall be very much surprised to find them so light and so few . If we fill a wide-mouthed bottle with the dry ash thus obtained , we shall find that it will afterwards receive a considerable quantity of water . We pour in water until it rises to the bottle ' s neck , and set it aside for a day or two , shaking it now and then . We can then pour off a clear liquid from the dregs at the bottom , can fill the bottle with more water , and again pour it off clear , once or twice . We shall thus divide the ashes into two portions , the ono soluble in water , constituting the clear liquid , the other remaining as dregs at the bottom of the bottle , undissolved or insoluble . 97 . Tho clear liquid will be found to contain

      alkaline salts ; the dregs , or insoluble part to consist of earthy matters . The clear liquid obtained in this way from the burning of shrubs and trees , is , in some countries , especially in America , boiled down until all the water is driven away from the alkaline salts , which are converted into potash ; if prepared in another way , they are called pearlash . Wormwood is a weed abounding in potash , and was formerly much employed as a source of the alkali , especially for medicinal uses and was termed salt of wormwood . 08 . Plants growing near the sea , and all kinds of sea-weed , when burnt to ashes , j leld alkali called soda . ( Potash is sometimes called vegetable alkali—soda , mineral alkali . ) Soda is the alkaline basis of common salt ; and most part of the soda so extensively employed in the arts is now obtained from tho chemical decomposition of common salt , b y processes , frequently ^ injurious to "vegetation and prejudical to health .

      99 . Peaty lands are pared and burnt with considerable advantage . In this process many ashes arc produced which , if left exposed in heaps to the weather , resolve themselves into a soluble and an insoluble portion , as described above ( 96 ); the consequence of which is , that the soluble portion sinks into the soil , and produces burnt and barren patches in some places , in others rank and luxurious growth , instead of impartimg uniform fertility , which it would do if evenly spread over the field at an early period . 100 . A very large consumption of peat and firewood is effected daily in many rural districts , and a corresponding production of ashes is the result . These are too little attended to ; they are heaped up , generally near some open ditch or drain , into which the soluble portion , by far the more valuable , as far as it goes , is

      washed away by the rain . There , meeting with decayed vegetable , perhaps , also , animal matter , it hastens their unprofitable and deleterious composition . The very property which gives value to the soluble portion of peat ' ashes , when judiciously applied to the soil , renders them , in this way , active instruments of mischief . Peat ashes ought to be protected from the rain , whenever they are found to afford much soluble matter . 101 . According to the views entertained by the most eminent chemical authorities , it is the loss of what constitutes the ashes of plants , and not , as was believed by the best authorities , down to a very recent period , the loss of carbonaceous matter , that i : mpoverishes the field from whence a scourging crop baa been taken ; and , of the ashes , the vegetable alkali

      potash , it is contended , is the substance most usually carried away , and the one which is most slowly returned to the soil . It is an opinion very prevalent with the owners of land , that the way in which the farmer disposes of the produce of his fields , whether by consuming it upon the premises , by selling off hay , milk , straw , grain , potatoes , & c . & c ., will , at the expiration of the lease , tell heavily in one way or another , according as the conduct of tho tenant is fair and prudent , or the reverse . There are various srs terns established b y usage in different parts of the country , mostly founded on experience , which ought not to be lightly unsettled on theoretical grounds . Yet it is obvious , that when the tenant can fully restore ^ the land in one form those elements of fertility j which he has carried off in another , he will at least

      maintain its condition unimpaired , whatever may be his system ; and if he attend diligently to the mechanical state of his soil , he may perhaps effect some improvement . But in every district , perhaps in every field of every farm , tkere is an excess of one , and a deficiency in another , element of fertility . This holds especially true of the numerous substances constituting the ashes of plants , and those azotiscd matters which go to modify the juices of vegetables . 102 . Carbon , after all , is the staple of every organised matter , In 1000 parts of heart-wood of English oak , there are 424 parts of carbon , 567 of water , nitrogen 2 , ashes 8 . Wheat consists of carbon 410 , water 5 G 0 , nitrogen 20 , ashes 8 . If the element of water be

      left out of calculation , the relative proportions of nitrogen and ashes to 1000 of carbon were found by Mr . Rigg to be as follows : —Young English oaknitrogen 13 , ashes 3 ; heart-wood of oak—nitrogen 4 , ashes 2 ; barley—nitrogen 46 , ashes 30 ; wheat—nitrogen 45 , ashes 30 . These instances are adduced to Show the immenso disproportion in quantit y between the carbonaceous and other ingredients of vegetable substances ; not the disproportion in value—far from it . The object of agriculture is to produce azotiscd carbonaceous matters . Carbon forms the mass , nitrogen the quality ; the ashes—the saline matters—seem necessary accompaniments to the nitrogen . Carbon constitutes the bulk , nitrogen the-yalnaWcingredient , in all vegetable substances .

      LIGHT AXD DARKNESS . 103 . Light and Darkness act in a manner totally opposite one to the other upon organised matter , animal and vegetable , living or dead . The modern art ofphotogenic drawing affords a remarkable illustration ofthe chemical ^ effects of light , and has led to the observation of a singular fact—that the green leaves of vegetables give no image on the daguerrotypc , the chemical rays of light being entirely absorbed by the green leaves—an extraordinary circumstance , but one which easily explains the enormous expenditure of chemical power required for the decomposition of a compound so stable as carbonic acid . It is only under the influence of light that vegetables , exercise their reducing or deoxidating powers , already referred to ( 88 , 90)—that they decompose carbonic acid ,

      retaining its carbon for their own use ,. and returning oxygen to the atmosphere . Plants , then ,. possess energetic means of reduction which we cannot imitate ( 88 ); for chemists have no method of decomposing carbonic acid at ordinary temperatures . , 104 . In mines and other gloomy subterraneous caverns , there is either no vegetation at all , or it is confined to a few species of fungi , & c . The ^ hade is always injurious to vegetation . Green colouring matter , the most abundantly diffused of vegetable products , cannot be formed without the influence of light . In the dark , vegetables arc etiolated ; they are not merely blanched , deprived of colour , but altered in taste and form , insomuch that they cannot be recognised , and acquire properties that do not belong to their natural state . An acute French

      philosopher has drawn a useful practical distinction between nocturnal and diurnal vegetation—the vegetation of light and the vegetation ofthe shade ( Itaspail , Physiol . Vegetale , & c . ); observing , however , that there is no vegetable absolutely diurnal or absolutely nocturnal—that the more elaborate plants are nocturnal in their roots , diurnal in their leaves , stems , and flowers ; and the most minute and simple fungi require light to perfect their flowers and seeds . 105 . The great character of diurnal vegetation is the green colouring matter ofthe leaf , and a firmer , more fibrous or woody structure ; noctcrnal vegetables are pale , soft , and pasty . . Night and shade check the crowtli of the former , daylight that of the latter . In

      a warm and moist atmosphere the advance ot diurnal vegetation , and the depth of its green colour , arc proportioned to the brightness of the sun ; influenced by the same warmth and moisture , but shrouded m the darkness ofthe night , and under the thick clouds ot autumnal weather , the vegetation of the shade is so sudden and so notorious , that the vulgar , who transmit the results of their experience ^ . F ™™?' say of upstart men that they spring forth hke mushrooms . The mushroom tribe , and mMymimrteTO . gelations , such as those which cause blig ht milac * , % e „ are nocturnal plants . The dry rot oUark celar , and various species of mouldmess , dome as much of their destructive agency from darkness as from damp . " Whilst diurnal vegetation , under the influence ol Jieht , tends to restore oxygen to the air ,

      Agluculturlal, Uilfcimlstry. (Continued ...

      it is found that mushrooms absorb oxygen , and disen gage carbonic acid gas . '* , ¦ ' . ' - "" .- „ 106 . The germination of seeds proceeds best in the dark , beneath the surface of the ground ; the seed soon establishes a diurnal vegetation in the leaf , whilst the opposite function is performed by the root . Skilful gardeners know the mischievous effects resulting from injudicious burying the stems oi trees ana shrubs beneath a heap of mould , and from the opposita error of laying bare the roots . -. They also know how to profit by nocturnal vegetation , in the blanching of celery , kale , & c . The cabbage head is a good specimen ofdjurnal vegetation initsextern . il green leaves that hSf e been exposed to thclighfc , and the nocturnal growth of tho soft , watery , white internal portion to which the sun's rays could not penetrate .

      107 . Thechernical influence of light upon dead organised matter , upon the remains of animals and plants mingled with the soil , has not been much attended to . The subject is not attractive , yet must not he passed over entirel y without notice . We will at least briefly advert to some singular effects of light in promoting the combination and combustion of certain inorganic gaseous matter . It has been stated alread that the decomposition ' of organised substance is in reality a sort of combustion—a combustion , too , of substances in rapid progress from a solid or fluid to a gaseous state—from the organic to tho inorganic kingdom . We may also refer again to the daguerreotype , as an instance ofthe chemical agency of light in effecting decomposition and reduction .

      108 . When the water ofthe river Thames , wfci < I £ contains no small portion of organic matter , is put into casks , and of course excluded from the light , it soon undergoes a kind of fermentation , emitting a disagreeable Harrowgate smell , until all the organic matter is dissolved into volatile gases which escape into the air , and black insoluble carbonaceous powder which subsides to the bottom of the cask , leaving the water purified , clear , and wholesome . If a glass decanter filled with Thames water , or any such compound , be placed in the sunshine , and continue exposed to the daylight , no such change as tho ono above described takes place ; on the contrary a , quantity of green matter soon forms inside the glass , and increases day by day , for a certain time , during which period the green matter , under the influence or .

      light , goes on purifying the water in its peculiar manner , with this marked difference , that the gaa emitted is pure oxygen . So that what we may terra the diurnal decomposition tends to purify the air —• nocturnal decomposition to vitiate and pollute it . The mixture of water and organic matter is supposed to be the same—the temperature the same— " everything the same , except that light is admitted in tha one case and excluded in the other . 109 . The green matter ofthe vegetable leaf appears to be at once a product of light , and a chemical agent , which , under the influence of light , effects the reducing process so often mentioned ( 103 ) . Chemists , as is their custom , have bestowed many names upon tha green colouring matter—chromule , chromulite , chlorophyll , chlorophillite , vegetable , chameleon , < tc , drc .

      So excessive is the colouring power of this substance , that scarcely ten grains are reported to bo contained in the entire mass of leaves of a large tr ( e . 100 . It were foreign to our purpose to discuss at length , and yet it were cruel not to mention at all , the salutary influence of light upon animals as well as vegetables . There can be no doubt whatever bllti light— -sunshine—is essential not merely to the maintenance and renovation of health—to ' the beauty o £ complexion in the human species—but even to the development of form and beauty in tho lower animals . The very tadpoles , it is said , will live and grow in the dark , but without light they are unable to acquire the perfection of their nature ; they cannot become complete frogs . 111 . The salutary influence of light in purifying the air ofthe atmosphere , and in decomposing unwholesome gaseous matters of inhabited apartments , will not be doubted by any one acquainted with tha

      rudiments of chemistry , though we cannot adduce rigorous proof of the fact ; for we know little of such emanations , except their effects . It seems , however , that nitrogen and hydrogen arc the gases most remarkably affected by light in their compositions and decompositions . In many cases , bodies which ill obscurity remain totally without action on one another , are brought into combination by exposure to light , and the rapidity of their action is " proportional to the brilliancy of the light . Thus chlorine and hydrogen mixed , remain unaltered for any period in . the dark ; if exposed to the diffuse daylight , they silently combine , but explode suddenly if " a direct ray of sunshine fall upon the mixture . There are soma chemical experiments for which only a few days in summer were found bright enough in Dublin ; others for which the sunshine of Dublin was totally inadequate , yet which succeeded perfectly at Paris .

      112 . It was time , rather than air or light , that ; gave rise to the sudden and remarkable effects about to be noticed , but they belong to our subject , and will . not be misplaced here . In the year 1815 the leaden , coffin of King Charles I . was opened in tho presence of the Prince Regent , afterwards King George IV . An account of tho appearances then observed was drawn up for publication by Sir Henry Halford , and countersigned by his Royal Highness . Wc shall only quote one sentence— " The left eye , in the first moment of exposure , was open and full , though it vanished almost immediately . " The unfortunate Charles had not been interred quite 200 years . The following is a still more remarkable instance of the

      effect of time upon organic matter . The Gonlaloniere Avolta of Corneto discovered , in Tarquinai , the body itself of an Etruscan chief , though he was only permitted one rapid glance before the appearance waa mingled with its mother earth , frem which it had been so strangely kept apart for thousands oi ' years . "He saw him crowned with gold , covered with armour , with a shield , spears , and arrows by his side , and extended on his stone bier . But a change soon came over the figure—it trembled , crumbled , and vanished away , and by the time an entrance was effected , all that remained was the golilen crown ,, and a handful of dust , with some fragments ' of the arms . "—Edin . lievieiv , Ixxviii ., 127 . ( Tobe continued . )

      M\Mmt&%$Cu

      m \ mmt & %$ cu

      Bankrupts. [From The Gazette Of Friday, ...

      BANKRUPTS . [ From the Gazette of Friday , -September Ttf . l William Mills E . obinson , gfBurnhnm , Bin'liingliamshire ,: draper—George Fordham Blow , of 21 , Great Hover-street , Newington , currier—Hohert Ludgate Harness , ofVulvcr- ' ton , Somersetshire , spivit-dcalcr—James Fleetwood Cannon , of Liverpool , bookseller—James ileek , of litiardean , Gloucestershire , coal-proprietor . BANKRUPTS . fJVom Tucsdtfji ' s Gazelle , Sept . 25 , 13-15 J Theodore Lock-hart and Charles Lockluirt , of lSG . Chcapside , and of Fulham , Middlesex , florists—James Gale , of Little . Albany-street , Regent ' s Park , candle manufacturer —Charles Best , of 5 , St , JnmesVwalk , Clerlicnwcll , jjrinter—Thomas Sanderson , of Liverpool , coal-merchant . '

      DIVIDENDS TO BE DEO , AKE 2 > . In Oie Country . William Bowen , of -Merthyr Tyuvil , Glamorganshire , grocer , October ll , at twelve , at the Court of bankruptcy , Uiistol—George Byford , of Liverpool , wholesale grocer , October 14 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—Wilson Forster , of Liverpool , tailor , October 14 , afc half-past twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpoollleury Cook ; of Liverpool , painter , October W , at lialfpast twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool-John . James Brez , of Chester , tailor , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool— John Milne , of High Crompton , Lancashire , dealer , October 14 , afc twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester— . lames llaselden , of Bolton-lc-Moors , cotton . spinner , October 11 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester—William Nell , of Ardwiek and Manchester , common brewer , October 22 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester . Certificates to be granted , unless cause be shown to tilt contrary on the day of mectinjr .

      Peter "Walker , of Quickset-row , . New-road , huildar , October 16—Thomas Sims , 235 , Whitechanel-road , victualler , October 10—John Cann , of Woolwich , hrickluyer aud builder , October 16—Francis Harrington Church , of Southampton , surgeon and apothecary , October 15—Henry Prior , ofSise-lane , London , stationer and wincmercliant , October 14—James Young , of Bury St .. Edmund ' s , - tobacconist and tea dealer , October II—I'houias Foot Piper , of 04 , Cheapside , 4 , Bishopsgatc-slvoet Without , and 2 , Thomas-place , North-street , Whitechapel , and of Union-road , Landpurt , llauts , wholesale stay , manufacturer , October 14-James Warren , of Bristol , merchant , October 15—James Bryan , of Bristol , chemist and drugg ist and tobacconist , October 10 , CEtmnciTES to he granted hy the Court of Itcviow , unless cause be shown to the contrary , on or before October 14 .

      John -Crabtree and William Burnley , ot lunstead , in the Forest of llossendale , Lancaster , woollen manufacturers—David Parry , of P . utlvm , Denbighshire , cuvner and leather seller—James Meakin Gardner , of Liverpool , wine and brandy merchant — Edmund Smith , Robert Smith , and Joseph Swann , of Woodhead , Chester , provision dealers aud beer sellers-William Wayward Uawo of Portsea , Hants , currier and leather scllsr-Louis Leplcs . trier , of 30 , Alfred-street , River-terrace , Islington , natch maker-William Johnson , of 30 , West SnuthnolU wine merclmnt-WUBam Walters , late of 23 , Craw-lord- * reet , Marylebone , silk mercer , now of 14 , HavcourUtreet , Marylebone , assistant warehouseman . PAHTNinSHlPS DISSOLVED . ¦ Henry Morson and Thomas Winston , of Coptlutll-cham . bers City , West India merchants—Henry Morsou , Thomas Winston , and James Udall , of St . Christopher ' s , West Indies , merchants—Richard Kendall and Rowland Hill , of Nottingham , brown net commission agents—Henry Thompson and Edward Richardson , of 2 , Cowper ' s-court , Cornhill , and of Southampton ; ship brokers—JX'rotby

      Higgiubottom and Sarah Housley . of CUeaterKuld , Derbyshire , milliners—Russell Taylor and / William Aburrow , of 2 , Idol-lane , City , druggists—ThomiisirSinJtl ) Parker anS Peter Taylor , of Birkenhead , Cheshire ,, veterinary surgeons—Joseph Applcton and Richard ' . Holland Brad ey , of Greenwich , Kent , surgeons—Joseph IMmuiul Pool and Charles Stovsns , of » , FurafraVs-inn , City , attorn * ya—Thomas Cliedwick and William Gaakiil , ol" Manchester , cotton dealers—William Lea and Benjamin Col « y . of flir . mingham , architects— Charles ' Anstice and Benjamin , Gimelier , of Plymouth , soda water manufacturers— ^ toiamin Higgs and Thomas Wright , of Birkenhead , Uieshira ironmongers-John Alcockand James "" so ? , ot laver .. pool , fruit merchants-Edward Smith and WMuiM . Smith , ofScwark . uiwn . Trmt , Notanfliam ^ ire ) wceis-Oh « lM Lonff find Ford Hale , Jun ., of St . Jolui-strect , ^ e * t iamithfieltl , oil uieii'Jiaius-Joim Simpson and l > ilhau i-impson , of Market Weightou , Yorkshire , inukecpcth-Jphn . Lalea andlsnbel ' aKalo . ' . of West Auckland , Durham , propnei tors of a lunatic asy lum—Elias B . ver and Ceovgc Dyer , of , Bath corn factors—Charles Applcton ; uv . t lloraUoXclson —Samuel Asticy Wcstou and Reginald Jennings , of llei'C ford , chemists .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_27091845/page/7/