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      Ar00707

      Ar00708

      „ Monday, Mat 17. , House Of L0r"0*5 .I-...

      „ MONDAY , Mat 17 . , HOUSE OF L 0 R _" 0 _* 5 . _i-P 0 Biic GBANAii « 8 .- _"TheEarl of _WnscHiLSEA called the attention of thegovemment to the expediency of establishing public granaries in this country . The _prlca of wheat was now extremely high , and if the harvest was a late one , he did not believe tbe stock of corn in hand would be sufficient . He ' thought when there was an ahuudant harvest , and more corn than the population could consume , that it should be Rtorrd for their use iu times of _le-ircity . In the year 1835 corn wa « only 85 s . a quarter , and 2 000 , 000 quarters of wheat conld be purchased afthat Hme for £ 3 , 500 , 000 .

      He would suggest that these granaries should be under the control of government . He would not allow , the door ' s to be openod as long as corn was at a fuir price , but when it rose too high for the means of the people' to purchase at the market price , he would propose that these granaries should be opened and the prico of corn kept as level as possible . He thought that the ports should be closed against the export of corn to other countries . He had heard that France had purchased corn here to a large extent within the last tew days . If corn rose so high that the people could not procure it , he thought it wouM lead to disturbance and social _disorganisation .

      Earl Gbet said that the subject which hnd been introduced was too large and comprehensive to be disposed of Incidentally . And if he did not offvr any remarks in reply to the noble lord , it was not to he attributed to want of courtesy . He would only say , that he did not fully agree in the noble lord ' s suggestion , nor did be differ'from hiai respecting the present alarming state of the country . ' TnE F _^ cT oav BiLi . —The Earl of Ellesmebe " was sorry it had not been introduced by a voice more familiar to their lordships , but he had been solicited to under _, take the task by a _numsrous body of thoBe who were deeply interested in the measure , as also by a noble frknd of his ( Lord _Ashley ) , whose earnest efforts in its promotion-had been so conspicuous . ( Hear , bear . ) . H « was

      relieved from some difficulty , _bscausc lie was not originating any new . principle of legislation , the subject having long been familiar to parliament . The present measure had originated in the feelings and wishes of tlio-e who contributed by their toil to the welfare of the country ; and it had been wafted up to the legislature b ' y petitions , ' _signti- _'by many thousands of all classes , hut more particularly by the persons most deeply interested in Its success;—a very humble class , but who would not on that account receive the . less attention from their lordships . ( Hear , hear . ) The bill had received thf sauction and authority of philanthropist !! , of persons " of every _religious denomination , and had- made its way against powerful interests , and stilt more _pojvertul minds . It had established _itic-lf by the sanction of a considerable

      portion of the cabinet , and bad been sent to their lord _, ships by a conclusive majority of the other house of parliament ; and , taking into _confideration the majority which had sent there , and that it had been supported by the _representatim of , large . constituencies , including master manufacturers . and operatives , he thought he waB entitled to ask their lordships with confidence to receive the bill . lie did not impugn the gteat truths which the professors of the science of political economy had put forth on the subject ; and he did not consider that the principles of this bill wereat issue with those truths . One of the great objects of the bill was the limitation of the employment of cliose wlw , by their age and sex , nature never intended forsevere labour ; and he believed the

      legislature could interfere beneficially and effectively to prevent this abase , and should the necessity arise , punish those who attempted to _perpi-tuate it . The entire tendency of the system was to inflict severe and excessive toil on the class of operatives to which he had just referred . There was no cessation of their labour ; the motion of the engine must be continuous—it could not rest without loss to the _mlllowner , and the consequence was , that those who _hsid to attend on tho power-loom , were doomed to a state of the worst _tpecies of slavery . Tho House of Commons had decided that ten hours should be the limit to which females and young persons should be allowed to labour in factories ; the adult population of the manufacturing districts bad petitioned to an enor . mous extent in favour of that decision ; and they waited

      now with trembling apprehension al their lordships' bar . One of the objections urged against the bill was the diminution of the wages of the operatives , and another reason which bad been put forth against it was the defeat of the manufacturing interests of this country in foreign competition . As to the diminution of wages , he ba'J been in communication with the parties most deeply interested , and advised them to be prepared for it ; and he believed tbey were ready to abide the consequences . But he did not think that anything like the predicted loss would be ' sustained , either by theemplojcrsor the employed _. The noble earl proceeded to . point out the advantages , in a moral and material sense , which would result frora the additional time which the operatives would have when two hours mora were itiven to them

      for mental improvement and physical relaxation . One circumstance , which would compensate . forthe loss of time and wages , was the prevention of the mutilation of children , which generally occurred in the last two hours of wearisome work , and he understood that nine-tenths of the spoil and waste was occasioned in those last two hours . No step similar to this had ever , jet been taken without prophecies of a like nature to those which were now made , that this measure would result in the ruin of the manufacturers , and all belonging to them . But they had always turned out to be false . T ! _-is language was made use of as if they still had the corn duties , the customs' duties , and the duties on wool . In a matter of this kind England must make the first stir , as she did with respect to the slave trade , and othor manufacturing countries would not be slow in following their example . The noble earl then rend len » thy correspondence from

      persons connected vith manufactures in foreign countries , to show that in Spain , and in other places where tbe operatives only worked five days in the week , and were paid for six , that was for 10 hours a day instead of 12 , the system worked well _, _jf the beneficial results which he anticipated followed the passing of this measure , he hoped tbat the justice and intelligence of England would not forget those who had introduced , supported , and worked it out ; and he expected that it would act as a naming to master manufacturers , that they should look to the a '• vantage of those whom they employed , as well us to their own aggrandisement . The noble earl concluded by moving the second reading of the hill , expressing his belief that their _lordships could not adopt a more wise , just , or _udeful course , both to the master manufacturers , labourers , and consumers , than tbat of making it tbe law of the land .

      lord Feveksium , in seconding the motion , said that the operatives of this country had for a long series of ycari sought for a Ten Hours' Bill . In seeking for that objectthey never had recourse t ) violence or _unscrupul « us agitation , or to any outbreak against their employers , as was suggested by ttio . se who opposed this measure . They never , at any of their great meetings , crmraitted a single breach of the peace ; they , on the contrary , always conducted themselves with the utmost propriety and tbe most manifest conformity to tha _insti tutions of this country . They quietly and peaceably passed their resolutions , and drew up their petitions to parliament , asking them to do them this act of justice . They , in consequence , deserved well at their lordships ' hands . None but the ill-disposed portion of the opera

      _tives were against the passing of this measure , Euch as those who preferred that the female portion of their families should toil and work to earn a scanty subsistence in an unwholesome atmosphere , while they . themselves spent their time in the gin ( hop . He admitted that the question of wages was one of great importance ; it had been fully discussed at all the meetings in the north of England and in Scotland . The question was put to the operatives whe-ther they would submit to a reduction of wages , in esse such should _turn-out to be the result of the pasBing of this _measnve , and they invariably said they were willing to do so .. But ho did not believe Hint it would lead to a reduction of wages . The operatives would have employment more constantly and wages more _regularly , and would not be _suVjiieted to the fluctuations in the amount of lubour and wages which

      they now experienced . Thi * measure was supported by men well versed in all matters connected with the working of factories in this country , such as Air Fielden , Mi Brotherton , and Mr Hiudley , who thought this measoro was fraught with benefit to the operatives , while they had no apprehension whatever that it would level a blow at the master manufacturers of this country . Recollecting that the legislature , in the last two or three years , had conferred immense benefits on the master manufacturers by the repeal . of the duties on cotton on corn—and that a promise had been held out to the operatives of some restriction in their hours of labour—their lordships were now bound to give this bill a favourable consideration . By every motive of humanity and raorality _, of juttice , benevolence , and patriotism , they were called on toagruo lo the passing of this bill ; he hoped they would do so unanimously _.

      Lord _BBouonAH said he was 6 orry to destroy the una . nimity which the noble lord seemed to anticipate . He had no doubt the working classes had been misled , In being induced to ask for a measure of this nature ; but he hoped to undeceive them in the few remarks ho should make as to the operation of _sweh a measure on their real interests . Not on accouut of the capitalists , or , the manufacturers , but solely on account of the working men , was he induced to oppose this bill ; feeling deeply convinced that their interests , above » llotb ( rs , demanded that no interference 6 hould be attempted with the free employment of their honest industry . ( Hear , hear . ) On th s question he took his stand on the ground of political economy , only iu so far the principles ef that science were identical with tlie dictates of common

      sense . Any man might be taught by common sense that if he reciived 6 s . for working up 121 bs , of cotton twist , he would only receive 5 s . for lOlbs . ; and It had , indeed , been admitted by the noble lord , the mover of this bill , that it must cause a reduction of wages . Considering tbeimmenBo amount of wealth which was thus iuvolvod , the utmost caution was necessary in legislating , as the least false step might he attended with the most fatal consequences . It wag admitted that about thirty-sown millions of our foreign trade , including silk , cotton , woollen , and flax , or nearly three-fourthe of the whole , was concerned ; and yet the promoters of this bill asked tho hou 9 e to deal with this immense interest with the utmost confidence , knowing at tbe time bow impossible it was for them to predict the consequences of such a measure . This was a bill , in fact , to prevent alout a million of persons , and all the mills iu the country , from working more than ten hours a day , or five dajs in a

      „ Monday, Mat 17. , House Of L0r"0*5 .I-...

      week . _^ The first consequence of this inevitably would be to destroy _one-sixth of tho trade , ( Hear , bear . ) How conld it be otherwise , unless by some extraordinary and unforeseen improvement in the machinery , ihe Bame quantity of goods would be produced in _five-sixths of the time ! and the poor labourers would not get the benefit of that . ( HMr , _hca-. ) No * less than 6 _\ millions , of exports , and the same proportion of tlie home consumption , would be swept away at a stroke . Thenext inevitableconiiequynce would beapropordonnt « reduction In the wages . For the manufacturers he cared not ontlns occasion-he spoke for , end was the advocate of the interests of the workmen , and not of the masters . But if jou diminish the labourer's wages by _oae-slxth , you will also take offfrom the master ' , profits more than _sixthfor it

      one . ; was an ascertained fact , that ten hours ' work for six days a week , or twelve hours , for firo days , was just sufficient to psy the expenses of his establishment , the _wagea for the goods manufactured , the cost of machinery , and the incidental expinses—so that this bill would hot leave the fraction of a farthing profit to the master and the employer . —Tho whole profit of the master arose from the extra two hours per day , or one day per week , which this bill at one " fell swoop " went to clear away and to demolish . ( Henr , hear . ) The British manufacturer had even nowto compete with his foreign neighbours , and henco again a difficulty would , by this measuro , be thrown in the way of the British producer . But his noble friend who had moved the second reading of this bill ( tho Eur ! of _Ellesmere )

      entertained great and sanguine hopes that foreign eountrles ) would follow the example of Great Britain in reducing their ' hours of labour , and would " go and do likewise . " Ho ( Lord Brougham ) feared those hopes would not be realised . He had great doubts that France , Belgium , Holland , the Americans , or the Swiss , would follow this example , because these nations would see that the example waB . _based upon unsound principles . On tho controry this bill held out to foreign _munufneturers a strong temptation to them not to follow the example . _Alreodt they . were : beaten by the labour , the capital , the . perfection _<> f skill and the improved machinery of this country , but if tho legislature consented to reduce the labouring _pon-er of this country , would not the foreigner be tempted to . Bay , "Oh ! now I see daylight—now I perceive chance of

      a beating the English in the _markeis o ! the world , if they _^ vill only keep their law as it is . " The next consideration to which be implored the attention of their lordships was , the effect which this measure would produce on the moral condition of the people . He believed that thero was not a much more sound maxim in commerce , in humanity , and in the contemplation of society , than this—that poverty was the root of many evils—that distress—that _unent-inesR for food — the scarcity of supply , and tbe _apprehension of , that supply altogether failing — tbat tiicae considerations continually in the miud were just as unfavourable to the mental a _< they were to thebodily health of those who were subject to them . He therefore implored their lordships to consider the consequences of reducing the bu k

      of tho labouring community to a state of anxiety and doubt , as to the possibility of obtainiug the next day ' s meal fur themselves and families , to the fears and alarms consequent upon inability to feed their , children , and of the physical degradation to which individuals would be reduced . He believed that whatever tended to relieve the mind and to keep individuals in tolerable circumstances , was the parent of sound feelings and of right principles . This bill proposed to regulate factories engaged in the silk , flax , wool , and cotton trades , cmbra . cing 57 per cent , of the labouring classes . The' remaining 43 per cent , of the labouring population were not engaged iu those trades , aud , consequently , were not affected by this bill , which did not even pretend to touch them . It , however , did touch and affect tbem

      most , severely , because its operation would tlrive all those who wished to work more than ten hours a day to the occupations which engaged the class _represented by tbe 43 per cent , portion of the community . A direct legislative premium was' g _' ven to tbe class interfered with by this measure , to go to the employments which were not assailed by its provisions . But this was not all . He was no advocate for restraining machinery—he was the last to put a limit to invention , or to cramp genius , but still ho could not avoid seeing that every increase in the powers of machinery displaced so much labour , and , therefore , he must be a bold man who would support a measure which in a very short space of time must produce that effect . ( Hear , hear . ) With respect to another _peint of

      view in which this measure was to be regarded , he was convinced that if this bill contemplated the ' mornl instruction and education of children and adnlts employed in factories , it did not go far enough . Some said it ought to be on eight hour 3 _bill—others said ten—a third eleven and _a-half— -and one sago man had contended for 11 J hours . This contrariety of opinion did not tend to raise a man ' s _rcfpect for his legislation , but ho ( Lord Brougham ) _strongly felt that if they were to break through all principles—to outrage all rights—to violate all rules , and to sacrilko the interests of tbe labouring dosses—in God's name let it be done in such a way as to achieve tbe ofcject . To turn to another point for constferation , be believed that the working men themselves had been misled by the positive assertions made by the

      agitators of this question , and by the peremptory statements which had taken possession of their minds . Would even his noble friend ( Lord Feversham ) say that there was any noble-minded spinner or romantic weaver so anxious for modern improvement that he would havo no objection to lose one-sixth part of the wages he could nowearn ? ( Hear , hear . ) This was a point which the agitators kept in the dark—they bad never placed before tbem the fact that by this measure one-sixth of their wages would be cut off . If this bad been stated , he knew from the deputations he hnd seen that they would have retracted their _opiniens in favour of this scheme . ( Hear , hear . ) But then he was told that there was another authority _ngainst him in favour of this measure —the House of Commons . It was said that this bill

      had been sent up to them by a large—an ample majority . But the very same House of Commons which sent up the present bill by so large a majorify , rejected a twelve hours'bill on the 2 nd of March , 1814 , by a _mpjority of three , the numbers being 1 S 6 against , 183 for the bill . Subsequently they rejected the ten hours'bill by a majority of 188 to 181 , so that they would have ueithtr a twelve hours'nor a ten hours bill . Again , on the 13 th of May , they rejected precisely the present bill of ten hours , by a good working majority of 1 S 3 . In May , 1846 , another" ehange camo o ' er the spirit of their dreams , " for the bill was rejected by a majority of _^' only 10—the food working majority of 188 having ' dwindled down to 10 . . Had any circumstance occurred in the meantime to account for this ehange f They could only

      know causes us events connected in succession , and the repeal of tbe corn laws aud the grent conversions which had bean made to tbat measure , was tbe event to which he was inclined to attribute tbe change . Between the landed interest and the manufacturing interest a great gulph had opened : bitter feelings were aroused on both sides , which gavo riso to such long and angry discussions , that it would have been humane to have cut them down to ten hours . ( Laughter . ) The landed interest were resolved to retaliate for the corn law repeal , and the present hill was sent up to them by a large majority—( hear , hear . ) Was this the time , when the labourers were turned out of their employment by thousands—when there was famine in Ireland and scarcity in England—when on

      every part of tbe compass to which they turned the eye , abroad as well as at home , the _ftorms were gathering and the aspect of the heavens was lowering , that the House of Commons should retrace their steps , and turn large minorities into large majorities ? ( Hear , hear . ) Was it not rather the time , of all others , when a prudent and cautious regard for tbe best interests of the country , for tho people of the country—above all , for the working people , should have prescribed as an imperative duty the utmost reluctance to change its commercial policy ! ( Hear , hear . ) But now , when the poor rates were £ 6 , 000 , 000 , and likely to be increased by a third orfourth , when Ireland was bleeding at every pore , when they were sending supplies of food and money to provent starvation from thinning the people of that unhappy country _,,

      when tbe public peace was _disvurYud in one county in England and 200 special constables had to be sworn in on account ef food riots—when in other counties the signs of .-imilar scenes were threatening—was the time that tbey wero called on , without experience , on mere speculation , on assertion , on assumption , on fantasy , to pass a measure . which must affect every working man in this country , in its fonr great branches of m ' anufatures . If indeed , tho times were peaceful , if Inland was restored to plenty , if England and Europe wero at pence , if no clouds were in the sky or iu any part of the horizon to disfigure or to alarm the behoider _. hc might understand such a measure being proposed as an experiment ; but to bring it forward as an experiment , without waiting lill Providence had vouchsafed to blets them with a return of peace , prosperity , and tranquillity , was nothing less than to fly in the face ol Providence . ( Hear , hear . ) Many persons were led away by exaggerated aceouut 6 of the _unhealthiness of tho factories , by glowing pictures of

      the hard toil , comfortless abodes , and wretched fare of the workmen . Now , he felt the same deep commiseration for these people , and his heart was wrung with their toil , their scanty food , and _wntcbed abodes ; butamongst all the labouring population of this country , he had never seen a more desperate picture-of fatigue , of wretched and comfortless abodes , than he had seen in the cottages of the peasantry . ( Hear , hear , ) Theywbo rose at five o'clock in tbe morning and toiled from the rising of tho sun till his _goiag down , whose work _wbb of the hardest description , and who wee exposed to all the vicissitudes of the seasons , might well envy the factory labourer , who at least knew neither cold nor wet . If they interfered in the case of the factory workers , why abstain in the case of the 6 teei- _c'itrs and the workers in brass , those who , from the time of their ancestor , Tubal Cain , had been the victims of trade ? ( Hear , hear . ) The noblo lord moved that the bill be read a second time that day six months .

      The Bishop of London considered that this bill , for which the noble lord who introduced it was entitled to the gratitude of the working classes , was founded onthe highest sympathies of our nature , whilst the arguments that were adduced against it rested on economical con . _siderations . Viewed ae abstract and philosophical prin . ciples _, and on the _supposition that all mm were in . _structed and religious , the principles of political economy m-ght be carried out in practice , but they had to deal with a highly complex state of society , they were surrounded by prejudice , by miEery , and vice , and tbey must therefore deal with things as they found them ; they must bend , modify , and temper ligid rules , and adapt themselves to tbe state of society in wbicb tbey

      „ Monday, Mat 17. , House Of L0r"0*5 .I-...

      lived . It was the duty , of a paternal government to in _terfereifthcy could prevent injury from being done to large classes of society which , but for tbat interference , would be unprotected . . ( Hear , hear . ) His noblo friend dealt with the question an if it wholly related to the adult population ; factory children were treated as mere machines for making money ; and if the cupidity of their employers , or tbe ignorance of tbeir parents , compelled them towork more than their ege and _strenglh would justify , it was the duty of the legislature to interfere for the protection of such children . If they desired to havo a generation of dutiful and moral workmen , the rising ? _generation must be trained with that view . The noblo and learned lord hnd spoken of the condition'of ; the agri . cultural labourer : he thought there wan . no comparison

      between the two , but tbat the agricultural Jabourer wag in a muih better condition ; his work lay in the open fields , whore he could inhale the pure air and seo tha light of heaven , and in his occupation he might pause for a few minutes when he was led to do so ; but the power loom must work on , and the labour attending it must be tegular and precise —( hear , - hear)—and there could be no doubt that such labour was more . debilita . ting than when the work was varied or somo short breathing-time could be taken . The noble and learned lord had said thatmnn must earn his bread by the sweat ofhis brow : that might be tree , hut the Creator never ? intended that _' he should do so by his life-blood , or by making his children pass through the fire , not of Moloch , but of Mammon . ( Hear , hear . ) . It appeared from a

      calculation made by Mr Fletcher , that tbe average of liftamongst factory _workmen was somewhat less than one *' half of that of other operatives in the same district . But many of the great _miltownere , who it was said were tobe such losers by the measure , were petitioners in favour ' of it . They could see but little to apprehend , when they came forward to support such a bill ; and as to the commerce of the country being injured by it , he was much _eucouraged when he looked back and saw the results of the step which had baen taken with regard to the twelve hours' bill . It appeared from a statement made by one of the opponents of the bill that since the limitation of the hours of labour to sixty-nine a week , the condition

      ofthe oprrative had gradually improved ; and whilst in 1813 he received 8 ' . 4 d . per week as wages , in 1833 the amount was 8 s , 1 < M . Ho less than 323 mill-owneis had petitioned in favour of the bill , as well as thousands of the workmen themselves ; and the evils wbicb it sought to cure were _physical deterioration and moral degradation . A moral and religious reformation never could be effected amongst the factory workmen under tho existing system , because in youth they wero not allowed sufficient time to learn that which was useful for them both here and hereafter . ( near , hear . ) The right rev . ! prelate concluded by stating that be most cordially supported the bill .

      The Duke of _Ricnjfouo heartily concurred m tha objects ofthe bill ; and when the noble and learned lord ( Lord Brought !) : ' ) said that an agricultural labourer at forty-five was not as strong as one of their lordships at seventy-five , it proved that he knew nothing at all of the matter . Why , he would produce almost any labourer from Sussex wlw should carry every one of their lordships on his back . ( Much laughter . ) The agricultural labourer hid good beer to drink ; and if their lordships would repeal the malt tax , he would have better . ( Laughter . ) But if the condition ofthe agricultural labourer was ever so bad , which was not the case , that was no reason why they should inflict misery and injustice on tens of thousands of people in tie _manufacturiBg districts . ( Hear . ) He had always entertained the greatest regard forthe intelligent manufacturers of this country , although he disliked the . leaders of the AntU _Corn-law Lengue ; and he told them that they would be injured by a repeal of the Corn Laws , because it would destroy tho horns market .

      The Earl or Ci , abendon believed the measure was calculated to be hurtful to _thosi > fpi- -. _Oiom it was intended , as it would deprive the working , _innn cf _onc-tixth of bio income . It wouiri not only afoot _thu children , _bui ; their parents , who , whether _nmle or _ftiowln , hr > d a right to work for twelve hours _u-d-ij if they _plsns _^ _d . All tho evils urged in ft _rim-r years for legislative interference no loEger existed . The _l-cul-day . 's work now was oniy eleven , hours per day ( t » _kiuj ; Soto uonsideration the nine hvum _ofSaturiaj ) _, tho work ,- after aU , being ofa _i-jriif , _description _, aud tf ; o room * i a which it w / i ; performed generally comfortable and well ventilated . The _holicays also wer 6 to te continued us before ; aud the _coiisciiuwice of so great a reduction in the hours of labour would he a diminution of one-sixth in the production of tho manufactures of the country ; he , in fact , believed it would be more . He c-mld not but look with great alarm at so great an _im-rcose of _produceis , without a corresponding

      increase in the am _» unt of consumers , as would be caused by this bill . It would do very well if they were monopolists in the quality and quantity of their manufactures ; but so far trom being _monopolists , they had at present very creat difficulty in competing with very numerous and powerful rivals . It was said that thtir business wsb with thu operatives , and it was said that they were willing to give up a certain portion of tbeir wages if this bill was cai ried . That he did not think to be the case , but his impression was that the operatives were labouring under the * delusion tliat if thtir work was limited lo ten hours , they would , nevertheless , get the twelve hours ' wages . If tho principle was a right one , why should they confine it to that particular sort of labour ? Why should they not extend . it to every _braneh of industry ? He would ask the noble duke _oppHsite whether he was prepared to support a measure providing that tbe work of agricultural labourers should be limited to ten , or any other number of hours in a day 1

      The Duke of Richmosd—I would support it if it were proved that one-half of the agricultural labourers died from the _effects of excessive la tour , as was the case ffith the labourers in factories . ( Cheers . ) The Earl of _Olabenoon—Yes ; bnt that was an assumption . He thought that the noble duke bad not given a proper answer to his _question , as to whether ho would like to have a law passed rendering it penal for a labourer in the harvest time , for instance , to work after a certain time in the day ? He would beg tbeir lordships to consider » hat would be the effict of this bill on tbeoperatives . They muet at certain portions of the year have a _cassation of work , and at other times thero would

      be a great demand for labour ; and he wonld ask them if it were wed or just tbat then they should say to those men tbat tbey should not earn wages or make provision for the time at which they expected to be idle . He admitted that it wa _» their duty and interest to promote the comfort of the labouring classes , but their lordships might rely on it that the labouring classes would not receive this as a boon , nor would they be driven to intellectual improvement by a law which curtailed their wages . There was not a man in either house of parliament who would not wish to be more wise , more religious , or more intellectual , and yet not one of them would lose one-sixth of his income in order to gain timt advantage . ( Hear , and laughter . )

      The Bishop of Osfobd said it seemed to bim that the opposition to ibe motion had been founded in a very remarkable degree on a number of untrue assirtions _. It bad been taken for grauted in the fir st place that they were running the great risk of injuring the operatives ; and jin the next , that they were going to force on the master manufacturers a measure uhich would deprive them of a great part of their ineoruo . Would their lordships recollect that one-third of that body had petitioned their lordships' house in favour of the bill ? ( Hour , hear . ) It was a mere assumption to say , as was said by the noble earl who had just sat down , that labouiers ' wages would be sunk one-sixtb becuuse tbo working of . factories would be sunk one-sixth in the week , What was tbe true view to take on tho subject ? Instead of

      being a prohibition of labour , taking the whole year round , it would be , he maintained , only a provision against a vast deal of uncertainty . Tho long period of working each day was only tbe effect of a great desire on the part of certain manufacturers , when an order _waa made , to meet it themselves , instead of sharing the benefits with others—( hear )—thereby adding , when the idle time came , to the existing commercial distress , instead of keeping up a continuous strain of work by meeting the demand beforehand , and giving an average rate of labour . Their lordships should _cousider what were tbe expenses necessary _^ to be gone through before the manufactured article was completed . The first expense was iu the production of the raw material in the country in which it was produced ; the next was in bringing

      it over to this country ; then came the money to be in , vested in the machinery to _manufacture it ; and next tb expense or export . The manufacturer required in thi way to make twenty-four per cent , at the lowest on th capital invested to pRy him . He got five per cent , int rest for his money , all the rest was for wear and tear e ' machinery , oil , coal , light , and gas . It was then on _^ with the five per cent , for his money that they werogoi _^ to meddle—because in all the rest they diminish ' _^ rather than increased the expenses ; then so far fro ** doing the inanufacforer a direct injury on the who they were only giving him back that which ho lost in t _« first instance . It was said by the noble eatl wh » h uo just sat down , and _alao by the noble lord opposite , _th aa they were about to pass a measure on the strength of *

      delusion which they led the labourers under , tbat tbe a would receive twelve hours ' wages for ten hours' _workT He put that subject before certain operatives , and the * answer whioh he received was , tbat that was the argument ( . fiord Brougham , and that there was nothing in it . ( Laughter . ) That showed it wa 6 not so wholly a new proposition , and that they had studied andcoasi . dered the matter . What wan their answer to the question whether they were willing to receive lower wages at a reduced amount of time ? From a return which he had had made on the subject , it wi » s clearly evident that the _eleven-hour system , which had been already . tried ? was a little more profitable than the _thirteeen-hour system . Ibe safety ot the present movement had been fully determined by tbe measures taken in the same di .

      rection . All legislation was a continued interference with what was called tbe freedom of industry ; the per . fectiou of legislation was to make no needless interference . The laws prevented a man from raising : a building unsafely , on account of the injury which might result to the public ; and , on the same ground , men ought to be restricted from working their _fellow . beingg so as to endanger their Bonis . ( Hear . ) The rejection of this bill would be attended with great danger ; it would irritate the feelingst of the workpeople , and eicite : them to combination against the masters , who , in their turn , would be seriously injured by such a result . Such combinations now existed to a certain extent ; and should they embrace the whole of the manufacturing population they would present a more formidable aspect than any league that had ever threatened a hostile government _. By such a _resiiit 0 Biy Muld our manufactures tie drive &

      "And I Will War, At Leastia Wards, (And—...

      "And I will war , at leastia wards , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds , ) Withallwho war with Thought !"

      "I Think I Bear A Little Bird, Who Sings...

      "I think I bear a little bird , who sings The people _by-and-fey will be the stronger . "—Bieon

      England And Germany. - (From The German ...

      ENGLAND AND GERMANY . - ( From the German of Dr List Continued from the iter of May 15 th . )

      " U.L Ekcxasd Am>-Bra Rrfats.—To Greatbr...

      " U . L Ekcxasd am > -Bra _RrfAts . —To GreatBritain its fallen the solution of the great problem of reducimr to ordtr the prevailing chaoi in the affairs of the world , and to operate a new organisation cf the varions _i-owtrs of the world , wherebj- she not only assume ! to herself the leadership of their affairs , hut ako to all other nations and countries of the earth , freedom _andrfviliia . _« on , peace and inosptrity — to a word , moral and material prozress . . . he

      Tbe philanthropist , to whatevernatton may belong , nrori < fed he possess moral and iutcllectoal _strenzth great enough to overcome his _special national prejudices _, must rejoice , _fer the sakr of hamaaitj , that this high calling "bai Alien upon a natios which has not her like upon tbe earth , whether she he considered in her commercial and industrial development , or in her capacity for right and justice , for freedom and enlightenment . This , at least , is the _prevailing opinion of Germany , in a country which _iroold stand at the head of every people of the _European _continent , were her just demands for free institutions and 8 national organisation _listened to : Germany looks with repugnance on a fatnve supremacy of North America , it dreads that of France , and abhors that of Russia .

      The United States of North America , roaring in the same moral and political soil in which England has grown so great , _possesses . besides in a much higher degree than England the matxrial elements of national great ness . In this respect , we mean thr . extent of their territory , the calibre oi their nationality no less exceeds that of Great Britain than did tie _national calibre of Great Britain exceed that of the united provinces of the _Netherlands in the _seventeenth _century . History shows in what manner the rivalry of these _twe countries in naval power and trade at Inst terminated , and this result is not a little calculated to excite serious apprehension in the mind of England as to htr future falL

      The United States , whose territory is capable of supporting hundreds of million- ; of men , and who doubles not only thtir population , tut also thtir wealth and power with every succeeding _feneration , increase as it were in geometrical proportion , while the Uniud _Kingdom , with its limited soil , can only increase in arithme tical proportion . It may , therefore , he pretty accurately estimated in what decenniad ths United States of North America will stand on a level with England in power and riches , or _when they will even exceed her , _prorided England should be able to discover any new means , and should make no extraordinary exertions to increase as quickly , or even mora quickly , than the United States of 2 _"Torth America .

      The French , it cannot be doubted , are a brave and highly gifted nation ; bnt nature has denied the Gallic race those qualities which are requisite to raise a natio n to the highest point of wealth and power . They excel neither in agriculture' nor manufactures , neither in trade nor navigation ; and they chiefly ewe their success in these departments to those of tbeir pro _vinces in which the German spirit is predominant , namely , Alsace , Lorraine , Normandy , and French Flinders . Never has any aao unt of protection been sufficient to advance their mercantile shipping and their _gea- & heries . Never have tbey been able to succeed in founding , civilising , or maintaining great colonies , much less in inspiring them with their own life and spirit . They are thus wanting in all the bases of a great naval power . Their navy a / so has , in all time , heen an artificial thing— a sort of mu'e _, incapable of propagating its kind , and , should it be lost , onjy to be _replaced by artificial product ! on and by tedious cultivation .

      To the national deficiencies we have mentioned , the Trench unite a degree of love of glory , and , e « peciatty , warlike glory , which has ever made them the willing instruments of _? reat generals ; they even prize _national freedom and national wealth , not so much for the wellbeing they confer on individuals , ft 5 for the advantages they are thence able to derive for their military power _, the French have never thought ef bringing into action the principle of self-government , Afar sixty years of Internal agitation , and external struggles for _freedom and national greatness , the political organization of France is nothing more than a machine , fashioned and pat together' for the purpose of making war in the European continent , aad even their last conquests in Africa are only valned and used by them as an _exercisiog-gronnd , to twin np generals and armies fur future conquests on the continent .

      The French have never ceased , and never will cease , to entertain a longing for the Rhine as their frontier . They seem to have grounds for it that lie far deeper than those which are openly _alleged by them . If the French possessed Belgium and Germany as far as the Shine , tbey wonld -find little difficulty , as h . is already happened once , in conquering Holland and the countries on the Ems , the Lower Weser , and the Lower Elbe . Having thereby grafted the most vigorous part of tbe Germanic race of the continent on the Roman stock of their nationality , they wonld acquire the qualities in -which they are wanting for the _attainment of the supremacy of the world , namely , a high degree of productive capability in _pgricultare , industry , and commerce , and a similar high degree of capability forthe advancemert of navigation , flourishing colonies , and a great maritime power .

      Russia , tbe mere agglomeration of a number of more or less barbarian tribes , owes her growth and greatness chiefly to an absolute power , which is partly based on the overflowing civilization of Germany , and partly on a war establishment of immeasurable extent . As the autocracy of this country dispenses with all thoseguarantees which high grade ot civilization , political _instilations , aad a solid _natianal character can confer upon a government , the strength of the Russian government , and the safety of the Autocrat , rest entirely on the Bayonets he has at his command . Grown great by tbe

      bayonet , and by spoliation , this power can only maintain itself by the bayonet and spoliation . War , the greatest scourge of civilized nations , is there the life-element of the dynasty , the dream of the nobility , and the hope of all classes of the people , because no one has anything to lose by it , and all can only gain . The rude agricaltnre of this country could not but be inSarnced by the example of German agriculture , so that now the Russian population increases yearly in an amount of sixty-six millions , by one and one-third loljtper cent , and therewith the number of disposable recruits , by 40 , 000 or SO _. OOOyearly .

      In the position and under the circumstances in which Russia at this _nnment finds herself , the ruler of this eonntry is compelled to play the part of Philip of Mace-< 3 _ocia towards Europe , and of his son Alexander towards Ada . * * * * It is Eeaicel ; subject to a doubt that the German race is especially destined by Providence , from their nature . and their character , to the solution of the great task of leading the aff-iir * of tbe world , civilizing wild and _bcrbarian countries , end peopling tbe still

      uninhabited ,-because-nei ther of the other two possesses the quality ef -emigrating in large masses to foreign shores , there to found new and more perfect communities by means of the gifts of self-government , the exercise of their owa i & ws , and the voluntary maintenance of order , and thereby to hold themselves free from the influence of barbaric and half-barbaric aborigines ; as for / instance , it is well teowa that tbe French and Spaniards are -every where more apt to adopt the rude manners ef the aavage tribes among _nhich they ate thrown , than to raise them ie their own point of cultivation .

      Fram- ' -e aad £ a ? sia are , therefore , already attracted towards ? ne another by the feeling of the insufficiency of their resp _* ictiv « SBtnral qualities , which are only to be Compensated by swallowing ap the continental part of the _fiexma-verace . * * # * France , on ie * side , feels her weakness in the seas as much as Engl tndfeekber predominance . As , therefore , Franeecan id . mo ease entertain tbe hope of overcoming England on the sea , or . even of only preserving the fleet in hostile encoun ' ex with the English , her chief designs must be directed to * an invasion of Ireland . # * * * Although the _sslf-deeeptkm of the French as to their own strength _andcoLtJition , and as to those of England , _ironld scarcely ever ex >* _-SO far as to lead them to cherish a hope of breaking _thestr « £ gth of _Engla-d oa her own ground and soil , yet certainly tbeir hope of materially weakening the power ot'Great Britain by an invasion of Ireland , is not without fot nidation .

      The English cannot at . 'he came time stand on and watch along their whole eoa . vt , and pursue commerce and _manufactures also , and such a-disturbance of England in her peaceful progress internal ! ? , and in the plans she has to carry oat in Asia and _Aifrka , were of itself loss enough . At least England won ! * 1 Mff « r the great injury of being thenceforth unable to keep- c _* _esal strides with the growth of North Americe . * # « # However powerful may be the influence af the Government and middle classesof France at the present moment , for the _maritsnance of peace— " rjotsaver sincere and influential may be the friendly dispositions of the chief members of both dynasties towards < we another , no clear-sighted politician will trust those" _nwtivts and these dispositions , and believe that they po « € _« s power enough to change tho whole national charaC ** of the _Fcsncli that they are in a position to quench * burning xhuyt for military glory , and to arrest that strivi . _ig after _aopu-alleled national greatness , to which _tbeFrencA & ave in _aliases sacrificed everything . ¦ - . _

      — -C— - * .- Now , . _' ndeed _. as regards maritime power _^ and _colorJiaJ _¦^ _quisitiOL's , the future seems to conceal no special su . c-Ces « , but on / _f humiliation forthe French . For , if England -mould i sally carry into effect those gigantic plans , which sue is i . _wv , by the law of _srlf-preservatioD , compelled to pat for "Yard , as regards Europe and Africa , she _"i " , in the course * _of the next ten years , increase infinitel y more in ricl" * e s and power than the has in the Pwt ten jean . "While the French , by warring oa the

      " U.L Ekcxasd Am>-Bra Rrfats.—To Greatbr...

      _^ _c'it . _- . _ii _^ _raUTV _^ C" **"¦* 9 r _**' - '' ¦ ¦ " - " »* . _JMVU'' - _**~^* _-iZ _lxy _+ 0 > jii \ C African Emir , "ind by colonial _acquhitioni like that " , f theMarqnesas , Cwifl . » lber'be weakened . than strengthened . . But allow , that she maintain herself in her present position , - it most be remembered that in our dajs , in matters of internationalpower , " to standstill" it _equl- Talent , in signification , with " retrogression . " France wiU , therefore , in relation to England , sink more and more into insignificance ; and under such circumstances it is more than denbiful , that a nation' so warlike , and with snch a thirst for glory as the French , will long be withheld by the Parliamentary Lectures of M . Guizot and his disciples , fiom carrying out the idea of M . Thiers , of compensating itself by continental conquests for the ill fortune of France at sea and beyond the sea .

      Weighing all these circumstances well , it is extremely probable that the French , in time , will , with their whole heart ,, form an alliance with Russia against Germany , and that she will willingly grant every concession to the former country that can reasonably be expected , in tbe pleasing hopB that—provided that Belgium ; Holland , and the countries on the lower Rhine , on the Ems , tbe Lower Weser , and the Lower Elbe be first gal . liciscd—France can then soon get done with the Bus . sians also .

      Colonial An& Jorcip ^

      Colonial _an & _Jorcip _^

      Movements Of The Week. , "Uneasy Lies Th...

      MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK . , "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown , " as no one Letter knows than the King of the Uourgeoisie , our old friend Lords Philippe . In the course of the past week plots have been discovered , and arrests have taken piace of parties differing wide as the poles asunder , —Legitimists and Democrats . "Persons of distinction , " hankerers after the restoration of the right divine , and the enthronement of the _kingdomless " Henri V ., " have been caught in the toils of Louis Philippe's " ministering angels " —the police , and transferred from their luxurious homes to " durance vile . " On the other hand , certain parries charged with having fabricated , conveyed and accumulaied , certain uglv-looking

      combustibles , and said to be members of a secret association , have been dragged to dungeons , charged with some awful conspitacy against the peace and dignity of the hoary old traitor of the Barricades . The precise facts of both "discoveries" are carefully shro uded by the police , as is their wont , for the pur * pose of frightening the shopocracy , and rallying the " friends of order . " One thing is pretty clear , Louis Philippe is in a sweat . - Some two thousand troops hardly suffice to guard him at his chateaux at JJeuilly . Clearly tbe old hypocrite shakes in his shoes . In the famine riots at Lisle and other places the people have raised shouts very * annoying to the King of the " Three Days . " Some are said to have shouted "Vive la Republique , " and some " Vive Henri V . ! " it is verv certain that none

      shouted " Vive Louis Philippe ! " " no one cried God save him !" A Ministerial crisis is impending in Spain , and some mysterious reports have been current of attempts to shoot Isabella . In the neighbouring kingdom , according ( o the latest accounts , the Oporto Junta have refused the terms dictated by the British Government . Quite ri ght . Shame upon onr Government for playing the bully in behalf o the justly detested Queen !

      The working classes in several of the provinces of Prussia are in a state of frightful destitution . In Silesia ( the Lancashire of Prussia ) " order" is at an ei d , and the "laws" are openly defied by the people , driven by famine to desperation . Our " Silesia" appears to be bordering upon the same state of things . " Death to the _Avts _' . rians and the Jesuits ! " and " Long live Pius IX . ! " are the cries ringing through Italy . More power to " his Holiness . " The Ottoman Government has refused to any longer recognise the Greek Sag , prohibited the coast trade-and taken other measures detrimental to Greek commerce . Perhaps this course may bring Monsieur Colletti and his hoobv master to their senses .

      Up to Thursday evening we have no later news of events in Mexico , but in another column will be fonnd a notice ofa " glorious victory" gained ' by the _*« National ¦ Reformers" at the recent Municipal Election in the city of New York .

      New Zealand. Arrivals From This Colony R...

      NEW ZEALAND . Arrivals from this colony represent matters as peaceable , and Governor Grey ' s administration as highly popular .

      AUSTRALIA . New South _Waiks . —Sidney papers to the 10 th of January represent the erain harvest to be above the average * . An important _aeetinft of electors had been held at Goulbnm , on the subject of a return to transportation . A large majority declared in favour of the abolition of penal settlements throughout Australia and the adjacent regions , bnt expressed a wish that parties condemned for political , military , or " sin-rot" o ences , might be sent to the colonies as _"oxilcs . "

      Later dates fo the 5 th of Fehmary have since come to hand , and represent the colony as in a flourishing state . The demand for labour was great and increas ? n « r . Meetings bad been held at various places , to petition government to exert itself to procure supplies of labour bv am- means . FRANCE . After all the fuss that was made respecting tbe explanations to be demanded of the government respecting the changes in the ministry , the whole affair has tnrned ont to _lw mere smoke . The National turns the whole affair into ridicule— " M . Odilon Barrot questioned M . Goizot as to tbe motives for

      tbe _dismissal of the three ministers . M . Guizot replied that it wa _<< done because it was the pleasure of the Crown . M . Lacave Laplagne said it was not bis fault , and M . de Girardin replied , after which the Chamber broke up . All this did n « t occupy an hour . About two thousand persons went to the Chamber , about twelve hundred of tbem for the sake of amusement ; and amused they must have been , for it was very droll . " On . Saturday a petition was presented to the Chamber of Deputies from Jerome Bonaparte , ex-King of Westphalia , It is dated Florence , the ISth of A « ril . and prays that the law whereby bis family is banished from France may be repealed .

      This petition was , as usual , referred to a committee . M . Sajou , the senior _buissier of the Chamber of Peers , died on Friday . In 1792 be was arrested in Italy with M . de _Semnnville and M . Maret , and was _onfined for several years in a fortress by order of the Austrian government . He only regained his liberty when _Ufaret , Semnnville , Camus , and others , were exchanged for tbe daughter of Louis XVI . Political conspiracy is deemed to require the vigilant interposition of government . On Friday and Saturday several persons were arrested by the police , including M . Cnnsidere , who has before-time been implicated in political troubles .

      Political _Akuests . —The Gazette des Tribuneaux states , that in consequence of some arrests made in Paris last week , a discovery has been made of a conspiracy in which twelve individuals are implicated , several of whom bad already figured in political trials . "The following , " adds the Tribuneavx , " Are the particulars communicated to us by ocular witnesses of the manner in which the police discovered the existence of the plot . Some days since some police agents , who were stationed at -the barriere de la Cha » etle having remarked the suspicious appearasce of three individuals who were entering Paris , and one of whom appeared to be the % earer of articles which he wished to _conceal—reqaired them to enter tbe guardhouse to be searched . They refused . The police persisted . The others

      attempted to escape , bnt after a desperate resistance they were secured . Tlie three men were then lodged in the guard-house . On one of them was fonnd several articles and papers calculated to compromise him ; amongst others , a species of bomb shell of tbe size of a cannon ball charged with _gunpawder _, and the nse of which they refused to explain . An inquiry was subsequently instituted , and it was proved that those three persons were connected with a secret association which had for some time been watched by the police . Warrants were immediately issued against nine other persons , and they were simultaneously arrestf d in varions quarters of the capital . At the residence of the greater number of them documents were seized calculated to explain the nature of the association , of which the principal members are in the bands of justice . "

      The papers state tbat the greatest precautions had been adopted at Neuilly for the security of the I King and of the Royal family . Two battalions of troops of the lice ( 1 . 600 men ) , a detachment of 50 horse , and a battalion of the rural national guard , performed dnty at the palace during the day . Sentry boxes were placed at distances of twenty yards round the park , and every night two companies of picked men reinforced the garrison of the chateaux , and patrols of cavalry kept constantly moving round the Royal residence .

      Moke _PouncAi , Arrests—A great sensation was created among the members assembled in the SaUe its Conferences of the Chamber of Deputies on

      TuesdaV , byits being _aseeriained that the police had made a seizo r * of some important papers , which exposed some sinister intentions onthe part of the Car-Sists . The story told was , that the police had seized a portmanteau full of papers , which had been placed by the Marquis de Pastoret , one of the leaders of the legitimate party , in the custody of a young lady with whom he was on terms of great intimacy . This modern Delila , it appears , quarrelled with the gentleman , and to be revenged gave information to the police of the dangerous deposit with which she had

      been entrusted . The ' police immediately took ad vantage of the hint , and the _con-equence was the discovery ofa vast , quantity of documents and letters , which have | laced the Government on tbe scent of several _complots , some of which have already failed , while . others were not yet come to maturity , and the object of all of which was the restoration of Uonry V . to the throne of his ancestors . It was reported that no less than fifteen persons had been arrested in tbe course of Tuesday _morning in consequence of the seizure , and that several of them were persons of consquecce , from their rank and t : 03 ition . PORTUGAL .

      Madeira has declared for tlie national cause . At two o ' clock on the morning ot the 29 th ult . the inhabitants of Funchal were roused from their slumber by the galloping of four pieces of artillery through the streets , accompanied by the troops of the 4 th and 11 th regiments , proclaiming , by loud vivas , the constitution of 1820 , and the sovereign junta of Oporto . Colonel Guerra and Don O . ' avo have been declared military and civil governor .- * . They imraediatelysent to Oportoabout thirty centos of _reis ( £ 6 , 500 ) . The island of Terceira has also declared against the Queen , pronouncing in favour of tlie Oporto Junta .

      The brig Ave , arrived at Lisbon from Angola , bring * intelligence of the arrival of the prisoners of Torres Vedrasin those sickly regions , which cruelty , _itappears , determined the inhabitants of Angola to pronounce in favour of the Oporto Junta , declaring two of the exiles , Counts Bomfim and Villa Real , their military and civil governors . SWITZERLAND : Geneva , May 12 —The liberal cause in Swi ' zerland i _* triumphant , * the Canton of St Gall having returned liberal members , on the occasion of the renewal of its grand council . ¦ The hews of this victory over tho Jesuits , who are in great strength in that particular canton , was received in all the radical cantons with demonstrations of extreme joy . * GERMANY .

      A letter from _Breslau says : "Our situation is a most deplorable one , and the future is anything but promising . Incendiary fires , housts broken into at n _' mht _, and highway robberies are the current topics of the day . Misery has reached such an extent is some of the provinces that it is not an unusual occurrence to see troops of starving beings hurrying to any scene of conflagration to devour on the spot the cattle that - perish in the flames . In the fields the potatoes and peas which have been sown are dug up ; and it makes one shudder to think of what may occur before tbe next harvest . The manufacturers are obliged to turn off tbeir hands , and this _increases the universal misery and danger . The news that one of the principal manufacturers was about to dismiss 11 , 50 * 0 workmen , created such an alarm that the president of the province deemed it necessary to proceed to the spot to concert measures of public security .

      _Silxsia , Mat 7 . —Everyday within- the last week there has been a repetition of riots and disturbances in every town along the mountain chain . The populace attack the waggons laden with . bread and corn going to market , compel tlie owners to sell these arti les at a price which the rioters themselves fix , and if the slightest hesitation is evinced , or the least resistance made , the waggons are plundered , and every article of food cleared off in the course of afew minutes . The prices of corn rise from week to week ,

      and speculators are driving prices as high as they can , which naturally exasperates the populace still more . Added to all this , the cotton spinning in the mountains is at a ' _stand-stiil ; the stopping of one house alone _hasjhrown 1 , 500 weavers outjot employ . _CessL , Mat 7 T—We grieve to state that tlie articles of consumption which were to have been exposed in our weekly market yesterday , were violently seized by the mob ; the sellers were either robbed ot all or part of their stock : about fifty of the rioters were taken into castodv .

      ITALY . Roub , May 8 . —On Wednesday , the 5 th , being the feast of St Pius , whose best achievement ( his bringing about the battlo of Lcpanto ) once rescued the south of Europe , great doings were planned to honour the name in the person of its present possessor , who bids fair to effect a similar European rescue . Hearing of these projects ( for strict orders are issued to inform him of ivery matter ) our monarchat once intimated his wish that the waste of blue lights and Roman candles should be superseded by a general distribution of bread . To wish is to be obeyed . Sixty gentlemen met immediately at the Doria palace , organised themselves for a combined effort among the affluent , and collected seven thousand dollars . Sixty thousand bread tickets were put in circulation . The remnant is kept to establish an infant school .

      On the 6 th a seizure was made of eighty poundsweight of printed satires against the Pope , entitled "Lafesta delle Spighe in tin giardino in Phtoia ;" also another , called "Anicolo del suolo & 1 sopra te cose italiane . " These , it appears , were written by the notorious monk Domenico Ambrosiani , and the _packageenntaining them was addressed to the Abbate Don G . TaniburiHi . Both these gentlemen have absconded . At Pisa , on the 5 th , a demonstration was made in favour of the Pope , on the occss'on of the funeral of Professor Carmignani , a man of great learning , but belonging to the retrograde party . The students of the University and about 3 , 000 inhabitants of the town traversed the streets , preceded by a banner bearing these words , " Viva Pius IX . ! " and crying , " Viva the independence of Italy ; the liberty of the press ; and death to ( be _Austrhns and Jesuits ]" No disturbances , however , occurred .

      TpscAxr . —A law was promulgated on the 7 th inst . establishing the liberty of the press in tho Tuscan States , under certain prescribed conditions and regulations . This law , which consists of forty articles , was published and posted up in all quarters of Florence on the 7 th . Nothing could exceed the enthusiasm manifested by the people of Florence on the announcement of this ordonnance . More than three thousand persons collected round the palace , uttering exclamations favourable to the duke and his family . The grand duke being then absent , his duchess and children presented themselves upon the balcony , and received tbe salutations of the people .

      RUSSIA . St Pmkbsburoh _, Mayo . —Official intimation was given yesterday that the marriage of the Grand Prince Kohstantin Nikolajewitch with the Princess Alexandra of Sachsen Altenburg took piace on the 26 fh o ( April . The German Journal of Frankfort states from St Petersbmg tbat the Emperor has recently dismissed several high functionaries for corruption , or other misconduct in office , and that the censorship permits the publications of works , and tbe performance of pieces at the theatn s , in which the abuses of the police and law courts are exposed (?) .

      Fresch Scaxdal.—-A Circumstance Occurred...

      Fresch _Scaxdal . — -A circumstance occurred on Friday evening at Chantiliy , which was the great subject of _conversation among the personages assembled there for the races . The Jockey Club of Paris had , as usual , moms set aside for their use during the race week , at which a great number of the members were assembled . On Friday , the game of _lat'squenet was played in the Club to a great extent , and the winninesof one of the players were so extraordinary , 30 . 000 f . ( £ 1 , 200 ) , as to lead the losers to be particularly watchful . The result was that it was proved beyond a doubt that the gains of the suspected party were not the effect of mere good luck . It appears that the person in question was dealer , and had expended the cards in his hand . One of the

      gentlemen present handed him a few more cards , and he was recommencing . to deal , when he wacalled upon to stop and to _coiint the cards in his hand . They were found to be fifteen . "I only handed you seven , " said his opponent , and the murder was out . The dealer was unable to account for the additional cards , and it was then ascertained that he had arranged cards concealed upon his person . The money upon the table at the moment , which was upwards of 10 , 000 f ., wa 9 given back to those who had staked it , and the party at once broke up . The person implicated iu this discreditable affair is

      an officer of tbe French Ilussars , is the son of one of the most celebrated generals in the French service , and holds the post ofone of the _« _$ «'«¦ . _$ d ' ordonnance to the King . On the day after this affair , the officer in question appeared at the stag hunt , but he was ordered oS the ground by the Duke de Nemours . On the same _erening the Duke de Nemours sent him a message calling upon him to resign his commission as ojjirier d ' ordonnance , and orders have been given to have his name struck out of the list of the army . At the same time- the Jockey Club met and expelled him . The . offen _* der left Paris for America on Tuesday _, i „ . „ ,

      Liberty op the" Subject in Frakce . — The _follewingis related by the Univers as an unqualified act of violence latelv committed in the department of the Marne : — " Th e Marquise de Dauteville was riding in her carriage a' short distance from her own residence , when she was stopped by a brigadier of gendarmery , who , in _obi"dienceto orders which he _aidjhe had received , _obliged her to alight , and , notwithstanding she was in a s _uffering state , made her walk after her own carria ° _-fi three-quarters of a league to the neighbouring to \ . _» . _« nd tnere V _^ eber identity . A complaint was laid before _ALChevallier , the Procureur du Roiat Mayen . ie , who would take to notice of it . The Marquis de _^ lauteville referred the matter to the Procureur-Gcnei'al * and resolved to lay it directly belore the Keeper oi'the Seals , and , in default of his interposition , toappea I to the Chamber of Deputies , if the Procureur-Genei _* 1 should refuse to take measures to repress such un warrantable attacks upon the liberty of the subject . "

      (,'•**>-,,'. • Rj-.J^Wv-*'**'' -*'

      _( , _'•**> -,, ' . _rJ-. J _^ _WV- * _' _** _' ' _- _*'

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 22, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_22051847/page/7/