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      Of The Done? He Had Been A Socialist Sin...

      October 26 , 1850 . , THE NOKTHERN STAR . ^_ 5 ¦ I it ' i li ¦; j i . ^ ¦ ¦ I ' " ——— ii ¦» I ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ SSBSHJ ^ jjWBBMai ^ art ^ iaBlgiittjfcMdaMMBMwaiaWMMHBM

      Tr^Nttrsed Meeting Of The Confe-*?Ffi?Ci...

      Tr ^ nTTRSED MEETING OF THE CONFE-*? ffi ? CI 5 OF DELEGATES FOR EFFECTED 'ffusiol AMONG DIFFERENT CLASSES £ ? REFORMERS , JOHN STREET , TOT-1 ENHAM COURT ROAD . ^ . rti . nn-vrnn

      v «^ ai a *& r * . f— » " mr StBiwooB stated that , in his opinion , these of by the wording of

      C laused were already disposed Krst clause . By that clause they had declared that the Charter was to be the only measure demanded of government as a means to effect the other reforms needed . A discussion took place upon the subject , in which Messrs Fbiiie , Basset , Le Blosd , and "Wheeler , took part , which was ended by Mr . Le Blosd pro-™ siB » the adoption of the second clause— " Free Iceess of Labour to Land , making Home Colonisa-Mr . Pettie seconded the motion .

      3 tfr . Siaixwood moved the following amendment ipj « That this Conference is of opinion that the people's Charter is the only measure that should je demanded of the government . " He was in favour of an agitation for Social Reform , bnt thought giev should first gain possession of power . "When they had attained that , they could achieve what Social reforms they deemed necessary . If his motion tras carried , he should follow it up by proposing the following measures ( which he bad withdrawn as a motion last week ) , to be agitated for by the Union —A measure guaranteeing freedom of speech ,

      freedom of opinion , and a free press ; a graduated property tax , in lieu of all other taxes ; a well regulated poor law ; a measure rendering lands , mines , fisheries , railways , canals , docks , gas , waterworks , & C , national property ; the establishing a just system of public credit , and a wise paper currency , representing the wealth produced , together with a readymedeof exchanging . such wealth so produced ; and a system of national secular education , thus clearing the way . aud tendering safe , certain , and sure that acme of economy—Communism . Mr . Leslie seconded the amendment .

      • Mr , Pextie was of opinion that the Executive of Hie Chartist body exhibited a more fraternal feeling than the delegates present The speaker then found fault with the past conduct of the Chartist Iiodr , and stated that the Social Reformers had been Jhe most powerful and intellectual advocates of the Charter , and their actions alone had never belied their words . The very fact of the Chartists asking aid was a proof that they acknowledged their superior discernment . Mr . Basset deprecated the warmth of the last speaker , and trusted it would not be indulged in by £ hose who followed him .

      Mr . Fusseii . —They should all agree on certain principles , which would give satisfaction to the country at large . Ia all their past agitation , in all their Conferences , they had given the motives and reasons why they demanded the Charter ; they asked the Socialists to join them because they TOtnldbe equally benefited by the attainment of political power , and every accession of numbers Tsas a step towards achieving their object . He ihoughttheresolutionofthe previous meeting had fceen understood ; the whole of the following clauses Jiad better be embodied in one ; it would save them much time in their discussion .

      Mr . Blair wished to know whether they were to J > e confined to the discussion of the Social rights Contained In the programme ; he thought they Ehould go into the whole Social question . Mr . Bbisck was sorry that Mr . Stallwood had jhoved the amendment . He was perfectly aware ihat political power -was the only means by which fhey could obtain other reforms , hut the amendment confined them to agitation for only one Object . JUr . Wheeler wished an explanation of the term * ' demanded of Government . " Did it simply mean petftioningParliament ? He thought every process cf their agitation was a demand upon the Government . Mr . Habsst explained that the Committee intended it to apply to formal demands by petition , memorial , or otherwise to the Legislature . Mr . Stallwood also save a similar explanation .

      Mr . Wnsox was of opinion they would cripple iheir exertions , and debar themselves from promoting many social reforms , if they confined their Parliamentary demands to the Charter . Mr . Le Bloxd . —According to their name they Vere as much an union for social as for political reform ; he was willing to give a prominence to the Charter , because unless they obtained power , any Social reforms they might obtain could speedily be crushed by the government . He thought that , by a vigorous agitation , they might speedily obtain a good Education Ml , and a Law of Partnership ; if ihe Chartists stood by the amendment , they would Slot act with honesty towards those whom they had jnvited to join them , and would shut the door to all Other classes who might wish to co-operate with them . .

      __ __ Mr . Gerald Masset . —The Chartist agitation had hitherto proved a failure ; it had never been at so Sow an ebb as at the present time ; even the Chartists themselves had acknowledged that the bulk of their tody were not Chartists in time of plenty , but sat as easy and contented as even the middle classes . Seeing this apathy among their own body , their leaders wished to extend their basis , and asked other bodies to join them ; bnt they could not expect ihat co-operation , unless they admitted the claims of those parties which the committee had inserted an the programme ; he believed that no party could Singly obtain their objects , and that no programme could satisfy the claims of every party ; but they could agree on some leading principles . He

      belonged to the Tailors' Association . They were aware that they could not successfully struggle Trith competition without some great governmental change ; if they adopted the amendment they would lose much valuable aid . "Walter Cooper was going on a tour to spread the doctrines of Christian Socialism ; if they did not agree to adopt the Law of Partnership , or some of their principles , they "Would lose his aid and co-operation ; they would also Jose the aid of the young Republican party "which had sprung up since 1848 , which would be an Incalculable loss , and of more importance to them ftnn the remnant of the school of Major Carttvright , who were harassed by repeated failures £ nd dissensions among themselves .

      Mr . Delatoece thought that either Mr . Stallwood ' s motion or the Conference was out of place ; > f they were only to have a repetition of the past , ihe union would be useless ; they must have no more Chartists upsetting meetings , called by the Trades for home colonisation or trade purposes ; such conduce prevented numbers from joining them . Mr . O ' Briex moved the following amendment : — 11 That universal suffrage and its adjuncts be the only basis of our organisation and the only specific demand to be made on the government ; but that in advocating universal suffrage , the social lights of ihe people , and the social reforms to be based upon them , be constantly kept before tie public as tbe Jjest means , both to interest the millions in the

      agiiaiion , and to ensure a wise exercise of the franchise after universal sura-age liau been obtained . " He had consulted his own body , and many of his Chartist friends , who did not belong to any organised body , and it was their opinion that they would soon sink into a mere club or coterie , if they "went as a primary object for any thing in addition to the "Representation of the People . " The agitation for the Charter had hitherto failed , because they Lad given the people sham and fraudulent reasons for Its attainment , instead of giving them the truth . They had put the Charter forward as a means to pare down taxation , to get rid of tithes , or effect some alteration in church rates , instead of she win ? that it would bring them their

      Social rights J this was the reason why they were always trying to revive Chartism , which was an acknowledgment of its death : instead of putting anew heart into it—instead of giving it life , they merel y galvanised it , gaveitatalse and not a real existence . Under the present social system , no laws could be made to benefit the whole body : ^ hcy were a mere change benefitin ? a class , but of no benefit to the millions , nor ever could be , until ihey prevented one class from preying upon anoi , ' pS ^ oetonged equnllv to all classes . The public had been grossly deceived by the doctrine , that there wasno hops for them ; but in establishing communities , and abolishing all private propertv . ihe propagation of that doctrine had been the

      Po " ^ LI ^ reV 0 lut , 0 n . on ti » continent , from 3 v 9 = > down to the present tune . It wasan excuse to government to oppose them ; it set all the propertied classes against them ; aii ^ o not ^ t 0 give up their own homes and live in barracks or communities , Idee the members of the " Hannv S -l eSS f 0 , unded . » fect > than this doctrine < S community . Competition was an effect not a cause ; and co-operation , as a remedy , was powerless , until men had their social riehts . If ~ ^ en tailors co-operated together , they expected to divideamongst themselves the master's profit - t Jj , was very well , bnt they must first ensure t master customers

      a . The upper classes well knew ttat the only source from ^ bcnCe their wealth wis derived , and all the taxation of the country pS was the power of the prober to prnS Ere S ± T SUmed ' - . 0 , fc « n concluded TlZ Mr . Rogees seconded the amendment . He was airaid , from tie diversity of opinion expressed , that there would be no lasting union effected ; the Sofi £ " v * W ? CJ , arter Ration had tfwted ; i » asked what they , themselves , had

      Tr^Nttrsed Meeting Of The Confe-*?Ffi?Ci...

      done ? He had been a Socialist since Owen broached the doctrine , in 1817 , and had been connected with co-operative and labour exchange societies for twenty years , but was convinced that they could effect nothing without political power . Of what advantage would it be to the movement to insert " a law of partnership" as one of their \ demands ? Of whst interest was it to the mass of the people ? That it would benefit some few , he did not deny ; it was a mere sectional trade affair , interesting to the tailors and other associated bodies , but not the public . Ho was a member of the Reform League , and attached g reat importance to the currency question , still , he did not demand its insertion as one of the demafids on the government . Mr . T . Hdxt said the question at issue was , a o xr ~ Tiaii hpon n . Knp . ialisf ainoo Anon t .- ~ .-t .-j

      would the Chartists continue theii * old , or adopt a new system of agitation ? The plan laid down by Mr . O'Brien was identical with that ot Mr . Stallwood's—it was the old Chartist agitation , Vfitk some new lecturing process ; he thought the proposers of it immensely underrated the importance of the mission of that Conference . Messrs . Masset and PBiirereiterated their views . Mr . Harxet could not exactly coincide with either Mr . Stallwood ' s or Mr O'Brien ' s amendment . He thought they should conciliate their Socialist and other brethren . It was stated in a letter , purporting to emanate from the Charter League , that the Conference wished to dictate to the country . He was surprised that any man , reading the

      account of their proceeedings , should come to such a conclusion . If the majority of the members of tho National Charter Association , or of the Social , Fraternal , or other bodies represented , should disapprove of the terms of the Union , the Union would at once be brought to an end . They did not wish to force their views upon the country , neither had they any intention of electing an Executive or other officers ; those matters would be left entirely to the decision of their respective bodies . Mr . Harney then explained the manner in which the programme had been got up by the committee . He thought they should not tio the hands of the Union to the Charter as their only demand upon the government ; if they exerted

      their power , he had no doubt they could carry Fox's Education Bill , or even a better bill through the House of Commons ; they had precedents for such a course , for the Chartists had petitioned for the Repeal of the Union , the Repeal of the Rate-Paying Clause , for the Reform Bill ; and similar measures . He concluded , by moving the following amendment— " That the following words be struck out of the Charter Clause , as the most efficient means of obtaining tho following necessary reforms , and that the following stand in place of the ensuing clauses—That while organising the people for the obtainment of the Charter , the Union will take advantage of all favourable circumstances to social reforms , particulaaly those calculated to

      ensure ^ National Education , the Abolition of Restrictions on Freedom of Speech and Publication , a system of Equitable Taxation , the Nationalisation of Property in Land , and such laws as will best enable the industrious classes to associate for the protection of their labour . Mr . T . Huxt seconded the amendment . Mr . O'Brien having again expressed his views , Mr . Habxet stated , that if he thought there was a probability of the Charter being speedily obtained , he would on his kneee implore the Socialists to forego their own views , and go with the Chartists for the obtainment of political power : but it was now the same as it had been after 1839 and 1842 . First . thev had a period of excitement , then apathy ,

      and then a period when the people turned their attention to little measures of Social Reform—such as establishing co-operative stores , & c . ; and whatever the Conference decided , this feeling would continue until such time as their repealed failures caused them again to unite for the People ' s Charter . But were they to wait for that period without attempting by union to hasten it ? Mr . Walter Cooper said the question was , were they , or were they not , to have an union ? He thought the time was come , if not for union , at least for them to make the experiment . He was gl & d that all parties had spoken out . He had much rather that they should heartily abuse each other than that they should have a smooth surface with a hypocritical body . Mr . O ' Brien had found fault could

      with systems and system-mongers . He assure him there was nothing good in the seven propositions of the Reform League which was not to be found in the doctrines of other Social Reformers . The Charter was only the means to an end ; and unless they had an end in view , the Charter was useless . Some of them said they wanted the Charter , and something more . Now , this something more was the things contained in the programme . He had great dependence upon the good to be effected hy a law of partnership . When he was examined before the House of Commons , he was asked whether working men would be satisfied if they were given this law of partnership ? He told them that they had no confidence in that house . Mr . Cooper then explained how the present law affected them as a body of co-operative trades .

      Mr . Wheeler thought that Mr . Stallwood ' s amendment was not understood , and that 3 Ir . Stallwood had not properly explained it . His idea of their all uniting for the Charter was simply that , to become a member of the Union , a person should only pledge himself to the one doctrine , that every man was entitled to a vote , leaving him in all other matters to act according to the dictates of his own judgment . It did not follow that because they made the Charter their one great demand , that they should not petition for other objects . During the past agitation , thev had not done as Mr . O'Brien had stated—frittered away their energies in the abolition of church rates , tithes , and other minor matters ; bnt , when occasions justified it , they had petitioned parliament in favour of many good measures , and they would still be capable of doing so if they agreed to Mr . Stallwood ' s amendment .

      Mr . Fcssell should vote in favour of Mr . Harney's amendment , but did not think he should be doing his duty to the Chartist body , unless he denied the statement put forth by Mr . O'Brien , that the Chartist leaders had given false and fraudulent reasons , instead of the truth , in their advocacy of the Charter . They had proclaimed that they needed the Charter to abolish an expensive standing army , an iniquitous and burdensome State Church , and to reduce tbe pressure of taxation upon an overworked and starving people . Could any man , with any shadow of consistency , say these

      were fraudulent reasons ? Throughout the whole of their agitation , both in 1839 , IS 12 , and 1848 , they had shown their love of truth , and their firm belief in their principles , by "braving the whole power of government ; and though they had suffered much , and been oft-times baffled , yet they had never placed themselves in the wrong ; and he could not allow the government to be justified by the assertion that they had acted fraudulently to the people . He appealed to the Socialists whether they had not always behaved candidly towards them , and heard them delineate their principles with the consideration which became men and brethren ? He defied

      the Socialists to prove that they had carried out any of their schemes of progress . The opposition of the law had always been too powerful for them to cope with . Mr . O'BniEX explained that he meant nothing offensive . He only expressed his opinion that , in the Chartist agitation , the Social Rights of the people had been kept too much in abeyance . Mr . Head belonged to the Bakers' Association ; and , if the Union assisted them to ohtain their objects , they would have more time fox-thought , and be able to turn their attention towards gaining their political rights . Mr . Cltjmests wished a law of partnership to be included in their programme .

      Mr . Massey wished to know if Mr . Harney would inclnde a law of partnership in the objects he enumerated in his resolution ? He believed they possessed about 500 members in their various co-operative bodies . Mr . Basket declined , not being perfectly acquainted with the meaning they attached to the words . Mr . Staixwood was opposed to the introduction of the law of partnership . He had 110 faith in his friend Cooper ' s mission to advocate Christian Socialism . The party who had advanced nionsy to carry on their Co-operative Society was an opponent of Universal Suffrage . He did not think that the funds of a national movement should be swallowed in a mere money-making trades' affair . To suppose it would ever achieve their social or political rights was a mere bag of moonshine .

      Some warm words were then exchanged between Messrs . Stallwood , Pettie , O'Brien , and Walter Cooper . Messrs . If . Bloxu and Pettie withdrew their original proposition . Mr . Wilsox moved , — " That this Conference shall ask the government for other measures besides the People ' s Charter , and that they proceed to their separate consideration . " He thought the discussion should have been confined to the simple question , whether they would ask government for more than the Charter or not . His amendment would test that qn jfr ! ° BRiscK seconded the amendment The votes were then taken , with the following result :-Mr . Wilson ' s motion , 10 ; Mr . Harney s , 20 O'Bri's 6 and Mr . Stallwood s o .

      • Mr . en ; ft . Fmmit suggested tbat the sGD'etary he in strucled to correspond with the secretar esof the Yorkshire and Lancashire Delegate Meetings ^ informing them of the progress made . Ho thought the business of the Conference was concluded , as the adoption of a code of rules would be tbe work of auother Conference , provided their bodies agreed to the basis of union they had law down , Mr . Masset opposed tbe suggestion , and it was ultimately withdrawn until the next meeting . Mr . Ivobt moved , — " That they adjourn until that day month , and that a committee be appointed to draw up roles iu the interval . "

      Tr^Nttrsed Meeting Of The Confe-*?Ffi?Ci...

      Motion not seconded . On the motion of Mr . Harney , the Conference then adjourned until that day week . The room was , as usual , crowded with an eager auditory during the whole of the proceedings . .- « . ,

      National Association Of United Trades. T...

      NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES . T . S . Buncombe , Esq ., M . P ., President . Established 1845 .

      " hat josiiiia . " "If it were possible for the working classes , by combining among themselves , to raise , or keep up the generarate of wages , it need hardly be said that this would be a thing not to he punished , hut to bo welcomed and rejoiced at" firoABT Mill . The " buy in the cheapest , arid sell in the dearest market'' axiom of the political economists is like a double edged sword—it cuts on both sides . The Perry market for labour , being now the cheapest in the Tin Trade in England , Labour is walking out of the town of Wolverhampton in quest of better wages ,

      and , as far aa we can Jearn , with the best success . Indeed , -we have just had an intimation that plenty of employment , at good wages , may be had in France , for English Tinmen , and the suggestion has been made to us , that we should at once put an end to this strike by sending over all our unemployed men . But we are more patriotic than Mr . Perry , and are not advocates for enriching foreign nations by making them a present of British skill , and British industry . We believe , if the present demand for skilled labour in tho Tin Trade was permitted to pursue its natural course , free from the molestations and obstructions of the

      Perryites , there "would not be a man too many in Wolverhampton , if a hundred fresh ones were to enter the town to-morrow . The men who were driven by the injustice of their employers to sect work in London , . were certainly among tho best of their craft , and have all succeeded in getting into good shops at infinitely higher wages than the highest in Wolverhampton . It is , therefore , scarcely probable that they will be induced to return again captives to their cage , however fascinating may he tho allurements of tho Perry s , or however soft and thrilling the dulcet notes of the gentle Fearncombe . We aro happy to hear that the demand for Tickets of

      admission ( a precaution taken hy the committee to ensure its respectability ) has been so great , that tho whole were distributed in two days , and three times the number might have been disposed of , so great is the interest taken by the general body of the inhabitants in this contest of right against might—of justice against tyranny . As we shall have to encroach upon the Star columns this week for a lengthened report of the meeting , we trust our members and friends will excuse the brevity of the present article . William Peel , Secretary .

      Graxd Demonstration In The Theatre Royal...

      GRAXD DEMONSTRATION IN THE THEATRE ROYAL , WOLVERHAMPTON . This important meeting came off on Tuesday evening , October 22 nd , with an eclat not possible to overate ; never in the history of labour did its champions assume and maintain a higher and more honourable ground . The Central Committee had determined to submit the Wolverhampton Tin Plate Workers' case to the verdict of the inhabitants of the town , believing—indeed , knowing—that it involved a principle in which the inhabitant householders were as deeply interested as the working men . The theatre had been engaged for the purpose , and to ensure a certain amount of respectabilitv , and to counteract any sinister attempts to

      create confusion or disturbance , the admission was by ticket , to be had by all respectable inhabitants upon application . In two days from the announcement 1 , 500 tickets were disposed of , being the number the house could well accommodate sitting . Before the doors vrere opened they were besieged by numbers whose application for tickets had not been early enough . As many of these as cquld _ be accommodated in the vacant ground and slips in pit and gallery , were admitted . And we are proud to state that during the whole evening , in a house crowded from the floor to the ceib' ng , a degree of order and decorum reigned which we believe is unexampled in the history of trades' operations . ¦ ,,

      A few minutes after seven the Committee with several influential gentlemen of the town and locality , Messrs . Green , Peel , and Winters , fromLondon , an ' d Mr . Holmes , from Birmingham , took their scats on the stage r when Mr . Bartlett , solicitor , moved that Mr . Town-Councillor Griffiths should take the chair . This being duly seconded , Mr . Griffiths , who , upon rising , was received with loud cheering from all parts of the house , said , that he felt much pleasure in being called upon to preside upon this occasion , inasmuch as the meeting was convened to listen to the grievances of the working classes . He then read the placard calling the meeting , which was as follows : —

      PUBLIC KOTICE . A public meeting of the inhabitants of the borough of Wolverhampton and its vicinity will be held in the Theatre , on Tuesday , Octoher 22 nd , 1 S 50 , to take into consideration the condition of the working classes , particularly the tinplate workers of this town , relative to the difference which exists between them and their employers , with a view of cementing the workmen closer together by mutual assistance . The chair to he taken at seven o ' clock , p . m . Several gentlemen will attend and address the meeting . Admission by ticket , which may he obtained from Mr . Rowlands , * Great Brickkiln-street . With regard to himself , he was totally ignorant of the causes of the complaints which a considerable number of persons engaged in the tin trade had made

      against their employers ; but lie knew that several honest men , whom he was acquainted with , had been walking about idle for several weeks past , and he believed they would rather have been employed . From what he knew of the character and habits of these individuals , it must bo something of a very strong and unendurable nature which could have forced them into such a position . They had met here under the constitution to advocate the rights of labour . 2 ? ot for any political or bickering purpose , but to claim and exercise a groat constitutional ri » ht . The working classes , as he understood , would that night submii their grievance to the bar of public opinion ; they would , he had no doubt , submit them with moderation , avoiding , as

      far as possible , personalities ; and if a grievance was found to exist , there could be no question but that public opinion would be powerful enough to procure redress , however rich or powerful might be the oppressor . ( Cheers . ) Tho chairman then went on to show the mutuality of interests between labour ? nd capital , and how " impossible it was for the one to injure the other without the injury recoiling upon the assailant . "With regard to labour , and the influence which excitement invariably produced , in" its relation to capital , ho had been particularly struck with some statistics he had met with , showing the extraordinary effect produced in Trance through the revolution of 1792 . Upon that occasion the property of France changed band ? . The number of capitalists increased enormously . The land became divided among G , 000 heads of families ; and their families , in number 20 , 000 , had

      been since dragging on a miserable existence , through this excessive subdivision of the soil : — while , by way of contrast , the land of England was possessed by only 300 , 000 individuals , while 70 , , with their families , were living by their wages . His authority for these figures was Alison ' s History of Europe , which , as an authority , he believed was unexceptionable . Ho found that in France there was two proprieters to one producer , and in England ten producers to ono proprietor , If these were mere facts , there could be no doubt that the working classes arc a most important element in the social family , and everything that relates to their well-being is deserving of the gravest and most earnest consideration . Having made these few preliminary observations , he sliould call upon Mr . Kemp to propose the first resolution . { Loud cheers . )

      Mr . Kemp then came forward and moved tho following : — That this meeting fully recognises the right of every man , whatever his occupation or position in society , to an equal and just administration of the laws , and to that protection which they invariably afford , when practically administered , and consider that the best and efficient mode of procuring this for the operative classes is a general centralisation of their resources and energies , systematised and controlled by rules based upon just principles , which , while they legally and constitutionally demand jusiice and equality before Uie laws for the employed , fully accord the same to the employer .

      Mr . Kemp said he felt himself in a wrong position , being somewhat suddenly called upon to move so important a resolution , but ho always felt it a duty to come forward on bebalf of the working classes , with whom he was identified by feelings ana position . He explained what he meant by the working classes , whom he considered included not merely those who worked with their hands , but those also engaged in useful mental occupations . He saw no difference in this respect between the maker and the seller of an article * they were equally workers , whose two interests were identical , and the only , portion of society who were really valuable ; for the noh ^ workers ^ for his part , he did not care how BOQiLthej were , * ant out of the country .

      Graxd Demonstration In The Theatre Royal...

      ™ i Sh J 2 nlded 1 ° 8 how the reciprocity of rights fftta & . SS ^ if " « " >«» l » y "cum parties in the town and neighbourhood-and no doubt in ! K » ri S" ?""* . seParato them , and to apportion ail the rights to capital , and all the duties to labour . SmJ 5 ? i . » - ?? 8 in the Jiabit of thinking for tut i l * " m'gnt . Perhaps , be thought foolish for ™!« ijmi t - hose wh 0 knew nis follv an < i weakness would lay it to the old score . , He thought that no rignt could exist without a corresponding duty , ana it any class of tho people are found neglecting Ks be a nother class ' will tell them of it . if i \ L l bu 8 II > ess this evening , and this we shall «?»«!» * "' ? y Physical force . As he understood ine question , it appeared to him a very simple one . it any man comes to me to buy an article , he expects to pay value for it ; and if one man comes to v u- S J ° M » l »* our , ° y a parity of reasoning u fiis duty to pay value for it . He then nrooeeded . ** .. " . »»

      by a variety of instructive and interesting arguments , to illustrate his views of the relation of rights to duties , and concluded this part of his argument by maintaining that the most effectual W . * Qi" any class to secure their rights was by a rigid and honest performance of their duties . He was sorry to say ' that some of the employers of this town seemed to have but a very imperfect notion of the obligation which their duties imposed on them . Ho had heard of some frightful cases of oppression . These men might be wealthy and powerful , but the people were beginning to estimate men not by the monev thev nossessed . but bv

      the virtues they practised . He confessed he had great doubts of the propriety of strikes , but he was quite certain that when they were entered on they should be maintained with firmness . He considered that a right-minded and virtuous man would use every possible means to avoid the dangerous alternative ; but failing this ho would say to himself " I may want bread , I may suffer destitution , but I have placed my foot upon a sound principle ; I will die in defence of it . " ( Cheers . ) The speaker then alluded to the manner in which justice was administered in this borough by the local magistrates , many of ft hose chief qualifications for their honourable position , were a long purse and a pig's head . ( Applause and laughter . ) ; Tho Chairman remonstrated with the speaker upon the latter expression , which he thought was ill-advised , and not particularly applicable to the resolution .

      Mr . > KEMpresumed „ and contended that they had a just right to complain of a want of an impartial administration of justice , and he considered it was their duty to get the evils he had alluded to removed , and the incompetent borough magistracy superseded by an educated , impartial tribunal . ( Cheers . ) He considered that the working classes were justly entitled to an impartial admistration of the laws of tho land , and it was this feeling that brought him there . The speaker was greeted , upon his Bitting down , with repeated cheers Irom all parts of the house . Mr . Rowlakd shortly seconded the resolution , and Mr . Peel , the secretary of tho National Trades ' Association , then came forward to support the resolution in a lengthened and able speech , for which we regret we cannot find room .

      The CiiAinMAN then came forward to put the resolution , and congratulated the meeting upon the excellent temper of the audience , and the general discretion and moderation of the speakers ; ho was happy to see so splendid a meeting , and particularly to see so large an attendance of his colleagues holding official appointments in tho corporation ; he had no doubt they would derive as much pleasure from this meeting as he himself felt . The resolution was carried with deafening cheers . Mr . Carver moved the second resolution : —

      That this meeting is of opinion that it would be for the benefit of the operative cliisses of this borough and the country generally , to unite themselves in one body for their mutual assistance and protection , in order to secure the advantages set forth in the first resolution and further , this meeting fully recognises tho usefulness and advantage already obtained by the Executive and members of the United Trades' Association for the Protection of Industry , who have so perseveringly and legally supported the th » - plato workers of this borough in their present struggle against the injustice and overbearing conduct of some of the manufacturers . This meeting , therefore , considers the above institution eminently calculated to assist in securing that protection which is so much needed , and earnestly recommend the working classes to join it as the best and most efficient , as well as legitimate , society established , to protect the interests of those classes .

      Which he supported in a most amusing and witty speech , in the course of which he showed how easily , through the organised arrangements of the National Association , the working classes might altogether change their position . He entered into some useful calculations , to show the over-powering value of the pence . Even if the men of Wolverhampton , to tbe number of 5 , 000 , were to unite , and only subscribe one halfpenny a week , it would produce a sum so considerable that would afford their complete protection from all undue exaction of capital . Ho deprecated this continuous effort to break down the value of labour , and showed , in a humourous style , the artful and crafty manner in which these reductions were frequently effected . Their results were not only to rob labour of tho luxuries of life , but even of the necessaries . The speaker concluded a long and eloquent address amidst great applause . At this part of the proceedings Mr . G . A . Fleming , the treasurer to the association , and editor of the Northern Star , arrived , and was heartily greeted by

      several friends who knew him . Mr . Green , member of the Central Committee of the National Association , seconded the motion , and commenced his observations by a well-timed and well-merited eulogium upon the Chairman , for his conspicuous liberality in taking the position and the impartial manner in which he had performed its duties . Ho went into a brief history of the rise and progress of the National Association , showing its principles and objects , and the successful manner in which they had been carried on . He more particularly dwelt upon its complete legality , and adduced

      lucid dictum of Baron Itolfe m support of his argument . He justified a combination of labour by the parallel of the useful combination now existing among the shopkeepers of that town , to protect themselves from tho injurious effects of the truck system , Ho then went into a lengthened explanation of the terms of the Association , with which the members and readers of the Star aro familiarly acquainted with , and concluded a long and spirited speech by an exposure of some of the mean , vindictive , and cruel proceedings of tho Pcrrys . Mr . Green was listened to with great attention , and vociferously cheered at tho conclusion of his address .

      Mr . G . A . Fikmixg ( treasurer to tho . Association ) was next introduced to the meeting in very flattering terms by the chairman , and , in the course of a brief speech , pointed out what ho considered the peculiar merits of tho organisation of the Association , its adaptation to the local and general wants of the trades , and its strong and substantial claims upon their support , based upon its past success and vast capabilities . Tho working classes of the present age stand in a totally different position to any of their predecessors . As long as the commodities required by society were produced mainly by manual labour , the workers had , to a groat extent , the power in their own hands of regulating wages in their own localities . But tho rapid increase and

      application of machinery to almost every branch ot industry , and the consequent supercession of manual labour by that machinery , had revolutionised the condition of the working classes , Tho inevitable tendency was to produce a " surplus" in the mar kct of labour , of which the owner of capital could at all times avail himself to reduce prices to tho level of mere existence . This glut was not observable'in those occupations alone with which maohU nery had directly interfered . It had driven masses of struggling competitors into trades and occupations into which machinery had not yet been introduced , and , by their des ' perato efforts to secure work , wages in many of them had been reduced so low- that the miserable victims were condemned to

      eke out a suhsistence by prostitution or theft . The causes which produced this downward tendency in the condition of tho labouring classes were universal , inevitable in thoir nature and operation , and must be met by counteracting causes , equally universal and powerful , if the career of skilled artisans anil manual labourers of ail descriptions in tin ' s road to ruin , was to be arrested . The fact pointed to the inference . As the evil was national , tho cure must be national also . It was only bv means of a general union of the trades that they could successfully maintain their position , and secure a fair day's wage for a fair day ' s labour . Having been connected with the Association since its first establishment , and carefully observed its practical

      operation , ho had no hesitation in saying , that ho believed it to possess , in an eminent degree , all the requirements of such an association . It left tho bodies united that freedom of local action , and control over their own funds , which was so well suited to the genius of Englishmen ; and it concentrated and brought to bear upon any given spot the whole nioral and pecuniary power of tho United Trades , in the most simple but efficient manner . No association within the last twenty years ( and ho spoke from active experience in all the movements that had taken place during that period ) had conferred so many and such substantial benefits upon tho trades , in so shorta period and at so small a cost . Under tho watchful and experienced guidance and counsel of that noblo and true friend of

      the people , Thomas Slingsby Buncombe , the member for Finsbury —( immense applausc ) -and , through the spirited , honest , and zealous exertions of tho members of the Central Committee , it had weathered tho storms which , during the last few years , had wrecked so many other popular bodies . It had scattered solid benefits far and wide , mainly through the medium of mediation and arbitration—though , when necessary , it had never hesitated to employ tho pecuniary power at its command to succour its oppressed members i » any just struggle against encroaching or selfish employers . Its triumphs however , ! had , he rejoiced to say , in hundreds of cases , he « n won solely by the exercise of

      Graxd Demonstration In The Theatre Royal...

      its moral influence {"" J—a fact pregnant with im " portance and instruction . I , Gt the trades ponder upon it , learn to comprehend it in all its significance , and having done that , let them learn how to act upon it universally , and no power would be able to withstand the demand for any of theii'just rights . He trusted , however , that they would not in future confine themselves to the arrangement of disputes only , but that the portion of the plan which was in abeyance , would be brought into practical operation , until they had in some degree tho power of disposing of that " surplus labour , " which was the real cause of all reductions of wages , they could never occupy a permanentl y-safe and secure position . The Association had all tha plans and the

      machinery prepared , by which , whenever the trades choose to contribute the necessary funds , these surplus hands , who were made the instruments to pull down wages , might be profitably set to work on land , and in workshops , belonging to themselves . That was tho only sure foundation on which they could stand ; and until they had arrived at that , all the other things they could do were , at best , but pa lliatives . He wished , however , to observe in conclusion that , in seeking the elevation of the working classes , tho Association did not seek to pull down any other class . They had no desire to promote division , disunion , and ill-will between employers and employed ; on the contrary , aiming as they did , mainly to secure their objects by moral

      influence alone , they knew that anything like harsh , one-sided , partial , or unjust conduct on their part , would defeat the object they had in view , and destroy that moral prestige on which they had heretofore relied with such success , aa made them confident of victory on the side of justice , in future . That vast and extraordinary meeting was itself a proof of the soundness , and of the value of the policy laid down by tbe Association . It was a neiv era m the history of Trades Unions , to see a meeting for such a purpose as they had met to promote , presided over by an influential member of the municipal body , and to have—as he was informed—not only the principal employers in the tin-plate trade , hut also the great majority of the town finunnillnrs .

      and many of the gentlemen engaged in the trade and commerce of the town . The harmonious meeting of these parties with the working classes that night , and the friendly spirit by which that largo and overflowing assembly had been animated throughout , were deeply gratifying to bis own mind , and he should ever recollect with pleasure his having been present at such a meeting , and the honour of having been permitted to take part in its proceedings . Mr . Fleming—whose speech had been frequently applauded during its delivery—resumed his seat amidst loud and continued applause . . The resolution was then put , and carried unanimously . Mr , Bauton , solicitor , moved : —

      That this meeting strongly condemns tho practice , unfortunately of late most prevalent , of subverting the necessities of the poor , _ or the ignorance of the unlearned , into a means of reducing the workmen into a comparative degree of slavery , by drawing them into agreements as destructive to the liberty , the interests , and the morals of the workmen , as they are to the honour , the character , and the reputation of the masters . This meeting would therefore most strenuously urge upon the workmen cautiously to reflect before they enter into agreements so prejudicial to their best interests , and in every way cal . culated to ensure their degradation and ruin .

      With every word of that resolution he most cordially agreed . He believed that every one present , who understood the nature of these agreements , and had seen the working of them when brought into a court of law , would say they were not only disagreeable but unjust . Parties who had left their employment for only one or two hours had been sent to prison . ( Cries of " Shame . " ) The decision of the court being that they must either pay the costs of the appearance , or be sent to gaol . He had seen the case of a poor man who , having heard one Saturday night of the extreme illness of his wife and family at a distance , left his employment and proceeded forthwith to give them that personal care and assistance so needful at such a time . When he arrived

      ho found one of his children in the last struggle , and it died shortly afterwards . Others of his children and his wife vrere ill , and the latter , as might be supposed , was in great distress . He stayed to give them assistance , and for doing that he was taken by the officers and brought back to that town , and placed in the court on a charge of having deserted his employment . One of the magistrates , who had some feeling in his heart , said , when the case was . stated , that he thought the man had given every excuse that could be desired , and that he might be discharged ; but what did they think was the conduct of the employer who had arrested him ? He said , " Well , I am not satisfied , and I must have him committed . " ( Loud cries of " Shame , " and

      hisses . ) The words were heard with horror and disgust by every ono in tho court ; and though the magistrate refused to commit the man for having gone to perform his duty to a sick wife , and his dying child , he was . forced to pay all the expenses of tho hearing .. ( Renewed cries of " Shame . " ) Had the employer had any spark of right feeling in him , ho would have paid these expenses himself , lie would call attention to another case , in which a man was brought up under one of these agreements . Hut the employer , neither wanted the man to go to prison nor back to his work . It appeared he had lent him two pounds , and he said , " Let him give me the two pounds , and I will get rid of him altogether . " It was , in fact , an endeavour to make the magistrate ,

      under colour of the ^ agreement , put 40 s . in his own pockets , instead of having recourse to the County Court . He was about to tell them the decision , but on reflection he thought it would be better to tell them nothing about it . ( Cries of " Go on , lets hear all about it . ") Well , if they would have it , the decision of the magistrates was this , " Sir , you aro committed for three weeks , and , if you can pay the money you will be released to night . " ( Loud laughter , followed by hisses . ) Was that the way in which these agreements should be administered ? ( Hear . ) Another thing about them was their want of mutuality . They required that tho men should give the masters six months' notice before they could leave their

      employments , while the masters had the power , in case of bad band or any other cause , to discharge the men when they pleased , or , at most , at a month ' s notice . ( Hear . ) That being the case , he would ask if this resolution was not one to which they would most cordially agree , and in its not too strong language reprobate the temptations which the masters so disgracefully hold out to bribe the men into the signing of these agreements , and thereby make them slaves for an unlimited period ? ( Cheers . ) All the advantages were on the side of tbe masters . When they advanced a sum of money—say £ 5—to a man , he might expoct to pay it off hy certain and regular installments—say Is . a week—but the masters took care not to let him pay it off in that way . They

      kept always something owing to them , and thus kept him always under their thumb . ( Hear , hoar . ) In addition to this he would notice tho suspicious way in which these agreements were made to tell against the men . Whenever any point was to be proved against thorn they were always forthcoming ; but when tho solicitor for tho men wished to see them on behalf of his clients , they could never be had—they were always lost , or something of that kind ; and remembering also that the masters gave the men no copies of their agreements—remembering also the cases of hardship and oppression oi which they had boon tho cause , he loft the resolution in the hands of tho meeting , confident it would meet with their unanimous support .

      Mi ' i "Wood ( a tin-platb worker ) seconded the resolution in a speech strongly condemnatory of agreements . Ho had worked in the best shops in London for twenty years , and never hoard of an agreement there . Mr . Walton , for whom he now worked , ono of tho largest and most respectable employers in the town , had not a single man under agreement . ( Cheers . ) What did any honest man want with agreements ? If he was a good workman his master would be glad to keep him ; if he was a bad man , and ho keptliim , it could only be for sinister purposes , and the running down of good men .

      Mr . Holmes , of Birmingham , was desirous of saying a few words before the resolution was put , and to bear his testimony to the good that had been effected by the National Association . It had been intended that ho should speak sooner in the evening ; and , if he had had tho opportunity , ho would have endeavoured to show his reasons for supporting it at greater length than the lateness of the evening would now permit him . With respect to the resolution before them , he did not understand it , and ho did not want to understand anything about agreements , lie had served , when a youth , one apprenticeship of seven years and did not wish to servo another , for the benefit of any man . Ho rose specially , however , to show tho advantage that

      would arise from a union of tho trades , extending throughout tho whole of England , Scotland , and Ireland , as he hoped it would . The best illustration lie could offer would bo that of his own tradethat of a wire drawer . When they wore only a local union they had boon forced to submit to reduction after reduction . It was true that they had a fund , but it acted , in fact , like a stagnant pool of water , and spread a moral malaria through the trade . Dishonest men had taken from it little by little for selfish purposes , and when at last a struggle camo between tho masters and the men , tho men were obliged to give way from want of

      means . They had notapowerful association to come between them as a mediator , thoir funds were drawn from until thoy were exhausted , the men wore then left to exist as they could , and at length , however un willing , they were forced to go back to their employers and submit to their terms , however degraded they might be to their feeling ' s . ( Hear ) After a time , however , they heard of tho National Association . Thoy studied its principles and its organisation , and were so satisfied with both that they joined , and he was happy to inform them , that though since that time many attempts at reduction had been made , hot one of them had been successful , ( Loud cheers . ) This was owing to the power

      Graxd Demonstration In The Theatre Royal...

      of the National Association . He was glad to pay his tribute to its usefulness , and , his testimony to the admirable manner' in whicn & conducted its business . Let them suppose a caS & The master wished , from some cause or other , to make a reduction . He proposes to tbe men . The men reply no ; we will not accept it . Antagonism springs u ^ between these two parties immediately ; to bring them together is like bringing two fires to * gether , they will add to-not diminish the heat . But then comes in another party , calm and considerate ; the mediating power of the ' . National Association is brought to bear on the case in a spirit of impartiality , with the beat result to all parties . That had been shown , not only in his ow n trade , but in

      others in Birmingham , and all of them looking to the struggle now going in Wolverhampton ; looking to the justice of the cause in which the association was engaged , had ctfme to the resolution , that whatever time it might take , whatever might bo the cost , the association should carry it to a successful issue . ( Loud and repeated cheers . ) He could tell tho subject was not only mooted there , but in other places . He had lately addressed his trade on the subject , and asked them whether the tin-plate workers should go down for want of support ! "NaT'was the unanimous reply . "We will sooner give one-third of our weekly earnings , as long as the struggle lasts , rather than they shall be sacrificed to the cupidity of one or two selfish

      employers . ( Loud cheers . ) lie had great pleasure in saying that his own trade did not stand alone in that determination ; and its practical value ; in a case of this kind , they might judge , when he' told them that his own body , which averaged only 100 men , had already contributed to this -struggle £ 27 10 $ . ( Cheers . ) He could assure them such was the feeling now existing in the Birmingham trades , that thoy were determined the National-Association , and the tin-plate workers , should succeed , if it even cost them more than one third oftbei ? weekly earnings , until their brother workers were triumphant . ( Cheers . ) They felt satisfied that every means had been- resorted to . by the Central Committee , before they were driven to a strike , for

      their was not a body of men in tbe kingdom who more strongly deprecated strikes . But having at last taken that position , supported by the association , they could not now go back . They were pledged to tho list of prices drawn up by the men , and that struggle could only terminate by tho adoption' of "the book , the whole book , and nothing but the book . " ( Applause , and laughter . ); The Chairman , in putting the resolution said , it was the last , and to his thinking , the best . -He could not too strongly express his disapprobation of the example set by those masters who disgraced themselves by inveigling men into a hiring which was entirely a one sided affair . ( Groat applause . ) He knew that it was the custom of some of these

      masters to put these agreements in their own desk , and not give a copy to the workman . ( Cheers . ) But he hoped the workman would not barter away his independence and his labour in that way in future , nor sacrifice himself , his wife , and his family in the manner they had heard of that night . ( Cheers . ) There was no necessity for such agreements on the part of the masters . If they treated their men in a proper and gentlemanly way , they would never lose a good man . ( Hear , hear . ) He would give them an instance : ono of his men had worked for him for many years . He gave him good wages , and had never been asked for morebut if asked he would readly give an advance , for he would not part with him for £ 500 a year . ( Cheers . ) But mere wages were not the only ties between master and man . The former ought to take an interest in the welfare of bis men . He

      should see that they were able to send their children to school , and be properly brought up ; " and when the wife was confined , take cure that a bottle of wine was sent to welcome the youngster . ( Great laughter , and applause . ) There were ties to attach masters and men , ways to unite their hearts , better than all tho twopenny-halfpenny hivings that ever were drawn up by a lawyer . When men were inveigled into their ono-sided bargains the roasters had no real hold upon them . Whenever thoy got dissatisfied the men run away , and the masters were left without workmen , the wives without husbands ; besides , as had been told them , Mr . Walton never hired ; and , surely , if he could do without it , every other master in the town might . ( Cheers . ) Without further remark , he would call on all who approved of tho resolution to say " aye . "

      A tremendous shout , which made the building ring again , answered this appeal ; on the contrary , not the whisper of a " no " was heard . Mr . Fleming having taken the chair , Mr . T . Winteus moved , and Mr . F . Green seconded , a cordial vote of thanks to Mr . Councillor Griffiths , for his kindness . in presiding , which was carried with three times three hearty cheers . In reply , that gentleman expressed the deepest gratification afc the order and enthusiasm that had characterised the proceedings , and said that circumstances had transpired that day which led him to hope that the struggle would he terminated in a day or two . ( Loud cheers . )

      On Thursday there was ^ a meeting of magistrates in the To ' wn Hall , the Mayor presiding , for the purpose of hearing a statement from "' Mr . E . Perry . Messrs . Green and Winters , of the United Trades Association , and a deputation of workmen . We have not room for particulars . And at the conclusion of the conference , the Mayor delivered the opinion of the bench , and concluded with the following words : — " We are not sitting here in a judicial capacity , but we can say , that if persons were brought before us , in cases of this nature , we should feel ourselves bound to enforce the same wages as are paid by tho leading manufacturers of this borough , whether tho men aro hired or not . " This is a " great fact , " and must have a material influence in terminating the contest .

      A Scene At Sessions. At Tho Cambridgeshi...

      A SCENE AT SESSIONS . At tho Cambridgeshire Sessions , which terminated on Saturday last , before the Hon . Eliot Thomas Yorke , M . P ., chairman , and a lull bench of magistrates-, the following curious scene occurred after the trial of ono Henry Barlow , on a charge of stealing a hen , tbe property of a magistrate , the Rev . E . Law , of Orwell . —The facts of the case were , that one of the prosecutor ' s servants having heard a noise made by a hen rearing partridges in a pit , went to ascertain the cause , and saw a man ( Barlow ) lying in it . He quietly shut down the glass , and went and fetched a fellow servant . On their return they dragged Barlow ( who either was , or assumed to be , asleep ) out , and then found the body of the ben in one place , and the head , which had " been pulled and not wrung oft ' , in another . —

      The prisoner ' s counsel ( Mr . Naylor ) submitted that ths felonious taking was not proved , and on this being overruled , he argued that it could only be considered a case of trespass , for tho purpose of sleeping in a warm place . If the man had intended to steal , he would have taken tho hen out of tho coop . This was the mere freak of a drunken man , to prevent tho hen , by her cackling , betraying his restingplace . The prisoner might be punished , but not as a felon . —The Chairman having summed up , tho foreman of tho jury delivered as tho verdict , " Guilty Of a trespass on Mr . Law ' s premises with a felonious intent , and of pulling tho head off the fowl . "—The Chairman : It is necessary for you to consider whether the prisoner is guilty of tbe stealins-, talvin < r , and carrying away this fowl . —Foreman

      ( after consulting ) ; Not guilty of stealing . —The Clerk of tho Peace inquired , in the usual form , if that was tbo unanimous verdict , and there was no dissent . —The Chairman : I am informed that there is ono gentleman on tho jury who will not find a verdict of guilty under any circumstances . Mr . Carter , you may leave the box ; such a person ought , not to take an oath . Mr . Carter then left the box , exclaiming , " Why I was the only one who was of a contrary opinion to the verdict . " —Mr . Metcalfe ( for the prosecution ) : There is some mistake . Let that juryman comeback . —Mr . Naylor I protest against it . The juryman has left the box . If ho ought not to have been there , he ought not to return . ' The jury havo returned a vmlict , and asked if thoy were unanimous . —The Chairman then recited the points of the case again . —Foreman : We find the prisoner guilty of a trespass in pulling oft

      tho head of the few ! . —Mr . ffnylor ; That is again a verdict of not guilty . —The Chairman : You must say whether tho prisoner is guilty . Hid he take the fowl from the ground ? I cannot allow the ends of public justice to bo perverted . —Foreman : If you say that is sufficient , wo say that he is guilty . — Chairman : You must not put your verdict on me . —Mr . Naylor : I again protest against these proceedings ; this is not justice . —Foreman ( being asked by tho chairman , with vehemence ) : Guilty . —This verdict was then recorded . Mr . Kaylor : I apply for a case on practice . Will the court grant it ?—Chairman : Certainty not . —Tho prisoner was sentenced by tho chairman to ten years' transportation ( a previous conviction having been proved . ) His sister immediatel y sot off on foot for London , with the ostensible design of soliciting the l ' udgcs for a pardon . J

      Tiute, Nor Tuue. — « The Excesses Of Our...

      Tiute , nor Tuue . — « The excesses of our youth arc drafts upon our old nse , payable about twenty years after date . Many , whose bill has become due , ulio iu their search alter ph-asuve , lost « i » ht of its main ingredient , . ni . oce » cc , and' wl . u arc now elidu .-in ; , -, in all theii- eonip rated llO I - rors , the pains nud . penalffi * of'former indttOrtion , can heartily respond to the above ndogc-yct w j l h . k * ha , that these ( Ld doubtless . there ^ c J ™^^ ? ££ sinned in ignorance «* " »» $ . e' ° ' litl ? 0 f torment and folly , should on thnt accou " j ^ this class of su tmisery , and it , ulor * ° » " ^„ tei . t ! cn to a medicine . lbras ini »> ' ^ ' » ? i l !!" 1 . !! ve ti-rtul . viz ., On . - ]) ij Rcoa * tho bcncliis oi ii-lindi ^ i ¦;; dicill 0 which wli fcel asturcc i Compound Rt . ^ - ^ commend Patent Medicines gene'W , ifbecomes more fcnoivn , will tend greatly towards ! ; aUj 'inf « don of Hhe thousand ills that flesh is heir to . SSS m « Medical Journal , . . AMtggte telnUn another part of wrm ^ y ^ gjv

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 26, 1850, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_26101850/page/5/