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Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st September 1850, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, THE MONSTER EXHIBITION OP 1851 [The foll...

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      Address From The Svxod Op Thurles To The...

      ' -r ^ EBBP EsrATES .-The great estates are ~ t-- *\ ^ accumu lating in the Encumbered Ccarts . ?! k ! L of lord Viscount Gort , in tho county of Galwill be sold towards the close of the present *** ! the absolute order having been rjade by the ' -mi sdoncrs in March last . The j comprise fee ' ^ "Seestates , with the town of Gort , and the ^ and demesne of Loughcooler , upon thebuild-^ and improvementof which , it is stated , upwards ^ £ 30 000 has been expended . ' Within a month fiflmtbe present date the sales will re-commence in f ? e Coninii ssion Court ; Bud , from the vast amount f landed property to oo disposed of , much anxiety avails as to the rotes of purchase which may he tunable , unless English and Scotch capitalists hnttld appear as bidders to a much greater extent + ii » n heretofore . 1 Actios—The of M'

      jxiRiOBBiHAKt . case Evoy v . * he Atlas Insurance Company was brought to a close « a Monday evening , in tho FisiPrius Court , before the I ^» rd Chief Baron , -whose charge occupied six d ays . Altogether the case occupied thirty-one days ^ seven d ays in Manchester , where a commission sat forthe ' examination of witnesses , and twentyfour in Dublin . One of the jurors died , and , by consent , it was tried by eleven jurors . One of the co unsel was seriously attacked by illness , and the Chief Baron was so ill that the case had to be adjourned . There was a verdict for the plaintiff for £ 7 43 over and above the sum lodged in court , and 6 d . costs . Exceptions were taken to the Judge ' s charge . Repeal Associatos . — -The usual weekly meeting of the association was held on Monday , at Conciliation Hall , Mr . M . Murphy , T . C , in the chair . There was a small attendance . The rent for the week was £ S 10 s . lOd .

      Fdsehal OF THE Late JUSTICE Dohektv . —The remains of this lamented Judge were consigned to their last resting-place , in St . Keven's Church , on Tuesday . The funeral took place at the early hour of half-past seven , and was strictly private . EsasfciSHfi * . — -The " drain" from the southern counties continues without intermission , and though ship after ship leaves the ports freighted with full cargoes of human beings , there is no symptom of any cessation of the traffic , which is just now as brisk as it was in the spring of the year , the

      ordinarv time selected by emigrants for a passage across " the Atlantic . From Waterford the report says : — " D uring the past six months we have not seen our quays crowded as they were yesterday with persons preparing to leave their native land for the states of America . The greater portion were well dressed , comfortable-looking farmers and their families , many of whom were accompanied by their friends ; their parting was truly affecting and painful to witness . We did not ascertain the exact number of emigrants , but there appeared to he about 400 or 500 on board the steamers . "

      The draughts from the port of Cork are on a scale of still greater magnitude : — " The emigration through this port continues immense . The Nimrod steamer on Saturday had several hundreds on board , aud multitudes were rejected for want of room . This is the more remarkable , as the following vessels sailed direct from Cork for America , either in the past or preceding week : —The John Francis , for Quebec , with 120 passengers ; the Tuscany , for Xew Tort , with 100 passengers ; the Essex , also with passengers . The Republic , Captain Marshall , sailed on Saturday morning with 370 emigrants , all of the very best class , and the following cabin passengers : —3 Ess O'JEeefFe , Detroit , United States ; Mr . James Murphy , Eanturk ; Dr . Batwell , Charleville ; Miss Benson , Liverpool ; Mr . and Miss Kenagh , Castlemartyr . Another vessel , the Garland , is preparing to take in passengers . "

      Oroaxisatiox of the Texaxt League . — The Cork Examiner says ;— " We are happy to be enabled to announce , though not officially , the fact that the Council of the League will very shortly be in a position to publish its rules and plan ef agitation , which have been held back , not from any wilful delay or apathy on the part of the Council , but from the most scrupulous desire to avoid any or the least danger of illegality . The rales or p lan have been submitted to the ablest counsel of the Irish bar , and revised with the utmost care ; and the Council mav now proceed to act in the full confidence that

      they have done everything in their power to protect ihe league from the power of the law . We can understand that local organisation will he one of the principal features of the plan of agitation ; and thus while affiliation will be avoided , as being contrary to Irish law , the local bodies must necessarily be guided more or less by the central body , to whose counsel they- -will aatHrally lend a respectful ear . County meetings are being convened for the various provinces , and we hope to see one held in some important locality of this county in the course of the ensuing month . "

      The Harvest . — Though somewhat cold and gloomy , the weather still holds up , without any immediate sign of breaking . The few accounts which came to band on Tuesday morning are favourable , and represent harvest operations as rapidly drawing to a close . The potato panic has all but died out , and the supplies furnished to the country markets continue both abundant and free from any taint of disease . A paper published in the west ( the Boyle Gazette ) observes : — " Many conflicting paragraphs have been written this season respecting the above esculent ; and , indeed , we found it almost , if not altogether , impossible to form a correct opinion on the subject . Wc had , however , from time to time , during the last two mouths , made every possible

      inquiry respecting its state , and it now affords us sincere pleasure to be able to say that our hopes on this subject are fully realized . That the disease which has brought ruin upon our country appeared amongst the poor man ' s friend is certain , and that many persons have suffered severely by a partial loss cannot be denied ; yet it is consolatory to find that at this time ( as is admitted by all for miles around us ) the disease has ceased , and that now a kind Providence has granted a plentiful supply . The potato crop is at best a fickle one , and the result of this year will , we hope , induce those disposed to plant to do so at an early period in the approaching spring . The oat crop in this quarter is generaUy secured , and has proved highly satisfactory . "

      Legal Afpoixtmexts . —Mr . Monahan has been appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas , in the room of the late Chief Justice Doherrr , and Mr . Hatchell has advanced to the Attorney-Generalship . Mr . Monahan has accepted the Chief Justiceship at the reduced salary of £ ^ 000 per annum , besides the allowance for circuits , in accordance with the recommendation of the Official Salaries Committee . Attempt to burs a Chebch rx the Cocxtt op Wexfobd . — The Dublin Evening Post has the following from a correspondent in Gorey : — " On Sunday

      night the church in Lord Courtown s demesne was entered by some evil disposed person or persons , and set on fire in several places . Happily these fires did not take effect , as the church , though greatly disfigured , was not seriously injured . It is the subject of wonder to all the neighbourhood why such a malicious act should have been committed , for his lordship is universally respected and beloved , and devotes his whole life to the good of the people . It must be considered that no disrespect could have been intended towards him by this outrageous act . "

      RsnrcTiox of Bests . —The Earl of Meath has given a redaction of twenty per cent , to his tenantry , to ho applied to the improvement of their farms . Cakhvixg awat Crops . —The Cork Constitution contains the following : — " On Saturday night , at twelve o ' clock , about forty men , with horses and carts , assembled at Monebawn , on the estate of G . S . Barry , Esq ., between Watergrasshill and Middleton , for the purpose ot removing the crops , belonging to a tenant named Michael Mantle , which had been seized and in charge of keepers for non-payment of rent . When the party arrived , they bound the keepers and locked them up in Mantle ' s dwellinghouse , and commenced removing the crops . However , Head-constable Judge , Acting-constable Catchpole , and four sub-constables from the

      Watergrasshill station , soon arrived and succeeded in arresting eight of the party , and seized seven horses laden Tvith corn . The perpetrators were on Monday taken before Mr . J . G . Xason , Esq ., and committed for trial . " Fire at Mr . Busby ' s Distillery , Black Pitts . --Abont half-past seven on Tuesday evening a fire broke out in the distillery of Messrs . Busby , Black Pitts . Tie fire -was got under without much damage being done . Two poor men who were employed about the premises have been severely injured ; one by the falling of a large tile on his head , and the other from the fall of a coping stone from the parapet , which struck him on the head . Loth -n-ere conveyed to tha hospital with little hopes of recovery . i

      The Qcees s CorLxcE <» . _ A m e-n 0 rialto Borne , deprecating any ¦ strong measures against the colleges has already been signed by thirteen of the prelatc « . TVhether that court will confirm anv acts opposed by a minority so large and influential" mav be judged of by those who understand it s characteristic prudence and wisdom .

      September 21,1850. The Northern Star 7

      September 21 , 1850 . THE NORTHERN STAR 7

      Cocxtt Cotots Axd Inn Bar. — The Chester...

      Cocxtt Cotots axd inn Bar . — The Chester Conrant announces that the county courts in that neighbourhood will bo regularly attended by the bar in full costume , as our contemporary expresses it , " candidates for business . " It is added , that the bar will not " claim exclusive audience ; and the cost of the barrister ' s fee will only be allowed On taxation when the barrister is instructed bv an attorney . As both branches of the profession " will be entitled to fees , we have no doubt they will work comfortably together . Emigration of Obphaxs axd DrsERTEn Child-Sex .- _ By a recent act of parliament , poor law § nardians are authorised to make provision out of we poor rates for the emigration of deserted child-^ n , having no settlements in the parishes of the unions . No emigration is to take place without the censentof ihe parties , subscribed beforemagistrates ,

      Death Of Lieutenant Gale, The Aeronaut ....

      DEATH OF LIEUTENANT GALE , THE AERONAUT In our third edition of Saturdav last , we announced ^ the death of Lieutenant Gate ; the tollowingparticulars may be interesting to our readers : —" When the grapnel broke Mr . Gale , who was standing up , was thrown into the bottom of the car by the shock . This fall , added to the escape of gas ' cause by the prodigious ascensionalforce , must have stunned and suffocated the unfortunate man , for he was not seen to rise afterwards , and he was no more visible to the people assembled . The balloon , in : this second ascension , went about two miles , but what took place during this period no one can tell . A peasant of Cestas pretends that , as the balloon was passing over a fir grove , he distinguished the aeronaut lying down in the car , his head hanging

      over the side , with the tongue protruding from the mouth , as if he had been' suffocated . If such he the fact , a slight shock -would be sufficient to have thrown him out of the car ; and this account appears the more probable , as a hole was made in the bottom of the car , through which Mr . Gale ascended when leaving the horse . We must , for the sake of the truth , mention that , at the moment of his first ascent , Mr . Gale was not perfectly sober ; he had taken more than his usual quantity of spirituous liquor , and his state of excitement was such that Mr . Clifford was alarmed , and proposed to ascend in his stead . This proposition was , however , rejected , and Mr . Clifford expressed his apprehension to several persons present . At ei ght o ' clock the son-in-law of 3 d . Lestange found in a

      field the plume of white feathers with which the head of the horse had been ornamented , and which Mr . Gale had taken off the animal and stack in his own cap . On receiving this information , some persons—Mr . Clifford amongst the number—went to the place where it was expected Mr . Gale would oooic down , in the commune of Cestas , and after a long search the balloon was found in a field beyond the Croix-d'Hinx , still half full of gas . It was not torn , and everything was in its place , but no trace of the aeronaut could be found during the evening . After some investigations , and as the night was far advanced , Mr . Clifford proposed to empty the balloon , and to carry it back to Bordeaux , thinking that Mr . Gale , not seeing any one near at the time of his descent , left the balloon to go in search of assistance in some of the houses near , and where he would stop for the night . Inquiries were , however , made at some of the houses , but no one had seen him . On the following day ( Monday ) the searches

      for him were resumed , but without avail . On Tuesday , the Procureur of the Republic received a letter from M . Palanque , stating that the body of the unfortunate man had been found on his estate at Cestas . It appeared that at break of day an in * habitant of the commune , in taking his cows to their pasture , saw one of the animals proceed to a clump of ferns , and begin smelling at something lying there . De went to the spot , when he was horrified at seeing the body of a man , the face completely eaten away by dogs and wild animals , and . the limbs in a broken and mutilated condition . The [ place where the body was found was upwards of a mile from where the balloon had been discovered . Information was immediately given to the proper authorities , and they proceeded to the spot and drew up aproces-verbal of the affair , and the body was carefully removed . At eight o ' clock in the evening it was taken to Tincennes , preparatory to its being interred . "

      The melancholy news reached Vauxhall Gardens through the medium of Mr , Wieland , watchmaker of the Walworth-road , and Mr . Graham , the aeronaut ; and Mr . Robert Wardell , the lessee , with bis usual kind feeling , immediately offered the " Eoyal Property" for a free benefit for Mrs . Gale . Sir . Warden ' s generous intentions were communicated to Mrs . Gale by Mr . T . R . Lewis and Mr . James Ellis , late lessee of Cremorne Gardens , at which a benefit is also advertised . Lieutenant Gale was in his fifty-ninth year . The life of the nnfortnnate deceased was not without many peculiar incidents , two or three of which will be read with painful interest at this moment . Gale was a native of London , and early in life exhibited much aptitude for a dramatic profession , in

      which he made a respectable progress , performing sneh parts at the Victoria ( then the Coburg ) , Astle y ' s and the Surrey theatres , as were termed the juvenile characters , with occasionally the tyrant in the Eastern spectacles . He was remarkable for his skill in " making up , " what is technically termed . With the late Andrew Ducrow , of Astley ' s , he -was a special favourite . Tie visited America shortly after the equestrian piece of 3 / azeppa came out at the Amphitheatre in 1831 , and performed the hero , Mazeppa , for two hundred nights at the Bowery Theatre , New York , by which he realised a handsome sum in salary and benefits . While there he became intimate with a party of Indians , with ^ whose habits and manners he so completely identified himself that , when arrayed in their costume , he was frequently taken for a native . He returned to England with a party of six and

      their chief ; Ma Caust , who acquired much celebrity for some months at tho Tictoria Theatre , then managed under Mr . Glossop , by shootiag an apple from the hand and head of a boy with his rifle on the stage . The rest of the party exhibited their Indian feats , war-whoop , dancing , < tc . A circumstance which placed the chief , Ma Caust , at the Old Bailey , for a criminal offence , took place , and Gale greatly interested himself in obtaining evidence to assist his Indian friend on the trial . The late Sir Augustus d'Este , son of the Duke of Sussex , who became acquainted with the Indian , took a lively interest also in the trial . The result was an acquittal , and shortly after tbat the late aeronaut was appointed to a situation of inspector in the coast blockade service io the northern part of Ireland , which department he held for nearly seven years . He returned in order to obtain a removal to a more

      congenial locality in England , but failing in doing so he declined returning to Ireland , and again embraced the stage at the City of London Theatre , with Mr . Honner . The altered state in which he found the drama , after so long an absence from it , induced him to turn his thoughts to aerostation , and having had a balloon manufactured at the Old Montpelier Grounds , Walworth , he made his first ascent at the Rosemary Branch Tavern , early in the year 1818 , accompanied by a Mr . Byrne . A few days after he ascended with a gentleman from Chertsey , of great scientific taste , a Mr . Aylmer . On this occasion , it may be remembered , an

      accident took place , which caused great alarm for a short time in the minds of the spectators , and brought the aeronauts immediatel y down again . From that period to his unfortunate decease his career is well known . During his last Prench career he was accompanied by Mr . James Ellis , late of Cremorne Gardens , who made all his arrangements till within a short time , when he had to return to England on his own business . He has left eight children , four or five of which are yet too young to provide for themselves . He was most sanguine in all his undertakings , and rarely thought of the consequences in any speculation in which personal danger was to be apprehended .

      Interment of Lieut . Gams . —The remains of the unfortunate Gale were interred on Wednesday in the Protestant cemetery at Bordeaux . A large crowd attended the funeral , among whom were many English . An official investigation made by the . Mayor of Candera confirms the details of the fatal accident previously given . It is stated that on Friday and Saturday Mr . Gale was exceedingly low-spirited , and was discovered weeping . When asked what was the matter with him , he replied that he conld not tell , but felt sick at heart . On Sunday , the day of the ascent , he was more

      cheerful . His last ascent was the 14 th he had made . Mr . Clifford , directed of the Hippodrome at Vincennes , has organized a balloon ascension for the benefit of deceased's family . Mr . Clifford , bis wife , and the Messrs . Goulson , proprietors of the balloon , are to go up together . M . Mellor , one of the principal inhabitants of Bordeaux , has commenced a public subscription for the family . The conduct of Mr . Clifford , who is , it appears ) an Englishman , has , according to the Bordeaux journals , been remarkable for kind feeling towards Mr . Gale before his fatal accident , and for benevolence towards the family since his death . —Galignani .

      Hatxac S Retreat Oxce Bishop The Murdebe...

      Hatxac s Retreat oxce Bishop the Murdebeb's Doc-den . —Sir , —It is a singular fact that the apartment at the George , Bankside , in which Haynau took refuge , should at ono time have been used as a den for the exhibition of Bishop the Burker ' s dog . The beast was of a most ferocious nature—so much so , that it was deemed necessary to keep him constantly muzzled . It was reported that the animal had been trained to keep watch over the dead bodies of the burker ' s victims at Bishop ' s abode , Nova Scotia Gardens . The tenant of the George at

      that period , about fifteen years ago , procured the brute and some of the instruments used by the miscreants in destroying the poor Italian boy and others for the object of exhibiting them , and thereby attracting custom to his house . The landlord's name was Geesling . He had previously kept the Bird Cage , near Nova Scotia Gardens , and Bishop was known to him as a customer . —I am , & c , Fbascis Fagax , 20 , Iloughton-street , Clement ' s Inn . There are 1 , 093 children in the Industrial School at liirkdale . There has been a diminution in the

      cost of keep . The cost per head last weefewas ! s . 8 | d . against Is . lid . during the corresponding week of last year . As Established fact that Homoway's Pills abe a CEBTAis ccke FOE Lhopsy . —Airs . Jane Thomas , housekeeper to a nobleman , residing in tbe West End , bad been preoispoEeu for years to this insidious disease , and although she had received the best advice from the most eminent of uie taculty , jet all their efforts proved fruitlessin checking ~ mi „ , v ? " ** her constitution , which appeared ra-SSLn ii niIIB : ' * $ ** hopetas Btate . sbe commenced K ? ff ^\ 0 I * u « er astonishment of ftShSvSif . fam ' ^ ' wonderful medicine has efrfris Pnt ^ - Cure- F ^ 'es at the meridian of life , or ~^ S 2 MB 82 * shouW ***» have re "

      Eobert Owen's New System Of Society. Lon...

      EOBERT OWEN'S NEW SYSTEM OF SOCIETY . London , September , 1850 . The following letter from Mr . Owen to his ehaest son , Ilobert Dale Owen / is published preliminary to new measures about to betaken by Mr . Owen , to hasten the change from the present system , false in principle and most injurious in practice , to the rational system , true in principle , and which will be most beneficial in practice;—My deah HoBEnr , —Since leaving you in

      America my time has been especially engaged in tho study of the practical measures of the most advanced parties in Europe and the United States , and in carefully watching the progress of public opinion over the world . This study has confirmed me in tbe conviction that no party has yet arisen , in any country , which comprehends the cause and results of the extraordinary change which is in rapid progress in the advanced mind of all nations . Universal error is felt , but the cause of it is hidden .

      ; Early and continued study , with long and extensive experience among all classes , in various countries , and a familiarity with the general practical operations of civilised society , have made the causes of the past and present evils of the world known to me ; and from the knowledge of these causes future events may be distinctly foreseen and foretold . It is my desire that you should benefit by my experience and knowledge , more especially because many here and in the United States will leok to you to assist them to establish the rational system in Europe and America when I shall be no more ., The system of falsehood in principle and evil in practice , as it has hitherto existed Over the world , is now effectually undermined , and is ready to be peaceably superseded by the rational system based on facts uot to be controverted .

      The public mind in this country , and in the United States , is just now , for the first time , opened to examine truths , which hitherto the educated prejudices of class , sect , party , and country / have tabooed . But now , truths unmixed with error , may , when announced with judgment , and iri'the spirit of charity and kindness , be openly taught . And when truths shall be so taught , what power is there upon earth tbat can prevail against them ? This great revolution in mind now in progress , is from the universal impression that man forms himself with all its lamentable evil consequences ; to the knowledge , derived from facts , that he is formed to be what he is by nature and society , with its endless beneficial consequences through all the departments of life .

      The ^ revolution in practice will be from the injurious , inferior , and inconsistent external arrangements which have necessarily emanated from this false fundamental principle , to another entirely new combination of external arrangements , emanating from , and always consistent with , the knowledge that nature and society form the character of men ; and that society will not act wisely until it shall surround all , from birth , with superior external arrangements , to the exclusion of those whose influences on humanity are injurious or inferior .

      This change of prejudices for truths , impracticable as it now appears to the uninitiated in extensive practical operations , will , upon full examination , be discovered to be , by far , the most economical and easy general change that can be made . When understood , it will be universally adopted , because it will permanently ensure the well-being , prosperity , and happiness of all . And it will be adopted as soon as those few who do understand it can enable the many to comprehend it , by seeing it in practice , in one full-formed township . The deeprooted prejudices and habits forced upon all from birth , have hitherto made it impracticable to place these subjects in an open straightforward manner before the public , either in Great Britain or the

      United States . And even now , in both countries , there are but few persons so situated as to be sufficiently independent to openly advocate them . Yet are these unchanging truths the most valuable that can be taught to the human race . Nature and circumstances have made me strongly to desire to see this great revolution in the mind and practice of the human race effected , or in the straightforward road towards its accomplishment . I am , therefore , called upon to discover the means by which these all-important truths can be impressed upon the world , and introduced into practice . The chief and first difficulty to be overcome is lo enable the public to understand and agree to apply the fundamental principle of the formation of character consistently to practice in the reconstruction of society . My present efforts are to overcome this difficulty . You have seen and will see by my publications , which I have sent and shall continue to send you ,

      the steps taken to prepare the public for the change from the one system to the other . My late publications , " The Revolution in Mind anil Practice , " its supplements , " Letters to the Human Race , " "Catechismof the Rational System of Society , " die ., have all had this object in view . And now it seems to me that sufficient has been done to prepare the public to receive the full truth upon these subjects , without mystery , mixture of error , or fear of man , And it is now truth so expressed that can alone arouse the public mind from its irrational state of deep-rooted prejudice and practices of gross folly . It is , therefore , my intention to commence a cheap weekly publication , in which to advocate these great truths on which the future happiness of our race depends . These particulars are stated , preparatory to the advice I desire to give you on these public matters .

      Your education , previous experience and natural talents , have prepared you to pursue public measures for the advocacy of the cause of the oppressed , without reference to class , country , or colour , and for the destruction of superstition , which , until it shall be destroyed , will prevent man knowing what it is to be rational in mind or conduct . In Europe and America there are various parties earnestly and most conscientiously advocating partial reforms ; but in the advanced state of the physical sciences and of public expectation , these petty reforms are of little value . It is evident that the leaders of these parties havo but a limited view of the subject , and have not yet descended to the root of the evil . They do not understand this

      fundamental error ; they do not yet perceive the foundation on which society can be alone based to become rational ; their efforts are therefore misdirected , and often obstruct their own wishes . They do not appear to possess minds trained to acquire power sufficient to grasp the whole of society ; and seeing it only in detached sections , do not comprehend it as a whole . In consequence , their plans are inefficient , and can eflect but little in practice . Any partial measures which arc baaed on the old error of the world , cannot permantly succeed , and all such attempts are now worse than useless , because they distract public attention , and withdraw it from the examination of those principles and practices which can alone benefit mankind . The only beneficial practical course which civilised

      nations can now take , is to decide openly upon an entire change of principle and practice ; and , having discovered the true base on which to construct society , to have moral courage to abandon the present miserable practical arrangements , and re-construct society from its foundation , so as to become throughout consistent in all its parts and as a whole ; for society , when understood , will be ascertained to bo a perfect science , for producing the perpetual happiness of the human race . All the signs of the times indicate that the period is at hand when this great revolution in human existence will bo effected ; and my ardent desire is to see it introduced by peaceable arrangements , with wisdom and foresight , and so openly , that all shall he informed of what is about to lie

      accomplished ; that it shall bo made palpable to them that man and society are , through a knowledge of ascertained truth , in principle and for practice , to be made rational , and thus to have the permanent happiness of all secured . It is my impression that , by the adoption of proper means , all parties may be united in making this change , for it is the interest of all that it should be made ; and the objects of all parties would be thus attained . This change in principle and practice is calculated to , and would unite and harmonise mankind , and a state of happiness for

      all would follow . I may not live to witness this rational state of existence , although , during my remaining years , all in my power should bo done to hasten its arrival , and , preparatory to it , to endeavour to unite the present views of contending pai--ties . Your education and knowledge of the true formation of character , and of the errors of the existing system , are fitting you , after my death , to pursue—and I hope to accomplish—this first practical measure towards the attainment of the change from the false and miserable , to the true and happy system .

      Others may compromise between these s ) stems , but it is not for you to do so . It is , as I have so often stated , impracticable to unite them , and I will briefly state how it appears to me that the change should bo made gradually from the one system to the other . The principle of the formation of character being admitted , the existing governments , in the spirit of charity and conciliation , should be induced , by their respective populations , to prevent contests and confusion , to become the acknowledged agents of the change , which it is now their first interest to see peaceably effected . The land of the world must become again public property , like air , light , and water , for the regulated use of all during their lives , and never again to become private property . But to prevent disorder or appearance of injustice , governments should gradually purchase the land , as required for the change , at the local market price , from tlie present legal-made posses-1 sors of it .

      Eobert Owen's New System Of Society. Lon...

      t-ltL thus purchased to be divided into such a ac aing to quality , as will for ever , under due cultivation , support in comfort the maximum m l ; mbor of a scientifically arranged society ; or , m 0 tner wor j Sj a society composed of suon nurjnoers , under such combined arrangements as will ensure to each individual for life' the greatest amount of advantages , or of permanent happiUcSSf These scientific arangements of society to bo called townshi ps , and at their ' maximum not to exceed from two to three thousand

      The townships to be devised to secure the health of all ; to give the greatest facilities for the production , preservation , distribution , and consumption of wealth , most beneficially for all j to ensure the best forniation of character for all , from and before birth to death ; to well govern all locally , and to give the highest enjoyment through life to each . 10 eflect these results , the arrangement must exclude an vicious , injurious , or inferior Circumstances : and include those only which are superior in all those departments . This combination of all tbat is good , to tho exclusion of all that is evil , in their influences upon humanitycan be

      acconi-, phshed only through a knowledge of " the science of the influence of circumstances over human nature , But this science has been hidden from man , and could not be discovered until now ; for the knowled ge of the true formation of his character was requisite to develope the science . But how , by the aid of this science , these townships may be so laid out and constructed , that all that influences man to evil may be easily excluded , and those circumstances alone , be introduced throughout every department of each township , ' which are calculated to have an influence only for good over every , one placed within them , >

      A model of a township , thus arranged , will be necessary , to make it comprehended by thosewho have hitherto seen and known only vicious , injurious , inferior , or irrational combinations of circumstances to surround every classs of human being s in all countries over tho world . You , as well as all who desire to elevate man out of his present low and degraded state , will havo to learn this science of the influences of surrounding circumstances—animate and inanimate , physical and mental—over man and all that has life upon the earth . This science is the tree of knowledge of good and evil , and will enable man to dispense either the one or other at his pleasure ; but with this new knowledge he will acquire a new mind and hew feelings , and will desire good only for all ; and will accomplish it to the extent of the new power thus created .

      The external arrangements being formed in accordance with the science ' of the influence of circumstances over human nature , so as to havo the most desirable influence over all , the internal condition or the mind of each member of the township will be created on the base that the character ia formed for , and not by , each individual . A rational formed mind will bo a growth of ideas from this root , extending through all the ramifications of thought and feeling . Each idea will thus be consistent with every other idea . These separate ideas will naturally form the' association of ideas of a well constituted mind ; well constituted , because the association of ideas will be as consistent with each other as the separate ideas , and jarring or conflicting ideas will be unknown in any mind . And then will man become in harmony with all nature , and contests among men will cease for

      ever . The many efforts of reformers over tho world , are all tending to these general results , and these comparatively blind efforts will continue for they cannot stop , but will increase , until governments and people shall discover the necessity for this re-creation of character , and reconstruction of society . Being deeply impressed with the knowledge of the extended , severe , and intense physical suffering and mental misery , now daily creeted by this

      irrational system in which the world has been so long involved , it is my intention so to direct the proposed new weekly cheap Journal , that all parties shall become ashamed of longer upholding the present system , and of its continuance in any part of the world ; ashamed of not using every effort to terminate its evils , and of not acting like rational beings , to introduce a plain , simple system of truth , that would insure the well-being and happiness of aU . Your affectionate Eather ; Robert Owen .

      Picture Of A Petty Continental Despot. [...

      PICTURE OF A PETTY CONTINENTAL DESPOT . [ A daily journal gives the following sketch of the Editor of the Hesse , who has fled from his subjects . ] " Imagine a portly square-built man , on the other side of forty , with regular features , a sinister countenance , and a bearing which completely accords with his usual dress—a general ' s uniform—and you have the Elector before you . The moral aspect of this man it is difficult to present , for his actions are a long succession of contradictions , which are only referable to two common categories—boundless egotism and an equally unlimited contempt of his fellow-men . He believes in no truth or honesty under the sun . In his subjects he sees so many presumptuous subjects , whom he must make feel his

      power upon every opportunity , in order to hold them in check . He hates . the democrats , since they will not admit that such a sovereign as he can really rule by the " grace of God ; " he hates the constitutionalists because they . would limit his princely prerogative ; he hates the orthodox in church and state , because he regards the former as hypocrites , and the latter require payment for their servile patriotism . Formerly the military life was his hobby , and still he finds his highest gratification in the pomp of the parade ground ; but , since he has convinced himself that whenever the alternative is presented to the army to overturn either him or the constitution , the soldiers will declare to the last man for the constitution , he has mistrusted his troops and lost no opportunity of showing his hatred to the officers who

      do not understand that their commissions pledge them to become the blind instruments of his arbitrary power . His most venerated example is the Emperor Nicholas , who banished to Siberia a cavalry officer whose spur fell off on parade . ' Thanks to Providence , the sphere of the Elector ' s power is very circumscribed , but within it he omits no opportunity of acting out a despotic nature . Take an example : Colonel von B- — , an officer universally respected , had erected an elegant summer residence near to one of the gates of Cassel , and was accustomed to spend an hour or two each day in his flower garden , due day he was carefully watering a bed of favourite plants , when ho was surprised by the Elector , who was riding out for an airing . The latter reined up his horse and called the colonel .

      "What do I see , sir ; does such employment become an officer , of the staff ? . A watering can , indeed You would do well , sir , to hold your uniform in more honour for the future . " Thus stuttered his most gracious majesty , with a voice anything but agreeable ; and eiggt days afterwards Colonel von B . was removed far from his house and flowers , with one consolation , however , that ho was also far from his petty" oppressor . Similar was the case of another officer high in the civil service , who had just built a house , and when about to move into it , was ordered to leave Cassel , for no other reason than that it was known he had counted much upon enjoying his intended new residence . Since these occurrences it has become a bye-word among the officers of both service , " If you would be removed

      from Cassel , build a house , and furnish it comfortably . Several officers have been removed from Cassel , as they were too intimate with some of the liberals there ; others , however , for a very different reason —for the sacrifices they had made for their sovereign in trying moments ; for it is one of the characteristics of the Elector that he holds it to be degrading to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to any one . As he will be influenced by no one , he will entrust to no man his confidence . Even those officials who are Imarding life and honour in his service stand not an inch nearer to his heart than the rest of the world . It would , for example , be a mis ake to imagine that such persons as llassenpflug and his

      associates are trusted by ihe prince . He upholds them because they are his most ready instruments , and arc willing to do anything for a consideration , lie knows well enough that Hassenpflug ' s patriotism and fidelity do not transcend the value of the salary he draws ; he knows that that man would be the first to betray him in the hour of extremity ; but he finds a charm in dealing with men whoso virtue nothing can revolt . He treats Hassenpflug with the same superciliousness which the latter exhibits to those beneath him ; but the more dislike the people manifest towards the minister , the more does his master delight to heap outward honours upon him . — Cologne Gazette .

      Sinrwnecks And Loss Of Life.—Intelligenc...

      SinrwnECKs and Loss of Life . —Intelligence has been received at Lloyd ' s of the destruction of an immense number of ships , and tho loss of upwards of 100 lives , In a tremendous g . ilo that occurred at the Cape of Good Hope on the 30 th of June last . During the tempest the barque Grindlay and the British Settler Train went down with all hands ; the Royal Albert became a total wreck , tut fortunately her crew wero saved . On tho Zatterkima coast , twenty miles west of St . Francis Bay , the destruction was terrific . Tho Prench ship L'Aigle , Du Burgue master , here went to pieces ; his Excellency the Governor of Manilla , who was on board on his passage home , and every soul on board , except ten men , perished , At the same moment the fyieen of the West , and two American ships , went down with all hands . The shore is strown for miles with merchandise of the most valuable description and the bodies of tho dead . The loss sustained exceeds

      £ 200 , 000 . A stone of the size of a man ' s head , weighing Slbs ., and another stone of the shape and size of a horse ' s foot , were found in the ' stomach of a horse that died a few days since at Spalding , Lincolnshire .

      The Outragli! On Marshal Haynau. ' ¦ On ...

      THE OUTRAGli ! ON MARSHAL HAYNAU . ' ¦ On Monday night a meeting was held at the George Tavern , in George-street , Bankside , in celebration of theiate attack on Marshal Haynau . The George , it will be remembered , is tho tavern m which the marshal sought refuge from the attiicit to which ho was subjected . Tho meeting of last night was to have been held iu one of the rooms in the tavern , and in an elevated position close to where tho chairman was to have presided , the chair was exhibited on which it was stated Marshal Haynau had sat , and attached to it was the birch-broom , with the remains of the handle , which it was alleged was broken on the marshal ' s back . These

      memorials of the late attack wore viewed with much curiosity , and the dust-bin also attracted a good deal of observation . Tho room having been found too small for the meeting , accommodation was provided in the skittle ground . Mr . "Wit . Brown presided . § The Chairman said they had met that night to celebrate a very important event-the chastisement which the wretch Haynau had received , and almost on the very spot on which they now stood—and their object in now assembling was to show their Sympathy with those unfortunate men , Hungarians and others , who had suffered such shameful treatmen t at the hands of that very Haynau . The meeting , therefore , of that night was in every way most important , and ho hoped its influence would be

      extensively felt . It ' was not alone m London that Haynau had met with his deserts , In the several cities through which he had passed since ho had been compelled to fly from England , nothing but the protection of the army and the police had saved him from the just vengeance of' the people . According to the latest accounts , he had arrived , it appeared , in Hanover . One thing was certain , that he would not readily forget the reception he had met with in Bankside , from the brewery men and others . No treatment could be too severe for the man who had committed such horrible cruelties in ' Brescia , as Haynau had perpetrated ; On this matter ho ( the chairman ) spoke on the authority of General Pepe , whose book had been recently

      published , and in which were narrated atrocities of the most shocking character which were committed by Haynau upon men , women , and children . And yet there was little doubt that if the aristocracy had had the opportunity , they would have given a very cordial reception to Marshal Haynau , notwithstanding the infamy attached to his character . But , as Mr . Wakleyhad said in the House of Commons , the greater the villain the better the reception he would be sure to receive from the aristocracy . When it was said that they had violated the laws of hospitality n- the late attack oh Marshal Haynau , he utterly and entirely denied the assertion ; and so far from the men who took part in it being ignorant on the subject of Haynau's acts , he could state ,

      from his own knowledge , that they were perfectly well informed of the principal events in which Haynau took part . He was glad to say , with reference to tho late affair , that the firm of Barclay and Perkins had acted wisely , and that they deserved the thanks of the meeting . He ( the chairman ) had no doubt tbat if Messrs . Barclay and Perkins had discharged the men , arid that if by so doing they had a loss of ten thousand pounds , he had no doubt that in such a case the aristocracy of this country and of the Continent would have readily contributed twenty thousand pounds to cover the loss . He had been anxious to know the feeling of the men , and he had questioned them , and they had told him in reply , that Barclay and Perkins were good masters ,

      and that they ' treated them well . ( Loud cheers . ) He , therefore , said that these gentlemen were well deserving of their thanks for the conduct they had pursued , which he had no doubt the meeting would readily give them . But what were they to say of the man who had furnished Austria with money , and who might , therefore ; be justly accused of the misery which had befallen so many thousands . What were they to say of such a man ? ( A voice , " Haynau ' s friend . " ) When he saw the Hungarians and others who had been driven from their country starving , he could hot help speaking of sucn matters . He next referred to the conduct of the Polish committee , of which Lord Dudley Stuart was the head , and said that that committee had refused to

      give assistance to the Polish democrats , and for the last week these poor fellows had to be content with threepence per day , on which they managed to subsist . He might here observe that some Poles who had gone to Hamburg , as they were advised to do , were immediately arrested on their arrival their . He would therefore advise the meeting not to trust these committees ; and whenever a tyrant ventured among them , let them treat him as he deserved . He had only now to observe , that the money which would be collected that night ' would be devoted to the aid of the poor Poles , and would be the means he hoped of providing them with food for a few days . ( Hear , hear . ) He again congratulated them on the lesson they had given Haynau , and concluded by calling for three cheers for Kossuth , for Bern , for Dembinski , and for the Hungarian and Polish refugees , and for three groans foi

      the wretch who hid himself in the dusthole—a demand which was very cordially responded to , the latter part of it especially . The Marsellaise hymn having been sung , the meeting joining in the chorus—Mr . gxixEs said be had great pleasure in moving a vote of thanks , as the chairman had suggested , to Messrs . Barclay and Perkins , at the same time that it would be gratifying to him to know that the meeting was proceeding in the matter upon substantial grounds . The Chairman said he had inquired of eleven of the men , and they bad the fact besides that all the men were retained in their employment . Mr . Stiles said that fact was no doubt conclusive . Messrs . Barclay and Perkins had certainly acted most creditably , aud he had great pleasure in moving the thanks of tho meeting to these gentlemen for their conduct on the late occasion in

      retaining the men in their employment , and in not permitting themselves to be influenced by suggestions which were thrown out for their discbarge . Mr . Stokes seconded the motion , which was unanimously agreed to . Several songs were sung during the meeting by Hungarians and Frenchmen , and others , and some addresses having been delivered , thanks were given to the chairman , and the meeting separated .

      A Patent Steam Bbead-Making Machine.—A P...

      A Patent Steam Bbead-making Machine . —A patent was granted some months ago to a Mr . Lee , of Glasgow , for-making bread and biscuits b y means of machinery , and by the application of steam instead of fire . The operation of this novel apparatus was exhibited ' on Tuesday at the bakehouse of Messrs . Lee and Robinson ( the patentee and his partner , ) in the classic region of Wapping , and a largo number of persons were pre « sent to " testify to the utility and practicability of the invention , which has for its object the accomplishment of the following points , as stated by the patentee : — " By the substitution of carbonated water for barm , to render bread more nutritive . A saving of fifty per cent , in tho cost of fuel in

      heating the oven , by means of an improved method of substituting steam for fire . The gradual admixture of tho flour with tho water without manual labour . To insure tho oven being kept of an equal heat by means of an indicator and regulator , and by moans of which tho heat can be kept exactly as may bo desired . By the use of an ingenous contrivance to regulato tho desired weight of all bread , whether from an ounce to any number of pounds the baker may desire , without the posibility of error . The saving of all manual labour in the manufacture of bread , with the exception of that of a few boys to place it upon , and receive it from , the machine . The avoiding the necessity of the human hand touching or kneading the dough . "

      Mr . Lee described the nature of the invention with much minuteness , and gave tho spectators an opportunity of witnessing the practical eflect of the machinery in its various stages . The grand purpose which he sought to achieve was the saving of time and manuallabour in tho manufacture of the most important necessary of life ; and , in order to show how this object was to bo carried out , Mr . Lee exhibited tho ' entire process of baking bread and biscuits from the first preparation of tho flour to tho placing the dough into the oven , and withdrawing it when ready ' for consumption . All this was done by mechanical contrivances , and the men employed wero not oven called upon to weigh the dough , or measure the size of the loaf , the

      apparatus , when set in motion , being calculated to serve every purpose which , in tho ordinary process of baking , is achieved by hand . Tho result of the experiments afforded satisfactory proof that Mr . Lee ' s discovery in tho art of bilking deserves every encouragement , as well on the score of economy as from the fact that it introduces a more speedy , and at tho same time a more cleanly , method of manufacturing bread . The rapidity with which the work may be carried on by this new and interesting process is most surprising . For tbe supply of bread to schools , or oilier large establishments—such as poor-law unions and prisons—this invention seems to bo specially applicable . Telegraphs in Germany . —We continue to receive from Vienna accounts of the progress of the

      telegraph system in Austria . VVltlllll tlie last lOUr months , through the activity of the Minister of Trade , no less than 1 , 000 miles of telegraph have been opened , making the total mileage about 2 , 000 miles , of which about ono quarter has tho wires laid underground on the improved system . Another 1 , 000 miles will bo ready next year . Tho telegraph now works from Cracow to Triests 700 miles . On tho 1 st of October the now telegraph union between Austria , Prussia , . Saxony , and Bavaria comes into operation , under ,: a uniform tariff , which is one-half of the former charges . This progress will be looked upon with interest by the commercial public here , who aro very msoh in want of facilities corresponding to those enjoyed in tho United States , and at the same reasonable charges .

      The Monster Exhibition Op 1851 [The Foll...

      THE MONSTER EXHIBITION OP 1851 [ The following correspondence and remarkshave been forwarded to us with a request for their insertion . As the matter has a direct and practical bearing on the interests of the poorer classes of intending exhibitors we readily comply . — -Ed . N . S . I

      TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT . < fcc , < Ssc , & o . Permit me to submit to your Royal Highness ' consideration what , if any , guarantee will be given to inventors who submit for' public inspection machines which have not been patented , that such machines shall not be imitated or pirated . I am an artist in hair , or plaiter of human hair into ornaments of jewellery ; I have invented a machine of great multiplying powers , which has taken me four years to complete , by means of which

      I am enabled to plait , in ten minutes , as much as can be produced by hand work in a week , and that with greater beauty and exactness ; can I , with safety , exhibit this machine ? An opinion pi-evails that foreigners are the best , or only workers in that art ; . this would be suppobed from the patronage they receive . Indeed ladies often express surprise that I am not a Frenchman , or thai ? I did not learn the art in France ; this 13 both detrimental to native talent , and very galling to men like myself , whose ambition has been always to excel .

      An opportunity now offers to test that question , but I cannot gather from the newspapers sufficient ; to enable me to see my way into Hyde Park except at a great risk , namely , the loss of the means by which I support myself and family . The labonr of making an original machine , and the copying of ono already in existence , being very different , this is a point upon which inventors will feel cautious . I have a strong desire to compete with all nations , and if I do not establish my superiority in the art of hair plaiting I ahi willing to abide by the conse *

      quences ; but , on the other hand , should I succeed , ( I submit to your Royal Highness' consideration , ) that I , or others similarly- situated , ought to be rewarded with the usual English and foreign patents . An inducement of that kind would bring out a larger field of genius and industry than the very large prizes named by the committee , which few will be ambitious enough to contend for . I cannot see anything unreasonable in this suggestion , as my machine would otherwise be copied , not only by foreigners , but by those of my branch of trade in , England .

      No doubt there will be many patented and caveated machines at the Exhibition in the hands of the monied classes , but few men will expose their inventions and years of toil for a medal , or for the honour of being acknowledged by name in the public prints ; rich or amateur inventors can only afford to bo so generous . Of such there may b © many , but-I question if there will be sufficient of that class to enable England to compete successfully with the world , and as necessity is the mother of invention , the committee would do honour to itself , to hold out an encouraging hand to all classes , and especially to those who have had the greatest difficulties to contend with . Tha subscriptions that ara going on , and the monies that will be received at

      the doors , will enable them to act liberally to aU . who come before the public , and if government has the power , or her Majesty ' s prerogative could be used , in friendly conjunction with Foreign governments , in relaxing the stamp duties and office fees on certain patents , the difficulties of the committee would bo much lightened ; this would be a fraternisation on a grand scale . It may be supposed that my suggestion will effect the patent laws , or the office fees , this I cannot see , as there will be a great many patents taken out for the Exhibition that would not otherwise be taken , therefore the extra profits on stamps , & c , would amply meet such cases as mine , where inability to patent would prevent the parties coming forward ; and as the

      Exhibition was intended by your Royal Highness for all the public , my class will be an exception if some such arrangements are not made . I hope your Royal Highness will excuse my entering so much into detail , but I should not do justice to the subject if I did not explain myself , as should I not be able to exhibit , I may have the mortification of seeing a foreigner carry off the palm foi ? some niggling piece of work that has taken weeks or months to execute , while I , with a clear stage and no favour , would produce more in quantity , and better in quality , than fifty or a hundred such , I will now submit , that as the government may have to pass new acts of parliament for the developement of so great a scheme , they will not lose sight of the present patent laws , they being in their present shape the greatest barrier the poor inventor has to contend with , namely , not being able to pay

      the entire sum required in obtaining a patent , obliges him to seek aasistanco from the monied class , who frequently take the lion ' s share , but if ho was allowed to pay by instalments ( as in other countries , ) he would have a chance of working his patent ; for the benefit of his family , who frequently suffer from tho expensive experiments of their enthusiastic parent . Under these circumstances , I humbly submit that same guarantee , not at present definite or perhaps contemplated , should bo extended to those who produce , for the inspection of the public , those machines which are calculated to aid so much in the rapid production of manufactures , but which are unprotected by any existing patent . I have the honour to subscribe myself , Your Royal Higness' most humble and obedient . Servant , 317 , Regent-street , Richard Townlet . April the 22 nd , 1850 .

      Palace of Westminster , May 4 th , 1850 . Sm , —I am directed by Her Majesty ' s Commissioners for tho Exhibition of 1851 to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 22 nd ult ., addressed to His Royal Highness Prince Albert , on the subject of tbe means to be adopted for securing from piracy those unpatented machines which may be exhibited , and I am to call your attention , in reply , to No . S of the General Conditions , * a copy of which is herewith enclosed . The subject , however , is one of mueh difficulty , and is now under the consideration of the Commissioners . I have the honour to be , Sir , Your obedient Servant , Mr . Richard Townley . J . Scott Rcsseii . * No . 8 of the General Conditions promised protection .

      After the above advice the Prince and his Commissioners have got an act passed which allows the applicant and others to exhibit in the Park in 1851 , wherein they undertake to protect him for a year as far as Great Britain is concerned , but after that inventors will have to pay nearly £ 400 each to protect themselves ! Mark the contrast . A Frenchman may bring his machine patented from his own country , by paying there about 100 francs , or M 3 s . 4 d , sterling , and will walk over the course , if poor John Bull cannot by himself or friends raise the aforesaid £ 400 . Are the Prince and the Royal Commissioners justified in challenging universal competition , giving such fearful odds—nearly one hundred to one ? and that without consulting inventors or parties immediately interested . They have been more considerate for the trees in the Park than for the geniua and industry of the British mechanic—R . T .

      Certificate Op Courage! To The Editor Of...

      CERTIFICATE OP COURAGE ! TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —In tho Star of August 31 st there appeared a letter from Ernest Jones to George Harney , in which Mr . Jones , without entering into particulars , absolves his friend from the . charge of cowardice which I preferred against him in my letter of tha 30 th of January last . Now , as tho object ot Mr . Jones is to invalidate my statement respecting Mr . Harney , and as you have permitted him to do so , I call upon you to give this confirmation of my charge , authenticated as it is by the signatures of two gentlemen who were present at the meeting , and to whom I submitted the charge in manuscript before it was originally published . I am , Sir , yours , & c , Thomas Clabk . " We hereby certify that that part of Mr , Clark ' s letter , of January OOtb , containing a statement of the conduct of Mr . Harney at tho meeting to which it refers , is truthful in every particular , as wc can testify , from having been present at said meeting . - ' " Philip M'Gkatii , William Dixon . " " London , September 12 th , 1850 . "

      The Bahnsley Factory Workers And The New...

      The Bahnsley Factory Workers and the New ( Government ) Act . —Since the new Factory Act came into operation the power-loom employers of this town ( with ono exception ) havo continued to work their mills from six in the morning till halfpast five in the evening , for five days in the week , closing them at two o ' clock on Saturdays . Tho Messrs . Pigottand Newton , of Shaw-lane mill , commenced working their hands from six in the morning till six at night , as soon as the new law allowed them to do so , which created great uneasiness in the minds of their numerous workpeople . Thev at once called to their aid the influence of tho Short Time Committee , to assist them in prevailing on their

      employers to discontinue the new practice , and to resume the old mode of working—viz ? - ten hours per day , five daysjin the week , and to close at two on Saturday , like / the other firms of the town . Tho hands of this firm were called together , when it was agreed to send a letter to tho Messrs . Pigott and Newton , with tho names of the weavers affixed thereto . A deputation of female weavers was then appointed , and tho document was presented on tho 11 th inst ., and it affords us much p l «««» **» W that those . fcy as ^^^ tTp ^ S SrtO ^ Sft ^^^ working ten hours ner day Ave'days in the week , and cease work . ng pei ^ oaj , uvtju j Saturdays . —Frank Mirfikld . St £ Mo « meniLK of the Short Time Com ' mittee .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 21, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_21091850/page/7/