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Northern Star (1837-1852), 20th September 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 2, Dropsies Curable by Holloway's Piixs.-7[...

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      ¦ /** ' ' ' ^ -r-r-i-ri-vr am a-d ' September 20 . iq- « f ... THE NCMRLTHI ^^

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      Field-Garden Operati Ons. For Hie Week C...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATI ONS . For Hie Week commencing Monday , Sept . 2 oth , 1 S 43 . [ Extracted from a Diaky of Actual O perations on five snail farms on the estates of the late ilrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaitc , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Kowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide Other possessors of Held gardens , by showing them "what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John 3 ) umbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of East-Jbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaith-¦ "waite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the Same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Dunvis aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Kowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " The wisest men—the greatest philosophers—after in vain seeking for happiness In every variety of pursuit , lave found it in the cultivation of the ground . " J \ ote . —Die school farms are cultivated by hoys , wh » in return for tlirec hours * teaching in the morning give iliree hours of tlieir labour in the afternoon for On master ' s benefit , whieh renders tlte schools seipscrronTiXG . lie believe that at Farnly Tyas sixseventlts of Hie produce of the school farm will be assigned totlte hoys , and onc-sovaiHi to the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate Hteir land , and teach tlicm , in addition to reading , wiling , < £ c , to amvm tJiiir produce iMo bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christ mas may be divided , after ikying rent and levy amongst tftem in projwrtion to their services , and be made Hats indirectly to reacli tlieirparents in a way Hie most grateful to Hteirfeelings . !

      SUSSEX . Hoxdat— Willingdon School . BoyseaiTyingoutliquid manure for tares , and making dung heap . Eastdean School . Twelve boys digging up potatoes , gathering the haulm , and clearing the ground . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Lumbrcll . Slowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying dung . Tuesday—Willingdon Scltool . Boys cleaning clover ley for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging ground for wheat , digging up wheat stubble for rye . l'iper . Preparing dung niixen . Dumbrett Mowing stabble , digging up oats stubble for rye . TvEDXEsnAY—Willingdon School . Boys cleaning clover ley for wheat . Eastdean School . Carrying the contents of the tanks and privy tubs to the wheat stubble . Fiper . Preparing dung heap .

      Bumbrcll . Mowing stubble , digging . Thursday— Willingdon School . Boys cleaning clover ley for wheat . Eastdean School . Digging up potatoes , and healing up for winter , picking weeds from the mangel wurzei . Piper . Digging potatoes . Dim & rcV .. "Winnowing wheat , raking stubble . raiDAT— Willingdon School . Boys hoeing white turnips sown after oats . * Eastdean School . Boys sowing rye for green food , mowing stubble , and manuring . Fipcr . Diggingup potatoes . DumbreU . Digging up wheat stabble for rye . Satchday—Willingdon School . Boys sowing rye , and dressing the ground . JSuscdcan Softool , Boys emptying the privy pails , and cleaning the school room . Fij-er . At indoor work , the weather being wet . Fumbrell . Digging .

      COW-TEEOrXG . WiRingdon School . Cows living on clover and white turnips , with chaff . 3 kmbrell ' s . One cow grazed in the day , stall-fed morn and even with mangel wurzei leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed with tares till Friday , the remainder of the week staked out on young clover , and fed morn and even with tares . "Wheat Sowing Moxth . —Prepare for wheat sowing . Change your seeds if possible , and bring them fiom a poorer , colder soil . Let them be free from Enitit , and seeds , and weeds . Also remember , that the produce of wheat sown in spring acquires the iabit of ripening earlier . If , therefore , you now select your wheat for spring sowing , let it be the produce of that which was before sown in spring .

      Pickle tor TYiieat . —There is none perhaps better than this : —Dissolve common salt in urine , in a good large vessel , till the solution is strong enough , to carry an egg upon its surface . Then take a hand lasket partly filled with wheat which plunge beneath the fluid , and stir the wheat for ten minutes , not more ; the bad seeds will rise to the top , and may l ) e skimmed off . "Withdraw the basket , and let the fluid drain back again into the vessel . Mix the steeped seed with lime to make it part , or what , perlaps would be better , with , gypsum , which will not expel the ammonia from the urine . . Sow imme diately and harrow in , or spread it evenly on a boarded floor , or its vitality may be destroyed .

      Phecautioxs ix Sowixg "Wheat . —Sow first your clover ley , or rye , or tare stubble ground . Always let your ground be fresh . Turn it over in the morning , and sow in the afternoon , hut never in wet weather . The trite remark of the good old poetfarmer , " "Who soweth in rain Hath weed for his pain , " will be found generally true . The wheat sowing after potatoes or turnips will come latest , to allow time for those crops to become matured . But again the advice of Tusser is sound : — "If weather will suffer , this counsel I give , Xeave off sowing wheat before Hallowmas eve . "f In the north of England this can rarely be accomplished , especially after a late harvest . But let not a moment be lost in preparing the ground and sowing wheat , not on tare or other stubbles alone , but after your root crops generaHv .

      Drit . t . tvc Wheat . —Drill all you can , for there are few soils where the drill cannot be easily employed . There are two modes of drilling ; the first by using a hand drill , like John Dumbrell , which opens the drill , and puts the seed in at the same time ; and like him you may invent , and make such a drill , for jour ensuing winter evening ' s amusement . The second mode ia to open the drills with a hoe , at six inches distance from each other , and two and a-half inches deep , while a boy comes after and drops the seed , walking in the drill line in going back , after which a barrow is drawn over it at night . About five or six bushels of mould y manure per rod is put upon the seed . To estimate manure by the bushel , if it raise a smile , may remind us of China , where they know its value , and sell it by the pint .

      Dibbling wheat . —Dibble , also , all you can ; it employs poor neighbours , and their children , and it is believed that the saving in seed is nearly equal to the additional expense . It is becoming common to do so , even on large farms . The present practice is to place the seeds at a distance of six inches every way from each other , and two or two and a-half Inches in depth . They tiller amazingl y , and the ears and grain acquire greater bulk . It has been calculated thatan imperial bushel of newrcd wheat , which weighed GSibs ., contained 6-35 , 448 grains , a quantity suflicient to plant on this principle , 28 a . lr . lp . of land , being after the rate of one peck and nine-sixteenths of a pint per acre .

      The Potato Disease . —The Busscldorjf Gazette Btates that a fanner living on one of the estates of the Duke d'Aremberg , near Dusseldorf , has discovered a mode of preventing the rotting of potatoes , and even of curing it when it has alread y commenced . The method is very simple ; it consists in merely larrowing deeply the earth in which the tubercles are planted , so as to produce an evaporation , which will diminish the fermentation caused by humidity . This plan has proved completely successful .

      Manure. Chemistry Has Shown That These P...

      manure . Chemistry has shown that these properties are produced by the composition of the fields ; that their fitnessfor producing wheat or anv other kind of plant wars a direct proportion to certain elements conta ""^ in the soil , which are absorbed by the plants . It baa likewise shown , that two fields , of unequal

      ferof excrements of man and animals , which generally are called manure ; the produce of the fields can be increased by the same matters , and that the quantity of the ciopis in direct proportion to the quantity of the manure . Guided by experience , which is the funaamental fcasis of all inductive science , and which teaches U 3 that for every effect there is a cause—that every quality , as for instance , the fertility of a field , the nourishing quality of a vegetable , or the effect of a manure , is intimately connected with and occasioned by something which can be ascertained by weight and measure ; modern science has succeeded in enlightening ns on the cause of the fertility of thefields and on the effects which are exercised on them by

      THE rRINCIPLES OF ARTIFICIAL MANURING . ( HT PJtOFESSOB 1 IEBIG . ) If we compare the experience of farmers regarding the fertility of the soil and the quantity of its productions , we are surprised by a result which surpasses all others in general application and uniformity . It has been observed that in every part of the globe where agriculture is carried on , in all varieties of £ oil , _ and with the most different plants and modes of Cultivation , the produce of a iield on which the same or differentplants have been cultivated during a certain number of years , decreases more or less in quantity , and that it again obtains its fertility by a supply

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      at oJS . W ma * fc-MM"WL--Some people will say , "these ^ o ? f ™ " ? ps of $ »¦* " wll be too expensive & r L ^ kte ? - ; *?? - ? hen * ou hear ^ boay say this , £ & b & £ ££ rfE 2 L ? **« «*«» to shew yoS t 1 st KoTenxber ,

      Tmty, Contain Unequal Qualities Of These...

      tmty , contain unequal qualities of these elements ; or that a fertile soil contains them in a different form or state from another , which is less fertile . If the elements arc contained in the soil in sufficient quantities , it produces a rich crop ; if it be defective even in one of them only , this is shown very soon , by the impossibility of growing on it certain kinds of plants . Moreover , it has proved with certainty what relations these elements of the soil bear to the developement of the plants . Chemical analysis has demonstrated that a certain class of these elements is contained ill the seeds ; others , in different proportions , in the leaves , roots , tubers , stalks . They are mineral substances , and , as such , arc indestructible by fire , and consequently remain as ashes after tho incineration of the plants or of their parts . Many of

      these plants are soluble in pure water , others only in water containing carbonic acid , as rain water ; all were absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plants in a dissolved condition . It has been shown that if in a field those clemcnts which remain after the incineration of the grain , or seeds , arc not present ina sufficient quantity , no wheat , no barley , no peas—in a word , none of those plants can be cultivated on that field which are grown on account of their seeds . The plants which grow on such a field produce stalks and leaves ; they blossom , but do not bear fruit . The same has been observed regarding the development of leaves , roots , and tubers , and the mineral elements which they leave behind after their incineration . If ,

      in a soil in which turnips or potatoes are to be cultivated , the elements of the ashes of these roots are wanting , the plants bring forth leaves , stalks , blossoms , and seeds , but the roots and tubercles are imperfect . Every one of the elements which the soil gives up to the plants is in a direct quantitative proportion to the production of the separate elements of the plants . Two fields which , under otherwise equal circumstances , areunequally rich in mineral elements of the grain , produce unequal crops . One containing them in larger quantity produces more than another containing them in less . In the same manner , the capacity of a soil to produce tuberculous plants , or such as have many leaves , depends upon its amount

      of those elements which are iound in the ashes of such plants . It results from this with certainty , that the mineral substances which arc furnished by the soil , and which are found again in the ashes of the plants , are their true food ; that they are the conditions of vegetable life . It is evident , that from a field in which different plants are cultivated , we remove , with the crop a certain quantity of these elements ; in the seeds those mineral parts which the soil had to provide for their developement , and in the roots , tubercles , stalks and leaves , those elements which are necessary for their production .

      According to the unequal quantity in which , the mineral elements of grain , tubercles , ~ roots , seeds , and leaves arc contained in a soil , or according to the proportions in which they have been removed in the crop , the land may have ceased to be fertile for roots and tubercles , bui it may yet produce good crops ot wheat . Another may not produce wheat , but potatoes and turnips may thrive well in it . The mineral substances contained in a fertile soil and serving as food to tlm plants , are taken up by them with the water , in which they are soluble . In a fertile field they are contained in a state which allows of their being absorbed by the plant and taken up by the roots . There are fields which arc rich in these elements , without being fertile in an equal proportion ; in the latter case they are united with other elements into

      chemical compounds which counteract the dissolving power of water . By the contemporaneous action of water and air—of the oxygen and carbonic acid of the atmosphere—these compounds arc decomposed , and those of their constituent elements , which are soluble in water , but which had been insoluble by the chemical affinity of other mineral substances , re-obtain the property of being absorbed by the roots of the plants . The duration of the fertility of a field depends on the amount of the mineral aliments of plants contained in it , and its productive power for a given time being in a direct proportion to that part of its composition which possesses the capacity of being taken up by the plant . A number of the most important agricultural operations , especially the mechanical , exercise an influence on the fertility of the fields only

      thus far , that they remove the impediments which are opposed to the assimilation of the mineral food into the vegetable organism . By ploughing , for instance , the surface of the fields is made accessible to air and moisture . The nutritious elements contained in the soil in a latent state , acquire by these operations thepropGi'tios necessary for their transmission into the plants . It is easy to conceive the useful influence which in this respect is exercised on the produce of the fields by the care and industry of the farmer . But all these labours and efforts do not increase the amount of mineral elements in the field ; in rendering soluble in a given time a larger quantity of the insoluble substances , and obtaining by these means a richer crop , the time is merely hastened in which the soil becomes exhausted .

      The fabrication of a manure equal in its compositon and effects tn the solid and fluid excrements of animals and men , seems tome one of the most essential demands of our time—more especially for a country like England , in which , from various circumstances , a rational agriculture without supply of manure , in some shape or other , from without , seems nearly impossible . Our reasoning will appear tho more correct if we remember how different are the results which have been obtained by the numerous analyses of the different sorts of guano—how little the tanner can depend upon producing from a given quantity a certain effect , as the latter naturally varies according to the composition of the former . There are scarcely any two samples in the market with the same composition—nay , not even similar . The following salts may be regarded as the essential constituents of a powerful manure applicable to all descriptions of soil : —

      Earthy Phosphates . —The most important of these is phosphate of lime , which occurs in nature as a mineral called apatite . It is the principal component in bones , whieh , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived of their animal matter . The rapidity of the effects of phosphate of lime on the growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility . Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this solubility if the soil is rich in vegetable matters , which furnish carbonic acid by their decomposition , and which acid is required for rendering the phosphate ofliilie soluble in water , and introducing it into the organism of the plants . In the calcined state the bones act sufficiently quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of solubility is wanting their action is slower . In my

      work I had recommended the addition of a certain quantity of sulphuric acid , both in order to render the bones more soluble , and to change the neutral phosphate of the bones into gypsum , and into a phosphate whieh contains more acid—super phosphate of lime . I have been informed that this advice has bsen most extensively adopted , that the super-phosphate of lime Ms been found to he a most efficacious manure , and that it forms alread y amost important article of commerce . A second earthy phosphate , not less important , is the phosphate of magnesia , which it is well known enters in a still larger proportion than the phosphate of lime into the composition of the grain . The Alkaline Phosphates , although not originally found in nature , are important elements of the seeds of grain , of peas , beans , « fcc . A rational farmer must

      provide them in sufficient quantities to those plants which require them for their development , from knowingthat human excrements increase the produce of grain in a far greater proportion , because they contain alkaline phosphates , than the animal excrements , in which they 86 not exist . The Alkalies—potash and soda—must be constituents of every rationally composed manure , because , by them the original fertile condition of the fields is preserved . A soil which contains the alkalies in too small a quantity is , perhaps , fertile for grain ; but is not necessarily so for turnips or potatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . By supplving an alkaline manure , fallows , or the cultivation of those

      plants which are grown during the tune of fallowing , become less necessary . Sulphate of Potash is a constituent of all plants , although in small quantity , as well as common salt and chloride of potassium , which are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , especially gypsuni , are important nourishment for the leguminous plants . Silica is never wanting in all sorts of soils —it is a constituent of all rocks , by the decomposition of which all productive soils are formed , and the cerealia find it every where in sufficient quantity , and in a form capable of being taken up by the plants , if the alkalies are provided wherever they are present in too small quantitv .

      Salts of Ammonia . —It may be regarded ascertain that the nitrogen of the plants is derived either from the ammonia of the atmosphere or from the manure which is provided in the shape of animal fluid and solid excrements , and that nitrogenous compounds exercise an effect on the growth ot plants , only in so far as they give np their nitrogen in the form of ammonia during their decomposition and decay . We may , therefore , profitably replace all the nitrogenous substances with compounds of ammonia . Decaying vegetable matters , which contain carbon , are useful to the fields , in so far as they provide a source of carbonic acid ; but they are quite dispensable in manure if it be rationally combined , as the atmospheric air is an inexhaustible source of carbonic

      acid , from which the plants derive their carbon—i . « ., if in the manure , the mineral substances are provided which are necessary for the assimilation of the carbonic acid . These are the substances which together pre fertility to the soil ; but , although each of them may , under certain circumstances—viz ., where the soil is defective , or where it is not indifferent to the plant to take up one instead of the other , as , for instance , may be the case with soda instead of potash , —increase the fertility , no one of them can be regarded as manure , according to the common meaning of the word , for the simple reason , that only all of them , in certain proportions , will fulfil the purpose for which the common manure is applied . This purpose is the restoration , or an increase of the original fertility , and by manure we must replace all the constituents of the plants which have been taken away

      Tmty, Contain Unequal Qualities Of These...

      in the harvest , or which are contained in the plants which we arc desirous to cultivate . What , then , are the constituents of the soil which we remove by the straw , seeds , tuberculous roots , stalks , < tc ., of our plants of culture ? It is obvious that we must know these first , in order to restore them in sufficient quantities . To this we answer , by giving the analysis of the ashes of plants and their seeds . Hundred weights of the ashes of the following plants contain— Straw of Aslies of Jlcans , Peas , Potatos . C lover , Hay . Alkaline Carbonates .. 22 . 3 S 12 . 43 4 . 34 81 . 03 8 . 0 Carbonate cf Lime .. .. SD . 50 47 . 81 43 . CS 41 . fi ! G . 9 1 'hospliate of Lime .. .. ( 1 . 43 5 . 13 5 . 73 1 . 130 40 . 8 Phosphate of Magnesia G . tiG 4 . 37 t . Si O . 'Jl «•• Sulphate of Potash or

      Soda .. .. 12 . 40 10 . 13 .. 2 . 23 8 . 84 Magnesia .. .. •• •• •• —! - ° Chloride or Sodium or Potassium .. 0 . 28 4 . C 3 2 . 8 2 . 27 1 . 27 I-liosphate of Iron 1 i . > Phosphate of Alumina ! " In these analyss esilica is not taken into account , as it is found in all soils , and need not be supplied . One hundred weight of the ashes of potatoes ; and the seeds of the following plants , contain—Potatoes . "Wheat , lleans ( Vicia faba ) Alkaline Phosphates .. 15 . 77 52 . 1 ) 8 CS . 59 Phosphate of Lime and Magnesia .. 9 . 00 38 . 02 28 . 40 Phosphate of Iron .. 0 . 20 0 . 67 0 . 00 Sulphate of Potash .. 15 . 07 0 . 08 1 . S 4 Curb , of Potash and

      Soda .. .. ul . 70 0 . 00 , 0 . 00 What is wanting in the 100 of the above analysis is sand , coal , oi" loss . From these researches it appears , that for stalks and leaves we require other elements than fur seeds . The former contain no alkaline phosphates , but they require for their development and growth a rich supply of alkaline carbonates and sulphates . On the other hand , the carbonates are entirely wanting in the seeds , which , however , are very rich in phosphates . It is sufficiently obvious that a rational farmer must supply both , as well as all the others . If he supplies onl . v phosphates , and does not restore the alkaline carbonates , his soil will become gradually barren—it will be exhausted in those necessarv elements for the development of stalks and

      seeds , without which no formation of seed can be expected . If he supplies the alkalies , lime , and sulphates alone , iu a given time he will get no more grain . All constituents ^ the manure , if they are supplied alone , have this great defect , that by them the soil is impoverished in other equally important substances . If o one of itself can maintain the fertility . Keeping this in view , we may easilyjudge of the comparative value of artificial and natural manures , and all the various arcana which have been praised as panaceas for exhausted soils . It is not less easy to understand why the farmers have such different opinions on the relative value of the constituents of manures—why one , whose farm is rich in phosphates , produces an uncommon fertility by the application of nitrate of soda , or the supply of

      alkalies , while another docs not see any favourable effect at all—why bones—phosphates of lime—produce in many fields wonders , and are not of tho slightest benefit to others , which are deficient in alkalies or alkaline salts . From the composition of animal manures , it results with certainty , that by applying the latter—solid and fluid excrements of men and animals —we supply to the soil not one but all the elements which have been taken away in the harvest . Fertility is perfectly restored to the field by a corresponding supply of this manure , and it may be increased by it to a certain limit . This will be the more intelligible , if we compare the mineral elements of the urine ot horses and cattle with the mineral elements of herbs , straw , roots , & c , of our cultivated plants . It will be found that in their quality they arc perfectly identical .

      Urine of a Horse . Of Another . Of Oxen . Carbonate of Lime .. 12 . 50 31 . 00 1 . 07 Bo . of Magnesia .. 0 . 4 G 13 . 07 0 . 93 Bo . of Potash .. 40 . 09 \ , „ , ,- „„ Bo . of Soda .. 10 . 33 / 40 * ° "" Sulphate of Potash .. 13 . 34 9 . 02 13 . 30 Chloride of Sodium ., 0 . 55 0 . 30 These salts in the urine of horses amount to nearly i per cent .: in that of oxen to 2 * per cent , of their weights . If we compare the composition of these different sorts ^ of urine with the composition of the straw of peas , beans , and potatoes , of clover and hay , it will at once be obvious , that in stable dung we replace by the urine the alkaline carbonates which we have removed iu harvest . What in this urine is wanting in phosphates and carbonate of lime and phosphate ol

      magnesia , forms tho principal constituents of the solid excrements of animals : both together—solid excrements and urine—restore to the field its original composition , and thus a new generation of cultivated plants meet with the mineral ingredients necessary for their development . If we further compare the guano and the faces of men with the composition of the animal urine , the analysis shows { sec my book on Agriculture ) that both are entirely defective in alkaline carbonates—tlicy contain phosphates and sulphates as well as chloride of sodium , but rio free alkali—Uicy contain phosphate of lime and phosphate of magnesia , in short , their elements are in quality identical with the important mineral elements of the seeds of wheat , peas , and beans ( sec the analysis . ) The urine of swine is in its composition intermediate between the urine of man and horses .

      Analysis of the Urine of Swine . Carbonate of Potash 12 . 1 \ Phosphate of Soda .. 19 . 0 Chloride of Sodium .. ) r „ The solid excrements of Bo . of Potassium .. / ° * I Swine contain principally Phosphate of Lime .. " „ „ / - phosphate of Lime . Bo . of Magnesia .. / SS Traces of Iron ., > What the practical results of a knowledge of the composition of these manures are , is clear . If it were possible to provide our fields with the dung of swine in sufficient quantity , we would replace by it , in a soil which contains silica and lime , all the remaining clement of the plants—the field might be made fertile for all kinds of plants—we have in it

      not only alkaline phosphates , the principal elements of the seeds , but also alkaline carbonates , which are required by the leaves , stalks , and roots . This purpose cannot be attained , however , by manuring or human excrements alone , but perfectly so by stable manure , from its containing alkaline carbonates . If I have said that stable manure contains the mineral elements of the nature of the plants , exactly in a state and condition in which they are furnished by nature—that a field manured by it resembles the primitive state of America and Hungary , this assertion will not be found exaggerated . It is certain that stable dung contains no alkaline phosphates , but nature does not furnish these to the plants even in the most fertile soil , although we find them in large

      quantity in all the seeds of wild plants . It is obvious , that , notwithstanding their absence from the soil , the phosphates are formed in tho organism of the plants , and they are produced from the phosphate of lime and magnesia and the supplied alkalies , by an exchange of the elements of each . The alkalies arc necessary for forming alkaline phosphates , which cannot originate in the phosphate of lime alone . Both together are present in stable dung . In human excrements , and in guano , the alkaline carbonates are entirely wanting . The practice of the farmer , in some places / of supplying to the field not pure guano , but a mixture of it with gypsum , shows clearly that the phosphates of alkaline bases arc really formed in the organism of the phosphate of lime and magnesia , because this mixture ( guano and gypsum )

      contains less phosphate of potash or soda than the guano itself ; or , in certain proportions of gypsum , no alkaline phosphates at all ; the soluble phosphates in the guano decomposing the gypsum into phosphate of lime and magnesia , and into sulphate of potash .. I am far from asserting that we should not provide the fields with alkaline phosphates ; the excellent effect of the guano , and of the human excrements , is too well known to question it , and we perceive , from this fact , that plants are in this respect like domestic animals which , with a normal food , are healthy and strong , but do not fatten . On the contrary , we know that if we prepare the food of these animals artificially , so as to render it more easily digested and assimilated , they are enabled to consume , in a given time , a greater quantity of it , by which all their parts increase in weight . The same happens with plants—if we give them tlieir nourishment in a state most appropriated for- assimilationtheir

      , capability to attract the gaseous elements from the atmosphere increases , and their development is accelerated . If wo recollect that the favourable effect of the guano upon our fields depends on Its amount of ammoniacal salts , of alkaline phosphates , and the other mineral constituents of the seeds , but that it is deficient in alkalies , tho principal constituents of the herbs , straw , and roots , it is easily understood why the opinions of farmers , on the value of guano , as a manure , are so very different . On a soil , which is defective in alkalies , its effect is small ; on a soil , rich in them , it increases the produce in a remarkable degree ; but , as I have already ooserved , the continued application of guano must gradually diminish the fertility of our fields for a number of plants , because the elements of those organs , as the leaves , stalks , roots , die , without which the plants cannot be developed and cannot produce seeds , are taken off in the harvest without

      any restoration of them . I think it , therefore , certain , that the stable dung can replace the guano to a certain degree , but uot vice versa . A rational agriculturist , in using guano , cannot dispense with stable dung . During my excursions in England I have repeatedly directed the attention of the agriculturists , as Messrs . Puseyand Miles will , perhaps , recollect , to tho necessity of supplying the alkalies , and not merely the phosphates and other salts ; b y a partial supply , the equilibrium of 1 ortihty is not restored , and if we supply guano alonc ^ we do not act wisely , because wo consume our capital by rich interests , and leave to our children an exhausted soil .

      And now , the principles above-mentioned must guide us in the manufacture of an artificial manure . ¥ , % ? *} ' * neglected-if the artificial manure is detective m one or two of the necessarv ingredients -the lamer , in making use of it , will , in a very

      Tmty, Contain Unequal Qualities Of These...

      short time , discover the fact , by the injury he will have sustained . ..,.-, - In the manufacture of an artificial manure , it must bo kept in view , that the app lication oi stable dung , of human excrements , and oi guano , is attended with great loss , in consequcuo-: ot the too •• rcat solubility of their most cfh ' caeiousc . mitituonls ; unci tin ' s must be prevented by artificial means . This is evident , if we remember tliHO countries whence guano is derived . It is known that the collection and preservation of the excrements on the African islands , and the coasts of l ' cru ami < lull , depend upon the scarcity of rain iu the--.- countries . The best sorts of guano contain , intact , more than

      one half of their weight of soluble sal :- " , whieh , if exposed to the vain , are in exactly the same condition , as under similar conditions , a heap oi ¦ -. <•'/ . they dissolve in water , and arc removed . Sonic months of rain would deprive those countries oi all their riches . The remainder would have los ! the greater part of its fertilizing power . Such effects , however , take place upon the guano with which our holds arc manured . Only a small portion of its efhcaeious salts produce the beneficial effect they arc capaldcoi doing , the greater part being carried oft' by the ram . Tho stable dung is , in this respect , in the same condition as guano ; indeed , its principal com pounds are already in a dissolved state , and , therefore , arc carried off more easily than those of guano .

      A covering for those places in which stable dung is preserved , in order to shelter it from the efleets of the rain , has been regarded in Germany as essential for preserving its manuring power . Inconsequence of the experience , that the soluble elements of stable dung arc the most efhcaeious , it has , in some cases , been drawn out with water , nnd it has been found advantageous to carry only this fluid to the fields . I need only refer to the foregoing analyses of the urine of animals , in order to see upon which elements of it this effect depends .

      The reason why , in certain years , the iisihieiice of the best and most plentiful manuring is scarcely perceptible , is , that during the moist and rainy springs and summers , the phosphates and other salts with alkaline bases , as also the soluble ammoniacal salts , are entirely or partly removed . A great amount of rain and moisture removes , in the greatest quantity , the very substances which are most indispensable to the plants at tho time that they begin to form and mature seeds . The system of draining , which the soluble alkalies are drawn off in consequence of the rain , and it must , therefore , become more deficient in its soluble efficacious elements . Attentive farmers must have observed that after a certain time the quality of the grain on land laid dry according to this principle , deteriorates ; that the produce of the grain bears no due proportion to the produce of straw .

      What is more evident , after those remarks , than that intelligent farmers must strive to give to the soil the manuring substances in such a state , as to render possible their acting favorably on the plants during the whole time of their growth ! Art must find out the means of reducing the solubility of the manuring substances to a certain limit , in a word , of bringing them into the same state in which they exist in a most fertile virgin soil , and iu whieh they can be best assimilated by the virgin plants . The attention which I have paid to this subject

      lias been crowned with success . I have succeeded m combining the efficacious elements of manure in such a manner as that they will not be -vashed away , and thus their efficacy will be doubled . Owing to this the injurious consequences of the present system ol draining are removed , agriculture is placed upon as certain principles as well arranged manufactories , and instead of tho uncertainty of mere empiricism , the operations of agriculture may be carried on with security , and in place of waiting the results of our labours with anxiety and doubt , our minds will be filled with patience and confidence .

      Opposition To The New Poor Law At Rochda...

      OPPOSITION TO THE NEW POOR LAW AT ROCHDALE . ( From the Times . ) On Saturday evening a public meeting of ratepayers and inhabitants of Rochdale took place in a large open space called "The Butts , " to hear from the late guardians , who had been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to art under the new law , an account of tlieir proceedings and the present position of the union with reference to that measure . The speakers spoke from a waggon placed at the upper end of the vacant ground . Mr . J . Ficlden , M . P ., was expected to have taken part in the proceedings , but could not attend in consequence of the state of his health . At six o ' clock , Mr . J . WmiAKEU , chief constable of the . borough , having been unanimously called to the chair , read

      the requisition in pursuance of which the meeting had been called , and briefly stated its object—to enable those who had been denominated guardians of the poor , and as such prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners for refusing to introduce the Poor Law Amendment Act into that extensive parish , to explain to tlieir fellow-townsmen the precise position in which the district now stood . He would not call it a union , for he maintained that a union had never been legally formed ; and if the Poor Law Commissioners had had the manliness to carry out the prosecution they had commenced against the guardians of that union , as they pleased to call it , they would long ago have amply demonstrated the fact that the union had never been formed in a legal manner , or in

      accordance with the act of Parliament . ( Cheers . ) Proceedings had been commenced in the Court of Q . ucen ' s Bench in London , and tliey were then removed to the Liverpool assizes inMarc ' i last , when a nominal verdict of Is . damages was taken for the Crown . The proceedings were then removed back into the Court of Queen ' s Bench in London , where they still lay , and to the present hour nothing more had been heard of them ; but if the Poor Law Commissioners entertained a wclJ-grounilcil opinion , that their proceedings wore strictly in accordance with the act of Parliament , would they have consented to forego the great expenses they had been put to in that prosecution against those whom they designated

      the guardians ot that union ? They , chose , hoivcvcr , to pursue quite an opposite course , and sent down fresh orders to tho clerk of the union , directing that there should be another election of guardians . Another nomination and appointment had consequently taken place , and it was certainly a great consolation to know that only three individuals could be found ill the whole parish of Rochdale who would suffer themselves to be appointed guardians , with the view of carrying out the provisions of the Now Poor Law in thatdistrict . ( Cheers . ) He would now call Oh Mr . Livsey , one of those who had been prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners , to address the meeting . ( Cheers . )

      Mr . T . Livsey commenced his speech by expressing the regret he felt that his fcl ' ow-townsinen should have had occasion to hold another meeting on this question . Ho had hoped that when the Poor Law Commissioners thought proper to take those whom they denominated Poor Law guardians into the Court of Queen's Bench , they would have had the fairness , receiving such large salaries as they did , to conduct their business in a regular manner , and leave it to that Court to decide whether or not their procoetlings were in conformity with the law . Instead of doing so , they had resorted to the strong arm of power—having threatened the guardians , and coaxed the magistrates , they resorted to every means but what were fair and honourable for the purpose of

      forcing their obnoxious Jaw upon that district . ( Ones of "We won't have it though . " ) Having been one of those who were prosecuted by the Poor Law Commissioners , he appeared before them to explain the proceedings which had taken place during the struggle they had been engaged in ; but , before doing so , he would remind them of the position in which they stood previous to the interference of fhe commissioners . He defied any one to point out a better system of administering ' relief to the poor than had prevailed in Rochdale through the overseers , churchwardens , and vestrymen , elected by the ratepayers themselves ; when , if the funds were squandered , or any harsh or tyrannical proceedings adopted , the guiltv parties might be sent adrift at the end of 12

      months . But it was now sought to deprive the ratepayers of all power over the levy and distribution of their own money , and vest it in the hands of the commissioners at Somerset-house . This was only part of that system of centralization which the ( iovcrnment were , " it seemed , determined to carry out , whatever opposition it might meet with on the part of the people . If it were not so , how could they account for tlic strange anomaly which had recently been pre . sented in that very town ? After the whole district had been canvassed , every ratepayer having been waited on , 11 , 414 ratepayers declared themselves opposed to the introduction of the New Poor I . aw , while only 19 could be found in favour of it ! Surely this was sufficient to show that the Government did not

      act in this case towards those they ruled iu the spirit of charity and good faith , but that they were determined , whatever might be the opposition of the people , to persevere in their despotic attempts to put doivn every vestige of popular freedom ; and if the example of Rochdale were not more generally followed , the Government would soon be successful . Why should they persist in attempting still to thrust this obnoxious law on that district after the public declaration of the Ministers who passed it into , i law , that such places as Rochdale , where the ratepayers managed their own affairs well—where the svsicm of relief administered to the poor had been conducted in a satisfactory manner—should not be interfered

      with , but rather become examples to be followed in other districts ? Even their keen-sccntcd clerk to the guardians , who was poking his nose into every corner , doing all he could , had been unable to bring forward , during the last seven or eight Years since the passing of the law , a single case of misappropriation of funds or great hardship to the poor in that extensive district . ( Cheers . ) When they were entitled to take credit to themselves for that state of things , why should such persevering efforts be made to introduce a new and hateful system ? But their opponents would stand at nothing ; there were men base enough , for the sake of filthy lucre , to lend themselves to any cause , however despicable it might be . The ratepayers as a body had stood manfully

      forward to resist the introduction of the NewPooi Law , and handsomely supported the guardians iiu'esisting the mandamus of the Poor Law Commissioners . The guardians had met them boldly and manfuil ' y ; they " did not go round about the question ; they at least were guilty of no shullling ; they boldly mot and delicti the commissioners , declaring libit they would not introduce the law . Gentlemen were then found holding her Majesty ' s commission of the peace who lent their assistance to the guardians , and , in reply to the mandamus , stated that they did not think fit to act ex o //" cw . These they called " gentlemen" in society , biit the sooner that designation was dropped the better , when they found those who had

      declared that they would sooner throw up her Majesty ' s commission altogether than become the means of introducing this Jaw , afterwards condescending to sit at a board of guardians and issuing orders , with their names attached , to facilitate the introduction of the New Poor Law . ( Loud cheers . ) The ratepayers , at all events , might take credit to themselves for what they had done . They had acted consistently . They had said they would oppose the law , and they had done so . ( Cheers . ) lie had to thank them for the funds they had p laced at the disposal of the guardians to put them in a position to defend themselves against the commissioners . He had just _ been told that there was a policeman present taking notes , lie had no doubt he was a worthv tool of a bad cause .

      ( Groans . ) Ho cared nothing for policemen ( shouts of execration)—he cared not for all they could do , The policeman was welcome to put down all he said . The Chairman invited the policeman , who was furtively taking notes at a corner of the hustings where lie could least be observed , to ascend the waggon , and a seat with every convenience would be a Horded him at the reporters' table . ( Loud cries of "No , no ,, " "Turn him out , " - ' No spies . " ) He hoped , whatever the people did , no violence would be shown . Anything of that sort would just suit those who placed that person there . ( Cheers . ) The crowd must keep order , and to the policeman ho would again say , " Have the goodness to walk up ; we will give you every accommodation in our power . " ( The amateur reporter amidst loud , but good-humoured , though somewhat tantalizing shouts of " Lift htm up , " " Lift him up , " declined the proffered elevation , and , wo believe , soon found it convenient to shift his ground . )

      Mr . Livsky resumed . —Nothing would please their enemies better than a breach of the peace . That man , in whatever guise , was an enemy to the cause who allowed himself to lose his temper . . ( Cheers . ) All he requested of the policeman was . that he would put down what he really did say . What did he care if he told the magistrates w hat he said of them ? lie had acted consistently ; the magistrates had not ( loud cheers ); and at them the finger of public reprobation would be pointed for what they had : ! o ;> c . ( Cheers . ) But to return to the question . They proved in court that the commissioners had not acted in conformity with the law . They proved that the three commissioners , who were receiving some 2 , 000 / . a year each , were iu the habit of leaving London , anil transacting business separately in the country , which the act required should be done conjointly ;; t a board . They proved , in fact , that the order calling on the euardians of the Rochdale Union to assume

      the administration of relief , had only been signed by one of the commissioners , one of the others being ojt the continent at the time , though still receiving his salary , while the third had actually gone into the country to be married ! Only think of such a thing !—a Poor Law Commissioner getting married ! —one who was in tho habit of making regulations , with the force of law , to separate husband from wile , and children from parents' How would he like to have such a rule applied to himself ! ( Cheers , and a cry " 'Twould serve them all right , —commissioners and Sir James too . " ) These parties being absent from Somerset-house when tho order was signed , rendered it illegal ; and that was the reply the guardians made . They proved that the order , being in this respect informal , was illecal and inoperative . But to come to another point . Who were best

      qualified to administer relief to the poor ? Those wiio knew them , who knew tlieir character and conduct , who regularly mixed with them , who had local knowledge affecting tlieir circumstances and wants , to he sure . ( Cheers . ) But the Rochdale district , with its vestrymen , over-seers , and guardians , to the number of 150 , was to have only IS guardians in future . The means which had been resorted to to force the New Poor Law on the district were most disgraceful to all concerned ; but after every exertion , " in a district with a population of 70 , 000 , and out of 32 individuals who had been named for the office of guardians , only three individuals would allow themselves to become candidates ; and yet the law was to be forced upon them . Was this the way to make the people respect power ? It appeared as if everything which savoured

      of local liberty was to be put down by the strong arm of authority . Could they ever hope that much respect would bo paid to a law which had been introduced by such means ? Three persons had allowed themselves to be nominated as guardians for the purpose of introducing , the Jaw ; but lie was happy to inform his fellow-townsmen , that he had that very morning met one of the three nominated guardians , who had so felt tho compunctions of conscience that he had tendered his resignation . ( Cheers . ) The remaining two were James Holt and Samuel Briefly . ( Groans . ) He hoped they would not lift up their lingers against them , but their very names would become terms of reproach , infamy , and contempt . ( Cheers . ) What was the intention of the New Poor Law ? It had been vcrv ably exposed bv Mr . Walter ,

      the late member for Nottingham , when lie dragged to light that infamous document in tho House of Commons , which first shadowed out the intentions of the Government in preparing tho measure : the object was to manage the system so that ultimately all relief should be denied to the poor . ( Cheers . ) And when they saw what was daily coming to light under its harsh operation , when they became acquainted with the horrible conduct -pursued in the workhouses , why , he again asked , should they tacitly submit to such a law ? ( Cheers . ) The revelations within the last few days of the system carried on in the Amlovcr Union were such as to make every one with a spark of humanity shudder . ( Cheers . ) There were men coming forward to declare , and declaring on oaththat both t-hev

      , and their companions , pressed by hunger , had fought for bones which were in the bonchousc for weeks , and gnawed the foul gristle , and ate the stinking marrow . # ( Cheers . ) _ Would they consent to hand over their poor neighbours , themselves , their wives and children perhaps , to the merciful treatment of such a system as this ? ( Cheers . ) It might be said , this would never be the case in the Rochdale Union under the new law ; but it would be so everywhere if the people would not look after themselves . The tendency of the system was the same in every case . Why , the first thing the Poor Law Commissioners did was to send down a dietary which the guardians might diminish , but which they

      could not m any instance increase . Tu the present state of affairs they could not form a legal board of guardians . Whether they would roso : * fc to illegal measures for the purpose of carrying out this detestable measure , he did not know ; it " they proceeded now , they must do so illegally , and , if so , he relied on the energy and determination of tho men of Rochdale to oppose and carry on another successful campaign against them . ( Loud cheers . ) Amurose Huiist , a young man from Oldham , next addressed the meeting in a speech of some energy and power . t Mr . J . Wilkixsok moved the followi ng resolution : —

      " That having heard the statement of the late guardians relative to their conduct iu maintainin- ; the right of local government in opposition to the system of centralisation inculcated by the S ™ Poor Law , and their determined stand against the illegal persecution ol " them by the Poor Law Commissioners , this meeting is of opinion that the late guardians are entitled to the warmestgratitudc of their fellow-parishiomi's . " ( Cheers . ) With respect to the late guardians , he must say their conduct throughout the arduous struggle they had maintained so successfully had been distinguished by a vigour and a manly firmness which entitled them to the esteem and thanks of thcirfollow-townsmcn ; and as to the atrocities ot that system against which they had warred , they had often canvassed them together and publicly denouncc-il them in detail . Thcv knew

      well the nature and the tendency of that law which most improperly had been called the Poor Law Amendment Act . It was intended to supersede everything in any way favourable to the interests and comforts of the unfortunate labourers of this country . It was designed not merely to punish Misfortune as a crime , but to destroy the last remnant of liberty possessed by the labouring classes in the local management of their own affairs ; it was intended not only to prevent thorn from exercising any control over the money they laboured hard to get , and which they subscribed towards the relief of tlieir more necessitous brethren , but it placed them in a position of complete helplessness , exposed to all those * wicked and base attempts which were made to crush the labourers to the lowest possible degree of wretchedness , for it deprived them of the power to fall back on the

      land—the real constitutional relief and first principle of the social campact ; it disinherited them of all claim to relief from the land on which they were born , and which they were still sutiered to tread . And what then was their position ? They were completely helpless in the hands of the oppressor . It was a strange anomaly in tho legislation of this country that everything should be done by way of givin « additional securities to property , while eycrythin" \ vas done , on tho other hand , to rob the labouring man of his rights and immunities . The New Poor Law had done much to widen the chasm that already existed between the labourer and his employer ; " and he trusted , as a friend of justice and humanity , it would long be kept out ot that district . ( Cheers !) Mr . Malalieu seconded the resolution , which was carried by acclamation .

      The Rev . John Taylor moved the second resolution : — " That this meeting do tender their sincere and hoarty thanks to tho late guardians for their manl y and patriotic opposition to the introduction of the iS ' ew Poor Law into this district . '*'

      ( Cheers . ) lie congratulated that vast as *™ ,, ! i ~" the unanimity and cordiality with wliiclut ' m i ° resisted the introduction of that cruel meis-n i they had been betrayed—betrayed bv ' th „; . lfc townsmen , and they must now do what t ' lioy Pn i n- themselves . They must resist its full oncMi ; i every legal means in their power ; and i ] m - \{ J J 7 means still . Though , betrayed , cracliv betravetM power of public opinion was niightv on t ' uVir '"• i ° The people of Rochdale had it yet in their hand "f ' resist this law . They must make the admim stntn of it as troublesome to those who coiu ' cseeiu ' cd t administer it as possible . Despots never liked to \ l troubled ; but that was the vcrv reason whv tl-e should be troubled . Because " thevneither i ' crc . ' u ! ^•^^ tefe ^ 4

      " ^ ^^ . ^ let thcin alone till they had their rights . ( Ch eer * i A . great deal had been said of late on the duiy * J instructing the people and the best kinds and Jiroiip . of instruction ; but in sowing the seed , they f 5 iiou ! , 7 consider not onlyof what sort it was , but what sojjj ; it was to be put in . So that instruction sh ould I ,, ' successful , it was not only necessary that it slioulil ' p good and administered in the bc .-: t manner—tl- i ^" should be au aptitude for receiving it . l ; - » "' , people degraded and pauperized could not bo pro ; ,. /!' . instructed . If a people was to be made intellectiy they must first be fed and clothed ; the foii ' . iiL-uif'i must bo laid before the superstructure . 'l % \ r governors must not begin at the wrong end , a . < ' jf

      the people had no annual nature about them . \^ cording to the doctrine now too generally pi'o i ; i :. '; i 0 l [ they would make them into a kind of lantern !' villi a light inside and nothing scarcely without , (\ laugh . ) The doctrine he held was , first to ]• . ' ;•'• aj . j clothe , ' then educate the pooulo , or put thorn i n \ position to do it for themselves . ( Loud cheers . ) \\( , opposed the . New Poor Law , because it was e .-ile--. latcd to take away from the people the necessari es and comforts of life ; and while that was tho case all attempts to educate the people would he vain ; uul

      futile . Again , there must be not merely individual capacity for instruction , but a moral aptifudo to receive it , and where could such a disposition be fouml hi a man who knew that his right Jiad been taken from him—who knew that he had not what ho ought to have—who , producing everything , scarcely had possession of anything . " ( Cheers . ) This was true even with regard to religious instruction , fur , iu Uie language of the great and good Hooker , " Before ii ut required of Adam any religious service he placed him in a Paradise where he had something to live upo ! i . " ( Cheers . )

      The resolution having boon seconded was eari'i . , , unanimously . A vote of thanks was then given to The Chairman * , who dcclarciHt to be his delibcrat . opinion , after the experience of sixteen years , duriii'i which he filled the olHces of churchwarden , overseer and vestryman , that the administration of roiici under Sturgcs Ronnie ' s Act was decidedly superior to that under the New Poor Law . He felt thor .-mdiiv persuaded in his own mind , and that was one ¦ . 'reii ' t reason why he consented to preside at such a li ' ieetiug , that the old law was much better adapted to the state of society now than the new law could ever !« made to be . ( Cheers . ) It had given him great - ib .. sure to see the whole proceedings of the meet in * : ? q orderly and unanimous , and he hoped they ww . U now quietly separate and go home . ( Cheers . )

      The meeting , which at one period numbered sot Jess , we should think , than 0 , 000 or 7 , " 00 , then peaceably dispersed . _ Shortly afterwards a Imml oi music paraded the principal streets , followed by ]; lI . numbers of the factory operatives . 1 ' i'Giiai ' atio ^ were made for burning in efligy the two newl y i-j ceicd guardians , but the design was fortunately ab- ' uidou & i , considerable apprehension being entertained iVmn tho great influx of constabulary that a collision with that force might take place . We are happy to state thrit no breach of the public peace took place during t ! w night . Rochdale , Tuesday Mohmxc . The opposition to the introduction of this law into tho borough of Rochdale continued unabated , and

      the excitement created last week by the extraordinary attempt of the Commissioners to lovec it on the district has been increased , in consequence of the sum . mary proceedings which have just been adopted . Yesterday Messrs . S . Deardcn , J . Sc ! ollicld , aialW , Malliliou , overseers of the township of Castletoa , were summoned before the magistrates to show wma why they refused to pay over to the treasurer ol' the union the sum of . € 355 8 s ., the amount iu which that township was assessed . The case created considerable interest in this town , and the court was therefore crowded by the ratepayers . The magistrates on the

      bench wore Mr . j . _ iiiyler , of lodmorden ( a goiilteman who distinguished himself by introducing ilii ! measure into that locality , and who , it is stated , had his house set on fire and his furniture broken by tho mob on that occasion ); Mr . G . Ashworth , of Kuehdale Mr . W . Chadwiek , at whose instance the sum . mous was issued ; and Mr . Clement lloyds , who acted as chairman—one of those gentlemen who recently declared from the bench that lie would sooner throw up his commission than become the instrument of introducing the New Poor Law into the district . Mr . Twistleton , the Assistant Poor Law Cuiimiis . sioncr , was also on the bench .

      Mr . Roberts , clerk to the union , appeared in support of the summons , and Mr . John Cobbeti , barrister , for tho overseers . When the ease was called Mr , Chadwiek wiilnlrcir from the bench . Mr . Roberts put in the order from the Poor Law Commissioners , directing the magistrates to form the union , dated July 22 , 1815 ; also the minutes of a meeting of magistrates held on the 15 th of . ' liigust , when an order was made on the three overseers Mr the sum of 3551 . Ss . ; and proved that on l-riihy last , at a meeting of magistrates , when there were present Mr . Chadwiek , Mr . Kclsall , and the Kev . T . S . Mills , Mr . Chadwiek was ordered to take out the summons whieh they were then hearing . nlr . lloyds then said , Mr . Hoar-don , are you inclined to pay this money ?

      Mr . Cobbctt .- —Mr . Deardcn has left his case in raj hands , and therefore I hope you will allow me to show cause why he should not lie called upon for this money . Mr . Royds . —I don't care about that . Dear-let ! , will you pav the moncv ? Mr . Deardcn . —I shall when 1 get it , if 1 find 1 an compelled to pay . . Not otherwise . Mr . Royds . —Schollicld , will you pay the money ! Mr . Schollicld . —I shall leave the ' inattev hit !" . hands of my legal adviser . Mr . Cobu ' ott . —I hope , sir , you will allow me toaF a few words on behalf of my clients . They have intrusted their ease to me ; and I think I ean ' shoir . w " that they ought not now to be called upon toPV'i " '

      money . Altera short pause , Mr . lloyds nodded assent , » _ Mr . Cobbctt proceeded to address the bench . Ik did not mean to question the validity of tlie mi * nor the power of the board of guardians ; he submitted , however , with reference to the conduct of Ihf Poor Law Commissioners , and the mode in wl «™ they wore attempting to enforce the Jaw , fM ponding the decision of the Court of Queen ' s' Bench w hearing of this case should not be pro-wto' inHi . He insisted that the proceedings of the t ' onniussioiiers were most irregular , and wa < proceeding to comment on the peculiar position ofiliewiiH ' - " ^ v . the Guardians of Rochdale "—iu the court above , when he was again interrupted bv Ac clvAwmau . Mr . Royds . —Mr . Cobbctt , Ave are aware of all that ; it ' s no use to repeat it here ; you had better conic M the point at onceand shall " feci obliged .

      , we _ Mr . Cobbctt . —I assure you , sir , 1 am nut gems to make a long speech . Mr . Royds . —1 shall feel obliged if you will conic to the point at once . Mr . Cohbett again proceeded . —The bench wiaware that shortly after the original order ''» = issued by the Poor Law Commissioners , a # ! ' ° " was raised as to its legality , and procccd "> S " - * taken for the purpose of determining thai p »« The cause was removed from the Queen ' s ' » l Liverpool assizes , where it was tried before Mr . . *' tice Wightman in April last , and a nominal veiju taken for the Crown , with several points resent ' , the consideration of the judges . A ' ow , it it ll " ,, out that the decision of the Court above sliouW ™ against the Commissioners , every act ot guardians , and every aivmont . made to the ¦!«;» '

      would be illegal ; and as the decision ot the J « ; . would be given at the latest now within two mon" * he submitted the magistrates should s » 3 l ! the adjudication of this matter till tlia . tw » - If his clients were compelled now to li : l > , , money , and the union were declared by 11 C , % above to be illegal , they might he sued lor recovery of what money thev had pan' t 0 ,, ( treasurer of the union . He did " not mean to say »•' , his clients refused to pay the moncv on tins gro «' alone ; on the contrary , ko was instructed to say t * they would resist the introduction of the law by ohv legal means in their power ; but while the mf ] :. the union was matter of dispute , pending the dec- " , of the Court above , he thought he was justilwu asking the bench to dismiss , or at least postpone hearing of the case . ,, , .,, nff 8 Mr . Ashworth said , that , on Mr . Cohbett » o showing , the magistrates had no choice but to em

      payment . ; j The Chairman . —Mr . Roberts , arc you ff ^ L \ to press the case , and take out a warrant ol ui » ' against the parties ? „ - , - , Mr . Roberts . —lam , sir . The money must oc I * . The Chairman . —Then take out your wrwn t . cxecuteit as soon as possible—this afternoon , ! ' ) , |^ fl A warrant of distraint was then granted- an parties left tho court .

      Dropsies Curable By Holloway's Piixs.-7[...

      Dropsies Curable by Holloway's Piixs .-7 [ r ; at ordinary Case ! -Mrs . Charlotte Digglc . •« - % # , one of the aim-houses at Chapel-street , « est"u - - was , by the watery dropsy , so dreadfully sYf ,. „ « al body and legs , as to bo increased to double » e ^ size . Medical men had declared her past ""^ vcr indeed her death was daily expected ; yew . , cra extraordinary it may appear , she was rcduccii a ^ , ^ inches in bulk , after taking only a few t- osc p .. lui reabove extraordinary medicine . This won « a „ y medy may be considered as a perfect cm * n . ua kind of dropsy , however long standing or t , a " the case may be . ^^^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 20, 1845, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_20091845/page/2/