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Northern Star (1837-1852), 26th July 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 7, much Juwj^_ 18^ mE NORTHER^ STAR.,;,. *

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    • Jfrttp' iHotemmts
    • agrfatlture an* iortimltiu*.
    • Sftartttt Inmagena*
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      Much Juwj^_ 18^ Me Norther^ Star.,;,. *

      Juwj ^_ mE NORTHER ^ STAR ., ; ,. *

      Jfrttp' Ihotemmts

      Jfrttp' iHotemmts

      " An"L I Will War, At Least In Words, (A...

      " An"l I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—detds } , vfith all who war with Thought : " " I think I hear a little bird , who sings Ihe people hjaud by will he the stronger . "— -Bison

      Italy, Austria, Axd The Pope. So. Xi. "I...

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AXD THE POPE . SO . XI . "In I taly , says Mr . Mazrini , " nothing speaks : si silence is the oominon law . " The pc ^ hs are silent by reason of terror ; the masters s sre siltutfrom p « Kcy . Conspiracies , strife , persecution , T « nieauce aU esist ' * ut ,, la , ic no noise ; tl : ey excite a a ti : iier applause nor complaint ; one mi ght fancy the v very st- 'i 15 of t ! , e scaffoW were spread with velvet , so I jnic noise do heads make when they fall . The stranger 3 j ii search of health , or the pleasures of arts , passes 5 : ia \« u = h ibis ww ? laud on which God has lavished without i jr . ea-ure all the gifts which He has divided amongst the < t . -. lierlan ' s of Eurojic—he comes upon a sjiot where the , * .. U has been recently stirred , and he does not sucpect

      lira ! he is treading < m the grave of a martyr . The earth js covered witli flowers , the heaven above smiles witli its . arhicaq'Cct ; th « cry of rnistxj , which from time to time aaivalses his native country , is rarely heard here ; aud two great epochs of the human race—two worlds , the vwldof paganism , and the world of middle age , Christiriaaity , lie before him to study—what cares he for the puck ? He says to himself , there is here abundance of jecd , there is sunshine , there is music iu thu air ; what jni-n- can tins iudohnt race desire ? Other men , too , men of fcurts , statistics , utililarians , go their ways , judging ot ludy as they would of any other country in a normal jiaio , neglecting «» cne hand the greatfnet of tlie slavery , a , i . l the trampling douis of all the indigenous elements ; aad on the other hand the strength of vitality , the desire

      !<• lice , which , in spite of all obstacles , is beginning to dawn ojK . nns . They meet here and there with fragments of suj > ci ficial reform : they ^ vc tlic honour of it , not to our cn oits orthe spirit that sustains us iu the strife , hut to oar governments ; and they exhort us to have patienceto confine ourselves to pacific efforts for homracputhic aniclknuio-j , which alone seems to conciliate their lukewarm desire for the good and what they are pleased to jt-nu the n-puse of Europe . They abdicate at the frontier everything like faith , remembrances , and high heroic and social views . The idea of nation is too abstract for them . They see in Italy nothing but a country , a surface of > o many thousand squrrc miles , peopled by so many million todies ( the souls do not enter into their calculation ) , for whmn all that can reasonably be expected from their political i ultr .-, is a cercaiu aiucuntof food , clothing and of matcrxnl conu ' vrts , imiCil < t circznscs . As tile

      Cater Granz efiaced from his plan of Spielberg the mm , in order that he might remember nothing hut tlie uuai-Und prisoner , they would willingly tflace the name of Italy from the map of Europe , in order to substitute for i : a cipher . Aud above all this , influencing at once both jj : i- thoughtless traveller and self-styled practical men , lii-vt-rs the etc vietis , tlie adoration of tlie actual , tlie in . crsjnnt confusion of might with right . You have risen i ; ji mice , thrice : twice , thrice , have you fallen ; you are Jlit-n destined to suftx . "We side onljr viih the strong- — we adore victory . The cry is brutal ; still it influences lie entire question , it engenders the induTeieuce of the peop le and . directs the proceedings of the governments . We exiled patriots have our letters opened , whilst it is h ' ~ hly probable , Sir James , that yon would respect the mir-aves of an Italian monarchy , or republic , or at least v , u would onlv open them on your own account .

      liut there is another class , that which holds up Anstriaas the civilising power iu Italy . This party , says 3 Ir- . Slizzisi , cry " Peace , peace ; we must have j * aie , at any price , were it even the peace of tlic tMub . " This party argues that " the Lombard-Yeiicdan provinces arc less unliappy , arc better administered than the other States of Italy : the Austrian Government is strong , the Italian Goverunicir ts arc weak ; it is essential , therefore , that Austria should extend her sway over the entire country , repressing both the agitation amongst the iH-oplej and tlic caprices of the Italian princes . "

      To this reasoning , Air . Mazzixi replies— " Yes , it is true that there is some progress in Lombardy . Wc advance , you say : yes , doubtless , we advance ; but are you aware what tears and sweat every step of progress costs in that quarter ? It is not true that the Italian provinces under the Austrian rule arc well governed . " Air . Mazzixi adds that if he can prove this , if he can show that Austria is the declared enemy of all progress , of all amelioration , he may < - ]> are himself all trouble as regards tlie other Italian Governments , wliivh all parties acknowledge to be execrable , recumn « : ta be overturned altogether , unkvs . specdilv reformed .

      Mr . Il . vz 7 . isi then describes at great length the state of Lombardy under the Austrian rule ; the following is an epitome of Mr . Mazzisi ' s revelations . Lombardy is governed by a Viceroy . It is in Vienna where all taxes , direct and indirect , are imposed ; all regulations concerning the post-office made , and aU the higher officers under Government , the professors of the schools , & £ ., are nominated . Vienna fixes the salaries of government employes , all pensions , the distribution of the funds for the yearly expenditure , the arproval of all new undertakings , the expenses of which will exceed 3 , ( 100 florins , and of ail speculations going beyond that sum . Vienna legislates for all tliat concerns private sales without auction , forall extra expenditure- ; itdecrces all military

      levies ; it chooses tiie suinccts of instruction . The following is a list of the principal posts filled by foreigners { Ausfrians aud other subjects of Austria , not italisn ?) in the Lombard-Venetian Provinces : — Chancery of the Viceroy : two Aulic- Councillors out of the three wiiicu composes it . Giuuta 1 . 11 . del Censimenfo ( cexscs ) : the vice-president , a councillor . Government : the governor , the vieo-president , a councillor , two secretaries , tlie dispatching director . Police : the director general , an assistant , a secr etary , five upper commissaries ; five subaltern itmimissaries ; nearly all the corps of tlic police military guard : commandant , captains , lieutenants ,

      • Ve . Censorship : a censor , university : a director aui three professors . Veterinary School : the director . Schools of Philosophy aud Gymnastics : eleven \ rofessors * Magistrate Cameraie ( Fiscal ) : the presi dent ; a secretary ; the inspector in chief of the guards of ihe Confines ; the vice-secretary . The Mint : the director . The Post-office : the director , and twentytwo subalterns . Inspection of the Tobacco Manufactory : the inspector . Guards of the Confines : all ihe commissaries , except four . Tribunals , Milan . — Tribunal of Appeal : the president aud nine councillors , out of twenty-five . Tribunal of the first Instance : the president aud two councillors . Criminal Tribunal : six councillors . Brescia . —Tribunal of the

      first Instance : thepresusent . Cremona— id . id . lterganio . — id . id . Como . — id . id . Pavia . — id . id . Soudrie . — id . Id . The Army : nearly the whole of the military hierarchy . Of course there is not wanting in the Lombard-Vencfian provinces the machinery of local governments : these arc indispensable to enable the Austrian government to collect its exactions , aud extend its grinding sway into every nook and comer of the land . The power jiosscssed by the Central , Provincial , and Municipal Assemblies is , however , limited to registering the edicts of Austria , or at most representing ilie " wants and petitions ef the Italian people , witli no power even to advise compliance with tlic wishes of the community . We must refer our readers to Mr . Mazzixi ' s pamphlet for the full description of the impotence aud slavery of these assemblies . Wc quote the following extracts : —

      The Government I . It . severely reprimanded the municipal body for having in 1 S 3 G , expended 50 Austrian livrcs in a sifTfiet , without aj ^ ilyinij to tlie I . II . mint . They were reprimanded for a payment of 7 C 0 lures , made by Ihe commune ! o a phyiirian who had bw-n engaged in 1 & -34 SC-37 , to sopcr ' ntt-ud the csecmiua of the sanitary arrangements . They were reprimanded by tlic Government for a daily salary granted by the common council to a lamplig hter , which exceeded 42 centimes : they were reprimanded for paying by the year instead of every three months for the municipal advertisements inserted in the

      privUc- ' cd Gazette of . Milan . The Government mierlertuce is so minute that iu ISiO a long despatch directed the Government of Milan to call together the municipal asseicWv , in order tliat it might explain why in the shitovu siafistus of arts and trades inlSSl there had been * w tailors marked , whereas , in that of 1 S 3 S the number Indicated 105 . The same chamber hit upon a scheme to promulgate the laws whereby all the communes , and all the twpW-s were obliged to subscribe to tlie bulletin of laws publiihul annually by the Government , not so much , as the despatch naivel y * observed , tliat the laws mig ht become known , as the treasury might be profited . And it

      cited tin- ltiKrfan Government as realising 300 , 00 © tlialcrs Ojiarliy flisias . There k no need io enlarge on the iiaiuKil msiaie wtrylod y has to enter upon any sort of business with the coummnes and municipalities on account of the tardiness aud tlie endless hindrances which ae . ital . l y r ^ ult friiai tWs ftxmgt amn 0 L ( ncJi for instance tliei-in-c ^ wa between a commune of the Berga-« T ^ i ? i ^ ' i 'f ' M , Jiha l , rov 5 «« a ^« t a conscript , I ^^ f . l * J ^^«^ y «« fiMafiirlus « rric « . dkSi r " ^ ; ' : " , !? 4 l "' " >^ Uftbjapoordcrilwho

      ltalv ? now 'If ' ^ mhr ^ bard-Venetian aiaiy . now , l . ow docs msc covcni it ? In «? ly to this « m & fini ; Air . ^ ^ . _ teZta *?? '' " ff 1 S ,, C ***** ^ e jto governwa slewed not be able to doso . The distance from tlie t . fi ^ lLe o **™ ot * daSmnt race , the ihicli ~ tr , ? maU ^^ ^« "n = 1 3 n the country * ar ^ " imposes . pan g Huic uWif yinttmm n a nceessitv . Besides « Ea ^ e bv tnZ *? 'Y \ ? " "" wMBfr ^ presented mots of wlthT - { a"d WWch tl ! e ^ 'rogen-eous ele daa & m » iihmt „• " ? con , l > OS € d " ™ a ° t allow her to sf ^ iu Uie niouUi ^ Tf ? V 0 F t « ti this e-V « s constt 4 in " ouVi ^ re- Wc ^ v fight with , ^ Austria is well uJS ^^ ^ **^ ****** tune : she hasno J ^^ L" * " ** in Ita * for a . * wenuons eiccpt to prolong as

      V«Nis S < U " ! J Ni ' 5t U Ljw . --« Fl...

      v « niS < u " J ' u lJw . -- « flirected to teaditie

      V«Nis S < U " ! J Ni ' 5t U Ljw . --« Fl...

      much as possible this indefinite period , and to exploiter to the utmost the territory which nt present she possesses . As far as she can she resists all movement and progress . When this progress seems on the point of accomplishing its ends b y its own strength , she takes possession of it , she sanctums it to deaden ita C-on-wiences and to deceive Kuropo . Tiieio results from these double tactics a system ot imposture , a system of apnearances , which cannot be laid to- > bar « , aud of which ihe twoheaded eagle seems to have been chosen foi the symbol . In entering into particulars illustrative of the svstcm of Austrian rule in Italy , Mr . Mazz'si

      comnicnccs with the system of education practised in the public schools . Ymm all the benefits of education , tUc working classes are , in point of fact , excluded . The poverty of the parents imposes a law of labour npwi the children , and on the

      All the schools and infant asylums which have been founded by private benevolence , or arc supported by local funds , Austria has taken possession of , in order to deaden their utility and fashion them to her own ends . In some of the classes , tlie subjects of instruction-are strangely jumbled ; the third class , for example , comprehends fourteen different topics , all very important , which are to be tau » ht in one single year , by a single master , to childreneight or nine yoars old ; in other classes they take up an enormous time . The master is required to make a minute report to Government of the conduct of the

      sclidlars ; the information is secret , without control without reparation for unjust accusations . Morality is neglected ; what they pretend to teach of it , consists of the duties of subjects towards their sovereign . Espionage is inculcated . * The Asylums for children founded by private benevolence , but directed by the Government , which docs not take the smallest share in their support , arc placed in the hands of priests , and of men known for their devotion to Austria . Mr . Mazzisi gives the following table of one day in the week , showing the nature of education given in those places . EJTPtOrMEXT O . V TntJBSDAY .

      —Oi llollcall , prayer , singing , ( hymn of tlie Emperor ] I . 81 —10 Exercise of memory upon the psalms . 10 —101 Breakfast and recreation . 101 —11 Nomenclature for the classes . 11 —111 Explanation for the above . IU —12 Play and prayers . 12 —K 4 Arithmetic . 121 —1 " Catechism . 1 —2 Dinner and prayers . J —3 Writing . 3 —31 Reading . 31 —4 Singing ( the hymn of the Emperor ) , i —5 Play and players . So that God and the

      Emperor" Powers etirnal ! Such names mingled !"that is , the inculcation of superstition and slavery , occupies daily the greater part of the time devoted to instruction—so-called . Tlie Universities crown the system , and develope its aim more and more . No one can be a Professor in them without having previously undergone special examinations ; and it is from Vienna that the questions come which arc to be g iven ; aud it is to Vienna that the answers are sent for approval—devotion to Austria is the sine qua won of success . The lot of the student is a most melancholy one . Amongst the indignities to which lie is subjected , hunting and fencing arc prohibited to him . "lie is compelled

      to shave off his moustache , and . this is deemed of so much importance , that in 1810 a letter came from the Governor of Lombardy to repress the insubordination of the schools upon this point . Brutally insulted on the smallest pretext by the soldiery , and the guards of police , without the least stimulus to emulation , without any esteem in his heart for those who instruct him—with the sword trembling over his head of expulsion in twenty-four hours for the least fault , if he be not reduced to a state of idiotey , he may thank the inspiring heaven which is above his head , the grand memories which surround him , and the Italian leaven that ferments in his soul , and which three centuries of servitude and corruption have not been able to kill . "

      Quitting the schools , is the intellect then allowed to breathe freely ? Alas , no ! " You wish to read in the public libraries—where the cap of the workman is formally excluded—you arc refused Gall , Lavater , Alficri , Byron , Shakspeare . In the book-shops , you can get nothing—immoral romances exceptedof what is printed abroad , not even an edition of Dante by Foscolo , published two years ago in Loudon , by Kolomii . You wisli to write—and five or six censors remorselessly bar the way . " " Tncre is a censorship for the journals , another censorship for bo : < ks , a third for the provinces , and a fourth for engravings and theatrical representations . Then there arc special censors for ecclesiastical works and works on medicine and mathematics—all charged to prevent the development of new opinions . There

      are no political journals , except the privileged Gazette , at Milan , which belongs to the government . No foreign newspapers are allowed , except those which represent legitimacy and regal power ; and even these arc suppressed whenever they contain anything which displeases . Their circulation is however next to nothing . It Is to Vienna that application must be made , bsiorc a literary journal can be commenced , it is Vienna which sends or modifies the programme of such a journal , llaumer , a witness who cannot be suspected , confesses that , tfra « i « ttc writers are cujoincd to place a good prince beside a bad one in their works , whether history bears tliem out or not . And

      when you have satisfied all these exactions—when von have disarmed these rabid curtailers of syllables , Ly giving up to them the best passages you had written , when at ] cng-lt you appear under the protection of the censor , you are still under the axe . The police , more powerful than arc the censors , may turn round upon you , and whether owing to a sudden illumination , or " whether in consequence of your Laving excited imprudent applause—seize , and suppress your work , and confiscate the volumes which have already appeared . That is the fact about translations of foreign historical works collected by Bcttoni , to which the emperor himself iiad subscribed for a copy .

      " Under the Austrian Government not a single literary man of note ( Manzoui alone , perhaps , excepted ] has passed through life without meeting with persecution . Since 381-1 , Foscolo has died in England , in exile ; Berehct lives so ; Fellico , Borsicri , and others , wore out their chains in Spielberg ; Zucc-ala died of grief inconsequence of the persecutions which he brought upon himself by a lecture on Dante ; Melchior Gioja was kept eight months in prison without being brought before a judge ; Komagnqsi , dragged to prison at the age of seventy , declared innocent after eight or ton months' imprisonment , found himself deprived of the right of keeping a private school in his own house , and when called by Lord Guildford to a chair of jurisprudence at Corfu , his passport was refused . " We must pause for the present ; next week wc shall continue these revelations . In the meantime wc hope tliat many of our readers will obtain the pamphlet for thciibdres , and learn in full , from its pages , the abominations of that system under which Italy groans .

      Time . 9 Time . 9

      * I Wish 1 Could Print Entire Tins Servi...

      * I wish 1 could print entire tins servile work , written to crush the soul and widcrstnituing , but the following is : i short specimen of it : —Question : How ought suhjectsto conduct themselves towards their sovereign ?—Answer : . Subjects ought to behave towards their sovereign like faithful .-lares towards their master . — Question : "Why ought they to . behave lihe slaves . '—Answer : Uccause the sovereign is their Matter , aud his power extends over Heir p / operty , as oecr their persons . —Question : Is it a blessing that Cod bestows in giving ns good and Christian kings and superiors ? — Answer : Yes , it is one of the greatest blessings tlie Deity can bestow when He gives us good and Christian kings and superiors , such as those under whom wc have the happiness to dwell . We ought to pray that Cod will grant a long life and a long ivign to our beloved monarch . —2 , 721 copies of this catechism , together with 13 , 0-57 copies of 1 know not what pitiful , servile religious manual , arc distributed annoally to the schools iu Lombardy , whilst they have not a single Italian

      History. _ Locusts.— W* E Learn From St....

      history . _ Locusts . — W * e learn from St . Pctcrshurgh , July S , that the province of Xew Itussia was sutterin

      became so * criouslv ill that he was conveyed nome . Xotthc slightest symptoms of recovery were perceptible afterwards , and on the following evening ( Thiirsdav ) , about half-past seven , as he was proceeding across his bed-room , supported by his wife , he suddenly fell hack in her arras , and expired . Ihe complaint which has thus brought him to an early grave was one of a vcrv painful and dangerous character , and it is understood that about a few montlis ago he w-as operated upon by Dr . Liston . He was in his forty-£ r-tv « ir aud was much esteemed throughout the

      profession . IlEJUXGlOX ' S LlSB . —IflSDOS AXD MANCH ESTER Dm-x-i Lvdepksdest Railwat .-A _ most influential meeting of the committee of this i ~ ul way was held on Wednesdav last , at their offices in Moorgatc-street , when oners of extensive support from various places were made , and amongst them one coalmaster offered to enter into a contract to pay £ 50 , 000 a raw ro the company for the simple use of the intended railua > ( he finding engines , fuel , and other expenses ) , for conveving coal to tlic London market only ; and it apneared from investigations which took place t hat the Staffordshire coal will he supplied and delivered rt this railway in ihe London market at 13 s . id . pei oc * -Itailway Express .

      Agrfatlture An* Iortimltiu*.

      agrfatlture an * iortimltiu * .

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing J & mday , July 31 « t , ISO . [ Extracted from a DuRicf .-tcfuW . O perations on live snail farms ou the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near hasuwunic , iu Sussex ; and on several model » rnis on tiic estates of the Earl of . Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , m Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of 1-aiiiley Tyas , near Huduerslield , in order to guide other possessurs of lichl gardens , by skowiii" them wbat labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models arc-First . two school farms at Willingdon and Eibtdean , ol hvc

      acres each , conducted by U . Crutteuden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse riper , the other by John Dunibreil—tlie former at Eastdcan , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . Thecoiisecutfve operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diakv is aided by "Notesand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Nowcil , calculated for the time aud season , which we subjoin .

      " The culture of the ground is thy happiest state , 0 man ! Envy not the possession of gold , silver , er lino raiment—their joys may not be so great as thine ; for these things lead unto sloth , and a life of slothfulness is prone to vanity and imaginings of evil . " Note . —The school farms are eultivated by boys , wh # in return for three hours' teaching in the morning . give three hours of tlitirlaiour in the afternoon for tlie master ' s benefit , which renders the schools si ; i . rsi-proRiixo . Wc believe that at Farnltj Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , who will receive tlic usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , « tc , to convert their produce into lacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way tlie most grateful to their feelings . )

      SUSSEX . Moxdiy—Willingdon School . Boys digging and manuring for white turnips after tares . Piper . Reaping rye . Mem . —when the rye is removed , the stubble is digged up , mended with liquid , and turnips sown or cabbages planted . Dumbrell . Hoeing turnips , mixing dung and mould . Tuesday—Willingdon School , Boys doing the same as yesterday . Piper . The same as yesterday , and mixing dung , Ac . Dumbrell . Digging up -tare ground ; tlie heifer drew one load of manure nearly

      a mile up hill and down . Wednesday—llttfimgrefon . School . Boys doing the same as before . Piper . Mixing dung and mould . J ) um-Orcll . Digging up tore ground . Thursday— Willingdon School . _ Boys dressing the ground and sowing white turnips after tares . Piper . Mending more lucerne with liquid manure , * and hoeing turnips . Dumbrell . Digging up tare ground and sowing rape-seed . Fkiday— Willingdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips . i '< pcr . lloeing turnips . Dumbrell . Weeding

      tares . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips , llper . Hoeing carrots . Dumbrell . Mending the cow lodge .

      COW-MEDTXG . IHHfnndon School . The cows havo been eating during the week the second cut of clover . Dumbrell . One of his cows grazed during the day , and was fed , " morn and even , in the stall with Italian rye-grass ; one cow and heifer stall-fed upon tares and Italian rye-grass , as before , tillWednesday , since then , both cows were fed on Italian rye-grass , and the heifer upon tares alone .

      THEORY OF VEGETATION . " And therefore it was said , not elegantly alone , but philosophically ; Homo est plmta , ineersa ; Man is like a plant turned upwards . "—Bacon . AmocT liEiwEEX Plants axd Animals . —In animals the food is received into an internal sack or stomach , it is there acted upon by certain juices , and converted into a semi-fluid mass called chyme . From thence it passes into the intestines , is absorbed from the grosser food by the lacteals , is in them refined , and goes into the veins from thence as chyle , and is intimately mixed with the blood . After passing through the lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into blood , which , contains materials for the nourishment of all parts of the system . In different parts of the body are certain glands , as the liver and the kidneys , which may be compared to pipes and strainers . They separate certain substances

      from the blood , which arc carried off as being no longer necessary to nutrition . These , as well as the superfluous portions of food not necessary to tiie formation of chyle , arc discharged as excrements . In structure , plants differ from animals , principally in containing t \ o internal sack or stomach ; in plants this organ maybe considered as external ; it is in the earth that the elaboration of their food takes place . Hence we may compare it to the stomach of animals , while the roots of plants arc analogous to the lacteals in animals ; for through those roots the liquid or gaseous food of plants is admitted to the system , after having been extracted from their grosser food in its raw state , or manure , when digesting in the ground . The sajy of the one we may compare to the Hood of the other . The leaves to the tungs , for in both a peculiar modifiaation of what was originally their food takes place , one part of it being retained , the other expelled .

      TUE VEGETABLE AXD ANIMAL COMPARED . By M . M . Dumas and Cahours . TUE VEGETABLE . ) THE ANIMAL . Produces—SeulraXnitrogen- } Consumes—Neutral nitroous matters . genous matters . Patty matters . Patty matters . Sugars , fcculas , Sugars , feculas , gums . _ gums . Decomposes—Carbonic acid . Produces—Carbonic acid . Water . } Water . Ammouiacal Ammoniacal salts salts . Consumes—Oxygen . /) isciifffl < jcs—Oxvgcu . Produces—Heat . Absorbs—lleat . Electricity . Electricity . Is an apparatus of oxidation . Is an apparatus of reduction , or dcoxidation . Is immoveable . Is locomotive .

      The Vegetable prepares food for the Animal . — The manure which we apply to the soil , whether it may be of vegetable or animal origin , ferments , - putrifics , and becomes gradually decomposed , and resolved into certain compound bodies , such as carbonic acid gas , ammonia , carbonate of ammonia , ic . These , with water , are the great sources of the food of plants . Moreover , rain as it falls from the asmosphcre , brings down , in solution , a further supply ol carbonate of ammonia , and other substances , which have emanated from tlccayinganimal matter , or from

      grave yards , and become accumulated there . The atmosphere , being an universal receptacle , contains , with other exhalations , a continual supply of carbonic acid gas which lias been expired from tlic lungs of animals , or derived from other sources ; all of which enter plants in a gaseous or liquid state , are decomposed by them , and resolved into the ultimate elements of which they are composed . For there is in every plant an energy , a power , a decomposing , as well as a combining power superior to that of the most energetic galvanic machine .

      From compounds so various , with the aid of heat , light , aud electricity , plants can separate the simple elementary bodies carbon of charcoal , oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , etc ., and at the same time appropriate them as food , for these peculiar elements they principally subsist upon . That very carbonic acid gas , which was once expelled from the lungs of animals , is thus decomposed into its elements carbon and oxygen , the latter is parily returned to the air wc breathe ; to be again respired by animals , while the former being assimilated ' by the plant , forms , if wo may so term it , the vegetable bone . The other compounds , water , ammonia , & c .,

      become resolved by the same power , into their ultimate elements , which arc afterwards assorted , combined , or bundled together and assigned caeli to its own p lace in the vegetable structure , in the most exact and beautiful manner , again to minister to the future support of animal life . Iu vegetable , as in architectural masonry , various saline substances in solution arc required to act as cements , to give stability to the plant , to saturate Us acWiuiccs , or for other purposes ; these are potasn , soda , lime , and indeed , a variety of inorganic substances , but different tribes of plants exercise a peculiar choice .

      The Animal ritEiuiiES i-ood for tbe Vegetable . — But whatever substances enter plants as food , they are all derived from the eMh , or tlie atmosphere , and when moulded into vegetable forms , and in afterwards becoming the food of animals , such ef them as came originally from the atmosphere , . arc again restored to tliat medium , by animal respiration , * c Tlic remainder , which have not been consumed in the respiratory organs , must go to the formation ot the bones , the flesh , and the animal secretions , or become expelled in their excretions . Hence , m these things the whole of the elements required by the vegetable will be contained , which taken collective ^ , must represent the complement of its structure ; ana when restored to the earth , be sufh ' cient , mth wiiai

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      the atmosphere has received , holds , and is ready to fo . vmsh , to produce the same quantity of that vegetable . But the . domestic animals , and tiicir secretions , are the food of man ; consequently , lie and his excretions become the depositaries of the ingredients derivable from all the animal and vegetable food he uses , except what passes awav by respiration , Ac , into tlic atmosphere . Now if ' his bulk remain constant , and the bones and excretions of the animals he has fed upon have been exactly restored to the soil , his excretions will become the complement of

      the plant , and when dulv returned to that soil , furnish elements to call into action what is already gone into the atmosphere , to produce the same amount ol vegetable substance that entered , directly and indirectly , into ln ' s food . And if this be so * , then the conclusion wiU follow : — "That the collection and proper application , to the earth , of the bones , liquid and solid excretions of animals , in . particular those of man , ought to be the primary object of agriculture ; as in thein arc contained all the elements required to enable the soil to produce an equal amount of the vegetable substance he has consumed .

      » The Lkjl-Id Jiakwie Tim—Now Is Tlie Ti...

      » The Lkjl-id JIakwie Tim—Now is tlie time foi putting down your tank , before you may be wanted to p y the sickle . Piper's tank collects from the cow-house aim piggery all the liquids voided there ; sometimes he is accustomed to increase the strength of it by adding one bushel of soot , a quarter of a bushel of common salt , sw pounds of soda , and five or six gallons of the contents oi the privv tubs ; the tank holds one hundred ana Stity LMlons of liquid , which he sometimes mixes with mouiu » or wheat . The addition of the soda is , however , ob jectionable , as it will decompose the muriate of ammonia oi ti" - soot , as well as Hie ammoniacal salts of the urine ana c . \ - crementitious matter , aud expel the ammonia wJueii ir « ' » itsvolatility will be lost . The addition of aboutJO [ or i < m » - of gypsum would be decidedly better , and e ftertive an retaining this volatile substance and agent of fertility .

      Agricultural Chemistry. Fconttnttcw /»'<...

      AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . fConttnttCw /» ' <>»» our last . J NITROGEN AXD TIIE ELEMENTS OF WATER . 68 . Wc have stated that the corabinations of nitrogen ( sometimes called azote ) arc shrouded in obscurity ; but that they are deeply interesting and important . " After oxygen , few substances arc of more importance in the economy of nature than nitrogen ( IS ) . Form ing so great a part of our atmosphere , it is scarcely possible to conceive that it must not be subservient toother important purposes besides that of merely diluting oxygon gas . It is dissolved in the water of the sea , of Jakes , springs , and rivers . It enters largely into the composition of some vegetables , and of all animals ; and it is extrenielv probable that great phenomena , now obscure , sucli as the renovation of the air , rain , and respiration , would be

      solved by an accurate knowledge of this gas . "—( Davy . ) , G 9 . The progress of science has recently added considerably to the list of vegetable substances containing nitrogen , at least in minute quantity . It may be considered as proved , . that all the young organs of plants without exception—all those parts manifesting the greatest activity in the nutrition of vegetablesall substances contained in the circulating juices , especially iu the ascending sap , or tlic fluid derived from the soil by the roots , are abundant in nitrogen ; that an azotised matter is the real origin of every portion of vegetable structure ; and that the value of an organic manure depends upon its proportion of matters furnishing nitrogen , or the preponderance of these matters over those which merely furnish carbon . Tlie agricultural value of many inorganic substances depends also in a great measure upon their property of forming or absorbing ammonia from the

      atmosphere . In short , to husband nitrogen is in a great degree to husband carbon also . Coals , for instance , contain some nitrogen as well as much carbon , yet both arc so fast locked up that coal dust is quite unproductive . Coals , however , in burning , yield carbonic acid to the air , and deposit soot in the chimney . Soot contains salts of ammonia ; it is an azotised product , very conducive to the growth of vegetables . Peat , again , yields carbon in abundance , yet peat forms a poor ungrateful soil until fertilised by nitrogen or its compounds . 70 . If chemistry , then , is to instruct agriculture , the . . agriculturist will attend with patience and docility to a puzzling lesson upon some combinations of nitrogen with oxygen and hydrogen , tho elements of water ( 19 ) . With oxygen , nitrogen forms nitric acid and the nitrates ; with hydrogen , it forms ammonia and its salts .

      Niimc ACID . 71 . Hitherto the researches of chemistry have not ascertained much that is clear or practical , either as to the formation of nitric acid from the atmosphere , or as to its influence in agriculture , when combined with soda and potash , to form the nitrate of soda nnd the nitrate of potash . Sad it is to confess , that the little wc yet know of the process of nitrification ( or the manufacture of the nitrates ) , is principally due to tho science and : application of the French chemists , stimulated by the necessity of providing saltpetre for the manufacture of gunpowder during the wars of the Revolution .

      72 . Whenever a discharge of electricity takes place in common air ( 13 ) , a minute portion of nitric acid is invariably formed by a chemical union of oxygen and nitrogen . This fact was lirst ascertained by Cavendish , in l ? c ? -5 . He succeeded in forming nitric acid from its elements , by transmitting a succession of electric sparks , during several days , through a small quantity of air confined in a tube . A trace of itliis acid in combination with ammonia has been detected in the rain of thunder storms , produced probably in the same manner . Some philosophers are of opinion , that much of the nitric acid contained in the nitrates afforded by different soils , originated from tho combination of ' nitrogen and oxygen by lightning ; others deny the probability of this opinion . Wc have no means of estimating the extent to which this atmospheric nitrification proceeds in the higher region ot the air ; nor has human ingenuity devised any means of profiting by it in a direct manner .

      73 . Nitric acid is also a product of animal and vegetable decomposition ; it is always thus obtained in combination with lime , potash , or soda , in the form of nitrate of lime , nitrate of potash , nitrate of soda—substances of great value to the agriculturist , and at present the subjects of extensive trial . " It is on tho farm , however , and not in the laboratory , that their merits must be decided—not by the laws of chemistry , or by chemical equivalents , but by the rules of that indispensable and unerring sciencearithmetic , and by'the equivalents of hard cash . 74 . It has been proposed to construct nitre beds in this country , for the purpose of obtaining supplies of the nitrates for the use of the farmer . Certainly a more valuable compost could not be devised than a well-constructed artificial nitre bed . But for the amelioration of the soil , such a compost would probably attain its greatest value long before the formation of nitre . Such at least is the inference that one would

      draw from the received opinion on this subject , — -viz . that " ammonia is the general cause of nitrification on the surface of the earth , "—( Liebig , ) " The last products of the decay and putrefaction of animal bodies present themselves in two different forms . They are in the form of a combination of hydrogen and nitrogen—flmmonia—in temperate and cold climates , and iu that of a compound containing oxygen—nitric acid—in tho tropics and hot climates . The formation of the latter is preceded by the production of the first Ammonia is the last product of the putrefaction ol animal bodies—nitric acid is the product of the trans , formation of ammonia , "—( Ibid . J The value of ammonia to the farmer is indisputable ; it is , however , a very volatile and fugacious product in his hands

      neither agreeable to the senses nor conducive to health . Whenever , therefore , he once comes into possession of tliis valuable agent , let him employ it , and not foolishly lose the substance in seeking a shadow , by waiting to obtain nitre or nitrates . Those who seek more detailed information on the subject of nitrification tliati ; cau be inserted here , will find many valuable remarks in a paper published by Mr . Graham , so long ago as March IS 27 , in the-Philosophical Magazine , p . 172 . The subject is still obscure , and we must limit ourselves to a statement of what is supposed to be well established , and in some degree intelligible , otherwise there are many passages in Mr . Graham ' s paper that would well deserve to be extracted .

      75 . Ammonia , as already stated , consists of nitrogen united to hydrogen . It is popularly known as the volatile alkali , spirit of hartshorn , sal-volatile , Ac . It gives pungency to the contents of smellingbottles .. Wc need not at present detail the mode by which the two elements of this substance are combined in the processes of animal and vegetable decomposition . The product—ammonia—is found at the end of these processes in various states of combination with carbonic acid , muriatic acid , and sulphuric acid , and forming carbonate , muriate , or sulphate of ammonia . From these combinations , caustic , lime , potash , or soda ( CO ) expel the ammonia in its caustic and most volatile state .

      7 C . The salt commonly called sal-ammoniac ( muriate or hydroclilorate of ammonia ) is a combination of ammonia with muriatic , or , as it is now called , hydrochloric acid . If upon a portion of this salt , slightly pounded , you pour some strong milk of lime , or ley ot potash or soda , the acid unites forthwith to the lime , potash , or socla , and the ammonia flics off . A slight degree of heat is sufficient to expel all the ammonia , and it takes no long time to escape without heat , if water be not present in great quantity te dissolve and retain it . If the carbonate , or nitrate , or sulphate of ammonia be employed irstcad of the sal-ammoniac , 'the same results are observed ; the ammonia disappears and is lost . It is not , however , lost to the world ; it unites immediately with the carbonic acid of the air , and with the vapour of water , and alights with the next shower of rain to fertilize the earth .

      77 . . two compounds , then—nitric acid and ammonia , the one a corrosive acid , the other a strong and pungent volatile alkali—arc the results of the combination of nitrogen with the one or other element of water ( 19 ) . Now , since nitrogen constitutes four-fifths of the atmosphere , and water abounds everywhere ready tosupply oxygen to form the nitric acid or hydrogen , for the ammonia , one might have expected that science or chance would have taught mankind how to combine these cheap and abundant elements together at will , so as to procure ammonia for the purposes of medicine and the artsand at

      , least nitric acid for the soldier ' s saltpetre . Such , however , is not the ease . One of the greatest philosophers this or any other country ever produced , was occupied many days with an electrical machine in converting the air contained in a small tube into nitric acid ( 72 ) . It is still more difficult to form ammonia from a direct union of its elements ; nothing less than thunder and lightning seem competent to the task . The slow , precarious , obscure , and unhealthy process of animal and vegetable decomposition , must be resorted to as the principal source of the acid and alkali . These arc what may bo con-

      Agricultural Chemistry. Fconttnttcw /»'<...

      sidcred magazines or storehouses of the other three great elements , oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon , that seem to have passed through some state of previous existence . Clouds , rain , rivers , and seas , supply oxy » eu and hydrogen combined as water . Immense strata of marble and limestone yield cxhaustlcss supplies of carbonic acid , in which , and in the air armind us , cat-bun is securely locked up until vegetation applies its key . Mines ' of coal and bods of peat minister carbon plentifully in a form still more availiable to our wants ; biit there is no such storehouse of nitrogen ready for use . It exists indeed abundantly in the air , but not in chemical combination—it is not available ; we cannot seize and bind it . Nitrogen nnes a chartered libertine over the

      face of the globe , and if for a time it enters the composition of an organised being , it holds no abiding place during life , and after death is still more impatient of its prison house . From the cradle to tbe grave man breathes au atmosphere four parts out of five consisting of nitrogen , day and night , asleep or awake ; yet it is believed to " come as breath , and so depart . " Animals are supposed to respire atmospheric air , without being able to appropriate a particle of its nitrogen tosupply their incessant waste of this clement . Nor , practically speaking , do vegetables seem to obtain much of the nitrogen they all contain , directly from the air . It is said , indeed , that some plants possess tlie power of appropriating this gas by their leaves ; and we sec it gravely announced that a frugal fanner might improve his rotation by taking an occasional crop of Jerusalem

      artichoke—a plant found to be eminently endowed with the faculty of finding in the ' sky that indispensable but costly azotic element which * wheat in particular carries off from the soil . Liebig , on the other hand , says , perhaps too exclusively , " we have not the slightest reason for believing that the nitrogen of tho atmosphere takes part in the processes of assimilation of plants and animals . " 78 . Owing to the powerful affinity of ammonia for water , its presence in the atmosphere must lie very transitory . By certain tedious processes , however , rain water may- be shown to hold in solution some salts of ammonia—which is much thcsnmc as proving that there was smoke in the air previous to the shower . The discovery has been made by an eminent chemist in Germany , and confirmed , as might be expected , at Manchester .

      79 . In the manufacture of coal-gas there is produced a considerable quantity of ammoniacal liquor , which is said toconcain carbonate and hydrostilphuret of ammonia . It is ' obviously a material rich in matters profitable to ihe agriculturist . 80 , Guano , a substance imported from South America , abounds , in iiKOiiscd matter ; so do bones . Itsecms . at-fii'stsight , an omission on the part of Sir II . Davy , still the greatest teacher of agricultural chemistry , that he recommends the use ot bimc more on account of its organic or azotised ingredient , eclatin , than its earthy constituent , phosphate of lime , which is at present more exclusively sought after ; yet , on inquiry , we may perhaps find the one essential to the other . It appeal's that dogs require bone earth to qualify the famed gelatin ; and we shall

      be led to believe that a plant , in turn , will require the aid of its gelatin in order to digest the bone earth . 81 . It was a wise saying of Cato the Censor , that a ' good farmer should aim to be a seller , rathor than a buyer . A prudent man will , in the ' first instance , economise and apply to use the various azotised materials yielded by animals fed upon the produce of his farm . It is only , however , by observing and comparing together the properties of carbon ( 22 , & c ) , of nitrogen ( 14 , 03 ) , and tho no less energetic elements of water ( 21 , 09 ) , the absorbing powers of the carbonaceous and other ingredients of the soil ( 28 ) , the processes of combustion ( 4 ) , fermentation , and de composition—processes more nearly allied than may appear at first sight—it is only , in short , as an wifcrpmcr of Nature , that the agriculturist can hope to become her favoured minister . ( To le continued . J

      Destruction Of Tullocii Castle, Rossshi1...

      DESTRUCTION OF TULLOCII CASTLE , ROSSSHI 11 E , BY F 1 HE . —LOSS OF JEWELS , & c . ( Abridged from the Edinburgh Advertiser of July 18 . ) We regret to state that almost the whole of the Sine mansion-house of Tulloeh Castle , near Dingwall , with a large portion of its rich and valuable furniture , some family portraits and pictures , the library , and other effects , have becn destroyed by fire . This lamentable catastrophe occurred early on Monday morning last . The tire was lirst discovered by the proprietor , Duncan Davidson , Esq ., of Tullock , who , going to Ms bedroom about two o ' clock , found the apartment filled with smoke and flame , and presenting a most alarming appearance . Tlie family were all from home , with the exception of the youngest child ,

      and no man-servant beini : on the promises , Mr . Davidson ran to the square to rouse the gardener and farm servants . A messenger was also despatched to Dingwall , when the town bell was rung aud a great number of persons flocked to the spot . By this time the fire had spread to a small parlour adjoining the bed-room , and communicated to tbe attics , which , with the roof , were soon all in flames . Water was procured from a well in the flower-garden , and was also conveyed by means of horses from a spot half a mile distant ; but it was obvious that no efforts of this kind could avert destruction . The live spread to the western division of tbe building , and the attention of all parties was turned to save some of the moit valuable of the furniture , and cut off the communication with the back part of the castle . The dining-room and drawing-room ( the latter a rich and splendid apartment ) were both destroyed ,

      but a few of the paintings were saved . Fortunately some valuable pictures , by the Italian and Dutch masters , had been sent to Edinburgh to be cleaned and repaired , and the family plate had been deposited a short time before in tho safe of the Caledonian Bank , at Dingwall . The chnrtulsvry , containing the title-deeds of the property and family , was saved . The wines in the collar were removed , and the crystals and choice articles also preserved . While Mr . Davidson ( the proprietor ) and his friends were attempting to carry off some of the paintings from the drawing-room , the ceiling fell in aud they narrowly escaped their lives . The billiard-room and library were consumed , and the old tower ( occupied only by bed-i'Ooms ) , _ was also destroyed . By nine o ' clock in the morning nothing remained of the interior of Tulloeh Castle but the bare walls and

      smouldering ruins . By means of axes , hammers , ic ., a large gap was cut across the building , and the communication of the fire being thus arrested , tho back wings , containing the servants' apartiacnts , remained uninjured . We arc happy to add that no accident occurred . Many persons , in their eagerness to render assistance , placed themselves in situations of imminent danger , and nothing could exceed the coolness and intrepidity with which the tradesmen and workpeople endeavoured , though ineffectually , to stop the progress of the flames . Mr . Davidson himself wrought manfully by the side of his sympathising and warm-hearted neighbours , and was mainly instrumental in saving the remnant of . his effects . The house and furnitui * , wo understand , were only partially insured . The unfortunate accident would appear to have originated from a lighted candle left in tho bed-room . Our reporter , whom

      we sent to the spot , was informed that no fire had been made in tlie bed-room that day . Mr . Davidson , it was believed , had entered the apartment in the course of the evening , and returned to his study lo finish the writing of sonic letters , on which he had been engaged . Whilst thus employed , he became aware of the presence of fire in some part of the house , and rushing to his bed-room discovered , but too late , the fatal progress of destruction . Amongst other things , a carved oak table , which had formerly belonged to the l'owlis family , known as the " speaker ' s table , " with , tho furniture , clothes , wardrobes ; in short , all above the drawing-room was entirely destroyed . Unfortunately , the late Mrs . Davidson ' s jewels , watches , trinkets , Ac , in a wardrobe containing valuable dresses and other things , were in a room up stairs to which no access could be obtained during the fire , and have perished .

      Important Metropolitan Improvement.—Wc U...

      Important Metropolitan Improvement . —Wc understand the commissioners for the improvement of London have it in contemplation to open a most important avenue from the west end of the town to the City , with the view of relieving the crowd of carriages now so inconveniently congregated at times in Uolborii and the Strand . This new street is to continue the line opened from Coventry-street through Leicester-square to Long-acre , from the corner of Bow-street , obliquely across Dniry-lanc to Gavcy . street , on the south side of LincoJii ' s-iim-fields ; thence across Chanecry-lanc through the Rolls property , midway between Holborn and Fleet-street , to Farringdon-strect , and passing under an arch to the

      wide part of tiie Old Bailey . This valuable opening is again to be intersected by a wide , street extending from the north side of St . Clement ' s Church , known as Fickctt-place , into the centre of Lincoln ' s-innhclds , across which the street will go directly into Holborn , to join Red Lion-street , and thence direct to the Foundling Hospital , thus opening a noble avenue , long wanted , from the north to the south side of London . There is also every reason to believe that the long-required establishment of the courts of law in a central part of the metropolis will be accomp lished . Surveyors have been engaged during tlie past week in measuring tho new site , which is to extend from Boswell-court , Carey-street , tn Bell-yard ,

      Templcbitr , extending buck towards tho Strand , thus bringing the courts close to Lincoln ' s-inn and tho Temple , and midway between the east and west and north and south portions of London . The plan is consistent with common sense and tho convenience of the public , although long opposed by the selfish and bigottcd influence of a few old crones who keep carriages , and find it desirable to combine parliamentary with legal interests . The plans will be carried out by Mr . Barry , the celebrated architect , and , combined with the new streets , north and south , east and west , referred to above , will indeed be a boon to the public , as well as a vast advantage to the metropolis in aheaUhrul as well as a moral point of view .

      Sftartttt Inmagena*

      Sftartttt Inmagena *

      London Conx Exchange, Monday, July 21.—T...

      London Conx Exchange , Monday , July 21 . —The arrivals of wheat from our own coast were moderate during the past week , and those ol barley , beans , and peas very small . Of oats only a small parcel or two were received from Lincolnshire , but rather an increased sunplv came to hand from bcathnd , whilst the arrivals ' from Ireland and abroad were large In addition to the foreisn outs the receipts of grain from abroad have consisted of a fail' quantity of wheat , a car « o . or two of barley , mid a few parcels ot beans and peas . At this morning ' s market there was a very mii .-iII show of wheat by _ land-carriage samples from tho neighbouring counties , barley of home growth was very scarce , and the display of beans and peas was likewise scanty . Besides the large arrival of oats reported , a good many vessels

      laden with that grain have come to hand since the list of arrivals was made up ( mostly from the near cantinviuiul pcits ); there was consequently a plentiful quantity on sale . The weather has again become unsettled , and during kit night a considerable quantity of rain fell in flu ' s iieigliuuiirfn od ; this circumstance had sonic influence on the trade to-day , and though the inquiry for wheat was not particularly active , the greater part of tha * olferiug from Kent and Essex was sold at an advance of Is . to 'is . per qr . on the currency of Monday last . Foreign free wheat was held at a similar enhancement , which being reluctantly paid , the transactions were unimportant . Parcels under lock were held at- very high rates , whereby the inquiry was checked , and few , if any , actual contracts werecloscd . Flour was held ( irmly ,

      at tlie recently advanced prices , and the nominal top price af town made is now generally quoted 4 « Js . per sack . For barley there was : i slightly improved demand , and former terms were well supported ^ Even the best qualities of oats were difiieult of disposal , ami secondary and inferior sorts , particularly foreign , were nearly unsaleable , though uttered lid . to Is . per qr . below the rates of this day sc ' nnight . lleans and peas did not excite much attention , the , bnsincss done in these articles was however at previous prices . Canary seed sold slowly at quite late terms , A sample or two ( if new can-away seed ami alsoji small parcel of rapesced of this year ' s growth were exhibited ; the quality of the former was inferior , and colour dark ; the rapesced , on the other hand , was very line . No prices went established .

      CUBItENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . s s 8 8 Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old rod 4 ( 1 55 White 52 GO Xurfulk iind Jjncyln . . . , do 47 S 3 Ditto 52 S 8 ^ . 'a-tlmin . and Sacotuh - \ vluio 4 A 5 i > I'lnc 52 ol Irish red old 0 0 Rod -16 4 !) White 50 55 liye Old 81 32 New ' . ' !) 30 Prank 31 35 Hurley G rinding . . 25 27 Distil . 26 30 Malt . 31 32 Malt Urown .... 62 5 t Pule 55 5 !) Ware ( JO fi 2 Uoans Ticks old iSs now 3 R 38 Harrow 38 40 Pigeon 41 42 I ' eas Orey 85 38 . Maple ; i 7 % ' White 38 40 ( Juts Mncolns & Yorkshire Pood 2 'J 21 P . . hind 24 26 Scotch .... Anjrus 23 25 Potato 2 G 28 Irish Wliito 20 28 Muck 20 22 Pei-2801 b . nct . s s | Pci-2801 b . net . s I Town-made flour ... 47 49 | Norfolk & Sloektou 33 34 Kssei uud Kent . , . . 30 S 3 I Irish 35 36

      Froe . Bond ' Foreign . s s si Wheat , Dantsic , KoiiigFburg , tfco . 54 (! 0 42 15 Marks , Mecklenburg 5-1 yii » 7 40 Danish , llolstein , nnd Frieshimlred-lC 511 29 33 Russian , llsird 4 ti 51 ) Soft . . . 4 fi 50 2 a 32 Italian , Red . . 48 50 White . . . 52 f > 4 34 3 G Spanish , Hard . 48 50 Soft .... 50 51 32 35 live , Kaltic , Dried , ... 28 30 Uiidricd . . 28 39 22 24 Barley , Grinding . 24 26 . Malting . . 28 32 19 24 llufins . Ticks . . 34 3 G Egvy . ti-. ui . 3 * 35 . -2 a ' 33 Peas , "White , , 37 30 Maple . , III ! 37 28 30 OatB , Dutch , Hrew and Thick 23 ' » 5 2 fl 21 Russian feed , 20 22 14 16 —Danish , Frieslimd feed 20 22 u 16 Flour , per barrel 2 t 5 j 8 20 2 *

      London Smitiifirmi Gattu ; Market , Monday , July . 21 . —A . very large importation of live stock I ' voiu abroad for our market has taken place during the past week , ihe Caledonia steamer having arrived from Hamburgh with 29 oxen , while the Ocean , Ciuuiubine . and Batavier , have been reported from Rotterdam with MO cows , 90 oxen and lo calves . At Hull WO oxen and cows , and at Southampton 12 oxen , have come to hand , the former from Rotterdam , the latter from Spain . In to-day ' s market , we had on sale 130 oxen and cows from the above quarters . Generally speaking , the supply was of full average quality ; indeed , scarcely any of the cows were in any way nut of condition . Nearly the whole were disposed of at somewhat drooping prices . The arrivals of beasts fresh up from our various enrniiir districts were , on

      the whole , juiodci'iitcly good . Although there wore many most useful animals amongst ilicm , their general quality was not to say first-rate . Owing , in some measure , to tho unfavourable state of the weather for slaughtering , the beef trade , as was tho case on Friday last , ruled inactive , at a decline- in the currencies obtained on this day sc ' nnight-of 2 d . per Sib . ; the highest iigurc for the best Scots nut exceeding -is . 2 d . per Sib , and at which a clearance was not effected . From Norfolk , Suffolk , I ' asc-x and Cambridgeshire , we received 500 Scots , homebreds and shorthorns , ; from the North of England 300 shorthorns , & -c . ; from the western and midland counties , 100 llercfoi'ds , runts Devons , Ac .: from other parts

      of England , 400 of various breeds , from Scotland 300 Scots , and from Ireland SO beasts . Compared with those exhibited at corresponding periods last year , the numbers of sheep were small , the falling off in these being about 7000 head . Prime od ^' lowns commanded a steady demand , at fully last week ' s quotations . In other breeds only a moderate business was doing , at late rates . In the quality ami condition of the sheep ;\ slight improvement was apparent . The supply of lambs was but moderate ; while the Iamb trade was tolerably steady , at previous figures , which ruled from 5 s . to Gs . per Sib . For calves we had a very slow inquiry , and , in some instances , the prices had a downward tendency . The pork trade was very dull , at last week ' s currcncicB .

      Bv the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the ofi ' al . s . d . s . d Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 8 3 2 Second quality .... 3 4 8 6 Prime larjje oxen .... 3 8 3 10 Vriino Spots , & c 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior shtep . , , 3 2 3 6 Second quality .... 3 8 4 4 Prima coarse woolled ... 4 C 4 8 Prime Southdown . . . -t 10 SO Lambs ...... 5 8 6 0 Large coarse calves . ... a G 4 4 Prime small . . . . . 4 i ! •* i ) Suckling calves , each . , , IS 0 ^ il « Large hojrs 3 0 1 8 Scat small porkers ... " 10 -i 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 10 0 20 6

      HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books ufthe Cloi-1 ; of the Market . ) Beasts , : > , 3 » -. Slieui ) and Lambs-, se lflu-Culvcs , 177—Pigs , 315 . Riciuro . VD Corar Makket , Jvlv 10 . —The weather has been more favourable this week , which lias caused the farmers to lie fully employed with mowing their hay , aud in consequence our supply of grain was only thin . Wheat sold from ( Ss . to 7 s . Cd . ; oats 2 s . 8 d .. to 3 s . Gd . ; barley 4 s . to-is , 3 d , ; beans -Is . ' .. »' . io 5 s . per bushel . Maxgiikstkk Cons Markt . t , SaU'rdav , Jin . v 19 . — . Throughout the week tho weather has been almost uninterruptedly line , and the temperature being at the same time much wanner , the apprehensions

      previously entertained with regard to tne wheat piant , as well as tho excitement in the trade consequent thereon , have , in a great measure , subsiuui . The stocks of Flour , however , being reduced ion moderate compass , there was a steady demand for ( he fresh supplies of that article , at fully the cin-rciicy of our last market day , Oats and oatmeal continued to meet a slow retail sale , without variation iu prices . Atom * market this morning very little !>! i . » ii ; ess was passing iu wheat , and the improvement nnu-u in the value of Iri . sh this day se ' miight , ivas not uiitiiiiaincd in the value of other descriptions no change was observable . Flour was in fair demand at fully our previous quotations . Moth oats and oatmeal moved off slowly , and late rates wore with diitii-iilfy realised in the few sales which occurred in cither article .

      Liveju'OOj . Cons M . UIKKT , iloMiAv , J t ; i . y 2 J . —With the exception of Cl !) 5 sacks of Irish Flour , the imports of grain , i ' cc . into our port during flic week have been light . No alteration has ocennvi ! in the duties on Foreign produce . Since last Tin-day , tho weather has been most favourable for tin- growing crops , and although a very Janguid demand has not been accompanied by a disposition to forec sales , the general tendency in prices of Wheat and Row has becn downwards . On Friday , Wheat was liwsidcrcd 2 d . to 3 d . per bushel , and Flour Gd . per h-n-rel and

      sack lower . No transactions are reported : r , Ixmdcd Wheat and Flour during rhc week . O . il .- hare been much neglected , and though in small si ' -pi-ly , have been rather easier te buy . Oatmeal , tun , lias sold slowly , at barely the rates of last Tut sthn . Barley and Beans have had little demand , and -vriees ara unchanged . One transaction of about *< ' ' quarters of Egyptian Beans , in bond , in store , h . v occurred at 29 s . per -ISOlbs . A few small lots of C anadian Peas have been retailed , chiefly for irrimling , aS 33 s . Od . to 31 s . pcroOJibs .

      Liverpool Cattle Market , Monday , m ly 2 I .- « We have little or no alteration to quote iu ihe stock of our eatile market ; the supply this day was not quite so largo as last week , but still n iVu average for this time of the year . Beef , Cd . to GR ; Mutton , Od . to Od * . ; Lamb , Od . to OR per lb . t . ' attic im . ported into Liverpool from tiie 1-lth Jut-..- u , ( he 21 st July : — -cows , 12 * 1-1 : calves , lS-i ; sheep , 10 , :- ) t ; lambs , 1211 ; pigs , -ItflS : horses , 7 r . < Leeds Coax Market , Tuespat , July W . —Our ar « rivals this week are moderate of wheal , and very limited of all other grain . We have had no rain of consequence since the 11 th inst ., but tin- weather has been cold for the season . Wheat is not in -.: reat demand this morning , and in very partial instances only can prices be called rather higher t ' "t- line fresh qualities ; all other descriptions are held at about last week ' s rntfs . There is no change to tiotc in tho value of oats , beans , shelling , or other artiei :.- ; .

      Malto . n Corn Market , July 19 . —We 1 m-. <) n good supply of wheat offering to this dav ' s market , but moderate of other grain . Prices ruled same as last week .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_26071845/page/7/