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Northern Star (1837-1852), 23rd August 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 7, Lo.vdo.v S-uritPiKLD G'.vm.K JUauket, Al...

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      R Augusi? ,23, 1845, The Northern S^Ar. ...

      r Augusi ? , 23 , 1845 , THE NORTHERN S ^ AR . 7 ^^—^^ r »—^ M «*»* 1 " ^** 1- ' ¦¦¦ ¦¦¦¦ ' 1 IW .. M .. HWIHH 1 i » . 1 ^ r-. r , * u ** w * e ± ^* r .- *** nK 3 nM *^ = » - »« .. — . y mi *^ r «»^^ - ^ - ^ o .. * * ww . ^ . ii ., m .,. ^ - i . ,,,,. ' .,.. '"¦ ' ¦ i . ii * ' i in ¦——L . m ^^ m— .,..-1 ... __„ ,. i . 1 1 lllll , r ...- ^ w— -rs n—¦ !—¦ "» ' " ¦¦ ¦ ^

      Jump- Jtto&Eimn&T

      jump- Jtto & eimn & t

      " And I -Tvili War, At Least In Words, (...

      " And I -tvili war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so liapjtcn—desds ) , "With all wbo vrarvrith Thought •" " I think I hear a little bird , who sings Th « people by and by will be the stronger . " —Bsuos

      Italy, Austria, Axd The Pope * So, T. In...

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AXD THE POPE * SO , T . Injustice to Mr . Mazzixi , and the glorions cause of which he is the advocate and champion , wefeel called upon to give entire the following sketch of the rise and struggles of the national party of Italy : — We are a people of from oue-awl-twcnty to bvo-andtwenty millions of men , known from time immemorial by the same name , a ? the people of Italy ; enclosed by natural limits die clearest crer marked oat by the Deitythe sea and tlie luglM-si mountains in Europe ; speaking the samelansuage , modified by dialects varying from each Other Jess than do the Scotch and the English ; having

      the same creeds , the same manners , the same habits , with modifications not greater than those which iu Trance , the most homogeneous country on tlie earth , distinguish the Basque race from tlie Breton ; proud of the noblest tradition in politics , science , and art , that adorns European bistory ; having twice given to humanity a tie , a watchword of unity—once , in the Rome of the Emperors , again , ere they had betrayed their mission , in the Home of the Popes ; gifted with aciire , ready , and brilliant faculties-, is not denied even by oar calumniators ; rich in every source of material well-being that , fraternally and li ' - ierally worked , could « ahe ourselves happy , and open to sister nations the brightest prospect in the world .

      Tvehave no flag , no political name , no rank among European nations . YJchave no common centre , no common pact , no common market . "VYc arc dismembL-rcd into eight states—Lombard ) -, Pai-ma , Tuscany , Jlodcna , Lucca , tlie Popedom , Piedmont , the Kingdom ol Saplesall independent one of another , without alliance , without unity of aim , without organised connection between ibt-m Eight lines of custom-hous ' ey , without counting the impediments appertaining to the internal administration of , each state ; sever our material interests , oppose our advancement , and forbid us large manufactures , large com . mercial activity , aud all those encouragements to our capabilities that a centre Of impulse would afford . 1 ' roluhitions or enormous duties chei'Jj the import and export of articles of the first necessity in each state of Italy . Territorial and industrial products abound iu one

      province that arc deficient in another ; and we may not freely sell the superfluities or exchange among ourselves the necessities . Eight different systems of currency , of ¦ weights and measures , of civil , commercial , and penal legislation , of administrative organisation , and of police restriction , divide us , and render ns as much as possible strangers to each other . And all these states among which wear .- partitioned are ruh-d by despotic goreniments , in whose working tlio country has no agency whatever . Tin-re exists not in any of these states , either liberty of tlie press , or of united action , or of speech , or of collective petition , or of the introduction of foreign books , or of education , or of an-j thing . One of these states , comprising nearly a fourth of the Italian population , belongs to the foreigner—to Ausiria ; tlie others , some irom family ties , t-ome from » conscious feebleness , tamely submit to her influence .

      From this contrast between tlie actual condition and the aspirations of the country was produced the National party ; to which , Sir , I hare tlie honour to belong . The Xational party dates a long time back in Italy . Jt dates from Koine—from that law of the Empire that admitted every Italian to the rights of citizenship in the capital of the known world . The work of assimilation which then instinctively began , was interrupted or rather complicated hy a new task , by the invasion of the Northern hordes . It was necessary to assimilate to oursslves by degrees these foreign elements , before resuming tlie work of intcnr . il homogeneization . Two or three centuries sufficed for this business of preparation : and when our Communes were established , tlie work was resumed . The national tendencies , hitherto pursued unconsciously , took

      a condensed lorm and existence mi the conception « f our » reat men of thought or action . From the Consul Crescen-ao to Julius the Second , or to our agitators of the sisteen-li century—from Dante to ilachiavel—you will not find one , Sir , who did not adore the oneness of this nation , this Italy that we adore , and for which the sons of an Austrian admiral died last year . Then , thanks to Charles tbs Fifth and Clement the Seventh , thanks to the J ' ope and the Empire , slavery fell npon us—a common slavery , that crumbled all our old hostilities and bent our restive heads under one yoke . When , after nearly three centuries of this common infliction , the I'rcnch ltevolution burst on Europe , theXatioual party in Italy was found quite formed , and ready to appear ou the . political arena . As if to afford a practical " proof that we were ripe for

      union , Xapoleon ran aline across Italy , placed Attcona una « iiw , Bologna and . Milan , under tlie same government , and founded the Kingdom of Italy . The essay succeeded . The intellectual rise , tlie rapid increase of material prosperity , the burst of fraternization , that were Manifested iu all those very provinces that short-sighted politician ! -, on the faith ofa few popular phrases and petty jealousies , would a few days before have declared ready to cut each other ' s throats , are facts , especially in the period froai 1605 to 1813 , irrevocably committed to history , yotwitksfciudiug our dependence ou the French Empire , under political despotism and despite war , thefeeling of nationality , specially incorporated in our brave army , derated our souls , picturing in the distance the oneness of Italy , the object of all our efforts . The strength oi

      the Xational party was so entirely recognised , that when the time came for the fill of Xapoleon , it was in the name of this party that the European governments sought to arouse as against the domination of France . As far back as 18 K * , Austria spoke to us by bis Imperial Highness the Archduke John , of glory , of liberty , of independence , and of a Constitution based on the immutable nature of things" \ . Four years later , General Nugent promised us an independent Kingdom of Italy } . And iu the following year , your England , Sir , proclaimed by tlie mouth of Ben-- fineb the ulierty and independence of tlie Italian people }' . Youiu ^ cribed * mesewordsl £ il «* rtacT « d « " « : H

      was organized in Sicily to be employed in Tuscany : you everywhere disseminated by the officers of this Legion copies of the Sicilian Constitution — of that Constitution , by the by , which was given to Sicily when that island was important as a military positiou 5 , and was disgracefully abandoned , your purpose once answered , in spite of promises in which the honour of the country was involved . H Napoleon fallen , all these promises were forgotten and broken . The meaning they conveyed was more permanent , and was confirmed , even diplomatically , by the jiational party . The hopes of tlie army and the National Guard were evidenced in addresses . A deputation oi commerce bad an interview at Genoa with Lord William Bentinck . Active efforts were made about Prince

      Mettermch and the Emperor of Austria . Interviews took place at Paris "between the deputies of the Kingdom of Italy aud the English Plenipotentiaries , the Earl of Aberdeen and Lord Castlrreagh . IVe then bad faith in diplomacy , and espetiauy in England . All was unavailing . Tour country , said Uk Emperor Francis to ihe Italian deputies , is mine by ri ght of conquest . And three months after Lord CastlercagU ' s assurances that the Austrian Government would be altogether paternal , Italian otlicers and civilians of every rank , in considerable numbers , and under pretext of a . conspiracy against the Austrian ? —at a time when they bad not been declared masters by the Congress—were arrested at iiuan and elsewhere , and thrown into military prisons ,

      where all communication and every means of defence were withheld . These arrests took place at Milan almost regularly every Saturday night from Sovember , 1814 , to the cad of January , 1815 . After several months of secret investigation , the prisoners were refused the choice of advocates , and their counsel were nominated Tfy the -Mistrians . Tried in tlie citadel of Mantua by a sort of half ciril , half military , but wholly inquisitorial court , some were sentenced to three years' imprisonment , others condemned for life to the fortresses of Hungary . In I'icdmont , in the States of the Pope , in Sicily , throughout Italy , oue stroke of the pen erased all our liberties , all ttarxtforijis , aU our hopes . The old regime reappeared , pernicious as before , butsurcharged with vengeance .

      From the frauds of the Congress of Vienna sprang the insurrections of 1 S 20 , 1 S 2 J , and 1831 . The insurrection of 1820 ( July ) took place in flic kingdom of Xaples , embracing the whole of it . The ab-Eol-Qie government was everywhere overturned , without resistance , without bloodshed . The King y ielded to the desire of ike people and the army , and proclaimed on the fill—for this was all done in sis days—constitutional "forms , demanded , as expressed in his edict , by the general will . The insurrection oflS 21 ( March ) had Piedmont and Liguria for i » theatre . Almost the entire nobility took

      Jon m this movement , the initiative being with the army . The Xational party had even gained over the Prince of Carignano , heir to the Crown . It matters little that Ibis 1 mice , unequal to his task , betrayed his party from fear , sndnotrrd-nsan absolute sovereign in Piedmont : bis wc-ssion to the combination does not the less prove how loathe Xational party bad pushed theirproselytism . msino veniint , commenced on thelOtb , was complete on we Utli , a bloodless victory . TheKing , TictorEmanuel , p 4 V ? oaths to Austria , abdicated , appointing 3 aegtnt ; who , on the uth , took the oath to the constitu-* « nalsvsi , rodflto .

      . J * insurrection of IS 3 I ( February ) comprised in its « crj ° the Bachy oiPanna , the Duchy of Modena , and the 2 git tsof , hep ope . It travelled from one city to another loc-r ** VX 3 ^~ ' tue news of a rising effected in one Jrfc ^ T f nffi < :- ' aitt < - determine that next on the line . an 7 ^ 1 ? b ^ co % to sijnnount- the Pope being insun ^; - * S-Mtnaland temporal . However , the ^ 7 fa U V ? T ^ rttooutol 3 Stade , wiiho < itrheleast by dee 0 pe beheld his temporal powerabolished i "ee ; and Ser & ttougnti s 0 thoroughly consdoos ^ auihoni ' ^* ^ ° lia ^" im play Ms S 1 "' li ^^ Jt tliat ttesei ^^ ' e-s ^ i " ^ Potisms , alwars successful were nererfhe-- ^ always put down ? *

      *«*> ,- "stria—by the immediate and unexpected interlZ ofA - * -rian armies . \ acu - *' man - ? ° * eonntrymen the opinion , that - 'alia . U ? ' ° certain course and in a certain mode , an ntfcr 8 ^ urrec tion might successfully brave Austrian ** r * c ? ' - " * ' , uat serious faults of management - ' - "omitted by our leaders : and that no one of them

      Italy, Austria, Axd The Pope * So, T. In...

      hitherto has been equal to those elements of action that we possess . But this opinion , right or wrong , has cotlving to do with my present argument . JJy present argument , which yon , sir , cannot refute , based as itis on unassailable historical fats , is simply this— " That the Xational party in Italy comprehends the immense majority of my fellow-citizens ; that it has been , and would be now more than ever , master at home , were it not for the immediate armed intervention of a foreign power . Sir , ours is the only country in Europe that is deprived , thanks to the Diplomacy you personally bo well represent , of the right of managing its own business in its own way : the only country in Europe that cannot ask for a common life , a common bond , or even a mere partial amelioration of its laws , without a foreign army pouring into it , and contesting hy brutal force its right to progression ; the only country in Europe in which an admitted unanimity of Opinion does not constitute acknowledged , rl ^ ht .

      Sir , I say that in this there is great injustice—a great crime chargeable on European society ; and that it is the duty of eve ; y Italian to protest by word and deed , through life and through death , against this great injustice . So I have done ; so I shall do . You may open my correspondence , or calumniate my life ; y « uinay disgrace the land that grants me hospitality by reviving the Mien Bill : but I doubt strongly , sir , whether you will ever make me deviate one breadth from the course which mv duties as a man and an Italian long since marked out , TvbosB consciousness accompanies me wherever I po , and which will be in no wise aflictcd by the degree of latitude and longitude under which I may find mvself .

      Before we proceed further with the selections wc intend to give from Mr . Mazzixi ' s valuable work , we must again recommend to oar readers that they purchase it for themselves . Although wc have Mr . JIazzixi ' s sanction to reprint in our columns as much of his work as we please , still it would ho very unjust were we to take tlie cream of his labours without doing ail in our power to extend the sale of tho work , that thereby Mr . Mazzixi may be , at least , reimbursed the outlay for printing , & c . Men of wealth professing liberal principles , if really sincere , will purchase copies of Air . Mazzixi ' s work for distribution , that thereby the truth of Italy and her wrongs may be made known to the Britis * people . But without

      looking to professed liberals of the golden order to do this work of circulating Mr . Mazzixi ' s production , it behoves the real liberals , the patriots for Britain , for Italy , for Europe , anil for Ihe world—the intelligent and liberty-loving of the working class—ihe proletarians of the State—the class we specially address—it behoves them to sec that Air . jUazzlvi is no loser by his generous appeal to England on behalf of his noble country . This work niight have had a large sale , but for the infamous silence of the press . The . pretended liberal journals , daily and weekly , have , almost universally , done their best to stilie Mr . Mazzm ' s appeal by the " silent system . " Why is the Weekly Dispatch silent ?

      To the working men we appeal to give them aid in extending the circulation of Mr . Mazzixi ' s "Italy , Austria , and the l'o » e . " Its price is , wc believe , ha ) f-a-crown , a mm beyond the nieans of many hundreds who read this paper ; but wli . tt one cannot do , three or four may accomplish without any sacrifice . At least , all Chartist Associations , and JibcraJ councils and committees , should procure copies of the work for the instruction of their members .

      *"L£Aly, Austria, And The Pope. A Letter...

      * "l £ aly , Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to Sir James Graham , Bart By Joseph Mazzini . " London : U . Albauesi , 8 , Queen-street , Golden-square ; Cleave , Slioe-lane ; Hetiieritigtou , Holy wcll-stvcct ; "Watson , l ' auf ' s-alley ; and Strange , Patcruoster-row . tlneUodeW Arciduca Giovanni alPopola d' ItaUa , 18 QQ . % L ' rocinmatiou of the loth Dat-cuitier , 1 S 13 . iXuaifesto of the Uth . March , as above , j Lord Castlercagh ( Marquis of Londonderry ) in the House of Commons , 21 st Juiie ,. 18 *! l . H Lord William Jientinck—same debate . See also the noble and generous sentiments uttered on that occasion hy Sir James Mackintosh .

      Teinijtni* ; Ait& Imtuuitum

      teiniJtni * ait & iMtuuitum

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Aug . OSA , 1 S-13 . lExtractcd from a DiABYOLlcWaZ Operations on five small farms on tho estates of the late Mrs . 1 ) . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaitluvaite , in Yorkshire , published by'Air . A otrclI , of Farnley Tyas , near Uudderslicld , in order to guide Other posscssars of field gardens , by showing them what Jabours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands . The fanus selected as models are—first . Two school farms at WillinKdon and Eastdean . of

      live acres each , conducted by 6 . Crutteudcn and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John DumbrcfJ—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevimjton—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An'industml school i ' arin at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the saincplace . TheconsecutiVeopei-ationsin fclicsercports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate ind-agvi « viltm * alTalue of the south with the north of England . The Djakv . is aided by "Xotcsaud Obser vations" fvomthe pen of Mi-. Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " Vf-Ah health 01 oody , innocence of mind , and habits of industry , a poor man ' s child ought to have nothing to be afraid of ; nor Iris father or mother anything to be afraid of for him .- '—rDr , Paley . ^ OTE . —The scliool farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for tliree hours' teaching in tlai morning , g ive three hours of their labour in tlte afternoon for tlie master ' s benefit , which renders the schools selfsupi-oim-sc . 1 Ye believe that at Farnl g Tyas sixsevoitlis of Vie produce of the scliiol farm will be assigned to the boys , mid one-seventh to the master , who will receive tlte usual school fees , help the bogs to cultivate tlteir land , < md teach tltem , in addition to reading , writing , & c to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas mow be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst tliem in proportion to their services , and le made titus indirectly to reach llieirjiamits in a way tlie most grateful to tiieirfeelings . ]

      SUSSEX . HLvsoix—Willingdon School . Boys carrying peas . Eastdean , School . 13 oys reaping oats , and beans , and tares . Piper . Trussing straw . Dumbrell . Reaping , a * wct day . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Half day wet , boys digging early potatoes , and in the school-room . Eastdean School . Boys binding sheaves , thrashing barley , digging potatoes . Piper . Trussing straw . Dumltrell . iMeiiding four rods ( 121 square yards } with 100 gallons of liquid , taming - barleyand oats . Wednesday— Willingdon School . Boys mowing barley . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable pails , and tank . Piper . Trussing straw , aim digging pea ground . Dumlrell . Turning peas and oats , reaping wheat , carrying peas and oats .

      Thursday— WiUingdon School . . Boystying up barley sheaves . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing barley , cleaning it , and reaping wheat . Piper , Digging pea ground , and sowing niiite turnips Oil the same . Dumbrell . Binding oats . Fbiday—Willingdon School . Boys thrashing , with machine , theallotment tenants' wheat . Eastdean Scliool . Boys cleaning tfie pigstyes , and emptying the pig-pound tank . Piper . Cieajins the pfgstye , and mending lucerne-with , liquid . Dtctitoreu . ' Binding up , and carrying oats . Satchday— Wittingdm School . Boys doing same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Boys emptying portable paifs or privy tubs , and clearing the ground where the turnips grew . Piper . Digging up potatoes , and housing straw . Dumbrell . Carrying oats , raking the stubble .

      COW-FEEDISO . Willingdon School . Cows living on clover and white turnips . Dumlrell . One cow grazed in the day , and fed mora and even in the stall vtitii mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer fed on 16 Hbs . of tares per day , till Thursday , the remainder of the week entirely oa clover . Piper ' s cows still feedin ° ; on lucerne .

      A Kew Vjuueir Of Baiuei*.—In A Recent Nu...

      A Kew VjuuEir of Baiuei * . —In a recent number of the "Journal of Agriculture and Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland , " there appeared the following interesting and instructive article , by the Rev . J . Noble , of Aladoes , Perthshire , on a new and valuable species of barley . The reader will see , in the history of this species , a striking proof of the benefits resulting from habits of observation and perseverance . Bow many thousands would have passed the single ear from which the results detailed by Mr . I-Ioblc have proceeded , without notice , or with onlv a passing thought-, if their attention had even been called to it : —In the end oi July , 1833 , 1 observed a single car of barley in a field of the Dunlop species , which , from its marked difference from those around it , and also from any that 1 examined in the neighbouring fields , I supposed might turn out to be a new species . Accordingly I marked its position , and when it was ripe , secured it . In 1 S 39 it was sown in a border of the garden , and from the produce retaining all the peculiarities of the original earand also from the unusual length ,

      stiff-, ness , and brightness of the straw , I felt no doubt lhat my first supposition was well founded , lhc produce of ISSd ( about a handful ) was sown 11 ) loll ) , and the result was a small sheaf . This yielded nearly a lippy , wMcb , being sown in 1811 , produced thirteen large sheaves , that , when thrashed , produced not qufte a bushel . In 1 & 2 , as the produce of the bushel , 1 kad about two quarters , not highly cleaned , but fit ior seed . I was now persuaded , from the quantity returned in proportion to what was sown ( taking at the same time into consideration the quantity and the quality of the land where it was sown ) , and also from the excellent tillering character of the barley , and the length and stiffness of the straw , that , while it " was a new , it would also turn out to be a vtfualte , Yariety . And , accordingly , m

      A Kew Vjuueir Of Baiuei*.—In A Recent Nu...

      1313 . I sowed the whole produce of 1812 in a field , which , in my ordinary rotation of cropping , was designed for barley—the previous crop had been wheat after potatoes , and there was no manure given to the barley . At the same time and in the same field there was sown a proportion of early English barley , mainly for the purpose of ascertaining the comparative carliness of the two varieties , though I had in view also the comparative productiveness . The result was that , in point of earliness , the English had the advantage by three or four days , but in point of productiveness the new variety had a much greater advantage , being at the rate of eleven bolls or sixty-sis bushels per acre , while tlie rate of the English was not more than seven ami a half bolls , or iortv-five

      bushels , per acre . Those persons in the neighbourhood who saw the crop while growing in 1 S 13 , were so satisfied with its superiority in every respect , that all that I had to spare for seed was eagerly s-niglit after ; and [ now find , from the testimony of those who made the trial of it and have proved it , that its high productive qualities as indicated in previous years have been fully maintained One gentleman , viz ., Mr . John llanuic , Inchyra House , in this neighbourhood , sowed two acres seventeen tails Scotch , with a quarter of the new variety , ami having thrashed the produce , he informs me that it is fully twentyeight bolls , being at the rate of nearly fourteen boil ' s , ul * six bushels each , per acre . Mr . Young , Oaimie Mill , on the estate of Pitf ' our , also in this

      neighbourhood , whose judgment in a matter of this kind is entitled to the highest respect , states to me generally that he is satisfied it will prove a valuable variety , particularly for light soil , and that , having himself sown six bushels of it , his return , in point both of quantity and quality , is much superior to that of the cady English , variety sown in fho same field . In quantity he says that he has eleven bolls per acre . Koberfc Webster , Esq ., of Balruddery , near Dundee , sowed a quarter of it , and he informs ' me that its superiority in his field had been obvious throughout the whole season , and though , not "yet thrashed , to show how much satisfied he was with it , he said " he wished he had had his whole field sawn with it . " There are several other persons who sowed it , from

      whom 1 have not as yet obtained any report-, but I have reason to believe that there is not any one among them who is not persuaded that it is a-valuable variety . Distinctive C / wacterislics . —The distinctive characteristics of this new species of barley arc these : —(! . ) Up to the time of ripening , the skill maintains a glossy whiteness without the slightest streak of brown , while all other varieties are marked by move ov less of a brown tinge , the ridges of the grain being uniformly streaked with a brown line . ( 2 . ) A second peculiarity is to be found in the brighter colour and greater strength of the straw than in the common varieties . ( 3 . ) And a . third peculiarity is to be seen in the greater distance of the grains from one another on the ear than in the

      ordidmary varieties , so that an car of the new variety with twelve grains on each side , will be found fully three quarters of an inch longer than one with the same number of grains of either the Chevalier or early English kind . Advantages . — 'fixe superior productiveness of the new variety is its most obvious and strongest recommendation , but for light soils especially the length of its straw must render it advantageous . Its tillering properties ought not to be overlooked ; and particularly for moist districts , where barley is apt to sprout suddenly after being iu the stook , the distance at which the grains are placed from one another in the ear may be regarded its a valuable qualification , inasmuch as moisture will not obtain such a ready resting-place , nor bo so lornr . retained , as in a more compactly constructed

      ear . Cottage Farming . —It would be very serviceable to the cottage favvnCYto have always on hand a double quantity of manure , " which , by judicious management , may be easily effected . Su' » pcsiiig at the time of sowing carrot seed , lie lays ou the space a tolerable dressing of manure " , aud all tlw * . bones ( . pounded , ground , or dissolved in oil of vitriol ) that he caa collect ; these turned in to the depth dug ( which for carrots should be deep ) , will naturally attract the roots of the carrots , inducing a heavy crop . Corresponding with this benefit , there is the manure blending and mixing its virtues with the soilsavoutKl , and thus preparing the earth for wheat ill the most effectual way : for all crops are tho better both for taste and health to the consumer , by the ' manures being so incorporated with the ground as to approximate as . close as possible to nature .

      _ CiuncoAt . —Powdered charcoal , us a manure , is highly bcneficialj especially to plants that are stunted in their growth , weakly , or unhealthy . Great trouble may be saved by the . cultivator always having some at hand-: for a little strewed around , or mixed with the eartli ,. r . cai' tlie : plants requiring its services , will quickly restore them to healthful vigour . The action of charcoal consists primarily in preserving those plants , or parts of plants , to which it is contiguous , unchanged in the vital power for a long space of time ,

      so that the plant can develops those organs requisite for its future support and propagation . It exercises also ' afavourable influence by decomposing and absorbing the matters excrc * ed by the roots , keeping the soil ( by its porosity ) free from vitious putrefying matter . Mixed with earth , charcoal is excellent , in causing cuts of plants to throw out roots ; and also the germination of seeds , whether in the open air or hot beds . Experiments have proved that charcoal made from pine is the best , on account of its porosity and its quickly decaying .

      Organic Chemistry. A Digest Trom The Lec...

      ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . A DIGEST TROM THE LECTURES OF PROFESSOR BRASOE . " Organic Clicmislry signifies the chemical history of \ textmvmsprogimaicprinci }) les which have been observed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms , aud which are there associated together , so as to produce a peculiar structure , termed organic , such as is never seen in any of the products of the mineral kingdom . Gum , sugar , stavch , -woody fibre , albumen , fibrine , gelatine , and all those numerous substances of wliich plants itiid the bodies of animals arc composed , constitute those proximate principles which are the products of animated nature . "X > r . J > . Ii . lieid .

      ( Continued from our last . ) 8 . It is not intended , in these investigations , to go into the details of the chemistry of the atmosphere , water , carbon , and so forth ; . but only to notice certain important points connected with them . In lookiugattliccoiiipositionof theatmosphere , wefinditcon < tainscarbon , hydrogen , oxygen , andnitrogen . Allthese are found in the atmosphere -, the great bulk of the ait we breathe being made up of nitrogen and oxygen , to which hydrogen is superadded in the form of water , and carbon iu the form of carbonic acid -, and it may be said further , that nitrogen exists in the air in the form of ammonia—in very minute quantities , however . The following table will show the composition of the atmosphere : — By measure . By weigh *} . Nitrogen ITo lo ' oo Oxygen 2 * 1 23 * 32 Aqueous vapour 1 ** 12 V 03 Carbonic acid 0-OS 0-10 100 . 100 .

      It will be observed by this table , that the great bulk of the atmosphere is made up ol * nitrogen and oxygen ; there is about one part in 100 of aqueous or watery vapour , and one part in 1000 of carbonicaeid : so that , whether we take the constituents of the air by bulk or by measure , wc find that by far the greater portion is a mixture of nitronen and oxygen ; not a compound , but a mere mixture . * The properties of these substances may be hastily adverted to : carbon must be taken up pretty much in detail , in consequence of the very important functions it performs .

      0 . Nitrogen—or , as it is sometimes called , azoteis a gaseous body , somewhat lighter than air ; it is colourless , and has neither taste , amell , nor solubility . If a lighted taper be put into ajar of this gas , it is immediately extinguished . However much it may be agitated with water , none of it is taken up ; so that it is not soluble . These arc some of the properties by which nitrogen may hz recognised in its free and pure state : it is a highly important element of certain organic bodies . 10 . Another element is oxygen , which , like nitrogen , is a gaseous body : in its pure isolated state it is a little heavier than common air ; and it possesses the power of supporting combustion with splendour and eagerness . 11 . To illustrate the composition and characters

      of atmospheric air , pure nitrogen and pure oxygen may be mixed in the relative proportions of four parts bv measure of the former to one of the latter . In such " a mixture a candle will burn precisely as in common air . If too much oxygen be added , the candle will burn brighter ; if too much nitrogen , it will burn dimly ; but if the proportions be nicely balanced , it will burn as in common air . We must not , however , suppose that because we can thus produce something equivalent to atmospheric air , we have all its essential elements ; for without water , it would be unfit ibr respiration and the growth ol plants ; and without carbonic acid , unfit equally for the vegetable world . Water is a very important constituent of the atmosphere ; but the proportion in which it is found is extremely variable . Its value is

      * There Are Three Degrees Of Chemical At...

      * There are three degrees of chemical attraction '• the result of the first and lowest degree is mi . rfure ; of the second , - solution ; and of the third , and most energetic , conmo'itiOii . By mixture , the properties of bodies arc not essentially changed ; but those of the resulting product are in some degree intermediate between their component parts . The properties of bodies are not changed hy solution , any more than by mixture ; and iu this case , also , tlie characters of the resulting product partake ofthose of its ingredients . But , unlilie the case of mixture , there is a limit to the power of solution ; and liquids cannot combine with more than a certain quantity of any gaseous or solid body : thus water will take up , or hold in solution , no more than a ctrtain known wtight of alum or salt . The point at which the action bctwt eu the two bodies ceases , i * called the point ofsaiurcitfon . Up to ibis point the two bodies may combine in any proportion . In composition , the result of the highest degree of chemical attraction , the union of bodies takes place in the most intimate manner , and only in definite proportions , which are invariable in tlie same compound ; and the union is commonly accompanied by au entire change of tho sensible properties of the - budies united , and a third substance , totally different from these , is the result ,

      * There Are Three Degrees Of Chemical At...

      manifest with regard to animals ; for if thev breathe perfectly dry air , they soon begin to feel its " extreme inconvenience . We . know that if a quantity , of drv air is thrown into a room , the respiration ( or breaking ) becomes o-iprcsscd , because it produces a great cail on the- body for moisture -, and therefore it is felt m the lungs and on the skin . With regard to vegetables , the effect of dry air on them is to cause them to droop , as may be seen during the prevalence of a dry easterly wind . Thore is the same call upon the leaves of vegetables fin-moisture , and the consequence is , they shrivel up : this is called " a biight . " There arc various means of ascertaining verv nc . ii-1 v

      the quantify ol moUture in the air ; but Darnell ' s hygrometer is the only instrument by which we can accurately determine the actual- ' quantity of water existing , at « ny given time , in a given bulk of air , 12 . 2 \ ow , water is a eomnound of hydrogen and oxygen : and , as it has already been noticed ( par . C ) how important a feature it is in the constitution ot oiyanic bodies , ' it will be necessary to glance at its composition , as well as at some of its properties . The composition ' of water has been the subject lately of a great number of accurate experiments . The result is , that water consists of 1 part by weight of hydrogen , and 8 of oxygen ; or , as nearly as possibly , of Oxygen .. 8 S * 0 Hydrogen ........ 11 * 1 . - ' " 100

      It may be necessary here to explain , that , in speaking of the elementary constituents ' of organic bodies , a meaning is sometimes attached to the term water different from the ordinary one—that is , where it is intended to refer to tho fact that these constituents contain oxygen and hydrogen in the same relative proportion as in water , rather than to imply that the wateris ready formed iiuheni : thus , sugar may be called a compound of carbon and water ; by which is meant , that charcoal , added-to a certain quantity each of _ oxygen and hydrogen in the same relative proportion as in water , constitute sugar . Water forms a constituent part of organic matter , and is essential to the condition ' of life . A piece of meat may be made perleclly dry , or wo may think we can squeeze it perfectly dry , but by rubbing it in a dry

      towel , we hud it " still retains water in a very peculiar state -. in fact , what we call 'dry meat contains 15 per cent , of water * , and if wo dry it in a high temperature , it loses to that amount . . When we mile of eat . aga pound of beef , therefore , we only eafca quarter ofa pound , all the rest is water . In its fluid state , water is required to enable ovgsvniscu boilies tp transmic through their vascular structure those-mbstuiiccs which are necessary to their sustenance , and thus wc see , by the sap of plants ' , a number of substances arc carried through the texture of the plant to nourish ami l-uild it up . Plants seem to be capable of taking up a certain quantity of water , and of combining it , in their texture with other substances , especially carbon : bttfc this matter will be discussed more at length hereafter .

      13 . The next subject that conies before us ill this brief outline of the components of the atmosphere , is carbonic acid . Although present as a constituent of the atmosphere—and it is a very important constituent—ami although a large quantity passes through the medium of the air " into the vessels ol plants , and is absorbed by them , —very little is found at any one time in the atmosphere . There is every reason to suppose that the carbon we find in the form of coal or carbonate of lime ( or limestone ) , has originally been of organic origin ; that the thousands of tons of ' coal we are consuming every year is the product of the destruction of the vegetable world of former days . The limestone rocks—those great accumulations of carbonic acid and lime—appear also to have derived tkeir carbon from the organic creation . And

      here some very curious points arise as to the wonderful provision made as it were for . the building up of organic and vital textures from the carbon of past ages . We are , iu fact , carrying away enormous quantities of carbon , in the shape of coal , from the bowels ul" the earth , and burning it into carbonic acid . Louden alone thus sends into the atmosphere upwards of seven million tons of carbonic acid annually . But this carbonic acid , instead of being left in the atmosphere , is absorbed by the vegetable creation , its carbon is used to build up the woody fabric of the trees of the forest , and to form a . part of all plants ; while its oxygen , or the greater part of it , is again restored to the atmosphere , fvoiw which for a time it had been borrowed . Animals—at least the graminivorous tribes—live upon these vegctablcs , . and in their

      various functions , but especially in respiration , they convert the carbon into carbonic acid , and send it back to the air again , to be absorbed and decomposed by plants , as before . Thus we see , that white by animals a process is carried on , which is equivalent to combustion—that is , they convert carbon into carbonic acid , and hydro- 'cn into water—vegetables ill'O , on the other hand , performing the opposite process ; and if we contemplate , even only superficially , these wonderful relationships and mutual dependencies of the three kingdoms of nature—of animals , vegetables , and the atmosphere—wc cannot but be struck with the importance of their respective functions , and ol

      the wonderful manner in which they , as it were , provide for each other ' s existence . —Attention will v . cxt be directed to carbon , and such of its combinations as belong to organic chemistry . 14 . It will be necessary to return for a little to carbonic acid , which has already been adverted to as one of the constant , but variable ingredients in the atmosphere , and one . ' of which the average quantity contained 'in the air amounts to about one part in 1000 . It is a heavy gas , and extinguishes flame . It is soluble in water , which will take up , at a common temperature , about its own volume , of it . It is familiarly known as giving au effervescing quality to many mineral waters .

      15 . Cai ' tKittie acid may be very easily detected by means of lime-water , which it renders milky . If lime-water be merely exposed to tho air , it becomes milky - " ami if a bottle of it be left without a stopper , it will acquire , on the surface , a film of carbonate of lime . Pure lime is soluble in water , but water takes up only the TOOth part . Carbonate of lime , however , is quite insoluble iu pure water , —and hence it is , that when ' carbonic acid is brought into contact with lime-water , carbonate of lime falls down ; ami if the carbonate of lime bo collected , and weighed , the quantity of carbonic acid contained can be determined . There is , Itoivcver , much difficulty in doing this ; the quantity of carbonate of lime being so small , itis not so easy to collect , dry , and weigh it : so that this method cannot always be depended on

      vu quantitative proceedings , —though , as a quantitative test—that is , as a ready and accurate test of the presence of carbonic acid—lime water is inrahtaWe . The following experiment will show how carbonic acid may be produced , and its quantity determined . Into a glass globe put some pure oxygen gas , and also A little lime-water ; the lime-water will be perfectly pellucid , which _ shows , that there is no trace of carbonic acid in it . Now , if charcoal , or plumbago , ( commonly called black lead , ) or the diamond , or any carbonaceous body—and , therefore , any vegetable or animal suhstancc—bo burned in the globe , carbonic acid will beprodticed . If a piece of perfectly pure charcoal be chosen For the experiment , it may be heated by means ofa blow-pipe , and then introduced into the atmosphere of oxygen . It will there

      immediately burn with great brilliancy , and completely disappear , as if dissolved . It cannot be said to be destroyed , nor will it have escaped from the globe . It will , in fact , be dissolved in the oxygen , and have formed an invisible aeriform or gascous ? compouiidcarbonic acid . Now it will be found , that in this combustion of charcoal in oxygen , by which carbonic acid is produced , the weight of the charcoal consumed , and that of the oxygen in which it is burned , anil which enters into chemical combination with it , will be in the same proportion to each other almost precisely as six is to sixteen ; so that , assuming the atomic weight , or combining equivalent , of carbon or charcoal to be equal to six , and that of oxygen equal to eight , it may be said that carbonic acid consists of—Equivalent Atom . weight . Per cent . . Carbon 1 ( j 27 , 27 Oxygen 2 10 72 , 73

      1 G . Though the exposure of clear lime water to carbonic acid produces a milky appearance , and carbonate of lime is precipitated , yet if carbonic acid be added in excess , the precipitates will be re-dissolved , so that the liquor will again become perfectly dear , although it holds the carbonate of lime in solution . There is no doubt that lime often finds its way into water containing carbonic acid , which is , in fact , sometimes saturated with lime in proportion tu the quantity ol carbonic acid it contains . It further deserves attention , - that water containing carbonic acid is sour , and reddens vegetable blues . It has , however , only a very slightly sour taste . 17 twhomc

      . Uvo . acid held in solution in water , performs a very important part with regard to the growth of aquatic plants . When atmospheric air is held in solution m water , its oxvgen is converted slowly into carbonic acid by the respiration of the fishes and animals existing in the water , and the carbonic acid so produced is decomposed b y the vegetable growing in the water , charcoal is taken up . and oxygen given off . Hence the reason why we cannot keep fish for any length of time in the ornamental basin , or in any piece of water where there are not vegetables growing . Gold fish may be kept in water exposed to the air , but , although the air has free access to it , wc are obliged frequently to chance the iit

      water , or soon becomes so far charged with carhome acid as to be unfit for tlie respiration of the fish . And in regard to streams and natural sources of vatcY , it there are not a sufficient number of aquatic vegetables , the hsh will soon die , in consequence of there being nothing to take up the carbonic acid which they throw oft , and which ultimately poisons them . Itisavei-yciinousfact , thattht-Avholevaiueofvcgetahies m water consists in their extraordinary power in taking up the charcoal , and setting the oxvgen free ; a power , however , which only bel ngs to the green parte Of vegetables , and which they only exert under the influence of" solar light . This apparently easy decomposition of carbonic acid , by the joint operations Of the green part of vegetables ami of light , is a very

      * There Are Three Degrees Of Chemical At...

      extraordinary ciraimstan . ee-, for the affinity of carbon for oxygen is such , that the resolution of carbonic acid into carbon and oxygen , by common chemical means , is a matter of great difficulty , and can only be effected by substances possessed of : i more powerful affinity for oxygen than that which carbon has . The consequence is , that almost all burning bodies are extinguished when immersed in carbonic acid . There arc , however , a few—and only a very few—of . the metals which , in consequence of their intense affinity for oxygen , will decompose , and consequently burn in , carbonic ne ' td . Thus , if a piece of the ' metal potassium ; heated in the air till it begins to barn , be

      introduced into ajar of carbonic acid , the combustion will continue at the expense of the oxyjicn of that gas , and its carbon will be thrown down . In many cases , when we decompose carbonic acid , instead of taking away the whole of the oxygen , Wtttakft away only half of it , and when we obtain a gaseous body , which , of course , contains only half the quantity of oxygen which exists iu carbonic acid . Carbonic- acid has already been stated to consist of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen-but if ' wc abstract one of the atoms of oxygen , we obtain carbonic oxide , which consists of— Equivalent Atom . weight . Percent . Carbon ] 0 IS . O Oxygen 1 S 57 , 1 14 100 fTooeeontmucaV .

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      Bankuul'ts. (Trotti J-Vt'ifify's Gazelle...

      BANKUUl'TS . ( Trotti J-Vt ' ifify ' s Gazelle , August 15 , 1845 J Joseph Lazarus , M-u-rleuauc-lane , clothes-dealer—William Parsons , Wood-street , lamhctli , cwu-dealer—Davit ] Davics , Jenny *) -street , St , James ' s , dealer iu regimental and court dresses—John Temple Taylor , and Thomas I ' aiUvy WatUinsow , Ywk . ttn-i-acc , Ilcgcin's-parls , and Wntling-strcet , plumbers—George' Frederick Kcrschncr , lTollowav , victualler—John Marsh , Hrewnoil , Staft'ordslure , grocer—John Cadogan , jun ., -Brecon , hat-warehouseman —Jacob Kiehard Owen . Jfanehcster , stoefc-hrokcr .

      BANKRUPTS . fJro » U 7 icfi' « j ;««« o / i jl '«« d «* i ,. tU 9 U * tlO . l Francis Jncl'soii , Mnrylehoiic-strcet , Golden-square , victualler—liicliard White , l ' ortsmoufh , surgeon and apothecary—James Chase t ' owell , Chiswelt-strcct , Finshury , apothecary—Mark JIavkwtek , Ilarpcr-strcct , Kcd Lnm-squnri * , builder—Daniel Dames , Liverpool , paperstainer—Hugh Mallinson , Almomlbury , Yorkshire , manufacturer of t ' nnvj' worst , d and cotton goods .

      DECLARATIONS OP DIVIDENDS . ' . VA . Forrest , Liverpool , glass-merchant , first dividend of Ids in the pound , any Monday after the 4 th of October next , at the office uf Mv , Bird , Liverpool . T . Atkinson , Gloucester , chemist , second dividend of Id in the pound , the last three Saturdays in October next , at the office uf Mr . Groom , Ahchurch-Iane , City . W . II . Williamson , ]) owgate . hill , tobacconist , first dividend of Is 10 d in the pound , the three last Saturdays ill October next , at the oflice of Mr . Groom , ' Abelmrchlane , City . T . 15 . Goluorne and A . A . Dohbs , Liverpool , wine-merchants , third dividend ol'Gd in the pound , any Wednesday after the 5 th of October i * e * tt , at the office " of Mr . Follett , Liverpool . J . Wilkinson , Hrymho , Denbighshire , ironmaster , third dividend of G'd in the pound , any Monday after the 4 th of October next , at the office of Mr . ttird , Liverpool ,

      DIVIDENDS . Sept . 20 , C . Timmis , Stone , Staffordshire , Uint-p-rimlcr-Sept . 12 , T . Southern , Gloucester , grocer—Sept , VI , W . S . Rental ! , Kewtou Abbott , Devonshire , hattker—Scut . 1 « , I . Sully , St . Mary-Axe , City , merchant . Cektificates to he { -ranted , unless cause be shown to the contrary on the day of mectinjf . Sept . 12 , W . C . Thornton , Clecliheatoii , l ' orlfshire . machine-maker—Sept . 9 , W . Hilditeh , Fachwen , Ulimsmro , grocer—Sept , 11 , J . Crabtrce and W . iiuruley , Tuustcad , Lancashire , woollen-manufacturers—Sept . !) , J . Davis , Bristol , chemist—Sejit . 9 , i . dc J . l ' aricnto , ISury . street , St . Mary-Axe , merchant-Sept . 9 , G . Estall , Uolywcllstrcet , plasterer—Sept . 9 , II . Nichols , Colufovd , Glowes . tershire , auctioneer—Sept . U , J . Harbottle , Amble , Northumberland , grocer-Sept . 9 , T . U . Hull , Coggcshall , Kssex , grocer—Sent . 9 , F . A . Uu Wilde , Wells-street , Oxfordstreet , eabinet-ironmoiiger—Sept . !) , G , C . Hunts , Devizes , Wiltshire , upholsterer—Sept . 9 , 3 . Currier ami L . E . Se " g . ncttc , Mineing-lanc , merchants-Si **)* . 9 , W . llyers , Skinner-street , City , woollen-warehouseman .

      PAMKEnsiIIVS DISSOLVED . T . Jennings and J . Ford , Laurence-fane , City , common carriers—X . Denton , C . Kedi ' ern , and J . Howarth , Garten , Lancashire , hat-manufacturers—It . W ., F . G ., and W . ii . Gurrington , Dcvonport , newspaper proprietors ; as far as regards W . M . Carrington—T . Mulsh ami W . j \ l . SyiDOlJS , Haw llrjtlijfi-street , Vauxhall , printers—W . F . Chapman and S . Collis , coach-builders—J . Thompson and S . Marshall , jun ., Manchester , ' commission-agents—M . and II . Nixon , Uugby , Warwickshire , hat-manufacturers —It . Brereton and J . Robinson , Liverpool , woollen-drapers—W , II . Hirst and J . Brooke , Leeds , stockbroker *—V . R .

      Jenks and J . JIapp , Liverpool , tea-dealers—S . Cnrtwrigllt and T . Lowe , Manchester , silk-manufaetur-ers—11 , Wain , man and U . Unites , Leeds , cloth-merchants—J . and T . 1 ) . liottomley and T . Evans , Manchester , woollen-manufacturers—A * , and 11 . llalliley and J . Donaldson , ' Wigton , Cumberland , calico-printers ; as far as regards J . Donaldson—C . and 1 * . ' O . Turner , Preston , Lancashire , coalmerchants—G . Cool-son and G . Singleton , l ' oultoii-iu-lhe-Fylde , Lancashire , joiners—3- Abbott and T . 11 . Bowman , Liverpool , sharebrokers—K . Kent , " J . Adams , and J . Kent , liurslcni , potters ; as far as regards J . Adams—J . Skillicom , T ) . i'inkess , and J . W . Bailey , Liverpool , painters . amawJIJ i ^¦ g .-nqgMCTimB nwut .-jn ¦ »¦ fii mi i 11 I > i in i i ranawtu . •*•*>* # > mw »« iii

      Mmm Hxmmxmu

      MmM hxmmxmu

      Loxdoji* Cony Excmsas, Moxjdav, A L*Ot;S...

      Loxdoji * Cony Excmsas , Moxjdav , A L * ot ; sr IS . — Up to Saturday last the weather continued very miscttlcd , but it has since undergone a decided improvement , and should there be no return of wet , harvest operations would bo immediately commenced on an extensive scale . In most of the south and southwestern counties reaping was partially boi-un nearly a fortm ' ghtago , but the prevalence of wet lias hitherto prevented any quantity being carried . The reports as to the probable result of tlie fewest ivfe quite as various as at any former period , some parties insisting that scarcely any injury has been done by tho untoward character of the weather during the greater part of the summer , whilst others represent the mischief as very extensive . We feel disposed to steer a middle course . To affirm that the wheat plant has

      not been injured more or less by tho want of genial warmth and the excessive wet experienced in Jul ] ' and Aupust would he absurd ; at the same time we feel perfectly convinced that the uneasiness so generally entertained on the subject has caused the evil done by the weather to be a good deal exaggerated . As compared with last year ' s produce there will , no doubt , be a very great deficiency ( but it roust be recollected that the crop was then an extraordinary one ); even to expect a bare average yield may , under all circumstances , be regarded as sanguine , but that the deiiciency would he serious in case the next month should prove favourable for the ingathering wc do not apprehend . Notwithstanding the slight reaction which has recently taken place iii prices the farmers have continued to bring forward good

      supplies , and at all the principal provincial markets held since our last the value of the article lias undergone a further depression . The arrival of wheat coastwise into London during the week ending Saturday last has amounted to nearly 20 , 000 qvs ., being the largest supply we ever recollect at the corresponding season for many years . In addition to the quantity reported there was an abundant show of samples at Mark-lane this morning by land carnage from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk , making altogether an enormous supply . Under these circumstances the auspicious change in the weather told with double effect ; the consequence was a depression in prices of 2 » to 3 s per qr . At this reduction the millers bought very sparingly , and all inclination to make speculative investment having subsided , a large quantity was left unsold at the eloscof business . A few samples of now wheat were exhibited of tolerably good quality , but haying been gathered when wet , tlie condition was soft . The transactions in foreign wheat were to-day of very little importance ; duty-paid parcels might

      have been bought somewhat cheaper , but there were no purchasers ; bonded samples were held at about former rates , Avitk-awt , hwsefcr , exciting any attention . Quotations of town-manufactured flour remained nominally unaltered . Ship qualities were more pressingly offered and the turn cheaper . There was hardly any English . barley exhibited , and the trifling sales effected were at prices quite equal to those realised on this day se'nnight . Malt , particularly the finer sorts , was saleable in retail quantities at fully previous rates . The market was sparingly supplied with English and Scotch oats , and the arrivals from Ireland were only moderate ; having , however , fair receipts of foreign , and further supplies being expected from Archangel , Riga , Ac ,, tlicdcaleys conducted their operations with more than ordinary caution , and last Monday ' s currency was scarcely maintained . Ueans were taken off at quite as high prices as those obtained at any former period for some months past . White ** eas met a slow sale , but grey and maple were in lively request at previous terms .

      CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER .-British . s s b s Wheat , Essex , k Kent , new is old red 19 Gl White 50 IKS Korfolk and Lincoln . . . . do 50 5 fi Ditto 58 CO . Korthum . and Scotch white 50 57 Fine 5 i > 57 Irish red old 0 0 Bed 48 51 White 52 50 Rye Old 29 32 Jfew 2 D 30 Brank 34 3 t Barley Grinding .. 20 27 Distil . 28 30 51 alt . 313 ! Malt Brown .... 52 fit Palo 55 59 Ware 60 62 Beans Ticks old A ; new 37 38 Harrow 38 40 Pigeon 41 42 Peas Grey 85 38 Maple 37 38 White 38 40 Oats Lincolns & Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland 24 26 Scotch Angus 23 25 1 ' otato 26 i 8 Irish ......... White 20 23 Black 20 22 Per 280 lb . net . s si Per 280 lh . net . s » Town-made Flwtv . .. 5 \ 53 Norfolk & Stockton 30 86 Essex and Kent .... 38 42 Irish 37 39 Fr « e . Bond .

      Foreign . s s * " Wheat , Daotsic , Korngsburff , * c 59 ci 47 f Marks , Mecklenburg ' 66 58 - W 44 Danish , DTolstein , and Friesland red 48 52 32 38 Russian , Hard 4 s 52 Soft ... 4852 3234 Italian , Red . . 50 52 White ... 54 66 36 40 ——Spanish , Hard . 50 52 Soft .... 52 56 30 38 Rv « , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 80 Umlried . . 28 30 24 25 Barley , Grinding . 24 26 Malting . . 28 82 19 24 Beans , Ticks . . 34 3 G Egjri . tiau . 3 t 35 29 33 Peas , White . . 87 39 llnple . . 30 " 37 28 3 d Oats , Dutch , Brew ami Thick ....... 23 25 29 21 ¦ — Russian feed ............. . 20 22 14 1 ( Danish , Friesland feed ....... . . 20 22 14 IC Flow , perharrd ......,....,,., 28 3 « 21 24

      Average Pricks Of The Last Six Weeks, Wh...

      AVERAGE PRICKS Of the last six weeks , which regulate the Dul-cs from th , 14 th to the L'Oth of August . . ir / u ' iit . ifnWt'j / Oats ., Pye . tf «^ , j ^ f ; CsTi . " sTdTi s . d . s . d . ! s . d . 8 . d , Week cmVmj'J I i „ . ) ,. „ , July 5 , 1815 .. 47 11 29 10 J 22 8 31 0 , SS 10 ( 39 5 Week ending „ I .... . Jul y 12 , LS «„; 4 S 10 29 0 22 C S 3 H 59 81 3 S 11 Week ending' I I . luly " 10 , 1845 .. * 50 0 29 0 , 22 4 32 Sj 39 9 40 2 Week eliding- * " ¦ ' ¦ Jiil ySC . IS'S .. ; 51 7 29 5 ; 22 5 31 7 ; 40 3 33 10 Week ending ' ¦ , „ Aug . 2 , ISIS .. 53 S 29 S , 22 5 34 0 40 5 41 0 Week ending ! t j A tier . 9 , 1815 .. | . ) , - > 3 29 7 ' 22 S 33 10 ! 41 0 39 0

      Aggregate aver .. | ' j age of the last ; , ' f ¦ i ( six weeks .. i 51 2 29 5 > 2 0 ! 32 II ' 19 0 39 6 London avei-- | j j | j ages ( ewlhij ** . ! ' 1 | 1 An-. 12 , IS )/! ' 61 5 29 10 ! 22 lj 33 9 ; 42 2 ; 40 7 Duties ,. .. ' 19 0 . 9 I * , ' H ti in ( J c : $ 6

      Imports kuoji Aug-st If to Abcust 17 , inclusive . ' ESUMiiUjsCO'CCU . liUill . JKOllLlOX TOTAL . Wheat .. .. j 13 , 7 ; ' ;! f . ' 0 23 , S ' - ' : i 4 * , ' , liC > S Barley .. ., 10 2 . 5 S 0 0 5 . S 52 8 , 442 Oats .. .. 1 , ^ 1 , 2 U 3 10 , 0-18 19 , 51-1 !! -. > , 054 Kyo .... 0 I ) 0 0 0 Beans .. .. 515 « t > 231 741 ! Peas .. .. 5-1 0 0 '>» St Malt .. .. 3 , 229 0 ii 0 C , 25 ;( Tares .. .. O I ) II f . I * Linseed .. ( I 0 l ) 0 , 988 6 , 988 llapcsccd .. " 0 0 0 45 115 Flour , sacks I 5 , 54 ( i 0 0 0 5 , 54 fi Ditto brls ... tl 0 ( I 350 350

      Lo.Vdo.V S-Uritpikld G'.Vm.K Juauket, Al...

      Lo . vdo . v S-uritPiKLD G ' . vm . K JUauket , Aloxn . w , August IS . —The imports of foreign stuck for our market since this day sc ' ttiiigltt have been again extensive , they having amounted to Slid oxen and cows from Holland , 30 ditto from Germany , anil 26-frotu Spain . The receipts of sheep have l-ccn 3100 , of calves 50 head , all from Rotterdam . At Hull there have been received about 110 beasts ami 50 sheep . Iu to-day's market wc had oh utter nearly ICO beasts from Uottcnlam , 20 ditto from Germany , ' 8 ditto from Spain , together with 1 ( 50 sheep . The general quality of this stock was about a full avcrago—indecil there were some excellent beasts on show . The demand

      lor them , limvcvtr , nvts inactive , and wic quotations had a downward tendency , nming from the l .-tr ^ e increase in the arrivals front our own districts . From Norfolk , Suffolk , as well as tha northern ami midliim- counties , the Imllock droves fresh tip this morning were , comparatively speaking , largo even for the time of year ; while a very uveal improvement was noticed in their general quality , particularly in tho shorthorns , Dcvons , Hereford * , ami runts ' ; indeed , we may venture to observe that a much finer show was scarcely ever noticed here during the present month . This may he chiefly attributed to the abundance uf pasture herbage . Prospectively , a further increase in quality may be expected , consequently 110 immediate advance can he anticipated in value . Although the attendance of havers was

      rather numerous , ' the beef trade was in a very depressed state , and , in most transactions , the quotations ruled 2 d . per Sift ., under those obtained on Monday last . . ' The highest figure for tho best Scots did not exceed -is . 2 d . per Si !) ., and at which a clearance was not effected . The numbers of sheep were larger than those exhibited for some lime past . Although there was an improvement in their condition , the primrst old Downs sold at ] rices quite equal to those paid last week , viz ., 4 s . I 0 u . to 5 s . per Slh ., but all other breeds met a dull inquiry , and the qiiolatioiis were with diliiculiy stippmted . The

      grnmini inlcrcase in ihe receipts of sheep , and the improvement noticed in their quality , lead us to the conclusion that , ere long , espceiaJIy ' sliould the arrivals corn-tier to improve ( of which we have little doubt ) , lowercuui-nctcs will bo accepted by the salesmen . The season for lamb is now fast drawing to a close , yet the arrivals from Kent , Sttssux , and the northern comities , were again large . For all kind the demand ruled heavy , at a depression in value of 2 d . per Sib . The very highest figure was 6 s . 8 ( 1 . On the whole we had a fair sale for calves , and last week ' s currencies were mostly supported . The best pigs were in demand ; but all others were a dull inquiry . There were on offer about 200 from Dublin ami Cork .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the olVal . s . d . s . ( L Inferior coarse beasts , , . 2 8 3 0 Second quality , . . . 3 a 34 Prime large oxen .... 3 ti 3 10 Prime Scots , & e . , . , . 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep . , , 3 4 38 Second quality . . , . 3 10 4 4 Prime coarse woolled . , . l G 4 8 Prime Southdown . . , 1 in 50 Lambs . .. . , ' . 48 58 Large coarse calves .... 3 (> 4 4 Prime small 4 ti 4 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 SO 0 Large hogs . . . . . 3 0 3 8 Neat small \ 10 rkers . . , 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 10 0 20 0 HEAD Ol- CATTtS ON SAI . B .

      ( From the Hooks of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 400-Sheep and Lambs , 20 , 210—Calves , 184-l'igs / olO . Richmond Coro ; Maiiket , August IC—The continued unfavourable weather aud the limited stock of grain iu the country , caused an advance of prices in our market to-rfay . Wheat sold from 7 s . lid . to Ss . 9 d . ; oats 3 s . to 4 s . ; barley 4 s . to 4 s . 3 d . ; Leans is . Cd . to 5 s . per bushel . Manchester Cons Market , Saturday , Aug . ICDuring the week the weather , although still unsettled , with a low temperature , has undergone somo improvement in character , which circumstance ,

      connected with the depression in Mark-lane , contrary to all calculation , has checked any speculative purchases ; whilst the continued liberal supplies of wheat which advanced prices have brought forward attract general attention , and at present there is « o evidence of a scarcity of British growth . The business dono at our flu-i-kci * this morning has been only to a moderate extent , in either wheat or ilotir ; and , though we make no change in our quotations , prices were iu favour of the buyer . The value of oats and oatmeal was firmly supported , but there was no activity in the trade . A few loads of oatmeal irom Ircland . ' tho produce of this season , were sold in Liverpool yesterday , at 80 s . pev 240 \ bs .

      Liverpool Corn Maiiket , Monday , August 13 . — Our market continues to be liberally supplied with wheat and flour from Ireland ; otherwise the imports arc light . From abroad ivc have 110 arrival of importance . The duty on Foreign wheat and beans has this week declined Is . per qr . on each . The late advance in the value of wheat has induced the principal growers of English to bring to market a much greater quantity than it was calculated that they held , and though the weather has been by 110 means satisfactory for the progressing of the crops , the largo show of last year ' s produce hascowtvilsv-Acd . to de-press the trade throughout the kingdom , and prices have declined from Is . to 4 s . per quarter . In this market , holders generally have evinced less disposition to give

      way- but to effect sales of English and Irish wheat from the ship , a decline of Jd . to 2 d . per bushel has been submitted to . Flour has also participated in the depression on wheat . No business of importance lias occurred in bonded wheat ami flour during the week , and prices remain nominally as quoted-hist Tuesday . The small supply of Irish oats and oatmeal has enabled holders to realise full prices ; the demand , however , has been very circumscribed . Barley finds a ready sale for grinding purposes at 3 s . 8 d . to 4 s . 3 d . per GOlbs . ; beans and peas maintain the late advance , whilst Indian corn is fully Is . per

      quarter dearer . At I-riuay s market a small lot ot Irish new oatmeal was sold at 35 s . per 240 Jbs ., and a little shipment of Irish new here at 3 s . Od . per GOlbs . Livewool Cattle Makket , Mommy , Aug . 13 . — The supply of cattle at market this day has been rather smaller than last week , the greatest part of which ' was of second-rate quality . There being a numerous attendance of buvers , anything good was eagerly sought after , aud sold at last week ' s prices . BcefCd . toCid ., miittonCid . to 7 d ., and lamb Cid . to'ftl per lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool from the Uth to the IStU of August -. —cows 392 * 5 ; calves 52 ; sheep 12 , 002 ; lambs 320 ; pigs 1433 ; horses Gi .

      10 RK Cok . v Market , August lfi . —We have a good supply of wheat at this day ' s market , which met a fair sale at last week ' s prices . Oats and beans scarce , and rather dearer . Maltoj- Conx 5 Lu ! i-et , August 16 .- ¦ Wc have a fair supply of wheat offering to this day ' s market , but very short of oats . Wheat sold on much the same terms as last week . Oats rather dearer . Barley nominal . Wheat , red , from 54 s . to G 2 s ; white ditto , 58 s . to Cls . per qr . of 40 stones ; oats , Hid . to 12 * d . per stone .

      Leeds Cons Market , Tuesday , At-Giss * r W . — The supply 0 ! wheat is moderate , of oats and beans it is again short . ] n consequence of the dull reports oi Mark-lane , our millers are cautious buyers of wheat , while on the other hand the damp showery weather causes factors to be firm : wc have therefore " to report a rather slow trade at about the rates of last week . In . oats and beans there is more firmness , and there is also some inquiry to-day for barley an malt . Leeds Cloth Markets . —In consequence of the present state of the weather , and the consequent poor harvest prospects , trade lias only been dull , both at the Cloth Halls , ami in ttie warehouses . The stocks arc yet only comparatively small ; andunless

      , there is a speedy change to more favourable weather , will rapidly accumulate . Maitos Fortnight Cattle Faik , August 19 , — There was a good show of fat beasts at this fair , and an increased attendance of buyers , being nearly all sold up , at prices some little lower than the preceding fair . There was also a good slww of Scotch beasts , with a brisk demand for them , and many sales effected at rather better prices . Likewise a good supply of lean beasts , with a moderate demand , until little variation in price . The supply of sheep and aiiibs was good , and the demand very brisk , being nearly all sold up , a j p ,. ' ccs a - j 0 ut t * same ^ tue last lair . ¦ liiia was a business doing faff , ' and-was well attended .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 23, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_23081845/page/7/