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Northern Star (1837-1852), 24th May 1845, Edition 2 of 3, Page 6, C&artfet JitteHisence*

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    • —COEl^pOK^fltCt
    • aarioiltui* an& horticulture*
    • MteriH*
    • C&artfet JitteHisence*
    • Sanfcwjpte, &i\
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      § The Northern Star. May 24 > 1j K6.

      § THE NORTHERN STAR . May 24 > 1 J K 6 .

      —Coel^Pok^Fltct

      —COEl ^ pOK ^ fltCt

      ., ' The 1ate Convestiou. To Ihl.B»Rro» ...

      ., ' THE 1 ATE CONVESTIOU . TO IHl . B » rrO » OF THE KOBTHEBS STAB . S o , —Sow that the decisions of that important body f .. rrach to « cti prove to have been ) the late ( kraventioi . are before the countiy , I flunk xt is the duty of ev « ' v sinew * democrat either to shew that the recom-» e « dationsi > at forth by that assemblage are unworthy their attention , or if they approve them , then to assist in carrying them out . I have , sir , heard it objected that the Convention was hot thinly attenard , and thati therefore , its resolutions cannot be eonsidertd as binding upon those who did not take apartin causing tt to meet T ^ I trunk , is rather the fault of those nartie » who did ** send delegates than those who did , as I believe all were invited to join in making it in numbers wlat it undoubtedly was in feeling

      and in mind—a national representation . I deny , however , that numerical strength is any argument either for or against the propositions enunciated by the Convenlon ; and if those who eavH would only wort ; I humbly gobmit that the latter policy would prove as serviceable to the cause as the former has already been detrimental . The Convention presents one grand feature ; it was composed ( with about two exceptions ) of working men , who from their position in society might not be considered aseoinitetiittodo the "business for which the business for which they were met as if the ; belonged to a more " respectable ** class , and I will hazard the assertion , that no-previous assemblage of any nature , in this country , everpropounded measures so likely to prove serviceable to the cause of the people as those which resulted from their labours . There were two in particular , the Land and Election schemes , both of which are eminently calculated to advance Chartism .

      Some twm . differently , especially with regard to the Land project . It is asserted that it will distract the people ' s attention from the main object — the "People ' s Charter . ' * The logic employed in support of this view is of a curious character , and if true , would establish the non-existence of principle without poverty , which means no principle at all . For when any great principle is adopted , not on account of its own intrinsic merit , but because it may prove serviceable in enabling a party to compass a certain object , then it is the object that is desired , and not the principle by which it may have been accomplished - , and if the game aid could have been achieved by opposite means , the wrong would have been adopted as the really right In such a case there can be uo princi ple , but what miserable theorists call "

      expediency , the definition of which is , anything which circumstances may decide . The argument ( I shall call it such through courtesy , and respect for those from whom I differ ) is , firstly— "That it will divert the attention of the working classes from the attainment of their political rights , and make that which ought to be a movement for the accomplishment of liberty , a pettifogging joint-stock landocracy . ** Secondly , —that in proportion as the people are rendered comfortable iu their social condition , so , in a similar ratio , do they become indifferent to the state of those around than . "—Now , sir , with regard to the arst objection , it ought to be distinctly understood that Die Land scheme is only meant to present in miniature what would be the condition of the whole nation did they possess Uieland nationally , which I presume

      \ rould be the case if they had the Charter ; and ., 80 far from the land plan operating to the injury of the movement , I am decidedly of opinion that it will furnish a grand incentive to action . The people have long been looking for a specimen of Chartism reduced to practice : the Land Society will doubtless furnish them with one : and should they do so , they will render au important service to the cause of down-troudcii humanity . The object ofthe Chartist agitation is the accomplishment of happiness for all . Happiness can never be the lot of that man who has to depend upon the trill of another for his daily bread , and yet tliis must always be the case , no matter what the form of government may be , so long as the people arc not the independent proprietors of their native soil . Witness , as a proof of this , the internal divisions and

      dissensions that are now agitating the-United States—the " model Republic ; ** a country possessing illimitable resources , with every facility for their development , with old king aud priest-ridden Europe before their eyes as au example ofthe effects of usurpation and tyranny ; and yet the citizens of that glorious confederation are fast becoming lowered to the degraded lnonarchicalstandard , and all because thc-y have committed one grand and fatal mistake —they have allowed their attention to be turned from tie lend , and have engaged in a ruinous race of competition with the white slave-drivers of the " old country . " But , thanks to the spirit of the age , the working men of the Umon are now opening their eyes to their error , for which

      error they appear determined to make ample atonement to their posterity by declaring " war to the knife" against the old system of land robbery and oppression . They are now proclaiming the great and eternal truth , Hat the earth was made for the use of aU . America clearly illustrates the fact , that liberty without land is slavery . Therefore , nothing can be more serviceable to the cause of democracy than that the people should be taught the value ofthe land as the means of affording social happiness , and democratic institutions , as the only guarantee for the coutinnanecof that independence which is inseparable from the free possession of the soiL So far , then , as the Convention plan will forward this object , must the cause of Chartism be served .

      The second objection I think to be equally as fallacious as the first , as , from all I have been able to gather upon the subject , the Convention never dreamt that the Land Society would be in a position to remove so large a share of the working population from the overstocked manufacturing labour market , as to render it at all likely that the remaining workers would , as a consequence , lag in their exertions to procure by equitable legislation what their more fortunate brethren might become possessed of through the combined efforts of the Chartist Land Cooperative Society . I think that , in order to force the multitude , we should try to elevate rather than degrade them , and , therefore , the argument , that principle is the necessary accompaniment of poverty , is of no avai l .

      The Kegsstrataon and Election plan appears to me to be peculiarly well devised—firstly , because it gives to the people the power of deciding upon their own candidate ; aw-, secondly , because the machinery is made national . Somc men have , just now , become horrified at the idea of the nationality which all labour movements are assuming , and erpress their honest (!) conviction that nationality means centralisation ; and therefore they oppose it . Sow , sir , I think differently , and for this reason : —I find , from the proceedings of the Convention , that registration and electiiii committees are to be formed in the several boroughs throughout the country , with one central committee in London , with Mr . Duucombe as president . In the event of an election in any of the boroughs , the local committee , where the vacancy occurs , is to communicate

      with the central committee ; and if the people should decide upon a satisfactory candidate , then all the local committees throughout the country trill at once be set in motion to raise the necessary funds to defray the expenses of the contest ; and if necessary , I suppose , that some able man would be deputed from the most influential districts in the country to assist in the election , by way of addressing and organising the unrepresented working men , and thus torn what might otherwise passoff as a local affair , of little or no interest ; to immense national advantage . The Decentralisation insula case would be the will of all blended together for the benefit of all . Cavillers and disappointed snarlere only can object to such national organisations . I am , Mr . Editor , with respect , A Cuabtist .

      ^M^Af/M^^^/Mv/Ivm* A Word To Beoiuers.—I...

      ^ M ^ Af / M ^^^/ MV / IVM * A Word to Beoiuers . —If your sister , while tenderly engaged in a tender conversation with her tender sweetheart , asks you to bring a glass of water from an adjoining room , yon can start on the errand , but you need not return . Yon will not be missed , that ' s certain ; we ' ve seen it tried . —American paper Chbibiiamit . lv Switzerland . —I i the 22 cantons of Switzerland , there are 1 , 278 , 100 Protestants , 8 & 5 . 400 Catholics , 61 Monasteries , and 59 Nunneries . , FoRKrs-v Potatoes . —Oh Tuesday there was a sale of fourteen baskets of new potatoes from the Bermudas , brought over by the Trent steamer , at Monument-yard . The quality was pronounced very good , and the prices realised were under 2 d . per lb . The neculatum having proved thus successsful , and the root haying been obtained in very good condition , there is no doubt but that these islands will in future furnish the first supply of this useful food to our marlets .

      ^ Sea IWs . —Asa proof of the increasing iuclination ofthe inhabitants of London to proceed towards the sea for recreation , it may be stated that in the year 1843 upwards of 1 , 500 , 000 persons were landed at the various piers at Gravesend , and which was increased to upwards of 2 , 000 , 000 in the year 1814 . These , of course , are exclusive of those who visited Southend , Sheerness , Heme Bay , Margate and Ranisgaie , amounting to upwards of 250 , 000 . — Essex Herald . Ax Etwrsic TiaEGKAPfl will speedily be laid down on the railway between Glasgow and Edinburgh . The work will be intrusted to Mr . Bain , the inventor and patentee of the electrical clock .

      Sportisg ExiKAOiinixAnr . —On Friday last a man , who took to himself the high-sounding names of William Louis Bourbon Patmore , was charged before the Revs . J . P . E . Cliesshyre , and C . Clark , at Dunmow , with endangering the lives of the deer in Hatfield Forest , by shooting at them with" a most iinspoitsman-like blunderbuss . On being required to give a good account of himself—which would be a puzzling command to many besides William Louis Bourbon Patmor ;—he claimed to be the son and heir ofthe Duke of Cambridge , Prince of Diamonds , Duke ofVeigenus ,. and . brother of the Princess Royal , all ofwMchtifles he might have usurped with : perfect inmmury if . 'he had not added thereto "the Royal Battue ^ Spoxjifflian /' . tlje assertion of which character hid brought Mm withM the grasp ' ofapcR-etoari and the layj , and against which' aiwok made up ' ' of scraps . ^ ps ^ ipir ^ es fiom ' Amen , and pieces of news ? * oa *^ , dffl £ fiush ^^ offi-¦*•*¦¦ rS-WB **^ . ***^ ** h » fc he ' earried on bis

      ysan-yanacauea ua , Koyai Jfattee Lieence ; could aot protect rum ;* The inara ^ te decided : that ' a lock " «• necessary folium , ttough not the lock of a woperbuss ; and as a mimical man was cleariv of $ 2 "" l *™* . insane , instead of allowing him to aS ^^^ ^ theyseritbim to fte lunatic ^^ nBaifa ^ Estex mrald .

      Aarioiltui* An& Horticulture*

      aarioiltui * an & horticulture *

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , May 21 th , 1844 . ( Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five smallfarms on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model ferns on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . NoweU , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—lirst . Two school farms at WiHingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttcuden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the someplace . Theconsecutiveoperations in thesereports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diari is aided by " Notes and Observations " from the pen of Mr . NowclL calculated for the time and season , wMch we subjoin .

      "Can you keep a pig ? You will find a pig the best save-all that you can have about a garden ; and he will pay you well for his keep . "—T 7 ie Rev . B . W . KyW Lecture Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools sehfsottortlng . We believe that at Fandy Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , who wiU receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , & e ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , xvhich at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and bema . de thusindirecUy to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUSSEX . Moxdat— TFiCtno / dW School . Boys have a week ' s holyday , master weeding potatoes . Eastdean School Boys digging , and sowing turnips , hoeing potatoes , watering carrots and cabbages . Piper . Cleaning out the pigs , and mixing well with mould . Dumbrell . Rolling fellow . Toesdat— WUUngdon School . Master hoeing wheat . . Eastdean School . Boys a holyday , myself mowing clover , and turning a mixen . Piper . Composting manure from the pigs with mould and plenty of liouid manure . DumoreU . Wheeling out manure ,

      and spreading . Vveoxesdat— WUUngdon School . Master hoeing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging , and sowing turnips , hoeing carrots and parsnips , watering them , gathering rootsand stones . Piper . Planting potatoes . Dumbrell . Sowing turnips , and rolling them . TmrnsroAv—WiHingdon Sthool . Master earthing up potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys emptying tank , digging , watering ground , and planting cabbages , hoeing potatoes . Piper . Planting potatoes and beans . Dumbrell . Wheeling out , and spreading

      manure . FnioAr— WUUngdon School . Master earthing np potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys turning clover , hoeing potatoes , gathering weeds , weeding tares and oats , taking weeds to the pigs . Piper . Boeing carrots . DumbreU . Sowing turnips , and rolling them in . Satcrdat— Wittingdon School . Master digging ; tare ground for potatoes . Eastdean School . Turningup mould , emptying privy pails upon it , cleaning piggery and school room , watering lucerne . Piper . Hoeing onions . DumbreU . Paring oft * clover stems .

      TOUKSHIKE . Slaithwaite School . Eleven boys , for afternoon labour , preparing ground for turnips , harrowing , drilling , and sowing turnips , hacking roots , and gathering . John Bamford , earthing cabbages , digging between potatoe rows . cow-feedisg . WUUngdon School . Cows stall-fed with tares and clover . DumbreWs . Two cows grazed in the pasture during the day , stall-fed morn and even with Italian rye grass . Heifer stall-fed with tares and rye . Slaithwaite School . Cow fed in the stall with tares and rye .

      NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Tcrsip DanvuNG . —Drill in with your seed as many coal or wood ashes as you can get . You will find such a mixture a good stimulant for the young plant , and a preservative against the grub . TrjBsrp Climate . —A cool and temperate climate is best for the turnip , and it attains to a larger size in the north than in the south of England . ; Feedlvg Properties of the Turnip . —VonThaer says , that lOMbs . of turnips are equal to 226 s . of hay ; and an ox to get fat on turnips ought to have onethird of its weight daily . i Top Dressings on Spring Corn * . —[ " A pint of urine will raise a pound of corn ; and forty-eight gallons a quarto of wheat" ]—Early in May , or when the spring corn is well braided , you may apply top dressings with

      good effect , in many , if not m all cases . The domestic guano , the natural guano , phosphated tank liquid , as auxiliaries to manure , or applied as top dressings , can never come amiss for any kind of crop ; and saline or chemical manures may be used , when your supply of home-made dressings is not sufficient . ' Tor Dressing fob Spring Wheat . —Apply the same substances as before directed for winter wheat , and in precisely the same manner . Top Dressing for Oats . —Also apply similar dressings , but perhaps , you may use with advantage more common salt , and omit rape dust , as well as soot , wMch seem to be more especially requisite for the wheat than any other of the corn plants . Or , apply 1 cwt . of dissolved bones , sulphate of soda li cwt ., nitrate of soda li cwt .

      Top Dressings fob Barj-ev . —The same substances appear to be requisite for this plant , but the following results of experiment will direct you in regard to appliances for this crop . At Barochan , in Scotland , Mr . Gardiner , overseer of Mr . Fleming , sowed , on the 14 th of April , 1842 , common white barley ; it was top dressed in the beginning of May , as follows * . —with Nothing , the produce per rood was 650 B > s . of corn . Saltpetre , 28 & s . at a cost of 7 s . Od ., the produce was 7798 ) 5 . of corn . : Common salt , Stfts . at a cost of Is . lid ., the produce was 756 fi > 3 . of corn . Nitrate of soda , 21 t » s ., and common salt , 28 fbs . at a cost of 4 s . Old ., the produce was 7828 * 3 . of corn .

      Guano , 84 Bs ., at a cost of 18 s . 9 d ., the produce was 864 fi ) s . of corn . Lime and salt , with dissolved bones , 84 & s ., at a cost of 7 s . 6 d ., the produce was 840 fts . of corn . Top Dressing for Beans . — Nitrate of soda If cwt ., sulphate of soda li cwt . ObservationbyMr . Garoiner . —From whathas been observed , both in this and former seasons , all dressings and manures containing a large per centage of nitrogen , such as rape dust , sulphate and muriate of ammonia , nitrate of soda , & c ., make the grain grown by them lighter in weight per bushel , while at the

      same time they give more bushels per acre as well as more straw . On the other hand , such dressings and manures as common salt , sulphates of soda ana magnesia , and bone dust , invariably give heavier gram per bushel , but fewer bushels per acre . Now , it appears from this , if the same be found good in other places , that the most , judicious and economical method is to use a mixture of these , as common salt with nitrate of soda , or any of the others . The one will give quantity , the other weight ; because not one of the dressings enumerated above , except guano , contain all the ingredients required for the food of plants .

      TbaxsplaSTISG PoiaTOK Siioois . — When there are breaks or intervals in your potatoe rows , proceed as follows . Take up , by the fork , a few of the neighbouring sets with care , and remove all the shoots from each set , except one ; restore it and its single shoot to the place it was taken from , and carefully plant the shoots removed from such set , in a coiling form , in the interval where the plants have-failed , leaving only the top above the soil . They will grow , and produce abundance of tubers .

      The Inorganic Matter Of Plants. The Port...

      THE INORGANIC MATTER OF PLANTS . The portion of inorganic matter in vegetable substances is very small ; f or example , in 100 tons of wood there is only 8 cwt . of ashes , but it is as necessary for the growth o f plants as the inorganic part . The quantity of ash , or inorganic matter , yielded by different plants is unlike . For instance , in the table ofthe "Average Composition ofthe usually cultivated crops , " 100 lbs . wheat has 21 bs . of saline or inorganic substance ; oats , 32 lbs . ; beans , 31 bs ; and . pease , nearly 3 lbs . Other kinds of plants , such as wood , yield unlike quantities of ash . Inorganic matter varies in quantity in different parts of the same plant . Thus , while 100 tons of wood yield 8 cwt . of

      ash , the same quantity of its leaves would yield five or fix tons . The importance of leaves as a manure is thus obvious . In different kinds of grain , also , the case is similar . Wheat yields 2 per cent , of ash , whilst the straw yields 5 per cent . Oats yield 3 t per cent ., whilst eat-straw gives 6 per cent . This fact is most importantto thepracticalfarmer , inasmuch as it addresses itself so very plainly to the systems of cropping land . Inorganic matter , in quantitV j Often vanes in the same part of the same plant .- Wheatstraw , awarding to the table , leaves 5 lbs . of ash , but it sometimes leaves as much as 15 lbs . This may be owing to the nature of fee soil , the variety ofthe grain , or the way in which land is treated . By analysing inorganic matter , it is found to contain nine er ten different articles . These are specified in the following tabla ;—

      The Inorganic Matter Of Plants. The Port...

      inoroanic hatter iS- 'IOOOms . of hat . ' ¦ - *' Clover . _ RTe Lucerne Grass Red White Carbonate of Potash 8 . 8 19 . 9 31 . 0 13 . 4 Carbonate of Soda 3 . 9 S . 3 5 . 8 6 . 2 Lime 7 . 3 27 . 8 23 . 5 48 . 3 Magnesia 0 . 9 3 . 3 3 . 0 3 . 5 Alumina ( existing in clay ) .. 0 . 3 0 . 2 1 . 9 0 . 3 Oxide of Iron ( rust ) — _ 0 . 6 0 . 3 Oxide of Manganese _ _ _ _ i Silica ( sand ) 27 . T 3 . 6 14 . 7 3 . 3 Sulphuric Acid 3 . 5 4 . 5 3 . 5 4 . 0 Phosphoric Acid 0 . 3 6 . 6 5 . 0 13 . 1 Chlorine o . l 3 . 6 2 . 1 3 . 2 _ 52 . 8 74 . 8 91 . 1 05 J > . The following table shows the composition of tub ash of different kinds of STRAW . Rye Straw . Oat Straw . Potash lTz 5 2 . 18 Soda 0 . 31 14 . G 9 Lime 9 . 06 7 . 22 Magnesia 2 . 41 4 . 58 Oxide of Iron 1 . 36 1 . 41 Sulphuric Acid 0 . 83 2 . 15 Phosphoric Acid 3 . 82 1 , 94 Silica 64 . 50 54 . 26 Chlorine 0 . 47 1 . 50 100 . 11 1000 .

      There are 64 parts of sand or silica , in rye-straw , whilst there are 64 in oat-straw ; and the large portion of silica which is contained in the different descriptions of straw is the reason of their strength . Inorganic matter also varies in description in different parts of the same plant ; thus the grain and the straw of the corn-plant contain very different quantities of the several inorganic constituents . Byestraw , according to one table , contains about four parts of phosphoric acid , and oat-straw two parts ; wnilst , if you look to the annexed table , showing the quantities of ash in grain , it gives to rye 47 to 52 parts of phosphoric acid , and oats 46 to 40 . The grain part ofthe plant should contain a large portion of phosphoric acid—the half of the inorganic composition ofthe grain portion of the plant being generally composed of phosphoric acid : — COMPOSITION OF THE ASH OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GRAIN .

      oiomiJOOafai'S pS-lfS-frfl a : £ so 2 , 8 * * ? : H £ 3 SV : S : : > g-3 : : : : : : Som ; : : : : . . * .. & : : . o * 5 ' " : * * :::: > ::::: .-.-Q--- ,, CD rf . hd to jo I pop I p «« ji » Dutch * « . I j . iiMl cacao * -, * . « U » Jl . 4- tS -4 >»¦ OOIHQU i 4 5 I IpB , WtSMeiM , „ . ; , g o I I MMI taahxtia wnm . » I -IU ffiOVOt- ) > 3 ll I I ill SSbl I Red . j < 3 I 19 *¦ MM 9 ° I 7 *??! ?? " ? RAEtEI b I blabs I aooSM « babwh . > 3 » a » KOOIUH C 3 1 ?*¦ -J M ir - „ 09 . C 3 p ? l OlMtnpOl P AlOSS as ] b * jl Ijijbb * ! " - Land , o i _ n po o ^ i pop ^ oi h lame oo oi . ' ' rf-i-ooboia I m SickLd . co k-m K-teeiuoo M """¦ - " . * I tf e M to f I ? rT *| P ?}* . *¦ J Gissen ? l I «* . ' al soMcek * * ' ™ '"• I -J G » CO to CO t £ Cn Oi g CO ( O M M M j ? " » i p . ° . i rpr * . "! - ' ni < . i-a « oo I ojcninl feoboofc . wetas . sn 1 omm o-iotet ) |

      The same part of the same plant frequently contains different quantities of ash , as illustrated by the following table : — COMPOSITION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WHEAT . GISSEN . g "Q t * o a : , « S t-. J 3 ; u s < * I ; a ' £ Potash 64 219 ! 338 242 301 Soda 278 157 — 103 - Lime 39 19 31 30 30 Magnesia 130 06 136 136 163 Oxide of Iron 5 14 3 5 — Sulphuric Acid 3 2 — — 10 Phosphoric Acid 461 493 492 455 483 Silica n 3 — j — 19 413 983 1000 | 1000 990 1000

      The proportion of magnesia here varies in the different varieties of wheat . In the first column there are 130 parts—96 in the second , 136 in the third , and so on . The same is the case with phosphoric acid , and all the other substances . On looking to the substances , potash and soda , in the last table , it will be seen that where one is deficient , the other is in large quantities . In the first column there are 64 parts potash and 273 soda . In the second , 219 of potash , and 157 soda . In the third , 338 potash and no soda , & c . The inference from this is , that these substances are capable of supplying the place of each other . There must , however , be a certain quantity of them —this is essential . By referring to sulphuric acid , in somc of the columns it is absent , which renders it obvious that this substance is not necessary for the f ormation of certain plants . The quantity of phosphoric acid varies very little , and the large supplies of this substance necessary for the growth of the p lant must be viewed as a fact of great importance by the farmer . It is this which is required in the grain parts o f the crops and fruit , and without it the seed would not ripen . The farmer ought to study that his crops should get a sufficient quantity of this substance . The question next to be considered is , where does the inorganic part of the soil come from ? Rock , on being long exposed to the action of the elements , gradually crumbles down and forms a powder at its base . This is what forms the inorganic part of the soil . The globe at one time was all rock ; but it has so crumbled down , as to form a loose powdery substance , which we call inorganic matter , and which , when organic substances , such , as vegetable and animal remains are added to it , forms our earth . The rocks at different places on the surface of the earth are formed o f different clay , sand , flint , & c . The soils produced from these rocks partake of the character of the rocks from which they originated , as may be seen by reference to any geological map . Were a portion o f this inorganic matter analysed , it would be found to consist of the same substances as the inorganic parts of the plants . We therefore draw the inference that the plant gets these from the soil .

      Fertile . g -a- * 5 coKPOsmo . v of soils . oh 5 § W ' rniL Oi-garic Matter 97 50 40 Sihca .. .. 648 833 778 Alumina 57 51 91 Lime 59 18 4 Magnesia 8 8 1 Oxide oi Iron el 30 81 Manganese 1 3 trace Potash 2 trace — Soda 4 — _ Chlorine .. .. 2 — — Sulphuric Acid 2 1 —

      Of these three soils—one is fertile , without any manure ; a second is fertile , but requires to be manured ; and a third is very barren , but is capable of producing when manured , The soil which IS naturally fertile contains all the requisite substances ; that which is f ertile , but requires manure , has them in smaller quantities ; whilst in the barren soil nianv of them are . wanting , or at least are found in quantities barel y traceable . Phosphoric acid is a very necessary ingredient ofthe soil , and we see from the table thatas one kind of soil has four parts of it , the other has only two , it becomes evident that the soil having the greaterquantity must be the best . It is a matter of the greatest importance to inquire by what process these soils may beassiraUated in quality . One would think it best to add those things which are dehcient . But can it be done so as to pay * While we improve it we must at the same time better our condition ; and it is generally observed that those who know most about their soils are those who make most money by them . If you know what the soil requires , then give it that substance ; and one of the results of elementary knowledge is , that it will tell what tilings may be employed beneficially , so as to improve the soil and at the same time yield profit . A liiestion of some importance here arises . It is this , —are those soils which possess all those substances in the table always fertile ? No , they are not . They may , for instance , be situated on the sea shore , and be so strongly impregnated with salt , that tne gram crops will not grow upon them . Another noxious quality they may possess , is oxide of iron , in the sub-soil . . This is decidedly hurtful to the plants , and , where present in large quantities ; no plant will grow Thestepa whichmust be taken torender those soils fertile , is to remove the noxious' properties . Should the soil contain all the requisites for the growth of plants ; yet by constantly cropping , with * out adding manure it ; gradually . becomesi worse ; Vu-ginia , and several of the older states of America ; which were at first so fertile as to raise crops for many yeara withoutjnanure ,: are now lying wastei How is this exhaustion produced ? By the-crops gradually taking away those substances which are required in the soil for the growth of plants ; 'thus leading to the practical result that good crops will not grow , and to the chemical result , that

      The Inorganic Matter Of Plants. The Port...

      some ' of those substances required for the growth of-plants are ^ wanting . -.- -But -there is also- a special mode of exhaustion . Phosphoric acid makes a half of the ash of grain ; now if grain-crops are constantly grown upon a piece of land , absorbing large portions of this phosphoric acid , while the straw only , containing little or none of this substance , is returned to the land , in a year or two there will be no phosphoric acid in the soil , consequently crops requiring it can no longer be raised . For general exhaustion there must be put in those substances taken away for special exhaustion the same . If a piece of land lias been cropped for fifteen years , till a substance is exhausted which the plant requires , it is of essential importance that tho fanner should know this substance , that ho may add to it ; and not be putting on manures which are not wanted . A gentleman in Kincardineshire one day observed a field of growing oats , and remarked to the farmer that there was a ut

      very light crop . " 0 yes , sir , " said the farmer , " b this is the sixteenth crop of them . " A fanner in Wigtonshire lately succeeded to a lease of land that had been regularly grain-cropped for fifteen years by his predecessor . The soil was , of course , in a very bad state , and he proceeded to improve it . This he did by adding large quantities of farm-yard manure . But the soil was only exhausted of phosphoric acid ; and so , in adding farm-yard manure , he had been laying on substances which were not required . He perhaps laid on 50 tons of manure , costing him £ 1212 s ., whereas if he had only added oOlbs . of bone-dust ( which is the simplest way of putting on phosphoric acid ) , the same purpose | would have been served at one-fifth the expense . This kind of knowledge comes to be of a practical and money value , inasmuch , as it shows how to give to the ' soil what has been carried away , more expeditiously ,, and at a cheaper cost , than could have been done without it . —Professor Johnston .

      Mterih*

      MteriH *

      The Repeal Agitation.-Curious Exhibition...

      THE REPEAL AGITATION .-CURIOUS EXHIBITIONS ! THE HUSH " MABTTHS . " " There's none so blind as those who will not see . " There is to be a demonstration upon the 30 th inst ., and , taking the Freeman's Journal for our oracle , we learn it is to be a most melo-dramatic and imposing spectacle . In the first place , there is to be a procession , and such a procession as would enrich the treasury of the Lessee of Hawkins-street , or the spirited proprietor ofthe Portobello Gardens . The people are to leave off working that they may form a monster gathering , to commemorate the eventful day , and the ' 82 Club and the Corporation arc to

      accompany the mechanicals , that they may add to the splendour of the scene . We will have much discordant music from the different Temperance bands , and a vast deal of intemperance , we fear , will betray itself amongst the multitude . The Martyrs—what an abuse ofthe title . . —are in regal state to await the arrival of the monster procession at the Rotunda , where a levee is to be held and addresses humbly presented and graciously received . The wordy homage ofthe civic antitrades delegates will be penned in a high-flown strain of eulogy ; and it will demand considerable exertion to maintain a grave and decorous bearing while recounting the unheard-of sufferings which the martyred chie f endured when they underwent a three months' delightful captivity to

      advance the weal of fatherland . Fiction will dwell with pathos upon the dark cell and the meagre diet—forgetting the rich repasts and oceans of Champagnewhich were served to the Repeal martyrs during their incarceration within the walls ofthe Richmond Penitentiary . The patriots , in their reply , taking a retrospective glance at the profit and loss of the speculation , willke apt to state that in so good a cause they would not be unwilling again to suffer twice as much of such martyrdom . It would be well if some person more blunt than his neighbours would seize the opportunity to inquire of the martyrs when the

      accounts of tiic Corn-exchange are to be submitted to public inspection , so that the country may ascertain of what sort of stuff modern patriotism is composed . It is bruited throughout town that the jobbing and conniption of the old legislature in College-green never equalled the profligate expenditure of Conciliation Hall , which has become so disgraceful as even to provoke a schism , with bitter recriminations , among the well-bred gentlemen ofthe Finance Committee . Publish the accounts we repeat , and if some of the patriots of 1843 do not turn out to be the most calculating fellows alive , then will wc allow ourselves to be deemed no prophets . —Dublin World .

      DISSENSIONS IN THE REPEAt COUNCILS . ( From the Times of Tuesday . ) Dublin , May 18 . —As it was predicted , the longsmouldering jealousy , if not positive distrust , subsisting between "YoungIreland " and , tho"Grandfather" ( the writers of the A afto » andMr . O'Connell ) has burst forth into a furious and irreconcileablc schism . A meeting of the committee of the ' 82 Club —a body which , by the way , never altogether enjoyed the confidence of the leader—was held yesterday , when , amongst other topics , the question of

      academical education was incidentally brought undei discussion , and views diametrically opposed to eacl other were put forward by Mr . O'Conncllandthereprc sentatives ofthe Young Ireland party present on the occasion—the former severely condemningthe tone oi the article published in the Nation of that day , upon the subject of the new colleges ; the latter retorted with becoming spirit , and an angry controversy terminated by Mr . O'Connell charging his antagonists with having "drawn the sword , " and that they should bo prepared to abide the consequences . Aud so the matter rests , for some time at least .

      o ' connell versus THE " blood and battle-mongers " —A HINT TO " YOUNO IRELAND . " At the weekly meeting of the Repeal Association in Ireland , Mr . Robert Dillon Browne , M . P ., in the chair , Mr . O'Connell said that while he was occupied handing in money at the last meeting , a letter was put into his hand with a request that he would read it to the meeting . He had too much experience to adept any such course without first being made acquainted with the contents of the communication ; and when he did look into it he found it to be a letter from Mr . O'CaUaghan ( author ofthe Green Book ) , with a song and apiece of music , which he wished to bo presented to the association . The music was a battle song , with an incitation to fight , and being no

      juage oi music , he ( Mr . O'Connell ) did not know whether it was good or not , but the poetry was very indifferent . As the communication came from a respectable gentleman and a member of this association , he did not wish to speak harshly of him ; but he had no hesitation in stating that it was unfit for public inspection . This was not a fighting body—it was a peaceful body ; and so far fromseekingfor thenrights by the exercise of physical f orce , he would not accept emancipation at the cost of ono single drop of human blood . He was an apostle of the sect which sought f or political amelioration by peaceful and constitutional means . These were the means by which emancipation was achieved—by these means , and by none other , ' would they seek for reoeal , and

      oytnese means and no other would theyacliiev ' e their repeal . ( cheers ) . ' This war song was , therefore , a contradiction of their principles , and in sending it backto Mr . O'Callagham , who ought to have known better ; they should not repudiate it with scorn , but with some bdignatiori' ( hear , hear ) . " What curious notions get abroad occasionally . Yesterday lie ( Mr . 0 Council ) got a letter from London to the effect that he was usurping the Royal prerogative by wearing a green cap . Thereason he wore a cap was , that being so long in the habit of wearing his hat in the House of Commons , he could not pass any length of time in a warm room without having his head covered to avoid catching cold . It was also objected that he was to hold a levee on the 30 th May . Why the Chanccllor held four levees in the year , the judgeslheld four levees— he himself attended a military levee held bv

      the Duke of York , and the Commander in Chief held levees . It was , therefore , idle to say that the levee which he and his sixfellow " convicted conspirators " intended to hold en the 30 th of May was anv usurpation of the Royal prerogative , There were to be seven of them-the heptarchy of the Kings of Brentford ( laughter ) . But while he laughed at these things , he was seriously angry at the conduct of Mr . V Gallaghan . He was sure he did not require a seconder for his motion that this letter , andsong , and the music be sent back to the author ( hear , liear ) . If Mr . 0 Callaghan joined tlie Repeal Association on the supposition that it would adopt mh principles the sooner he left it the better . If he conceived this song was consistentwithiheirprinci ples . theiimpectfullv begged of him to be no longer a member of it . He concluded by moving that the war song be sent back to Mr . O'CaUaghan , with an intimation of the reasons they had for so doing . Passed . '

      ANOTHER HINT TO THE " DEATHLESS" POETS OF THE " NATION . " Mr . 0 Connell said that at the state trial , ballads and placards were given in evidence , of which the accused knew notliing ; ho therefore gave notice that they would not be respcmsi & le for any placards displayed at theTara procession on Thursday , nor for the ballads which might be sung there . He hoped the repeal wardens would give into the hands of the police any placards they saw exhibited at the meetine at Tara , or along the route to Navan , He might here observe there would be no speaking at Tara they would only meet there and hear mass , and then form in procession to Navan ..

      , REPEAL APATHY . Mr . 0 Connell gave notice of another motion for this day week . Tie progress of the repeal cause was not as rapid as it might have been under other circumstances ^ ^ Itwas impeded by accidental causesone was the Chantable Bequests Bill , which created l much : discussion 'among themselves , and a great deal ofnnpleasant | eelng- in other quarters ; 'flSvUsS ' epmtamBWtf-rtffl'te ^ ffi & ISg 'Siiifeias ^

      The Repeal Agitation.-Curious Exhibition...

      without expressing his warmest approbation of it in the strongest . terms . which . he was . capable ' of using , and he was truly grateful for that bill . ( Hear , hear , ) He meant on this day week to propose resolutions respecting the future conduct of the association . The first would relate to the spread of repeal reading-rooms ; second , dissevering every public meeting from the exhibition of placards , the circulation of ballads , or the language used by any but the speakers ivho addressed the chair ; third , ' that every county , city , town , and borough should register as many repeal voters as possible ; f ourth , thateveiycounty , city , town , parish , and hamlet should have petitions for the repeal ready by the first day of next session of Parliament , They would have 2 , 000 , 000 of signatures on

      tho table of the House of Commons , and thus show the entire empire the feeling of this country . The association would prepare the petitions in the mean time , and their adoption would stimvdate the collection of the repeal rent through the country . They would place from three to five petitions every day on the table of the house , and thus keep the question constantly before the legislature . lie was encouraged to hope for speedy success , by what he saw passing around . He saw ' a great dispute between England and America , respecting the Oregon territory—that dispute was anything but settled , and it was manifest there must be an abject submission on the part of England or America , or a desolating war . He wanted England to be prepared for the worst—he

      wanted England to enlist the Irish nation in her cause , and then she might set America and all the rest of the world at defiance . For the first time since the union they had a government that was aware ofthe great advantages to the empire by conciliating Ireland . ( Hear , hear . ) Sir Robert Peel was making exertions to bring about some good mcaaures—some certainly were not very happy ; but still he was entitled to credit for good intentions , 'lhey would call upon him to extend corporate reform , to extend the elective frnucliise , and , in short , to remedy the palpable grievances so often stated in this association ; but the real remedy for all the evils of Ireland wasto be found only in an Irish Parliament . ( Hear , hear . )

      THE QUEEN ' S VISIT . Mr . O'Connell next adverted to the report of the proceedings which took place at the late interview between Sir J . Graham and the deputation from the Dublin corporation , which went over to invite her Majesty to visit Ireiand , He commented upon the obsemtions of Sir James Graham , and said that the cause of the change of the language used in the association was owing to the offensive speech of Mr . Macaulay . He ( Mr . O'Connell ) had now to say that if the Queen comes to Ireland she shall bo treated with every mark of respect and affection which her high rank entitles her to . She would see or hear nothing that was not intended to honour her and give her joy . ( Hear , hear . ) The repeal agitation should not be abandoned during her stay , but it would be mitigated in such a ivay as to save her Majesty front any unpleasant feelings on the subject . ( Hear , hear . )

      MORE REVEALMENTS . The following , from the Dublin correspondent of the Morning Herald , appeared in that paper of Thurs . day ;—Rumour—and something more—has it , that the principal martyr is sick at heart at the manner in which he is thwarted in committee on some vital questions . The Young Ireland party have become quite unmanageable ; indeed , they dare to have an opinion of their own , and sternly assert it too . Over and over again have tliey outvoted the great man , and at present are in open rebellion against him on

      the subject ot the proposed new colleges . Mr . Smith O'Brien has taken the lead against him , and it is considered passing strange that a letter which he ( Mr . O'Brien ) addressed to the secretary of the association , setting forth his reasons for supporting the main points in Sir James Graham ' s bill , has been suppressed . The lion , gentleman intended it to be read yesterday , but Mr . O'Connell interposed , made a long speech , puffing up Mr . O'Brien for his manifold virtues , but said nothing of the letter . Will the member for Limerick be wheedled by the self-elected member for all Ireland ? Those who know him well and long , say No—his character forbids it .

      " old Ireland" and " young Ireland . " The following article from a Whig paper , the Dublin Monitor , is of value just now ; it tells many home truths : — Things arc fast approaching to a crisis with the gentlemen of the Conciliation Hall . It is quite manifest that "Young Ireland" and " Old Ireland " cannot much longer act in unison . "Young Ireland" is somewhat seditious , but has much integrity of purpose about it . " Old Ireland" is prone enough to talk sedition , but has no notion whatever of acting it . " Young Ireland" is too enthusiastic to be factious —tootuH of ardent aspirations to be dragged through the mire of a senseless and aimless agitation . " Old Ireland" - has no notion of the poetry of politics—it

      has homely notions of pounds , shillings , and pence , and panders to discontent as the best means of filling its treasury . "Young Ireland" would educate her people in the hope that an educated people would prove more determined of purpose , more stem in resistance , more eager for national independence , than an illiterate people . "Old Ireland' has no desire to promote education , should the doing so forfeit an opportunity for making an appeal to the passions and prejudices of the multitude , who are always best managed and played upon in proportion to their ignorance . "Young Ireland" would have Protestant , and Catholic , and Dissenter , all educated together , in the hope that thus they would learn to know one another better , and , when the struggle for independence comes ,

      be found united around the green banner of " Separation . " - " Old Ireland" does not look so far a-head —does not contemplate the fight at all—talks a good deal about it , but oreads its coming , and only wants to continue the agitation with sufficient noise to make it of some importance , and with sufficient of menace to make it formidable . In short , " Young Ireland" is honestly bent on working out the national independence of Irelandthe complete separation of this country from England ; while " Old Ireland" only desires to continue the agitation as the means of retaining his position as the representative of all Ireland . Between parties so actuated by different . motivosso influenced by different impulses—it is not possible that harmonious action can long prevail . " Old Ireland" has been forced on many points to yield to " Young Ireland , " For instance , on the Bequests Act , on the Maynooth Bill , and now the battle is

      raging respecting the Academical Education Bill ; and we predict" Young Ireland" will have all the glory and triumph of a victory . It is said a letter is in town from Mr . William Smith O'Brien , in which he pointedly avows his approbation of the principle of that bill ; and Mr . O'Brien now ranks as a leader of the " Young Irelandcrs . " He has followed up the opposition of Mr . Davis and Mr . Dillon to the " Liberator" in his wholesale reprobation of the bill . The Catholic prelates meet on Wednesday next to consider the bill , and . " Old Ireland , " finding that he cannot contend against the influence of " Young Ireland" in the Conciliation Hall , has taken refuge in the benefit of clergy , and having said every hard thing he could think of in reprobation of the bill , with mock humility proposes not to give an opinion on the matter till the Bishops have spoken ! So far the victory is to " Young Ireland . " The Catholic prelates , we trust , will improve that victory .

      C&Artfet Jittehisence*

      C & artfet JitteHisence *

      Ar00607

      LONDON . Metropolitan District Council , Thursday , May 18 th ; Mr . J . F . Linden in the chair . —Several reports having been delivered in , Messrs . M'Grath and T , M . Wheeler , on behalf of the Executive committee , attended , and impressed upon the Council the necessity of immediately appointing persons to . attend as _ members of the Registration ana Election Committee ; also the Exiles Restoration Committee . On the motion of _ Messrs . Arnott and Simpson , the following resolution was unanimously adopted : — " That this Council hereby calls upon all localities , who have not done so , to immediately elect a person to acton the Registration and Election Committee , as proposed by the late Convention ; and also to appoint a person to become a member of the Exiles Restoration Committee . "—Mr . J . F . Linden postponed his motion for the issuing of monthly addresses , for a fortnight . The Council then adjonrned .

      f he City of London Locality request insertion for the following resolution , passed unanimously at their meeting on Sunday evening last i—Moved bv Miss Wilmot , seconded by Miss Dolby- " That the thanks of this meeting are due , and are hereby given to Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., for his arduous labours in the cause of Democracy during the long time he has been before the English nation-labours which he always performed cheerfully and faithfully , despite the persecution and prosecution of the open foe , and the still more deadly shafts of false friends . And this meeting is further , of opinion that the charges made by Bronterre O'Brien , William HU 1 , and their co-knaves and fellow traitors , are false and unfounded , and had their rise in disappointed ambition , base ingratitude , and deadly hatred , from men who have experienced Mr . O'Connor ' s generosity , but who , ¦ viper like , ' seek to 'cancel obligation' bv stinging the hand that was stretched forth to save them from destruction . "

      VVniTECEAPEt . —Lectcrk . —On Sunday evening according to announcement , Mr . Christopher Doyle attendedat the White Horse , St . Mary-street , Whitechapel . Mr . George Hall was called to the - ' chair who , after some appropriate remarks , introduced Mr * Doyle to . the ineetinff . The lecturer delivered a talented address ; which occupied one hour and a half ih the course of whichhe contrasted the condition of the wealth-produemg millions with that of their od ^ pressors . He severely lashed- the canting race of humbugs who , lnateadof matructing , werecontinuallv preaching patience'W the neople , in order to keep them in ignorance and bondage . ' Mr . Doyle urged on *

      Ar00608

      all present to avail themselves ofthe assist -. ^ g . advice of the Registration Committee , as u > rma \ £ theiafc" Convention . ' 'He-likewise at somc lonjrth dwelt with much ability on the land plan , as pounded by the Convention , showing what great good must accrue to the working classes by placing % surplus population on the land He concluded Inadvising the ladies to lay out their money with those only who were favourable to the cause , and resmae j his scat amidst cheers . A vote of thanks was awarded to Mr . Doyle , who returned thanks . Sereral niem bers were enrolled ; and it was announced that a lecture would be delivered in the same room on Sun day next .

      Somers Town . —On Suuday evening last the * a , journcd discussion on the propriety of fornuV j-: trict branch of the Co-operative Land Society w , resumed at Mr . Doddridge ' s rooms , 18 , TonbruW street , New-road ; Mr . Laurie in the chair . AWi , " Page , Edwards , Gambell , Arnott , Farris , and otW * having expressed their opinions , and put scymTi questions to Mr . Wheeler , that gentleman rose , an ? - an able manner explained the plan , which gave cr / l satisfaction . It was then agreed to ncm . con . " 'iff a district branch of the Co-operative Land ' Socio ? be now formed for Somers Town and its environ , A The majority present gave in their names as mei l bers , and after a vote of thanks to the chairman th ^ meeting separated . ' e

      BIRMINGHAM . The Suip Ink Chartists . — At the meetiiiir 0 n Tuesday evening a lengthy discussion took place re specting our again joining the National Charter a « " sociation ; which ended in the unanimous adoption of the following resolution . By inserting the sanu > in your valuable journal you will much oblige ft ! Chartists of this locality . Signed , on their behilf David Pott , sec . Moved by D . Pott , and sctmXi by Mr J . Porter , . "That we , the ChaiWnS in this locality , do join the National Charter Assam tion . " It was also unanimously agreed that theT cretaiy write ta the Executive , stating the reason , why we have not conformed to the rules laid down & that body .

      MANCHESTER . Lecture . —On Sunday evening last , Mav 18 th a lecture was delivered in the Carpenters' Hall , nt subject was chiefly on the enormous expense and evil of State churches . The lecture was attentively fe tencd to by a respectable audience .

      „ CARLISLE . Meeting of the Council ofthe Chartist Asm . ciAiioN .-On Sunday last the above body held their usual weekly faceting at the Association-room JSo . 6 , John-street , Caldewgate , Mr . John Momanin the chair when , after the subscriptions were paid in from the difterent districts , the following resolution was moved by John Lowry and seconded bv John ( j Ubertson , and agreed to unanimously : — " That in ? rn A " ° H ! } H' the attc ' n'Pfc of Messrs Hil , O'Brien , Ashton , and Co ., to in / uro tl . echa . racterofMr . O Connor , is altogether ¦ futile ; and while

      we exceedingly regret that any causes for such an unpleasant anairas that wUicli had lately taken place should ever have existed , we arc at the same time glad that , seeing the causes have existed their effects are prevented from being so baneful aa they otherwise might have been . And to none do we consider ourselves more indebted than to Mr Feargus O'Connor for his very able exposure of the whole gang , and for which we now tender our most sincere thanks , and our implicit confidence in that gentleman so long as he acts in the same straightforward manner he has hitherto done as a public character . "—John- Lowkv , Sub-Sec .

      OLDHAM . Lecture . —On Sunday last Mr . Edward Clark lectured in the Working Man ' s Hall , Iloi-scilgcstreet , Mr . Thomas Lawless in the chair—who opened the meeting by reading Mr . O'Connor ' s letter on the Land , which was listened to with great attention . The chairman then introduced Mr . Clark , who briefly showed the good results that- ' were likely to accrue from the adoption of Mr . O'Connor ' s plan oi allotments on the land . As a proof , he instanced the Wire-workers of Manchester , who had taken a small plot of land , and had found it of great service in keep , ing up wages . He then proceeded to show the necessity of political power , and urged his hearers not to rest satisfied until the principles contained in the people ' s Charter were conceeded .

      PLYMOUTH . Mr . O'Connor and his Traducers . — " Resolved , That the Chartists of Plymouth arc thorouglny convinced of Mr . O'Connor ' s unshaken integrity , and deeply regret that he should have been compelled to notice the worthless attacks of such miserable beings as J . B . O'Brien and Co . Wc further beg to thank the common enemy for kindly relieving our ranks of such unparalleled traitors . " The above resolution has been unanimously agreed to bv the Plymouth Chartists . —W . H . Tremais , Sub-Sec .

      Sanfcwjpte, &I\

      Sanfcwjpte , & i \

      Bankrupts. (From Friday's Gazette, May 1...

      BANKRUPTS . ( From Friday ' s Gazette , May 16 J James Richards , Deptfoi-d Bridge , plumber—Frederic Lindsay Cole , Fencliurch-strect , City , wine merchant-John Lampray , Warwick , money scrivener—James Liv . ingston and Thomas Rrittain , Manchester , plumbers-Willaim Summers and Nicholas Kac , Manchester , rope . makers-Edward Lawton and Thomas Kay , Bochdak , Lancashire , iron-founders — William Russell , JaniN Knowles , and Henry Simistcr , Salford , Lancashire , netchevs . DECLARATIONS OF DIVIDENDS . J . II . Heron , Manchester , cotton-spinner ; final dividend ot 11-lCths of Id in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Pott , Manchester .

      BANKRUPTS . ffVom Tttesdoi ^ s Ga zette , May 20 . j George Clement and Henry Sanimons , Nelsoii-terrace , Stoke Kewmgton , tea-dealers—Victor Guigucs , Leicesterstreet , Leicester-square , hotel-keeper—Ilcnrv Terry , Mattersea , liccnsed-victuallcr—George Tuppenny Peers , Ironmonger-lane , Cheapside , City , plumber—William Stocks , Iluddcrsficld , Yorkshire , merchant-William Watson , \\ akeheld , Yorkshire , licensed victualler—William Davis , Compton , Staffordshire , butcher—Jacob Parker , Chclten . ham , cabinet . maker .

      DEClARATIOXS OF DIVIDENDS . T . Lee , Odiham , Hampshire , tailor , first dividend , oi 3 s fid in the pound , Wednesday , May 21 , and two following Wednesdays , at the office of Mr . Tuniuanu , Old Jewry . ¥ . J . II . Mullcr , Addle-street , City , furrier , second dividend , of 3 d in the pound , Saturday , Mav 24 , and two ful . lowing Saturdays , atthe office of " Mr . Gh-ooin , Aue ' iurcli . lane , City . H . 11 . Stutchbury , Thcobald ' s-road , Bedford-row , bookseller , first dividend , of 3 s ( id in the pound , Satwlji-j , Ma ? 24 , and two following Saturdays , at the officcof Mr . Groom , Abchurch-lane , City .

      J . T . Nash and 1 . Tomlinson , jun ., York , mustard-manufacturers , second dividend , of 9 din the pound , and first dividend , of 7 s 5 d in the pound on new proofs , any Tuea . day , at the office of Mr . Fearnc , Leeds . B . W . Palmer , Daventry , Northamptonshire , winemerchant , dividend , of 4 s in the pound , anv Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Follett , Sambrook-courf , Basinghall . street . G . Francis and T . Francis , jun ., Cambridge , corn-mer . chants , second dividend , of 5 d in the pound , any Wednes . day , at the office of Mr . Graham , Colemau-street . E , Thornier , of Hinkley , Leicestershire , money sort , vencr , second dividend , of Is 2 £ d in the pound , any Thurs . day , at the office of Mr . Valpy , Birmingham . M . Cooley , Spalding , Lincolnshire , tailor , first dividend , of Is 4 din the pound , any Thursday , at the office of Mr . Valpy , Birmingham . W . Walker , Birmingham , hatter , first dividend , of 3 s in the pound , any Thursday , at the office of Mr . Valpy , Bir . mingham .

      DIVIOENDS . OA ne 20 J - Smith , Southampton , eom-merciiant—June 20 , 1 . Kilford , Southampton , cabinet-maker-June W , &• 1 lie and W . J . B . Staunton , Bishopsgatc-strcet-withuut , wine-mcrchants-June 12 , R . and G . Charles , Liverpool , sUip-chaudlevs-June 11 , R . Almond , Orrell , Lancashire , coal-dealer-Junc 12 , W . Carpenter , Chippenham , Wilt , shire , iimkeeper-Junc 12 , W . Pell , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , unendraper-June 12 , E . W . Peters , Coventry , wuie-mer . chant . CERTIFICATES to ba granted , unless cause be shown to th » contrary on the day of meeting . June 12 , g , Wagner , Blooinsbury-square , draper—JuiW t 12 , J . Breckels , Nor th-street . Finsburv-markct , bedstead . maker—June 10 , T . ' Vingley , Struiton-ground , West . . minster , draper—June 10 , W . G . Clover , Holborn , linen . draper—June 10 , J . Christie , Notting Hill , stonemason-

      -June 10 , J . I ' aulton , High-street , Portland Town , stone- mason—June 11 , J . Gibbs , Jernvyn-strect , scrivener—June e I * i J . A . Aick , Leeds , carver and gilder—June 18 , E . E . ' . Kobinson , Wolverhampton , grocer—June W , J . Priteharu , ; Luleshull , Shropshire , builder—June U , G . Phillips , :, Leicester , innkeeper-June 10 , J . and J . Woodhead , Brad . I . w i ! Yol-ks , lire . worsted stuff manufticturers-June 10 , J . 1 . « ells , Winehcomb , Gloucestershire , carrier-June 10 , St , t , A . i leetham , Hartlepool , grocer—June 10 , 11 . Coleman , a , union-court , Old Broad-street , City , merchant-June 10 0 S . 1 earse , Old Jewry , wine-morchant-June 10 . S . Turner , r , Bolton-le-Moors , ironfuunder—June 10 , W . and J . Deei m and J . Hogg , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , builders—June 10 , T , T , Gotou , jun ., Grosvenor-row , l'imlico , bookseller—J '» tt M 10 , J . Gray , Manchester , upholsterer-June 10 , A . Pol- >!• look , Liverpool , commission merchant—June 10 , E-1 * ^ Chapman , Bradford , Yorkshire , civil engineer .

      PABTNEBSHIPS DISBOIVED , J . Ilickey and J . Agnew , Liverpool . boot-makers-H . !!¦ Threlkeld and W . Edwards , King-street , Cheapside , ac iccountauts-J . D . Nicol , J . Wright , A . Hadden , and J J . Smith , Bombay-merchants ; as far as regards J . I ) . Sico ! co ! —O . Sims and " A . 11 . Shaw , Stockport , Cheshire , chemist' sti —B . and F . Ufathorne , Preston , Lancashire , silk-mcr- . « cers—C . Cowgill , J . Hopkinson , II . Hirst , B . Jcssop , J J Hirst , S , Riley , and T . Lumb , Huddersfield , fancy woollen- en . manufacturers—W . Kingdon , ' jun ., and i . S . King dom on , Exeter , attorneys-R . Smithson and W . Pearson , York ; , rk , ale merchants —J . Cocker , J . Worrall , and J . Cocker , ter , Crompton , Lancashire , cotton-spinners ; as far as regard * rdi J . Worrall—T . D . Moore and J . E . Christian , Liverpoo l oo , doI

      merchants-J . and J . C . Grace , and G . Carlyle , Liverpool , , painters ; as far as regards G . Carlyle-R , and W . Young , rag , Brcde , Sussex , drapers-J . M . Bods , and i . and J . II Il Linklater , St . Martin ' s-lane , attorneys—R . Pickering aj a » a E . Shaw , Kingston-upon-Hull , printers—S . Isaacs and . J- l . J j Dyer , Brompton , Kent , provision-merchants-J . Bell , ana and G , and J . Harries , Shrewsbury , tobacco-manufacturer * 'flag far as regards J . ' BeU—B . and J . F . Johnson , Lsng'tf ; Ie Jj place , Commeroial-road , leather-sellers—G . Atkinson » na » na J . Sidebottoro , Kingston-upon-Hull , joincrs-D . Mallinj 0 " iso " andG . B . Dobson , Halifax , Yorkshire , grocers-J . 'Ao * J ; **' son andM . Bruce , North Shields . joiners-M . Black ^ wrn and J . and W . Burrows , Trestori , Lancashir < i worsted stun- tunmanufacturers-W . and R ; Williams , Liverpool , j ° ta « ; * ' ^ C . Greenwood , W . iH . Ebbs , and ArvV ? a »»« od , GrM' rtlt St . Thomas Apostle * City , toy-inerchants . * ,.-, . ¦ .. ii . .:

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 24, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_24051845/page/6/