Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 26th July 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 1, ®ie ^fiitS^m Mm, AND NATIONAL TiTOES' JO...

Page 1
Page 1
1 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (2)
    • THE LAND.
    • jfttt(p..I«teKiffrnrc»
  • Text (9)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      The Land.

      THE LAND .

      Withto The Members Of The Chartist Co-Op...

      wiTHto THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST CO-OPERAu" l" TIVE LAXD SOC ETY . - ^ j r ] ^ jr p £ in Fhiexds , —The subjcctof the Land , and i , V w > iv w ^ **¦ aTai & to c as me ans of establishing - a ia » iair day ' s wage f ° r a ^ a " ir day ' s trork , " kas now , v & m y * me iheaU-al » sorbIiigconsderatioD . withthe work-1 -da - classes ; and as you canvass the subject among mii ^ ii rscltts , it behoves me , as the originator and Gfounilfoui uJcr of the plan , to feed you with the knowledge llliat iliat yon are prepared now to receive ; going on ^ lurtf duaUj , as the whole question of agriculture , of ' fitiL ^ iucal econoni . T , of wages , of representation , and >[>{ e 4 f esisto" * itself , is bound up in the question of the UaxiAiaxiA . You will receive all that I say as mere

      svg-, ri ( iihr ( iii < jas for your consideration hereafter , and not as '' slk'sJietation ; " but as no other man has so much at , , « : »!» ? ake as 1 baTCm the success of the project ; and as iun i tinueraand the snlgeet better than any one else nlfl wlo is interested in its success , you are bound to « t ? « tfer ro ? advice to that of any other person , when it U- « ' fe jii it ^ ^ wason hy * acts > anu * hy practicev ,. { y ( . ] inist bear in mind that to you and to allcon ~ i , « niTictl with our Association , the subject is a new one ; 3 I „ 3 aI 11 j therefore yon will not receive anything as ' ¦ o ' ¦ ojScial , " except such documents as bear the signatm tnK « f thc whole body of the present managers "Wt TRe 1 »* *" r owcr and the right to mwest ; but

      w tidier the power nor the right to alter or amend n ik rules , unt , ' sudl tinie ^ 2 000 members shall \< u- enrolled , when the then directors , under the * s jaiiciion 0 l the shareholders , can make such a ! alterations as a majority shall decta to be r rt- | uisite . I cannot moke a plaything < af the 3 d-1 Krweek of the honest subscribers , any more than ii li the paid-up shares of the wealthiest My honour , i wy chsaetcr , my r « y existence is involved in the *¦ jrotfes of this measure , and in the purity of ever } t transaction connected with it . lfeave been looking 1 t <» r *' iw & H ^ sy and enough ef ! and for every in < i dividual to cultivate on Lis own account , as the cnlv

      ara « = t ) i escape for the working classes , ever since 1 v . As capable « v € judging on any sibject : and never in 7 jy life did ? contemplate any other means of redemption fe- you . In struggling with you Tor the Charter , I « avc told you ten thousand times that if " tie Ia « i « wroj locked -up to 4 ay , 1 would ite ? give you nf . j for ? 7 & Charter l < h * utxvow . " I ventured to tell yon tln . it in the midst of the raging stoim of IS 39 aih ! !•? and wisely , . idonfcd the Land plan in 1843 , the j ^ uhohj of the knavish for a scasan triumphed ovir" 5 ie judgment of the prudent ; mud I , among

      < , iliO ^ , was compelled to "bidenry *& ie" till comjui * sense had resumed its place . That time has Dov arrived . I and those who west with me Ikk-c trraunked . Throughout the agltalitn of the sul & Kjt , ic our enemies always shrunk from discussion , uracil fcavery and muck more folly has been used by < our enemies to take you oif tlve right-scent , ' that you ( may "be mystified in the chase . Mr . < 3 "Srien has opposed aic with whst fte is pleased to call " first iptiutij-ks ; " forgetting that without some knowledge c » f the Laadaudits capabilities , that lie must Jack the most important knowledge ^ the whole siSsccl ; while he places before us not a mere problematical , but « 2 > xj & iU > imjvssille sufeStute . He proposes tint ( lorcrannent should buy -ucall the landKif the '

      country . ; < ind that Ae jnoplc should become Land nr / V t « rjtc Gmmnunait . Tliat 5 s , in plain language , that lis tKifdesk / uld t : «* tlic I / md for tla 'Governjri-mt ; and that < 3 overumcnt should Ikj the -director . Sow , suppose that society was in such " anT . dvauccd . < -t-ik r ' as to make this scheme at all attainable , I w « nid just ask where tlic pyrdiase money « to come fr .-utf In fact , his proposition is such a cong lomeraation of laud , carrency , improved and improvcabto value , faseinafisg principle , ^ nd impossible aceom-I > ] i ~ huicjit , that it reminds one of a dog with his tail in his mouth ; a thing without beginning or end .: aud-xc must only pray that he may have a lucid interval now nr , d then , to ere his owniphautasma ivrk . On the-ether hand , a man of the name of

      Janus mil has itrojioundcd auother scheme ; but it ii 50 thoroughly ridiculous , and its propeundcr having refused to leeefc in discussion upon it , it mar b- considered as consigned to the tomb of tke Capulets . Sea comes poor John Catkins , who would establish 7 ( . V . < tuiy upon ttc greater madness of poor O'JSrien . Thw jfhctorieal hero ; this compiler of parables ; this wholesde dsa ' er in fieijeu ; this tradncer e 5 history , and contcisner of facts , has been employed by the League , not tc enforce any Botions of his own , for hckisuone , butts a Dnisus to pull mc dawn . Poor thiiu ; I 1 aui goini ; to slay him with his owa jaw-boee . Ik'vc is Ms death xrarrauL Just read the following yassige from his ktter that appeared 3 nlast week ' s Lh-ytt , audthenjtdgc of his respect for "justice *' and : hc "poor man ' srights . " lie says —

      Sow , it was not lw sets of Parliament that the present landowners obtained jiassession cf their laud- butorigi liallv l > v ronijut-st , by gift or grant for public -services , and In liuis-. un and safe . That cultivation by which their lau'fc tare t » eett rendere . ! more raluable fr « tu age to age , W 3 > I'litCl & l liV the proprietors , or tliei ' r lenaiUe , Or those wh"Kt ! a 7 employed . ^ great quanat >« f the land was liinMir-jj'riaK-d cithto- by Saxons or Xormans ; it was caiirtl co' . mnon land , snfl vras left for the use of the people . Tiicse commons the pe « jJU > have still a right to—their riahiKto tlu-ra cannot l > e denied , and ougiitcot be rei-Wv d ^ iere is suflk-itut cf them for tlidr use , itithout irintliiv on the occupied sells , which no oue , who holds of

      tin- r ^ tc pvwpirtv saervi , would do or think of doing . 'TiitlTC that tlieprvscut Ixudoirners have , : a sonieint-Tjacei , ircnched on tlss property of the people ; but as tin- vey {& did not prevent them at the time , they cannot rn-over it jjow , without ceimsessatioa to those who have rrriaimed it : or without viclatiug the rights of occupancy VI < -Fcscnp ! lus . ^ j r . then , wiiat do yon think of dot ?—and from a modern Athenian , too . Would not a sentence of reasoning upon such nonsensical stuff be an insult to yoar common sense ? I cannot reason upon it ; but 1 will tell Mr . Watkius the precedent that he has furnished . If some one should dial a pair of boots ir . 'Mt Mr . Watkins , and get them soled and heeled ; snJ should Mr . Watkins discover the thief , all that tie " owner by f & iqaesC' has to say is : " no , sir , 1

      Mt-: improvcA ( km ; mil it icould 1 > C unjust to tale tii ,, fr . im i »? now" " But as the people did not prevent thein at the time , they cannot recover it now . '' IViiai does the reader think of the justice of this " juyejeadent English Chartist ? " Again , marktW ( sumatiou in which this Regenerator holds those for wljom he writes , lie « ys : — ltemeajIhTiheiiiteof tbe Gracchi , who CJd not want i-.- ; . -iai £ & v laud uaiioiial property—who uerer thought t : * r-j absurd a thing ; but who merely wanted the com-IM : i-laj ! d distributed by lot to the people , and * sre mll-! ix f « jie of item was , at least ; that a rent should be paid j fo \ x : d the iwblic : bat they were murdered by the aris' -i-nii-v , and the very people for whom they were etrug-. ? Hik J-iintdin aiurdering them . So would it be again , r & rjbe ai « dt-rn JJritonsare erea more degenerate than i ' > 1 l ~ aiident Boma » .

      -H then , the modem Britons are even more dc-5 « srate than the ancient Romans ' . Isn ' t he a lis am to write for slaves ? and a very fitting tool for tarponer and the League ? 1 hare now done with fool the second : and having *> far cleared mubish , I shall proceed torc-| Tiew tl « vV . ui 01 - ^ « j Htrlht Co-ojxrative Land *• f . - ' ^ ub the rules as they now stand , I have Boihmg to do , further than to observe that such alterations as a ^ car prudent to the 2000 first enrolled dBidaaerg , will , I amsure , becheerfuUy adopted by then , and as chcerfuUv accepted by all Eubsc ' iucutsuUscribe rs . * to

      J shall now p ^ a ^ ^ f ^ Portioiiuf ilie ^^ h ^^ Jtw AaU Tt ^ 'Tl ?** " * ** V Sood men who MmriMfcudfe subject ; I mean the promise t *™ r T ^ f lm , } - " ««>« and £ 15 „ cash , t 7 " *«*« *• las onlv paid £ 2 10 s p eabstraction of ihe ] aigesam ^ £ l ^ { tom £ e «« , tal , « what ? m ] es muy ^^ io C £ wLT *?* ^^^ enough . Butyou

      £ d t aTf ^ ad 0 pted ifc I to ***» WtbatUtotT ^' rf ' jUSt ' » aD - v 0 tlier of zhe ^ T ^ f •*' and tbercason in the SEi iSS t * Z ° . briDSiUS laDd 1 & . - the ^ Slf ? " ^ f olesa , e feu otod- but 11 € t > h :, s never yet becn at-«« u tt aVC yet t 0 ^ ^ at statute of iSZT ^^ ttc ****** of eom" 31 whcr amass *) u ihc ^ feaud

      Withto The Members Of The Chartist Co-Op...

      sale of land . £ 15 abstracted from the original capital , some say , would render the property by so much the less valuable , when vented for th & purpose of farther purchase . I admit if , and fowo laid it down that land bought at twenty-five years' purchase by the society should be sold at twenty years' purchase : partly in consequence of the abstraction of this very £ 15 ; and partly because the amount paid for the land and cottage of each holder would not be valuo for twenty « five years' purchase in the first instance . The difference between twenty I years and twenty-five years' purchase In one holding I of £ 5 yearly value , would be £ 25 ; that is , the £ 5

      yearly rent sold at twenty-five years' purchase would bring £ 125 ; and sold at twenty years' purchase , it would bring £ 100 , or five years ' rent less . I must now presume that every man would be a good substantial tenant at £ 5 a year for two acres of good land , purchased at a value in rent of 15 s . an acre , a cottage , and £ 15 capital ; and , answering with my life if necessary , I would undertake to say that not one man in ten thousand would cither fail in payment of his rent or let his holding to any other person . If the premises are admitted that an English

      working man will pay £ 5 a year for such holding and £ 15 capital , as I have stated , which none but a maniac will deny , I shall , in the first instance , deal with the question as the property of an individual , and see the result . I shall take a sufficient amount for the location of fifty occupants , at two acres each , worth 15 s . an acre . Two acres of land at 15 s . an acre , at twenty-five years ' purchase £ 37 10 Cost of cottage 30 0 Capital advanced 15 0

      £ S 2 10 Cost of fifty holdings at £ 8210 s . each ...... £ 4125 Annual rent of fifty holdings at £ 5 each ... 250 Now , if any capitalist in England was to build fiftv cottages on one hundred acres of ground , worth 15 s . an acre , he woaWgct £ 6 or £ 7 , « r even £ 8 a year for each , without the inducement of the £ 15 at ail : and could let tfeeni as fastasbcceuld build them . So that one rrtRcipal ingredient left < wfc of the cafctilation by cautious men is die important fact , $ : at the people cannot otherwise get 3 and at any ppice ; and further , tkat the exact amountdiatcach mac can cultivate to She best advantage irath his own Wbour is the mast bene . 'icial quantity he-can have . Xc man

      should have * sod morc-w n , -sod less than he . « cn beneficially use . He loses so much of his labour for every -sod -too little , ana he loses rent and tecs for evecy -sod he has too < rcnch . I shall now proceed to strengthen my position by facts . It is a & ct'that men give-is many counties in England at the Tate of £ S , £ 9 , and £ 10 per acre , for portions of asres , as " allotments , " that -have never let in large ^ parcels formorciSian £ 1 an sera : and . yetnot one'occupant ef the smallest allotment wouldgive his bargain up for double the enormous rcntipaid . Sec what Mr . Lmton , ef Selby , has 4 one ; see what Samuel Briggs , of Oxfordshire , has < lone ; -soe my work-en Small Farms for what 'fid mvself , in three yeas , with

      oncbad field . Before I treat -ths subject commercially , I shall make a few general -observations . I presume that a tcnant ^ illgive £ oa ? earfor what cost £ S 2 sl < is . ; or , in othcrwrords , that we-shall scll-the £ 5 a yeanfor £ 100 . "Ho , no , " says cne and another . Now , 5 ask if there is any wholesale dealer in shawls , rfcats , tea , snuff , wines , cloth , ir-su , or any other retail commodity = that would not make thataaueh profit apon an

      expenditure of £ > £ 16 s . ? Mothinks I heareoinc one answering , "llow-many make less ; and hew many fail ,. and make nothing ! " To that I reply , that any person dealing in thoee commodities under . the same favourable eireum ? tanees that we-eould deal with the Land , would make double the prefit ; for it must be always borne in mind that we should never fail of tenants , and they mustie presumed never ta fail of customers , but always t « be turning their' capital as fast as they can buy andsell .

      I shall now proeeed io treat the Eubjeet commercially . Let me ask , how banking companies , that discount bills at 4 aRd 31 per cent ., with Bank of England notes , divide the enormous profits they make , but by the dabbing of their monies ? llow do Insurance Companies , who compete with one another , vicing in the reduction of policies , divide such enormous profits , except upon the principle of clubbing their monies ? And are all attempts to release the working classes from bondage to be branded as futile , ridiculous , and insane ? Bearin mind that I have always stuck to my text upon the question of tte Land ; and as somcother branches of the subject

      will rcqnire illucidation , do not lose sight of whatl hare aforetime and often asserted : firstly , that good laud is cheaper at a projiortiQnatcly higher cost than bad land is : secondly , that any man of common prudence and moderate industry , will pay the fee simple for any amount of laud that he can cultivate by his own labour in four , or at most in five years . That is , that the man who takes two acresof land for £ 5 a year , and especially if he gets £ 15 to commence with , will , iu five years at the furthest , be ahfo to pay the purchase money , or £ 125 , twentyfive years' purchase , for his holding , which would make it his for ever without paying any rent . This

      may be at variance with " first principles ; " but all 1 have to do is to get enough of land for Vie present generation from the plunderers of former generations , to teach the people the value of what they have lost and when the possession of two acres by a family shall " press too hardly" upon the people of future generations , they will have my " post mortem" consent in 10 , 000 years to make some other arrangement ; but I shall not expect to see it . One other br anch of the intricacies by which we are told we arc surrounded , is the folly of calculating a fixed price for land , and a fixed rate of rent . Again , I say , that those for whom I write , and for whom the

      Convention acted , must be supposed to have some brains . When we estimated the rent at £ 5 a year , we apportioned it upon the presumption that the quality of the land to fetch that rent would rate at or about 15 s . an acre : but as no one presumed when betook a share that he was to pay £ 5 . a year for land that was only worth 12 s . an acre , neither could any one have supposed that he was to get two acres cf land that was worth 2 os . an acre for £ 5 a year . Every man must have understood that , starting at a presumable value , a fair graduated scale of rent would be laid on ; and happy the man who gets the highest priced land . Suppose the society purchased land worth 10 s an acre upon advantageous terms , 1 presume that the rent would be £ 4 10 s . a

      year ; and if they purchase land worth 20 s . " an acre , I presume the rent would be £ 5 10 s ., making np the exact difference in the price in the difference of rent : and when I get my allotment , if I have an option between £ 10 a-year for land worth £ 2 an acre , and £ 4 10 s . for land worth 10 s . an acre , I will take the best . I may fairly presume that about £ 1 an acre will be the highest price at which land would be purchased . Our principles are fixed , and our object national ; but our details and rules , as I stated in the outset * do not partake of the immutability of the laws of the Males and Persians . What is best , safest , and most satisfactory will , I have no doubt , be adopted by the shareholder themselves ; always guarding against the remotest

      chance of jobbing . I will now make a few observations upon the mode of action by which the capital of £ 15 may be safe !} abstracted from the society's funds for each occupant . I have before treated the subject as if the concern was the property of an individual : but as our plan mainly depends upon the sale of allotments when leased for ever , and as an individual may wish to keep his for property , I wiUconsider the matter under the head of one of our necessities . That is , that wc must sell or mortgage to carry on the Iwying and subdividing system , I shall suppose , tben , tha . flie

      Withto The Members Of The Chartist Co-Op...

      society begins and finishes with 2000 members . This limitation will make most against my argument , as the more extensive the society the more rapid and easy the fulfilment of all the conditions . Suppose the society formed , then , of 2000 members , having paid up £ 5000 , at £ 2 10 s . a share . Suppose the money to be paid ; and the thing promised , to be two acres of land that would let at 15 s . per acre , a cottage that has cost £ 30 in building , and £ 15 capita ] , for a rent of £ 5 a year . Here , in passing , I will observe , that the same rule that I have applied to the purchase of land will equally apply to the building of cottages . All would be on the same plan ; while some may cost £ 40 and others £ 20 .

      Thus , some may cost £ 40 where they are built at a considerable distance from materials ; some maybe built for £ 20 where materials are on the spot . A portion of my care will be to look out for estates so situated . For instance ; in one of my previous letters I mentioned an estate of 113 acres that was to be sold , within twenty-one miles of London , and within one of a railway station . Since I wrote that letter , a friend of mine has purchased that estate for exactly £ 1 S 15 s . an acre . There are two quarries upon it , and as many old farm buildings as would build twelve cottages . There is one cottage on this farm with a little patch of land for which the tenant pays £ 8 a year . He has not the twentieth part of an acre . I have been all over this estate twice . There

      is not one acre of waste upon it . There are now thirty-two acres of wheat , besides other crops ; and I have not seen as good wheat anywhere this year . I offered my friend £ 500 for his bargain , but he wcrid not accept it . There are , however , " as good fish in the sea as ever were caught ; " and I mention this farm to strengthen my assciiiou with regard to titc value of land in the market . I now rcture to the subject I left . Suppose that 2000 members have paid up £ 5000 ; and for facility of calculates I will take ibe-ewa number of Sffcy as the number « f shareholders to be located at a draft-. Fifty allotments , at two acres « ach , would be 100 acres , which at £ IS 15 s . an acre weald

      COSt .. * y ( v * -. «"«« Mti , « tif . «« vi ' ii-rri'i'M '« Mi * i « . » .. « . ^>> v ... XloJO Fifty cottages , at £ 30 each ., „ „« 1800 Fifty ocospants , at £ J 5 onoh v ...,., 750 Cost of-fceating fifty occupants . w ~ .,,. £ i . V 2 d Thus the cost of le eating-each fifty occupants would be £ 4 &? 5 , leaving ; £ S 7-5 Of the paid-up capital in hand . The rent of fifty holdings , at - £ 5 each , would be £ 2 ff 0 . The-society would -seMke fifty alletmonts at a disadvantage , ifsoldan a year : ; and nofcio the best « dvantagcif sold in two . years :: but if sold at the end of three years , the estate ^ consisting of fifty ^ holdings would sell as high asifhe ground vent of-a thriving

      barikyor as high as a-quit or crown rent ; because at theend of the . three . years the lawl would be worth much more than double what it-oreginally cost ,- and instead of thoa selling'for twenty years' purchase , it wo « ld fetch more than thirty yenrs' purchase . The price of land "varies according to the security it presents to the purchaser . Thus , twenty years' purchase would bo the -price of laud where it was let about the value . ; that is , 5 per cent , fortius purchase money . ; twenty-five years' purchase would be the price of ordinarily favourably let land , that was held at'OT about the fair value ; that k , 4 per cent , for the purchase money . ; thirty years' purchase would be given for land where the tenant had cither a good beneficial interest for ever ; or in case tlic farm would let at the expiration of his lease to a good tenant for

      the same rent or something move ; that is , 3 ] , per ooat . upon the purchase money . Thirty-five and forty years' purchase is not unfreqaently given for land as the safest investment . For instance ; if A owns land in fee ; that is , if it is his own for ever , worth say £ 100 a year , for which B only pays him £ 10 a year for ever . The security for the £ 10 is worth £ W 0 a year : and B , the tenant , or any one else , will give A thirty-five or forty years' purchase , because it is the very best security in the world . Precisely the same as regards funded property . Lenders take loss than they will upon mortgage , because they can exchange it or sell it more easily . Now , you must understand all that ; and I trust that those who have never considered the land in a commercial point of view will understand it also .

      I go back a gain to where I left off . Suppose that fifty occupants have been located at a cost of £ 4125 , and that they pay £ 250 a-ycar , and that there is left in the society ' s possession a surplus of £ 875 . Instead of selling the estate so let , and so certain to rise in value from the application of so much labour , I , if i t was mine , and I had embarked as an individual in the speculation , would mortgage it for £ 4000 , instead of selling it for £ 5000 , or at twenty years' purchase . I would then add £ 125 of the surplus of £ 875 , to the £ 4000 borrowed on mortgage , and locate fifty more . Mind , this illustration applies to any other number as well as fifty ; and as I find that the

      £ 875 of an original surplus makes seven times £ 125 , tlva sum that wc should add to each £ 4000 borrowed to make £ 4135 , which each fifty allotments would cost , it will be seen that the eight first allotments might be perfected without tlic sale of any of the land , while the society would stand thus : — 400 occupants paying £ 5 per annum each ... £ 2 , 000 Mortgages on the allotments 28 , 000 As I am determined that this letter , which has cost me no little time or calculation , shall remain as a bone for the disaffected to pick if they can , I shall riddle the whole subject while I am upon it . Lot me now presume that cightdvafts , at fifty each draft , have been located in two vcars . That is , that the society

      has bought S 00 acres , built 400 cottages , and given £ 15 to each of 400 occupants ; that £ 28 , 000 has been borrowed on mortgage at four per cent ., the interest on which would be £ 1120 a-year . The rent of 400 holdinsg at £ 5 each , would be £ 2000 a-year , leaving an annual profit in favour of the society of £ SS 0 per annum . And now what I do assert is this , and I will abide by the decision of any twelve men of common sense . I do assert , that whereas the first allotment , if sold at once , would be dearattwentyyeai' 5 ' purchase , or £ 5000 , though it would fetch it , that at the end of the first two years it would fetch thirty years' purchase , or £ 7500 : so that at the end I will say of four years upon that amount of purchase alone the society would stand thus : —

      Original capital paid up £ 5 , 000 Borrowed on mortgage 28 , 000 Total £ -33 , 000 Sale of eight estates , consisting of 50 allotments each , at 30 years' purchase of £ 2 , ( 100 a year £ 00 , 000 Leaving a balance of £ 27 , 000 in the hands of the society , after paying off the £ 5 , 000 original capital , and the £ 28 , 000 borrowed money . This calculation presumes that all the allotments would have been tenanted for tlic miuisite period of two years , which , though not exactly the case , furnishes a fair illustration ; as some would be more and some less ; while what had been done to the most improved would be ample guide for a purchaser of what would be done to

      the remainder . Now , this sura appears large ; but in accounting for it I am going to solve the riddle which no one else will solve for you . You yourselves are too apt to be struck with wonder at the amount of power you possess in your united strength . Now , pray observe this fact ; and , if you treat all the rest of my letter lightly , read the following with attention . I have estimated the increased value given to the land by the expenditure of 400 men ' s labour tipon it for four years , at £ 27 , 000 . This is what is called the improved value .- Well , if 400 men work at one shilling per day each , for one week , they will earn £ 20 ; if they work for 300 days in the year , they will earn £ 000 ; and if they work at the same rate for four years , they will earn £ 24 , 000 . Now I will solve the riddle further , by seeing if the slave-o wners would

      Withto The Members Of The Chartist Co-Op...

      be ^ satisfied with a less profit from the same amount of , labour . Suppose , then , that the 400 men work , lour each , for farmers . holding 100 acres of land : I ask any man living if eacli of those employing four men wouldnot expect to make in the four years £ 240 profiteer £ 15 a year of a man ' s work ? Now , heroin lies the difference . When the profits upon labour are thus distributed among a number of employers , the labourers never can see their value individually or collectively ; and this is what thoy will not teach you . I make a savings'bank of the land ; and all the profit that I require above living is one shilling per day ; while Chambers and the Maltliusians tell you that you should save more than that amount .

      Add to this calculation the difference between the value of labour done for a slave-owner and labour done for oneself , and the fact that every man will have some of his family to help him , and who will say that I have overrated the increased value of the soil ? or that I have not triumphantly refuted the absurd notion of "failure" ? " O , but , " says some sage , " they may not improve the land . " Then they cannot have worked even four hours a day . But I contend that they would work like slaves until they had made the land their own "for ever . " To finish tlua braacli of my svibjwt , I now asstvt that tlve free labour of those 400 men would be worth much more than five shillings a day per man and family ; and that would be just five times £ 24 , 000 , orotic hundred

      and twenty thousand jwunds . Thus is the fitldlc of united labour solved for you . Sly irapr essiori is that not one acre need be sold ; and tfiat the process of location wauld not be retarded ; that our object should be to osable the occupants of each division to become purchasers for ever of their respective allotments ; and tXis I pledge myself oach can do out of his savings in less than five years . All this , however , is matter for future consideration . lean only say that tlie more I consider the subject the higher &> my spirits rise : and if Tha < J . 100 , 000 men in England asseciatcd in tk « holy work of regeneration , I would show the landed . aristocracy , —whoso " tod flt » j " 'f £ ic power tfesy possessed when a people were united .

      My valued friends , —I have now written you a long letter . Toifiiose who stall consider it too long , and they arc msny—their name is Legion—let your answer be , that hundreds and . thousands of volumes have been printed upon the commercial traffic of Bills of Exchange , Insurance , Shipping , Policies , and tttivcY subjects , all and every one involving the destruction of your rights , and the rights of labour , to establish a commercial code of honour for the government of Vicenscd thieves and plunderers ; and that this one letter is the only treatise upon the commerce of agrioalt ure that ever has been written for the working classes . To you I dedicate it . Read it , and judge of yoill' power , and blush for the slavery that you have so long and so tamely borne . I trust that I have not been an unprofitable spectator of the world ' s transactions . I have read of revolutions . I have seen one form of Government substituted for

      another form . I have seen Governments change hands . I have seen jubilees to commemorate those changes ; but I have not seen one particle of benefit conferred by one , or all , upon those who are doomed to perpetual slavery by their own divisions . I have taken part in all the exciting turmoils for the las' } twenty-one years of my life ; and I have long since come to the conclusion that political equality can oidy spring from social hairiness . That is , that a sufficient number of the population of a country must be cognisant of their individual \ -alue before they will struggle with life and limb for political freedom . I am aware that the mere brawling politician , who bellows nonsense about the " rights of man" and " political equality , " will ever hajj &» f ? nthusiastic disciples : but they will always

      be too few to take the opprcssor ' s'khu ' ckle out of the collar of the oppressed . I was mocked by those who deserted us in 1839 , because I promised you the Charter with their aid . And had Attwood and the Birmingham shopocrats remained faithful , wo would have had it . This change , thank God , they cannot mar , though they dread it even more than the Charter : and with God's blessing , and your help , before I die I will sec the knee of the capitalist betit at the shrine- of- Labour , instead of seeing the neck of labour humbled before the shrine of capital . Yes , I trust to sec the day when the most valuable of all commodities , Labour , shall be estimated at its full price by its owner ; and then I shall have left the world , when I do < jo , belter than I found it . Ever your faithful Mend , Fkjwgus O'CoNNon .

      P . S . —I beg to call your attention to the following communication from our friends in France , who appear determined to struggle on in the good cause . It will do for " William Wisu-I-may-Get-it , " this week . F . O'C . Nailers' Avras Inn , Rouen , July 22 , 1 S 15 . Bear Sir , —I liiivo many times thought of answering the filthy trash of the Thrccpcnmj Lloyd ' s ; but being at a great distance , ami postage being expensive , I have made up my mind to answer the hungry growlers in the golden language of £ ' 20 17 s . 8 ( 1 ., the value of a bill you will find enclosed , the amount of eight shares and expenses ; malting in the space of one month £ 3 C lis . 3 d . I have sent to you from this yto- In answer to " William

      Wisli-I-way . Get-it , " I can only say that he has not got half that I mean to give him from Koucii . Lot the following meeting speak for itself : —A public meeting was held at the bailors ' Arms Inn , on Sunday last , July 'Jotli , at three o ' clock p . m ., when the large room .-was crowded ' to suttbeation ; Mr . John Gcblicrd , sen ., was called to the chair . He opened the business of the meeting by introducing the district secretary , who had consented to deliver a lecture on the all important . subject of the Land . The lecturer commenced by taking a rapid glance at the various societies that had been having for their object the removal of the smfsrittgs and privations ' of the working classes . . Most of them , he said , had been destroyed for the want of unity of action and perseverance among themselves ;

      leaving' the privileged and unprincipled to act , think , and judge for them : but he thanked God that a brighter day had dawned . The industrious classes and IlOliest 1110-chanics had found out that if a nation was to he free , they themselves must strike the blow . The lecturer then bvlcws exykvittttd tUe . sis . pits o ? the Charter , and combated the many and unprincipled charges brought against the Chartist body . Having explained what persecution had fallen to the lot of thos . i Chartists who had endeavoured to benefit the whole human race , he commenced the all important subject of the Land . The time had now arrived , he said , when the subject of the Land was become a national question ; a question iu which the majority of the workiui ; bceswas taking u very nrmmnent and

      important part . He was proud to see so many of his countrymen and brother exiles meeting together that dav , t .. give their assistance to the movement Wllicll had for its object the locating of tlic honest artisan upon the soil of his native land . . Many were the objections brought against the scheme by parties who seemed to glory in the distress attending the working man . He would sav " search the four great Books , and they would there find that the only qualification for a living was by the sweat of the brow . " The lecturer then read the laws of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , and explained them as he wont along . He rebutted the arguments of the

      oneor me man . no read several quotations from the Sotthcrn Mar and concluded b y calling on the meeting to give the scheme their serious attention , and ioin the society ; for every member would then be doing his sh-ti-e to bring the present state of destitution to an end Only let them get possession of the land they had been robbed of , and they would soon'And that England would be ill realitv what she now is in uamc- " Great , Glorious , and 1 W ! f he- work oi enrolment tiicu began ; the result will appeal by the amount of cash received . After a vote of thank « to the lecturer and chairman , the meeting separated at eight o clock , highly delighted . Several books were sold , and many promised to become members .

      Though I Sent It To Parties Here That I ...

      though I sent it to parties here that I thought would print it , t icy refused , because it puts the saddle on the right horse . Honoured sir-from my letter you 'Sffln ' r f . M ^ ° 1 ^ wUl iSai wc ra « Ulte ? ^^ Pfcof England will see that p « ££ X 5 m 8 either ftt home or abr M , Jut «' lrl nf i lf R ° ma ! 1 tymntein Ireland that op-W" -J or ? "Ofedsiv , wher ( i they have power , SfF p f ? V - P" - cJlO 0 se bet , veen «»*«« I on'v the Uttle Lltlwljc u theyorst , as he thinks , not being a 1 ' ro- .

      MOLLY MAGUIR . E TO MR . FARGTJS O'CONNOR , ESQ . _ Respected Sib , —I give you great thanks for miting my letter to my . children in your paper . A shoemaker of the name of [ we suppress the name takes a Northern Star ; and wc meet by nights , wlier it arrives , to read it . The reason for my writing these Jew lines to you , now , is , that you will publish the letter I send inside to my children : because

      Though I Sent It To Parties Here That I ...

      tcstant , will make the poor of his "evasion put ' up with his treatment without complfti / iing , Ilonourcd sir , —I am over three score and ten ami I remember the rebellion of 'OS , and Emm et ' s row , and the White boys" of ' 23 , when your honour was the onlv man in the whole county of Cjrk that stood up for the people at the risk of your life . I remember also how you were obliged to fly your country ; as the mad-men that had the ni ikjag 0 f the laws would hang you if they cmight Jt ) 5 , Honoured sir , —Wc are tired of waiting for tW relief that Lord Devon ' s Commission promised v . . mi \ WG see the Repeal is farther off than ever it . wa'S , while we set no account of the money wc send to get it with . ' Honoured sir , —1 will trouble you ao more at present , butsubscribc myselt Your hui Able and respectful servant , Mollv Maguire .

      MOLLY , fc MXIER TO HEK CHILDREN . My dear CM ) dmt , —As the Lord Lieutenant , and the 1 rotcstant A- / ehbisihop of Dublin , and the commander ot the forces , ftml 3 r . rcd Shaw , the Recorder , all English Protestants , and Orangemen , have decided to send more police am jug yWl > to butcher you as they butchered the poor peacc & blc Irish women and mt'ti at Ballinhassig . a ad were acquitted by their ownparty , being a mnjoritu ofthejury ; and as these police sent here will be trie xi , if they shoot you , by the noblemen and genfchj nion , and asked for tliem to protect themselves agai' . ist that punishment that their own deeds makes them dread—you must be very cautious in what you do . Myf children , always remember the story of thV bundle of sticks , and stick yp . togethkij ! ' Do not go in threes or fours , or anywhere but where 1 tell you :

      lor be sure that bad men will get among you , or the police will bribe _ them with government money . What they will do is—they'll get some one to gct ' few of you badly armed to meet in some lonely place ; and they'll have notices written themselves to show that the meeting was planned by your mother ; so that it will all be put down to mc and my children : and then my children that is ignorant of the trick will Vd frightened , because they will not have any more confidence in their wise parent who never led them into any mischief . So that what you'll do is this : never meet but when I call you together , and don't mind what others say to you - . for you know the police will have no more pay or blood-money when the county is quiet ; and therefore they'll " keep it disturbed if they can .

      My children : they call us murderers and butchers ; but sgo the way we are treated . Look first at llikthcornutc , where over thirty poor Catholics were inhumanly butchered by Archdeacon ltider , Major Oollis , and Captain Bagley : and when a verdict ot " wilful murder" was returned before the four coroners of the county , by the whole twenty-three jurors unanimously , see how an Orange Grand Jury , without hearing any witnesses , timkw out the bill Surely the case called for trial , at any rate ; but there teas no trial . ' and the murderers 81 'C Still ilt largo , walking about and living on you , upon tithes and half-pay . One of the murderers mis actually invited by Lord Beer haven , the high sheriff , to be on the Grand Jury that was to try himself ! My children , isn ' t that enough to make one ' s blood boil ?

      llumenibcr , too , that our friends in Parliament have never yet asked for satisfaction for the innocent blood that was shed at llathcormac . And then look at the slaughtering at Ballinhassig the other day ! Sec that the orderly of Mi \ Kelly , tho head kilixu , a policeman , was allowed to give evidence , liis name is llichavd Hickman . The police were all acquitted Shooting a poor innocent woman and six or seven innocent men , and wounding more , is " j ustifiahxe homicide" in Ireland , when the poor suffers : butwiir . x a rich JUK suffers , then it is "A FOUL MURDER , ! " and "a dark stain on the whole nation !" You see , my children , how a , respectable gentleman contradicted all that the police swore to about Tom Steele when he was in tho county here ; and that will show you that the police will SWX'iir

      anything and sure it ' s for that they arc paid . Then , my children , sec how Mr . Booth ' s brother and his wife implored him to give up his commission ; and all because they know that his tyrannical acts had rendered him odious to the people . Whenever the people are oppressed they are told to look to the law for redress ; and when they look to tho law they are only insulted , by verdicts of "justijUtlh homicide . " if the Crown is forced to prosecute , an English Crown solicitor , paid by the Government , will take care to . give the accused an Orange jury , and so let him off . What , then , are we to do ? Let any one read the account given by the Devon commission ot our great hardships , and ask himself what steps our rulers have taken to remedy them ; and if they have taken none , we must either bear them , or remedy

      them ourselves : and how are we to remedy them , except by ourselves ? My children , you hear every day of war with England . Sometimes about a drunken little queen , they call Pomcroy , living thirty thousand miles off ; anil a man of the name of Pritchard , and this drunken woman was near having all Europe at war : and it our flag , —that is , the English flag , —is insulted wo must go to war : but if the whole population of Ireland is sulleving great want and privation , such as no other country ever sufibrctl , wo must remain at peace and look to the law when we are . are butchered , and then suffer on . One party tells us we ought to be quiet and happy , because wc arc not taxed ; and another party taxes us , that we may get our parliament back ; and tells us that it is the Saxons that oppress us . My children , wo are taxed ; and it is

      not the Saxon that taxes or that oppresses . Tiik Laxb is what we want at a fair rent ; and wo ask no more . And is not the Catholic landlord and the Catholic middle man , as big , and a bigger , tyrant and oppressor than the Protestant ? And why is he to bo excused ? only because he gives a pound " to the Repeal rent out of the £ 100 that he drags from you We . are taxed because our members of Parliament give the Government their support upon condition of treating us as they please ; and the shoncens that return tlicm get protection from the members . ' If Ireland was at war , our members would not vote for the money to carry it on , unless they got jobbing and picking at home out of us : for there is nothing to bo fleeced but the poor Irish Lambs . Yes , my children ; let bad men call you what they may , lonly ask any just man of common sense to read Lord Devon's report , and call you other than Lambs if

      he can . My children : If they give us a commission to inquire into all the murders that they call " j ustifiable homicides , " and the justifiable homicides that TliEY mil " murders , " I will undertake to prove that the people have been inhumanly butchered , while all law has been violated by those who have unhappily fallen victims to that vengeance which the law denied to the oppressed . My children : Is it not murder when the vent is paid up , and more than paid up , to drag a whole innocent and industrious familij from their hovel to rmtisn m- me no . in side ? Is it not murder to shoot the widow ' s son , hcronly prop in old age , coming out of his widowed mother ' s door , because ho refuses to pay tithes ? Is it not murder to shoot poor Johanna Holland , at "Ballinhassig , tho

      innocent young wile of an honest Irish labourer ? Ah my children ; -if the yrave could speak , tlic victims of domestic uutcheiiy would far outnumber those oj Saxon misrule ! But then ouv own burden at home must bo made more easy to bear , bv keeping our thoughts always upon those afar off . Wc can , by the union of our own noivcrs , do something for ourscliicsat home : but wo are weak and powerless against those parties that are in England . My children . listen to the parental advise of your fond and aged parent . Be not too fond of taking away life ; and , above all things , abstain from exciting drinks ; as one drunken man , may , in his madness , commit our whole family . Hold no intercourse with the English lord-lieutenants and his orange council ' s " protective force . " Thev arc sent down to butcher you in cold blood , or to

      hang you by stratagem and false swearing : therefore , my children , avoid them ! Whoever of my children shall be s « en conversing with them , or in company with them , I will disinherit for ever , as they arc degenerate and cannot love their country or'their country ' s cause . My children , love justice and fear not : iiatC Oppression , and sweat' one id another that you will not longer bear it , cither from the foreign foe or the domestic tyrant . Bo united ; bo firm ; bo cautious , my children ; and when you have triumphed , those who now mock you will say , that Lord Devon has roused a spirit in our breasts that makes us blush for what we have too tamely borne . Tho world has been told that we live worse than English beasts ; and that we enthre privations that no other } aople upon the face of the earth could endure ! O , my children , shall wc be thus branded as willing slaves bv those who live

      upon ow sweat , and prosper by our disunion ? Ko , my children ! The God of Nature and of Justice cries aloud against our oppressors ; lie is our God . We arc " the people of his pasture , and the sheep of his fold . " My children : wc must have the land for the value , and pay no tithes . My children : if an inquest is held upon a landlord or magistrate who have oppressed the poor , there is great weeping , and wailing , and pomp and ceremony ; and always a verdict of " wilful xiukdeu ; " and more police to guard their brethren ; but if scores of poor men arc bytoliercd , policemen are examined and a verdict of "justifiable homicide" is returned ! . and no sorrow over my murdered children , although the parsons tell us that " all men are equal in the sight of God . " My children : if wc have been made worse than brute beasts by conquest , we must gain our freedom by the same

      Though I Sent It To Parties Here That I ...

      ««*« n That God may bless and proper too . mf tb 0 S ~ Sr Kmdand affectionate Mother , ' Molly Maouibe .

      --^Tt^&^S (Tz^* ^ / -~^_ Y 7 (Jatf Jz^U^...

      -- ^ tt ^&^ s ( TZ ^* ^ / - ~^_ y 7 ( JAtf JZ ^ u ^ ; *^*^

      ®Ie ^Fiits^M Mm, And National Titoes' Jo...

      ® ie ^ fiitS ^ m Mm , AND NATIONAL TiTOES' JOUMAL . ' ' —~ - — . jtA * - ; - __ .

      Vol. Yiil No. 402. London, Saturday, Fiu...

      VOL . YIIL NO . 402 . LONDON , SATURDAY , fiULY 26 , 1845 . . ^ . g ^ ggB ^ SU-

      Jfttt(P..I«Tekiffrnrc»

      jfttt ( p .. I « teKiffrnrc »

      "" France. The Late Atbociiv M Afiiica. ...

      "" france . The late Atbociiv m Afiiica . -V « find b * . the f ' aris papers of Tuesday , that it was » la ^ ioi Franco , a duke , the Governor-Genera ot AtaOJ , in fine , Bugeaud , who planned and ordered the jro-HH * te \ atrocity oi the Mwa . Vow Colonel 1 el » . sier was only " the stoker of the grand engincer--a poor hangman who would have been broken or snoc for disobedience of orders . The fact , has iiot . crepC out through any of those crevices wlurh the inquisitive press is ever , opening for the public to _ spy through . No ; it is written , avowed , nay , claimed openly bv the genius who added a ni-w invention to the art of war . Tlic official Mmitiur . Hymen , in a long article , defending the conversion of the cavern of Dahva into an oven for the baking of upwards of S 00 menwomenand children for the vultures .

      , , who carried awav their flesh jueecnicai , * tates that Marshal Bugeaud , foreseeing the ( light ( . •! the tribesinto their caves , ordered Colonel Peliwier to do exactly what Uc did . " The Paris paper * say that the article has been written by Btigcauil himself , the commentaries are those of our African Crcsar , and we believe the assertion . " The responsibility of Marshal Bugeaud for this horrible ' aflair . " .-ays a private letter , . ' is held here to be otabiished by one word—emeute—which occurs in ihe Moniteux Algerien . ' Marshal Bugeaud was , ' say those commentators , 'the author of the massacre in the Kue Transnonain , Paris , in April , iSG-1 , when the entire of the inhabitants of the house Ko . 1-1 in that street were—men , women , and children—butchered by tno ruthless 35 th Regiment acting under his orders . The recollection of this feat in an emeuh- suggested to him no doubt this new atrocity . '"

      SPAIN . The Press . —A decree issued by tin ; . iftn-crnmcnt , abolishes trial bv jtirv in the case of offences committed by the press . The journals protest- against it , but in vain . The press is now as completely under martial law as any town in Catalonia . A dispatch , received at Barcelona the Mth , from the general commanding at Igualada , announces the complete dispersion of the insurgents near Torn , aiK-ran hour ' s fighting . A second gathering , near CVrvera , has been equally dispersed , and the submission was general .

      SWITZERLAND . Tiik Diet , —During the sitting of the ! 7 ih tho Helvetic Diet discussed the question relative io the revision of the f ' eilerarompact . A majority of eight against the expediency of discussion caused it to be put oil' till next year . ' The principle of a total vmsion of the compact had , therefore , only gained the concurrence of the five most radical cantons—Berno , Argovia , Basle ( country ) , Uhris , ami V . 'ml .

      CAPE OF GOOD UOl'i :. An arrival from the Cape of Good Hope , bringing tho dates down to the SSth of May , reached London on Monday morning . By this conveyance there are accounts from Natal , which are not very fovourablo . The Boers appear to be greatly dissiri-jiicd at the delay that has taken place in arranging the land claims , which , by keeping up a degree of uncertainty respecting ultimate occupation , has much , retarded improvement . In the meantime , the restraint which has been imposed upon tin- Uoers has given confidence to the aboriginal tribes in tllO vicinity , who arc now , in consequence , tlncatcuing serious aggressions , and rendering tin : situation of the frontier farms insecure and dangerous , hi illustration of this state of things wc give tho following extract from a paper published in tlte colony , called '

      the Natalier : — " The Kafirs arc intruding , though unobserved , and large numbers are already assembled at the Umcomas , llovu , Natal , Uiugeni , Talelkoppcn , Maritzburg , Tugela , Mooi River , and 15 : ; . ' :. ' ; irs Mountain They , have as yet committed no mnrdow , but those inhabitants wholivo somewhat scattered appear unwilling to await this occurrence ; they have had a too sad experience of that people , and they now prepare themselves for a movement which will more closely resemble a total abandonment « f die country than any other event since the first settlement of the emigrants . The whole neighbourhod of the Umcomas will be abandoned ; the half of the people at Mooi River arc about to depart ; and active 'trekking ' preparations are bciiur made from the !> u « iuuan ' g River to the Tugela , so ti . at witliilt two or three

      months l'ictermaritzburg will probably ( ic the . Ollly inhabited place . Everywhere farms are already seen abandoned ; buildings and plantations returning to their natural state ; and if our government should slumber a few mouths longer , it will liml no bona fide occupied , lauds at all . It would be unfair to assert that this removal is solely attributable to a spirit of rebellion against the British government . W a know very many , whom wc could name , who had firmly resolved not to leave their dwellings , should it beat all practicable to stop without any serious sacrifices ; but what do they now say ? Those who had no occu pied places say , " ' first of all wo could not occupy our places on accountM . the disturbed state of tlic country —and were obligSfor the purpose of mutual protection , to live in Companies on the occupied places , until we should eventually bo enabled to uke possession of our own lands ; the proclamation of the governor deprives us of all claim to any lands ; we now wait from day to day , from month to month

      and from year to year , and cannot learn whether anything at all will be acceded to us ; in the meantime wc arcleft destitute of all acconunmlatioii and btisiness , and will shortly become bankrupt ; wo an . 'only kept in leading strings , and will eventually timl ourselves deceived ; it is better to be relieved {' ruin that suspense at 011 C 0 , to l'CllOlIllCO all liopo , and to so < .- !< an .-ierJura elsewhere , where wc may at least be mure secure . ' Those having occupied lands , say , ' wc daw not make any improvements on our own places ; we do not know whether the terms upon which we will eventually obtain tiro same witi be acceptable ; whether the extent of land allotted to each place will bo consistent ; whether wc shall have to live intermixed with the Kanrs ' or not , and when our neighbours leave , we will besides be too much exposed on our distant farms , and may be suddenly attacked by small and predatory bands and butchered , whilst our nearest neighbours will not learn the fact before the lapse of sonic days ; we arc therefore compelled ty leave . '"

      INDIA AND CMNA-OVERLAND MAIL . The usual Extraordinary Express , in am-i .-ijiation of tho Overland Mail from India , reached b'ml' . iiatan early hour on Tuesday morning , with advices from Calcutta of June 3 rd ; from Bombay ( w ' . ' Madras ) of the same dato ; and from China- of ' the IL'di April , The news brought by this conveyance is oi' comparatively little political importance ; whii . M the only local event of interest is tho passing ot" lit .- new Tariff Act . Rumours were current of preparations for the renewal of hostilities in the Ferozepore dn rifts at no remote period : but there appears t > be l .. n iiitic probability that thoy will have been needed . In Lahore no pretext had arisen for fresh disseesimis . The Ranee had been indnci .-tl to withdraw hoc patronage from Ghoulab Singh , who had , it will be iviuombered , innn rt » n >> i ! .-. n . 1 AI ... \ C . . »^ . ,,. . k ? .. ..... I t .. 1 .. * 1 _ . I been promised the ffiizemiiand had

      . ' p , anpointcd her brother Jowahir Singh to that office , " lie has boon denuded of his cash , and is at liber ; ,- to retire again to the hills ; an alternative of wii ' fch he will probably avail himself , if the result of hi > uite sacriliues shall have proved moderately i'lsiructivo . Mean while the functionary by whom he !;;>• , been supplanted is not without his apprehensions . From Afghanistan wc learn llitt Dost Mohaumn-d has relinquished , for the moment , his designs on I ' eshawur . There has been ncouuicr-rcrolution ' iii Nt'pauJ . which was begun by tho as . « tssiii « tiou ol ' thc cjia-t ' . who had advised the old King ' s abdication , in hi- presence . Deprived of this powerful ami inHucutial advisor , the voting usurper was forced io yield the miiMimi to his father , and public allairs have nccordinifh- reverted to the position in which they were beloi ' .- thy 10 th " December hist .

      Fne-si Cihxa we have some few items « t' important intelligence . An attack has becn made in riio streets of Canton , by a body of Chinese , upon the lion . Mr . Montgomery . Martin , Mr . Jackson , the vice consul , and the Rev . Mr . Stanton , the colonial ehapjnin . The gentlemen were a good deal maltreattd , nm it is said that Governor Davis has nddreswd a strong remonstrance to the " provincial authorities" on the subject . An extraordinary transaction lias occurred at Shanghai , where a Europe . ™ resident , claiming the appellation of a " British merchant , " i ; reported to have built a lorclta , or boat , of sixty or seventy tons burden , for the purpose of levying a land of " black mail" from the natii-esmujfgl ' iii-.:-imatsbringing opium up the river . This vessel w »* ) nimaici to tho management of a Chinaman name . ' . Fowqua , formerly a Canton shroff ; 'but , the Mandarins , having discovered the scheme , arrested this individual , and

      put him to the torture , when he denounced about 100 persons as his accomplices ! After bavin ; : been subjected to cruel torture lor about a week , he was beheaded , and about twenty of his confederates , who had been seized , midcnvent a similar pmii . « hmont . The greatest possible excitement , asmav be . believed , was occasioned , and in the midst of i ' ihe Hritish merchant—the cause of all this eruellv mm Mundshcd —withdrew from Shanghai . Such " is the story as given in the China Mail . Koloongsoo has been evacuated , and it is said that some disturbances took place at Anioyon the occasion of the departure of the ilritish troops , though their exact nature is unknown . From Singapore news has arrived of the ri . tal loss of the barque Columbian , of Liverpool , Captain VTakem , by striking on a sunken rock in tho Gasiar Straits . Ihe crew and passengers reached Singapore in safety in the boats . The passengers sent a lei ti-r of thanks CO tho captain for his good conduct on the occasion

      Ciioblet.—A Mooting Will Be Held On Sund...

      Ciioblet . —A mooting will be held on Sunday af . ternoon , at two o ' clock , at No . 0 , 1 ' vinees-strcct to form a branch of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_26071845/page/1/