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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th June 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, AtwmmmA Present from Mehemet Ali Ti^^BxW>3%/ f v§J>.l. _

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    • jforetern iUouemcnts.
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      Jz* . - W ' M' The Northkrw Stan - ¦! _ ...

      JZ * . - ' m' THE NORTHKRW STAn - ¦! _ 7

      Jforetern Iuouemcnts.

      jforetern iUouemcnts .

      «I And I Will War, At Least In Words, I ...

      « i And I will war , at least in words , i And- —should my chance so happen—deeds , ) -ffithall who war with Thought !"

      (I J Flniik I Hear A Little Fcird, Who S...

      ( i j flniik I hear a little fcird , who sings Ihe peop- byand by will be the stronger . " —Braosr . EASTERN EUROPE AND THE EMPEROR NICHOLAS .

      so . -vr a . He sixth chapter of the 1 st volume of this work , jont ainsan account of the "Polish Emigration , " de scribing the various parties into which tie emigration is divided , and the chiefs or leading characters of fliose parties , & e . The succeeding chapter describes the two heroic but unfortunate "Attempts of the Emigrants in 1833 and 183 G . " These two chapters are themost interesting in the volume , nevertheless tre pass them over for the present , preferring to nogee them when bringing our review to a close , we fome to examine the prospects of the Polish cause and estimate tie strength of the partisans of that a uise- The last chapter of tie firstvolume , contain ' s a brief account of the so-called .

      REPUBLIC OF CRACOW . When fie last partition of Poland took place , Russia jrassla , and Austria having dividedamongst them twenty jaUions of its population , generously guaranteed the independence of the remainder—about a hundred and { tarty thousand—at the Congress of Vienna , by establish ing the free republic of Cracowiu 1815 . This patty state , consisting of the city of that name , with its surrounding territory , situated at the foot of the Carpathian mountains , and containing the tombs of King John Sobiesld , Kosausko , and Poniatowsld , is all that now remains of Poland wearing even a semblance of nationality or independence .

      Prince Adam Czartoryski , then the friend and confident of the Emperor Alexander , prepared for this miniature republic a liberal constitution ; but the three protective courts , under various pretexts , soon rendered its dead letter . Let us cite what Warmier , who gathered his information on the spot , in 1842 , says upon this subject . "The commission ( appointedby the three powers , to see the constitution pat in force ) spent three years in its task , and at the end of it the chamber of representatives found itself dispossessed of ihe right of investigating the conduct of the senate , without obtaining the consent of the senate thereunto;—deprived of the power of discussing the question of supplies , or of impeaching any public functionaries .

      * ' The article relative to free trade was partly omitted , partly evaded . Cracow no longer enjoyed tbe franchise accorded to its home produce { by the treaty of Vienna , ) and oppressive duties were placed on all articles which the cityimported from Austria . "The university , endowed by tbe munificence of the Polish kings with property to tbe amount of £ 200 , 000 per annum , was deprived of the greatest part of its wealth . The Sussian and Austrian governments forbade their subjects to study in its university . "In 1823 the legislative assembly having refused tbt candidate for the presidency protected by the three powers , their resident commissioners annulled the election ; and suspending the deliberations of the diet , Tested all the powers of the state in tbe bands of tbe senate , till it should have made such changes in the national institutions as experience pointed out to be expedient .

      . " Iu 1833 , its constitution was agaiuremodelled ao that nothing but its former skeleton remained . And in 1836 , the three residents declaring tbat the city bad become a place of refuge for democrats affiliated to secret societies , frem which it was necessary to clear it , its territory was gaddenlyinvaded by tbe Austrian troops , who entering tiie bouses of the citizens , occupied them as if it bad been an enemy ' s country . "Apermanent militia , composed of Aastrians , was organised in the city , ana an Austrian commissary named director of police . Then followed tbe falit deaunciatioas , and the inquisitions of these sbirri . The whole state was submitted to an incessant and terrific system of espionage . Each day the privacy of its citizenB is violated , they are incarcerated or condemned to irHe .

      "The judges of the tribunals are dispossessed , to make way for others more complaisant , and torture ii used as a means of persuasion at the interrogatories . "It would be in vain that one would now seek for any traces of the constitution promulgated by these sovereigns andsanctioned by the European congress , It is crushed , buried , and if it survives in a . few paragraphs , these are an empty formula , which the residents of Russia , Austria , and Prussia use as a veil to give au appearance of legality to their arbitrary acts . Tbe republic of Cracowisnow quite submissive to tbe will of these three ministers . The legislative and judical powers , the armed force , the finances and police—are all in their absolute dependence ; andwoe to the hapless citizen who dares to raise his voice against this shameful violation ef a solemn compact .

      " These inflexible diplomatists can reduce bun to silence a thousand ways , and make him repent of his termerity . If a public functionary , be is immediately dismissed , if a trader , he is stopped in all bis speculations by a thousand vexatious formalities . If a profrieter , he is more highly taxed , and a passport is refused him even to go from the city to bis country house . Have we not seen the bouse of a citixen who dared to protest s » a 5 nst the illegal incarceration ofa student , brokeninto , plundered , and devastated by a troop of Russians , and occupied for four months after by the military t Have we not seen an Austrian general burst open the doors of a public prison , and take out of it for the purpose of pmushing , a prisoner just shut up by the authorities for insulting a centinel ?

      The palace of the Piasts and Jagelfons is now an Austrian barrack . Tbe university , one of tbe most ancient , and not many years ago one of the richest , in Dnrope , can now scarcely boast of seventy students . The city of Cracow , whose population formerly amounted to a hundred thousand , now hardly numbers more than thirty ! n Of course no Englishman or Frenchman can read the above account without feeling bitter indignation towards file three tyrant-spoliators who thustrample upon a defenceless state , and outrage the last relic of Polish nationality ; but how much more indignant ought Englishmen and - Frenchmen to feel towards the , Governments of their respective countries for baselv allowing these gross violations of solemn

      treaties . The national independence and constitutional liberties of tbe republic of Cracow was guaranteed by the Congress of Vienna ; to this guarantee England was a party . When the constitution was rendered a nullity , when the university was despoiled , when the legislative assembly was coerced , when the republic ' s territory was invaded by Austria , when the administration of public justice was forcibly abused , when a foreign armed force was imposed upon the republic , when these gross violations of the compact of 181 fi took place , why did not the English go . Ternment interfere ? When recently the territory of the republic was invaded by the armed forces of Russia , Austria , and Prussia , why then did not the English government interfere ? Rumours are rife that even the nominal existence ef the " republic" is about to terminate ; it is said that the three spoliators

      have determined that it shall Henceforth form part ef the Ausfaian empire , yet the British government Slakes no sign of opposing this crowning infamy . The final abolition of this phantom of independence On matter but little to the Polish people , but to England it matters much . If England allows that independence and freedom she guaranteed to be openly , audaciously , and completely destroyed , her honour is stained , and her fair name defiled , and her vaunted power becomes but a mockery in the eyes of nations . Strange to say , net even one of oar legislators has the sense and courage to demand explanations from the government , and thereby vindicate the character of onr country . This must be remedied ; the public mind must be enlightened ; and public opinion , must force legislators and Ministers to vindicate the honour of England , and as sert the rights of nations committed to England's

      gnardiaiahip . The chapter from which we have quoted the above extract , contains an episode of startling and dramatic interest , describing ihe death ofa Sussian spy . Pawlofski , which was the name of this wretch , * as one of the most dangerous of the Russian agents . United to considerable tact , he possessed a degree of effrontery and assurance which enabled Vua to command the confidence of many of the i ' oles . He appears to have been for a considerable time employed in spying out the secrets of the exiles , and had so far acquired their confidence as at length to be entrusted

      ¦* i tu a mission from ihe National Committee hi proceed as an agent for the emigration to tie "Kingdom of Poland . " The man who subse-T-ently slew this miscreant was applied to to furnish l * iwL 0 F 3 Ki with the proper signals or credentials to such persons as could facQatate Ms entrance to the Gantry , Ms egress from it , or Ms concealment ; the Person applied to having , however , already had his Suspicions strongly excited , refused this application . I ' awjjofski , notwithstanding , succeeded in getting thr . necessar y credentials and departed ; he immedi-»« % commenced entrapping victims before even entering Poland . Jh the capital of Saxony he inured a professor and some of the professor's friends

      (I J Flniik I Hear A Little Fcird, Who S...

      to comroit themselves by procuring , for him , a false pasport . No sooner had these been obtained than the traitor denounced them to the Russian Minister , who , pointing out all concerned in the business to the court of Saxony , demanded their punishment , "They wtrc all arrested ; the professor ruined as well as his family , was still imprisoned several years afterwards . PnAlofski , before his treachery could get wind , then traversed Prussia , profiting iu a like manner by the recommendations given him , to convict those guilty of favouring the Poles . In consideration of hi * services , be received an order from the king of Prussia , and another , with the rank of major , from the Emperor of Russia .

      Proceeding to the republic of Cracow , he hastened to make the best use ' . f his credentials from the emigration , for th epurposeofdiscovcringtheretreatof such refugees as were concealed in that city , and of tempting as many as he could of the unlives of the neighbouring territories of Austrian and Russian Poland , to compromise themselves , by engaging to join in a proximate insurrection , which he represented himself as sent to announce . The part he was playing was therefore not only that of the bloodhound , but of what in the French police was formerly called agent provocatuer ; that is to say , tbe man who tempts victims to do that which he denounces when done at his own instigation .

      We shall now quote , without abbreviation , from the words of the patriot who performed this act of righteous retribution , the account supplied by him to the author of "Eastern Europe" of the

      DEATU OF THE SPI PAWL 0 FSRI . "It happened that at this tiaie 1 had myself taken refuge in tbe city of Cracow . A price had been set upon my head by the Bussians ; and if discovered , the nominal republic had no choice but to give me op . "I bad just been made acquainted with Pawlofski ' s treachery , when 1 recognised him seated at table in the inn where I was living , and of which the host , a freemason , rras devoted to me . " I made no observation on the subject ; but a few minutes after , the inn-keeper returned as pale as death , and informed me ( bat the stranger bad named me by my real name , saying I bad nothing to fear from him . "After re-assuring Mm , and reflecting on what was best to be done , I desired to be led straight into the presence of the new guest .

      "Pawlofaki bad beenshown into a room , where be had come by appointment te meet several men , more or less compromised ; he changed countenance on seeing me advance towards him , but on my angrily denouncing his infamy to the company , be replied with so much assurance that several of those pres . nt were staggered . We were interrupted , and obliged to separate , in the midst of his protestations of innocence . Satisfied with having unmasked him , and thus deprived him of his chief power of doing injury , I at first regarded bis presence in Cracow , merely as a peril which known might be avoided ; baton making subsequent inquiry , I discovered , tbat as an agent of the emigration , he bad seduced a large number of families into a conspiracy , with the object of denouncing them to the vengeance of the Russian government .

      " whilstI was regretting tbat we bad not ensured their safety , by putting him to death , bis inconceivable assurance placed him in our power . Imagining from the fact of my having let him escape so easily the first time , tbat I was not quite certain of his treachery , he fancied that he could still impose upon me , or at least upon my companions ; and he determined not to draw close the net till be bad amply filled it . Relating himself my denunciation of him , he lamented that I should be ofa temper so hasty and suspicious , repulsed my accusation as an odious calumny of which I was tbe dupe and be the victim , and requesting an interview , declared tbat be could clear up every allegation made against him , Tbe proofs of bis infamy were , however , of a nature which belittle suspected , and the extent of the mischief be meditated was so appalling , that having unanimously condemned him , it was resolved that at any cost be must di * .

      "Filled as Cracow was by Sussian and Austrian spies and agents , and utterly at their beck and call as the authorities of the republic were , it appearedprohable that whoever should attempt to carry the sentence of this new Webmgericbt into execution , could only do so at the sacrifice of bis life . I was then disappointed and desperate . I had lost , as you know , eighteen - of my relatives , and amongst them those nearest and dearest to me , —in the field , or on tbe scaffold , against the Russians ; and I had just volunteered for this sanguinary office , when I received a message from Pawlofski , urgently requesting an interview in a spot at some distance without the walls of the city .

      "I was at tbe same time made acquainted , through a channel which be could never suspect would he open to me that , mistrusting bis persuasive powers , be had laid a snare to arrest me in this solitary place , where be could keep the circumstance concealed for a few days , so as not to scare tbe remainder of his anticipated victims . If I had not been already chosen as the instrument to punish his perfidy , this singular fact would have appeared to point me out as the most fitting individual to measure out to him the meed of retribution . I resolved to waylay him , and confess tbat this circumstance gave a dramatic interest to the deed I was about to undertake , which cancelled much of the horror I should have felt as the mere executioner of a sentence .

      " I chose > my relative , to aid me in my enterprise . Habiting him in the costume of a driver who plied for hire , I procured a sledge and horses . Stationed fer several hours before Pawlofski ' s door , at the moment he appeared tbe sledge was to move slowly on , and I trusted that he would unsuspectingly hire it . I feared that if he took another the driver would interfere to save him ; but against this there was noremefly . For my own part , I proceeded along the road , armed only with a dagger , —for I would not trust to fire-arms . At a considerable distance from the place of rendezvous , where

      his measures had been taken to entrap me , I sat down on the snow , and concealed myself in a ditch , overshadowed by the boughs of some fir trees . I never wavered in my resolution . I considered the deed I was about to commit not only justifiable , but meretorious . My only apprehension was that I should not spring Suddenly enough upon him , —that he might shoot me before I could drag him from his sledge , or tbat he might have taken a strange coachman , who would interfere in time to stay ray arm . My dread was that he would escape my dagger ; for I thought of the ruin and dessolation bis denunciation would draw upon so many families .

      " At length the sledge approached : —I sprang from my hiding place , —I dragged him from his seat , —weroUed together in the snoiv , he seized me by the hair ; and as I plunged my weapon repeatedly into his body till he was dead , be tore out a handful of it by tbe roots . "Meanwhile the driver , who was my relative , looked en . I searched the body , and took from it the papers , leaving the arms of the dead man , and his money by his side . Then dragging tbe corpse out into tbe middle of the road , that all might see that it was not the deed of a robber , I took his place in the sledge , and was driven back to the city . Though the sledge and horses were noticed at the gate , and known , this circumstance furnished no clue in the subsequent investigation which followed , because the driver had gone out with one passenger , aud apparently returned with the same . " With the death of Pawlofski ceased all danger of his revelations ; for be bad been too jealous to entrust his discoveries to anv of bis colleagues .

      Let the " moral philosophers" who declaim against taking away human life " under any circumstances" test their theory by this case of Pawlofski ' s . Under such circumstances if they would carry out their theory , these " moral" men would allow a Pawlofski to entrap scores of victims and cause the misery of hundreds , rather than save the many by sacrificing the one . "Human life is sacred" say these " philosophers ; " granted—and , being so , when we know ^ that , anyway , life is doomed to be sacrificed , is it not a sacred duty for us to save the many rather than the one , to save the innocent rather than the guilty , the betrayed rather than the betrayer . In the case above narrated there was no safety for the -victims but in the traitor ' s death , and against all the " moral philosophers" in the world we will maintain that the act of putting Mm to death was a moral , just , and noble act , entitling ithe performer thereof to the gratitude and thanks of every true man in

      every land . We are men of peace , we earnestly desire to see an esd to all wars , fighting , and blood-shedding ; and will give all the help and aid we can to the men who rationally advocate brotherhood and abstinence from war . But we warn the true friends of peace and humanity that their cause is in jeopardy . Teetotal fanaticism has fatally prevented the progress of the temperance principle , and a like fanaticism bids fair to cause the retrogression instead of the advance efthe " peace principle . " When men are told that any state of slavery and suffering is to be endured , rather than be put an end to by an appeal to the sword : that a man should allow himself , or

      even Ms wife and child , to be murdered , rather than kill the intentional murderer , such doctrines excite disgust , and must repel converts rather than attract them . There are evils greater than war or death . The system wMch enslaves and tortures one hundred millions of the Slavonic race , is a greater evil than any warcouldbe , wMch would overthrow that system . A war with America for the Oregon territory would be one of the most absurd and detestable of crimes , but a " cruside" against the tyrants and tyrannical systems of North-Eastern Europe . Jwould be an act worthy of the nineteenth century . Such " cruside " should be preached and propagated , not by priests and pilgrims , but by every man who has pen er voice capable of stirring the hearts of bis fellow men .

      The second volume of this work is chiefly devoted to a review of Polish , Prussian , and Finnish Literature , —very interesting "but not demanding immediate C omment . The thivd volume is full of most important infonnatio / j concerning "Nicholas and his

      (I J Flniik I Hear A Little Fcird, Who S...

      advisers ; " the state of the Jewish population of Poland ; ' * the " Kingdom of Prussia , and conduct of the Prussian government towards tho Poles . " . A brief account of the mysteries and iniquities of "the Austrian Empire , " & e . & e . All these subjects we purpose to review , but not immediately . This work , "Eastern Europe and tie Emperor Nicholas , " may be considered as the sequel to the "Revelations of Russia , " by the same author , and being so we have felt all along that we were "putting the cart before the horse" in reviewing this work

      first . Having now the 'Revelations" in our possession we purpose to suspend for the present our notices of the Eastern Europe , " and co mmence in our next number a review of the Revelations of Russia . The author of these works is about to immediately publish Revelations of Austria , and very likely when we have disposed of the -Revelations of Russia we may proceed to review those of Austria . Finally , we purpose to return to the work before us and give a second and concluding series of " Eastern Europe and the Emperor Nicholas . "

      In the meantime we earnestly and . heartily recommend these volumes to all our friends . We do not agree with the author in all things , and when we come to our second series of notices we shall be compelled to express ourdissent from the author ' s views respecting Louis Phimjfb , Prince Czartoryskt , and the people of Germany ; but , taking the work as a whole , we regard it as a most valuable offering to the cause of freedom and progression , the contents of which every friend to Poland and mankind should labour to disseminate as one of the best means of serving the cause of the oppressed , and hastening the downfall of oppression .

      With the author ' s kind leave we hope to turn his works to good account in preparing the minds of thousands of our countrymen , who may in their turn influence' thousands more , to take that part in the coming movement , which duty , interest , and honour , unite to command . We have set ourselves to a task and will not slacken in its performance , we have " set our hands to the plough and will notturn back . " -Though the weapons of our warfare be but words ,

      " Words are things ; and a small drop of ink , Falling like dew upon a thought produces Tbat which makes thousands , perhaps millions think

      Mosquitia. This Territory Lies Along The...

      MOSQUITIA . This territory lies along the coast of the Carribean Sea , from Cape Gamaron , in the Bay of Honduras , to the Lagoon of Chiriqui , and is separated from the United Provinces of Central America by a boundary not very accurately defined , but extending , * n some places , 500 miles inland . It is supposed to contain about 40 , 000 square miles . It was in this district that the Aborigines collected when the Spaniards had driven them from the other parts of their country , which they were more desirous of occupying , and they have ever since enjoyed , and still continue to possess the independent holding of the soil . Most of these tribes of native Indians acknowledge the king of Mosquitia as their sovereign , and he is usually crowned at Belize , an adjoining British colony , where the coronation of the kin . ' took place two years ago , in the presence of the Superintendent , who was deputed by the British Government to make certain presents to the king on that occasion .

      The Indians are said to be a peaceable , but indolent race , and who , from having mixed so much with the English , desire to be under the protection of England . For that purpose the sovereignty of their country was offered by their late king to Great Britain , but declined . Recent travellers , in speaking of this part of the world , say that the whole of Central America is situated betwen the tropics , but as the surface of not less than one-fourth rises to a great elevation above the sea ( 4 , 961 feet ) , forming a tableland , the climate varies very much . A person who at daybreak leaves

      a district where the thermometer ranges from 28 deg . to 30 deg ., may , by noon , arrive at another where the usual temperature varies from 80 deg . to 86 deg . No portion even of the table land can be called cold . It freezes during the night in November , December , and January , but only very slightly . The rainy season lasts nine months in the neighbourhood of the table land , but near the coast of the Carribean Sea they have refreshing rains during all parts of the year ; the rains are generally not heavy , and contribute greatly to render these countries extremely fertile .

      The climate of Central America being so various , the productions are equally diversified . On tbe higher part of the table land , the grains ( especially the wheat and barley ) , the fruits , and the vegetables of Europe are grown . In the lower and warmer districts , the common grain is Indianjcorn , which yields annually two or three very abundant crops ; there are also fonnd here the sugar cane and the plants producing indigo , cochineal , tobacco , cocoa , and cotton . Cechineal is chiefly gathered in the Spanish portion of the tableland ; it is here and at Oaxaca , in Mexico , that this insect is gathered in such large quantities . The forests , which cover a vast portion of the lower districts , produce mahogany , pimento , and Brazil wood ; in the upper districts the oak grows . Cattle is the principal wealth of some extensive places

      within the Spanish territory , where there are estates that feed from 20 , 000 to 30 , 000 head ; and sheep are numerous in their portion of the table land . Gold , silver , iron , lead , and mercury are known to exist in Central America ; but no mines are worked except gold , silver , or iron . The most important mines of gold and silver are in Costarica , at the southern extremity of Mosquitia , and in Honduras , its northern extremity , consequently , it is not unreasonable to suppose that they may be worked in Mosquitia likewise . The present king of this country is a minor , and it appears by a proclamation recently issued by him . has for his guardians several English gentlemen , who were appointed underMs father ' s will . It appears from this proclamation that this fertile , but hitherto almost unknown , country is attracting the

      attention of British colonists ; but , although under judicious management such a colony might be eminently successful , we nevertheless think it our duty to caution the public , and to tell them this region is still almost in a state of nature , that the number of Europeans within it is extremely small , and that there are no towns or villages where houses or the necessaries of life can be procured on their first arrival , all settlers must therefore provide themselves with both shelter and a store of provisions ; for it will be some time before they can locate themselves to their satisfaction , build houses , and produce a crop of provisions . Many years ago two attempts were made by Englishmen to settle in this country , they had neglected to take these necessary precautions , and the results were most calamitous—without any shelter , and without proper food , they fell victims to the climate .

      The New Pope, Pius Ix. " The French Gove...

      THE NEW POPE , PIUS IX . " The French Government received on Saturday , " says the Defeats , " a telegraphic despatch , announcing the election of the Pope . The new Sovereign Pontiff is the Cardinal Jean Marie Mastai , of the family of the Counts Mastai Ferretti , and was born at Sinigaglia , in the States of the Church , on the 13 th of May , 1792 . lie became Bishop of Imola , and was named Cardinal in petto , on the 23 rd of December , 1839 , and proclaimed on the 14 th of December , 1840 . He was Cardinal of the order of priests . Theconclave of the Sacred College lasted only two days .

      opening on the 14 th , and terminating on the 16 th of June . Barely has a conclave been so short : it is said that the political situation of the States of the Church , and the necessity for putting an end to expectations that might be changed into an alarming agitation , hastened the decision of the Cardinals . The new Pope bas the reputation of being endowed with a liberal and conciliatory mind ; bis appointment has , in general , been well received . Tie Cardinal Mastai Ferretti , on ascending the throne of St . Peter , takes the title of Pius IX . Being only 51 years old , he is one of the youngest popes tbat have been elected : this fact should be viewed as a favourable omen .

      The Cardinals have often been reproached for choosing popes amongst men whose age could not permit them to be very active . On this occasion the customary precedents have happily been departed from . There exists in Italy a proverb , which says of the Popes , —Nonvidebis annos Petri , { ' Thou wilt not see so many years as Peter" ) St . Peter , as is known , occupied the Papal see for 28 years . This proverb , not beiug an article of faith , one may hope , without being accused of heresy , that it will not be realized . Trusting that Pope Pius IX . will devote tbe influence which his high position gives him to maintain the spiritual peace of the Catholic world , and bestow on the states under his temporal government the ameliorations which they stand so much in need of , we desire sincerely that he may seethe years of St . Peter , and his reign be prolonged for the good of the Church of which he is the head , and the welfare of the people be is the sovereign of .

      The Univers states that the new Pope , having been visited , at the age of 20 , with a serious malady , had implored the protection of the blessed Virgin , and , belieying that he owed his recovery to her intercession , he felt so grateful that he entered holy orders , " Shortly after the ordination , ' says the Uniuers , " he assumed the direction of the asylum Tata Giovanni , which had been founded for the maintenance and Christian in-Btructien of poor orphans by an oldman , a mason by pro fession , destitute of allresources , but rich in the treasures Of charity . The young clergyman , moved by his devo , tedness , joined him in the charitable undertaking , an . d devoted all his time , labour , and fortune , tothatw ^ rk oi

      The New Pope, Pius Ix. " The French Gove...

      piety and mercy . Pope Pius IX . thus commenced hij mumtry amidst indigent labourers and orphans . Under the Pontificate . of Pins TIL , Monsignor Muzi , the present Bishop di Cita di CasttUo , having been sent as Vicar Ape . stolical to Chili , the Abbati Mastai Ferretti accompanied him as auditor { councillor or theelogian . J Differences which arose between the vicar Apostolical and the ruler of Chili , soon obliged him to quit the country , and , on his return , Pope Leo Xf ., appointed him prelate andpresident of the great hospital of St , Michael , the largest establishment of the kind in Rome . In 1827 Leo XII . named him first pastor of S poleto , his native town , which he erected into an archbishopric . He occupied that see until the 17 th of December , 1832 , when Gregory XVI . transferred him to Imola , which , being one of the most important episcopal posts , required a prelate both firm and prudent . The bishop responded to the expectation of Gregory XVI ., and soon gained the veneration and

      affection of the entire diocese . Reserved in petto at the Consistory of the 23 rd December , 1839 , be was proclaimed Cardinal on the 14 th of December , 1810 . His reputation for talent and piety was general throughout the States of the Church , and at Rome the people used to say when he appeared in public , "Behold the successor of Gregory XVI . " . J

      THE PAPAL STATES . The States of the Church , the temporal states of the Holy See , have remained much about as they were settled 31 years ago , by article 103 of the Congress of Vienna . This article restored to tho Holy See , the Marshes , with Camarino and their dependencies , as also the duchy of Eenevento and the principality of PonteCorv . In virtue of the same article , the Holy . Sec retook possession efthe legations of Ravenna Bologna , and Ferrara , saving , however , that part ot Ferrara , situated on the left bank of the Po , which , Austria got given to herself , as well as the right of garrisoning the places , of Ferrara and Coniachio . Theprotestmadeby the Pontificial Government in favour of its ancient possessions has hitherto

      remained a dead letter . The territory of thechurch , as thus restored , extends over a surface of 2 , 250 square leagues , with , according to the last statistical accounts , a population of 2 , 903 , 215 inhabitants . The revenue is about 50 , 000 , 000 of francs , or 42 , 000 , 000 sterling .. The States of the Church are divided into three military divisions , those of Rome , Bologna , and Ancona . The army consisted in ( 1840 ) of 0 , 300 infantry , of which 6 , 000 are natives , and 3 , 300 are Swiss ; 640 Dragoons , 1 G 0 mounted Chasaeurs , 800 Artillerymen . 1 , 700 Gendarmes , 300 Arguebusiers , 1 , 200 custom-house officers , SO men of the Noble Guard , in all 14 , 600 men , not including a reserve of 6 , 000 men and 3 , 000 National Guards for

      Home and Bologna . The annual expense of keeping up this force is 1 , 756 , 020 Roman scudi , or about £ 380 , 000 . The territory of the States of the Church is divided into 20 provinces , under the appellations of comarca , legations and delegations , as follows : —First , the province of Rome or " comarca , " and the commissariat of Loretto . Second , the six legations of Bologna , Ferrara , Ravenna , Forii , Urbino and Pesaro , and Velletri . Third , the 13 legations of Ancona , Ascoli , Benevento , Camerino , Civila-Vecchia , Fermo , Frosino , Macerata , Orvietto . Perugia , Ricti , Spoleto . and Viterbo . These provinces are administered by a legate , assisted in the six legations by councillors taken from the more influential inhabitants . In

      these legations the legate is always to be selected from among the cardinals . Such , in short , is constitution of the States of the Church , of which Cardinal Mastai Forretti has just been proclaimed the head . To make our information complete , we here mention the diplomatic body at Rome , which plays so great a part in the election of the Pope ; but we have not any recent documents . We take from the Almanac of Gotha , for 1846 , the list of the principal members of that body : —For Austria , Count Rodolphos Lutzow , Ambassador ; for Naples , Count J . C . de Ludolf , Minister Plenipotentiary ; for Spain , Don Castilloy Ayense ; for France , Count Rossi , Ambassador ; for Russia , the Privy Councillor Boutenieff , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ; for Sardinia , Count F . Broglio di Mombello , Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary , « fcc .

      The Australian Exploring Expedition. (Fr...

      THE AUSTRALIAN EXPLORING EXPEDITION . ( From the Adelaide Observer of the 17 th January , ) In the second edition of the South Australian Register of Wednesday last it was announced that despatches had been received from Captain Sturt , stating the probable arrival of himself and party at Moorunde this day , Mr . Brown , the bearer of the packet , having left them at Lake Victoria , and himself arriving at Mr . Nation ' s station on the 12 th instant . We are happy to be able to assure our readers of the safety of the gallant band of explorers , although they have passed through the many difficulties and dangers so well described in the subjoined letter , with which the kindness and attention of the Hon . J . Morphett has favoured us . The letter from Captain Sturt is dated the 121 st of December last . On the preceding day he had reached

      the Darling , after a most perilous journey from the depot , a distance of 270 miles . He effected his retreat with great difficulty , the first water being 115 miles from the depot . He was absolutely forced to make the attempt , for the only other alternative was to remain and " rot at the old post . " The heat was perfectly horrible ; and had they not been providentially visited with a change ofa wind and a shower of rain , which cooled the air and ground , they would have perished . They did not , as it turned out , lose even a sheep . After this account of the retreat , Captain Sturt proceeds to detail [ the transactions from the time when he was last heard of . It may be remembered that it was his intention to proceed to the north-west , in the hope of finding an inland sea . He says

      IwentfromlheolddepottoLake Torrens , hoping to find a country affording a practicable route to the north , but was disappointed . I returned to the depot to make a more extensive excursion to the north-west . On the 14 th of August I left the camp with Mr . Brown and three men , taking 15 weeks' provisions , but after penetrating to lat , 21 de . 30 mi ., and long . 138 de ., 1 was obliged to return from the failure of both grass and water . Dr . Brown also suffered greatly from scurvy , but was too highminded to complain . He is , indeed , an inestimable young man , and has been as a brother to me . We passed over a country of alternate sandhills and flats , until I struck upon a creek , beyond which the country was more open and more subject to floods ; we crossed over extensive plains , subject to deep inundations , but soon again got on sandhills . From them we descended to a stony plain of boundless extent , on which the horses left no track and where no object was visible on the horizon from which to take bearings . Crossing these we descended to flats , like a ploughed field , on which

      water had subsided , stretching to the north-east and south-west , further than the range of vision , and without a blade of vegetation . Fom this we again ascended sand ridges , of a most formidable description , and found the country to the west so bad , where we attempted to penetrate in that direction , and surface water so scarce , tbat we were obliged to turn to the north at 50 miles , with only two small puddles to depend on ; I struck a creek which I traced up 60 miles , when I got on a country of salt formation , covered with samphire , and other salsolaceous productions , with numbers of dry beds of lagoons all white as snow , with salt . Passing this we once more found ourselves among sand ridges , perfectly insurmount . able , so close that the base of one touched tbe base of another—the whole country sand . The sand hills were ofa fiery red , and they ran for miles and miles , in parallel rows , in points like tbe vanishing points of an avenue . But there was neither grass nor water to be found , and after trying all points of the compass I gave it up and returned to the depot , after an absence of seven weeks , and a ride of 921 miles .

      " The men were all knocked up , and the horses completely leg-weary ; but I was dissatisfied with this journey , and there was little time for hesitation . Therefore , after giving the animals six days' rest , I left the camp with Mr . Stewart , leaving Mr . Brown in charge of the camp , whose readiness to do anything I wished lightened my labours . I took two men , and nine weeks ' provisions , my object being to try to enter the tropics , to ascertain if there was any water between me and the north coast , or if the desert extends to the very tropics . I went due north , and struck a most splendid creek at 123 miles from the depot . Here I had a thunder storm that lasted half an hour , and left some surface water , dependent on which I crossed it , and ran out 170 miles without finding a single channel for conveyance of water . I dug five wells , but had little hope of benefiting from them . I was at length brought up by a stony desert , tbat stretched before us in absolute boundlessness .

      Where there were sandhills in it before , tbe sandhills were now covered with stone , similar to the plan itself . I was in the centre of a dark and adamantine sea , without any object by which to steer my course . I was 41 miles advanced in this gloomy region , and 52 from water . My horses had already been one day withou t water , and I could not hope to reach the other water under a day and a half , including part of the night ; yet I hesitated to turn back . It was an irresistible influence that drove me back , certainly contrary to my own inclinations . I was well nigh too bite . I lost three horses , but that was of no consequence on such an occasion . I got back to the creek , after bavins reached latitude 25 deg . 45 min . and longitude 139 dec . 13 min ,

      "From tbe creek on which I was , I had seen high and broken ranges , -to the north-east , and I now determined on examining ,-them and the creek . I therefore went up thelatteTl 2 ft ' miles , butI found that it was leading me away from the ranges , and I ultimately got to its termination , or rather head , in some extensive plains . The creek , was as large as the Darling , and was flanked by a box . tree forest , in grassy land , to a considerable distance from Us banks . Here I fell In with a numerous BOpU . hxtion , passing three or four small tribes every day ; but the news of our kind treatment of them had spread through tbe country , and they evinced no alarm , but did all they could to serve us .

      " On the 3 rd of October I was at the head of the creek , and all at once found myself in presence of about 270 or 280 natives , encamped on a rising piece of ground , under a large sandhill 1 had descended . On seeing US they set up a great shout , but when I rode slowly down

      The Australian Exploring Expedition. (Fr...

      the hill there was a dead silence : then I dismounted , and , giving my horse to one of the men , walked over to the natives , who received me very kindly , brought me troughs of water and baked seeds , and invited me to sleep atone of their fires ; but , observing a small clump of trees about 50 yards away from the native camp , 1 told them that I would sleep there , to which they gave a ready assent , aud carried over firewood for our use , which was very scarce . These people were the finest I have seen in Australia . Many stood six , several more than sis feet

      high . They were well made , and had not the pot bellies of the natives in general . They were frank and merry people , and told me all they could . They assured mithere was no water to tho east or north , and were quite distressed when I persisted next day in going to the eastward . The women were engaged to a late hour in bruising seed for cakes , and the noise they made was like tbe working of looms iu a manufacturing town . At 10 o ' clock all was hushed , and , for the remainder of the uigbt , no one would have known that there were so many human beings near .

      From this point I turned westward , and , taking up a branch creek , went towards the ranges ; but I got into a terrible country , aud fauns' that the effects of refraction had deceived me with regard to the ranges , and that they were nothing but masses of sand or rock , three hundred to five hundred feet high . ' I saw that I was getting : \ ear the scene of thegreatest turmoil , where the water passed over this dreary waste , and left the shivered fragments of mountains behind it . Here again water and grass failed me , and I was forced to abandon this trying task , on the 9 th of November , being unable to contend against the

      season and country , I had done all I could do , and hud again run the risk of being altogether cut off ; indeed , so near . vas it , that I drained the last drop of mud—for it it was not water—out of a pool that four weeks before was a hundred nnd fifty yards broad , and two hundred to three hundred long . I lost two horses , and resetted them very much . I reached the depot ( which Mr . Brown had been obliged to move during my absence , in consequence of the putridity o ( the water ) on the 17 th , having ridden eight hundred and forty-three miles in five weeks , less three days . .

      I had been exposed for twelve weeks to an excessive heat , had had insufficient food , had drunk loathsome water , and at length my iron constitution , under disappointment , anxiety , and weakness , gave way . The day I made the camp I had been eighteen hours on horseback ; and when I dismounted , the spasmodic action of the muscles of my thighs was so viah-nt as almost to throw me forward .. 1 had , in truth , ridden all day in great pain . The next day the scurvy , latent in me for eleven months , seized me . The muscles of my thighs contracted , and I was laid prostrate on my mattress . I am still unable to walk or stand , but I am otherwise well in health ; and I hope , that with all tho good things my friends have sent me , I shall get round . Another gentleman has favoured us witli the fo " lowing note from the gallant captain , which form an appropriate pendant to the foregoing communica " tion : —• The Ana Branch of the Darling , Jan . 5 , 1 S 46 .

      I have , as you will hear , done nothing but toil through a desert that I believe is unequalled in the world . My investigations , however , were geographical , not with any direct view of finding good land ; and as far as the geography of the interior goes , I think there will not'be much difficulty , from the data I shall be enabled to furnish , in making a pretty good guess as to what the greater portion of it is . All I can say is , that this has been one of the most difficult and anxious tasks that could have fallen to the lot of any man . For myself , thank God , 1 am getting better . Six weeks are quite long enough to be deprived of the use of one ' s legs : but I am yet thankful it is no worse .

      I hope to ha in Adelaide aboutthe end of the month , I cannot at present ride , but shall be able to do so in a week or ten dayi .

      Poland. Poor Poland Is Again In Chains! ...

      POLAND . Poor Poland is again in chains ! Her patriotic sons , in whose breasts burned the bright flame of liberty , have arisen , resolved to strike down their oppressors . But , alas ! they have again been vanquished by the legions of the Russian despot . Thousands of them have been massacred , and thousands banished tbeir native soil . When classic Greece was trampled upon by the iron heel of Turkish despotism , other nations interpt sed , and restored her to freedom . Even our country acted no trivial part in procuring that restoration . But when tha noble Poles are crushed to atoms , for endeavouring to regain what they had last , when Polish noblemen are eitlur executed or shut up in jails , to drag out their ineffably wretched existence—where , we ask , is there an inttrposition similar to that afforded to the Greeks ? When do our legislative halls resound with heart . thrilling and

      eloquent appeals in behalf of Poland ? When are exertions made to deliver from bondage that unhappy land ? Read the records of American history , and you will find American battle-fields saturated with Polish blood ! Shade of Pulaski ! is it thus that the land of your nativity is remunerated 1 Toles aided us in revolutionary times When they need aid from us , shameful to tell , we are not among the first to render it ! What most disgraceful ingratitude , unworthy the descendants of the fathers of the Revolution ! Nations should hastily interfere , put u stop to these bloody proceedings , restore Poland to her rights , and thus earn the laudable character with posterity , ol having been humane and civilized . No nation , humane or civilized , should look idly on when a sister nation is being goaded with wrong , and trampled in the dust . — Pittsburgh Morning Chronicle ,

      Dreadful Death By Scalding.—On Tuesday Mr.

      Dreadful Death by Scalding . —On Tuesday Mr .

      William Baker, Deputy Coroner, Held An I...

      William Baker , deputy coroner , held an inquest at the London Hospital , on Charles Amber , aged three vears . It appeared by the evidence that the child , on Sunday last fell into a pan of water which was scalding hot , by which the lower parts of its person were severely scalded . It was conveyed to the hospital where it died on the following Monday . Verdict " Accidental death . " Tragical Occurence at Limerick . — Between 8 and 9 o ' clock on Wednesday evening Surgeon John Beveridge , of the city dispensary , was requested to go on board the schooner Anne Simple , of Liverpool , now lying at Honan's quay , for the purpose of seeing one of the crew who was reported to be in a dying state . He promptly answered the summons , and

      going below deck found an able seaman of the name of Patrick M'Brierty in a state of stupor , and utterly insensible to all remedy . From appearances Mr . Beveridge was induced to suspect that the man had partaken of poison , but no person on board could give him any information or assistance ; in fact the wretched berth was so narrow , dark , andsuffocating as to be intolerable to a landsman . Mr . Beveridge applied the lancet but no blood issued . While thus engaged , another man , under the sailor , was heard to exclaim faintly for help , to the surprise of the visitor who had not observed him till then . Mr . Beveridge ordered him to be brought immediately upon deck , where he applied restoratives which enabled him to articulate , and he was then interrogated as to

      the description of food the crew had taken , to which he replied that they had fresh beef and vegetables and drank soup as usual . Dr . Beveridge had this man conveyed at once to the dispensary in Francis street , and sent word to the police . lie was subsequently carried to the fever hospital , where he is reported to be in a convalescent state . About eleven o ' clock the same night M'Brierty expiied , and next morning Dr . Beveridge was again called upon to visit two more of the crew and four stcvadores engaged in discharging the ship , who had been similarly attacked , and were writhing in aeony . In each case fortu

      the necessary stimulants were administered , - nately with effect , and they are now doing well . The mate , Robert Tobin , after having purchased a coffin to inter M'Brierty , was taken ill in like manner at 3 o ' clock on Thursday , and notwithstanding the asd of medical assistance expired at 8 o ' clock yesterday morning . Several rumours are afloat as to the malady which caused death . It is alleged they were cholera cases , while others say death was causei by poison ; and more assert it was in consequence of the men having drank water which was impregnated with gas tar , whicli flowed from the cisterns of the gas company into the river at Arthur ' s-quay .

      Lamentable Mistake . —Windsor ,. Tuesday Evekijf 0 , —An unfortunate occurrence took place yesterday afternoon , at St . Leonard ' s-plaee , near Windsor , which it is feared may prove fatal to La Marquise d'JJarcourt , who is on a visit to W . B . Barcourt , Esq ., at his residence at St . Leonard ' s . 354 appears that La Marquise has been attended for some time past by Messrs , Brown and Andrews , ofT this town ,, surgeons to the royal household . By a , lamentablo mistake on the part of a domestic , a bottle , containin" an ounce and a half of a very strong preparation Of laudanum was administered to the unfortunate lady , in mistake for » draught of me & cine . Shortly afterwards the error was discovered , and a messcager instantly dispatched to Windsor lor medical aid . Within forty minutes of the discovery being made , Mr . Andrews was in attendance , who administered the proper remedies to neutralira the effects , of the

      poison . Horrible Murder . —The following hicfeous and revolting detail ot murder is extracted froiaa Galway journal . The scene of the foul deed lies towards the junction of Galway with the county o'i Clare * . —We regret to state , that on the night of 'Thursday last , a barbarous murder was committed at a village near Woodford , in this county . The vmfortunate object of the assassin's vengeance was a man named Pat Hill . Two persons came into hi ' j house , and brought him out of bis bed to a plac e about forty yards distant , and there inflicted nr , Jess ' than forty-two

      bayonet wounds on his persor ,, besides a fracture of the skull . His wife hearing his screams went to his assistance , and having hepped for mercy , she was told by the heartless ruffifins , that if she did not go away , she would herself te ' seated in a like manner . Having completed their purpose , ' the miscreants , who are unknown , walked off , and their victim almost immediately er pired . An inquest was held on Tuesday at Porti ' . mna , before Thomas Walsh , Esq ., coroner , an / , ThomasBrereton , Esq ., R . M ., when a verdict o £ wilful murder was returned against persons unknown . Deceased was in rather comfortable circumstances , and bore a most excellent character .

      William Baker, Deputy Coroner, Held An I...

      PROGRESS OF THE I'lUSClPLES OF FE .-iCE . Bx William Ho \ yitt . ( Fiom the People ' s Journal . ) In no particulcr have we fluttered ourselves of late years With the Idea of a ste :, d , v and thii . kiug pnlgi-es . 8 towards wise and Christian principles , so much as in that Of an advance towards rijjht notions i . n thr-suhjict of peace and war . During the long and unusu ; il period of thirty years of European tranquillity , we have h » d leisure to see and to satisf y ourselves , that wnr is no' Only barbarous and most unchristian , but is just tin : most foolish affair in which we can involve ourselves . Ai merchants , manufacturers , and capitalist * , we have been shrewd enough to ptrcehe that it is peace that U our game , if war be the game of kings ami govirmni-nts . Trade has wonderfully extended ; social reforms have

      been beautifully introduced , and hrst ami fm-tnioM that of the post-office ; railroads have been laid down « . l over Europe , and people have scattered theniseivts through each other ' s countries , seeing and enjoying , iin > ti-ud of seeing-and destroying . In every result oi ' interest and pleasure we hare been the gainer * . We have neither piled up heaps of dead men on the plains of the continent , nor of national debt at home . We have not exasperated ourselves against each other , but have sate English and French , Germans and French , Italians ami French , in fact , all people of nil European nations hobnobbing together , some selling silks , some scl iii ); broad cl » tli , and some selling wines . There h .-ive been lewer sivonl . s , but

      more pudding-knives , fewer muskets hut more muslins sold . How much wiser ! What thousands uf us , amid the mountains and vineyards , and iu the city-hulls of the continent , hare felt our hearts glow with cordial regard for the hearts that so kindly heat towards us ; have grasped the hands that were extended tmvards us in the warmest of welcomes ; have sale rejoicing amid the smiles of amiable faces , tliat , | had war bvrii going instead of peace , would all have been dead masses oi human corruption , buried in festering heaps on solitary piains , where men , calling themselves civilisul , had risen , in a rabid fury against each other , that would be a libel on demons to Call demnnin ,-

      Such thoughts as these , we are sure , have visited every one who has set his foot , , f late years , on the soil of what weutedtocall the land oi ' ournuturai enemies . They have gone on softening , instructing , harmonising us ; and we have seen , on all hands , cheering- ew'd nci-s ' hat the world was at length coining to its senses . In the works of popular authors , iu the speeches of members of Parliament , in the tone and acts of Governmint , there has been a plain and positive determination towards the establishment of the sentiment us a national sentiment , that war was not merely folly , it was wickedness ; and that peace was at once profitable and praiseworthy

      But when the public tendency of tlii jf 5 jumps with our private feelings and connections , we are apt in our delight to outleap the actual progrest . of facts ; and wa must confess , that events of late have givt-u us a startling shock as it regards the actual advance of ibis very principle of peace , or rather of the actual decline of the old bull-dog spirit of contention . The war on the Sutlej , and the reception ot' the news of its results in England , have given us a solemn pause , . and re-awaken a host of anxious feelings . It is not that we are inclined to undeirate vl a skill and valour of our generals , or the adamantine bravery of our men , one uhit more than the most vociferous applaudtn of victorious war . Ills not now for the first jjtime that we have to learn or acknowledge that Englishmen , of whatever rank or stat . on , are men of the highest rank in the lists of humanity . That they possess every species-of talent fortitude , and dauntless courage which can inhabit the human breast , and which in peace , in war , iu any case or situation where they can he demanded , will give them the mastery over their

      fellowmen . We know all this ; n-e need not be told of'it ; but we know too that these virtues are the more godlike as they are employed ou works of peace and not on bloodshed , on cementing and not dividing , on blessing and not en destroying , mankind . Is Lord Hardiuge , or Lord Gough—are the thousands of officers and privates who advanced against the murderous cannon of the Sikhs as against inevitable death—are these men now to bo acknowledged to be admirably brave ? Wc knew it before ; wej ' could have predicted it of any number of Englishmen placed in the same circumstances . We are not , therefore , going tojob them of one grain of credit for their valour : if you call them valiant , we call them valiant too ; if you protest that they are most invincible warriors , we protest it too ; if you insist vehemently that they possess the highest moral qualities , we insist on it as vehemently , but we should be far better pleased to see those qualities . exercised on peaceful improvements , and the heroism of social progress , than on the old bad business of destruction .

      It is said , on all hands , that tlile war is absolutely just and inevitable ; that we have been in no way the aggressors or provoker : ! , it will be a great sa ' . istactibn if it prove so ; but it must be confessed that ic is a little early to pronounce positively on this head , amidst the tumult of victory , and the huiry of success . What makes it at least suspicious is , that the same has been said of all and every war in which wc have been engaged in auy quarter of the world , The phrase has ever been the same— "this necessary and righteous war . '" Subsequent calm investigation has generally shown every such war to have been unnecessary and v . m ighteous , and our history in India has been a sad sequence of aggression and usurpation . At the very least , this shout of applause at

      home ; this thunder of rejoicing cannon ; these acclamations of Parliament ; this sudden titration of comtnat * ders into lorils ; must be confessed to be dreadful incentives to fresh bloodshed . With peace in Europe , and a large army in India whose oflicers want promotion , will their affairs rest long without a fresh plausible ground for a campaign which is to turn lieutenants into captains , captains into generals , and generals into lords ? When they see that ou the very heels of those Indian victories , Lord Gough remits £ 70 , 000 thence , for the purchase of an estate in Ireland , will not lordships and estates , suddenly plucked from the plunder of the enemy , soon raise fresh enemies to plunder 1 Let the friends of peace and the principles of peace look to this .

      This is the dark side , let us now turn to the bright one . The outbreak iu India has shown u s that there is a huge mass of the old leaven in ihe public mind to be watched and guarded against ; but tho attairof Oregon has shown , as clearly , that we are still advancing on the right way ; that we liaee advanced and taken a firm stand on principles , and on a philosophy mere honest and beautiful than the world ever jet as a world avowed . In no case of national affront did the English government everniaintain a conduct so noble and so entirely to the satisfaction of the nation . They have borne patiently , but like firm aud wise men , much hectoring conduct on the pare of the American ministry . Wliatwosld suine years ago have thrown any ministry into a perfect ( lame , has only called forth fresh evidences of patience , candour , ai .-. d a sincere desire to negotiate like men and not light like savages .

      This is most cheering , and not the less cheering has been the spirit of the people ou both sides of tho ocean . There has been a considerable war party in America , and much sound and fury , but it has been evident that that was not the voice of the people at large . Ou the contrary , and this is the most anituatingpoint of consciousness at which we have arrived , the people in both countries have displayed the most earnest and admirable desire for the preservation of peace . Common interests and common sense have , it is true , swayed them in no trilling degree , and we rejoice that these every-day motives have obtained such ascendancy , but the higher and more cementing influences , Christian fellowship and duty , have been not the less conspicuous . Proudest and most cheering sight of all has been to see The People , the general mass , nay

      the very working classes , taking the lead in the demand for peace and union . The world once come to this pitch that the common people take the lead in the preservation of the common weal , and the great cause is gained . When they who always have been , hitherto , the food of war , refuse to be flung into its mouth like fnggots into an oven , war must perish of inanition . When they who have been hitherto taken unceremoniously by the necks , and pushed nose to nose : into other people ' s quarrels , refuse to be made mere ours of , and worry one another for their masters' amusement , thei'e will lie no quarrels . Aud that time is come to a certain degree . Between what are called Christian nations the matter is tettled . Thepeoplo declare against miaider en nutsse , ana statesmen will takecare not tolas behind and show their weakness .

      While tiiis is going through the press- we rejoice tclearn , by the following extract from one of his letters , thatZlihu-Burritt , the peace-p / eachicg American black , smiih , is on ha . way toEngla-ad .. "UOr some time past the idea has been running in ourmind , that a voyage- to . England , and a short visit in that country would much benefit our outward man . We have been aiuch confined during the Inst two or three jours , and thus deprived of the physical exercise which our earliest habits have rendered constitutionally necessary to our health . We have thought , therefore , ot this , plan , which wfc would now suinnit to the committee of the whole list of oar readers and friends . About the first of June * we- propose , under certain conditions , to take steamer or jpackct for England . On our arrival , we propose to take a private hickory slaft' atkU travel Oil , likft Btaiyau ' ljpilgrim , through the country , at the rate of atamtten miles a day . " With a pocket for my wheat and a pocket for my rye .

      And a jug of water by my side , to drink when I anv dry . ' Passing thus leisurely on foottlnough the agricultural districts , we anticipate the opportunity of looking through tho hedges and into barn yards ; sometimes into the kitchens of the common people , oucc in a while into a blacksmith ' s shop to smite at the anvil . Iu fact , we intend to pull at every latch string that we find outside the door or gate , and study the physiology of turnips , hay rieks , cabbages , hops , Ac , and all kinds of cattle , sheep , aud swine . We propose to avoid the lions of the country : and confine our walks to the lowlands of common-life ; | and to have our conversation and communion chiefly | with the labouring classes , l ' trhaps we might get ] together a knot of them some moonshiny night , and talk . ' to them a little on temperance , peace , aud universal j ' brotherhood . During such a pedestrian tour we think ' we might hear and ' see some things which a person could , not do while whizzing through the country , on the rail-, road , at the rate of thirty miles an hour

      . UUl ' . ¦ ^

      ^ S & yft ^ irw ** « i ^ P ^ Mu i j 5 * ^ ffityVfr 4 m >^ epp > . >« j < ^^ rPS ^ -N * f-i st ? pft ^ t ^ ^ - 'k § ^ vfij ^ ^ yK ^ stimateoKvy , jj ^ flS | g $ j $ 8 ^ * 3 ^ KSw ^ SS ?^! 7 ^ d £ ^ fr ^ lMe-3 > « Wwp Kfl ^' - 'IK -j > W |/ . ^ 0 i ., \ M '

      Atwmmma Present From Mehemet Ali Ti^^Bxw&Gt;3%/ F V§J&Gt;.L. _

      AtwmmmA Present from Mehemet Ali Ti ^^ BxW > 3 % / f v § J > . l . _

      ^ S&Yft^Irw ** I ^P^Mu I J ^Ffityvfr4m>^...

      On Tuesday morning , a handsonie at the value of 2 , 000 cuineas , « by the General Steam Navigation the Magnet , as a present to her hornet Ali . and was immediately don by railway .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 27, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_27061846/page/7/