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      Pen October 16, 1841 The Northern Stab R...

      Pen October 16 , 1841 THE NORTHERN STAB r " 7

      € Colonial Anft .Fomgm

      € Colonial anft . fomgm

      Australia. Ceon Accounts From ^Sidney, N...

      AUSTRALIA . ceon Accounts from ^ Sidney , New South Wales , to the > f J # of June , inform us of the opening of the colonial uatdggislatare by Sir C . Fitooy , with a speech , in which excus excellency dwelt upon the prosperous condition he cf the colony , and announced that the state of the lie Public finances was snch , that the amount already at rre & e credit of the crown revenue wonld enable the adiistiBinistratioa to liquidate , during the current year , tdjhe whole of the debentures , amounting to about ) 0 , OS 100 , 000 , which had been issued to meet tbe extseSBenses of immigration in former years .

      CAPE OF GOOD HOPE . The The news from the frostier is of an important cbacterracter , for so far from indicating any cessation of etiliostilitiea , there is every appearance of a combined Bvennovement on tbe part of the native tribes beyond the uititrontieragaiatthe British settlers and the British ivergoverament FRANCE . Thi The reform agitation goes on augmenting . The batVebaU attacks the Reformers with great fury , and deareadares that the speakers have been guilty of' the cat most absurd calumnies directed against the king . ' ver ; Every day new reform banquets are announced , notith-withstanding the orders sent to the Prefects to use

      m all means in their power to keep them down . The sec speeches delivered at these meetings are not only ? ei eagerly listened to by those present , but the accounts thef them are distributed in tooo . * aods throughout the in country , and their effects begin to be seriously felt . A A royal ordonnanca has appeared in the Jfoniteur , tt authorising the emission of Three per Gent . Stock , ffi sufficient to produce a capital of two hundred and ty fifty millions of francs , on account of the loan of re three hutelred and fifty millions lately sanctioned by e the Chainbsr . One per rent , of the capital thus a © eated is to be appropriated to the sinkingfund . T The Duke de Guise , the infant son of the Duke A rTAamale , died on Sunday morning , at the palace of L SL Cloud .

      1 The monetary crisis in England excites great atben tention in France , We quote the following from a ; ec remarkable article in the National : •—' 'The crisis which at present exists in England jg ! again invites attention to the serious question of BO ! commercial policy . That question may be thus at : stated : —To what point is the system of internatic tional identity advantageous to manufactures and co commerce ? A school more noisy tban efficaciousth the school of free bade—finds no difficulty in replyin ing . Without taking into consideration the tradi ditional feelings , the previous or existing facts , or tl the diSerenceswMch characterise the manufacturing a and commercial organisation ; of various countries , it $ affirms that the most complete freedom of trade

      produces advantages for all parties , and that it may and ought to be established amongst all nations , without distincfioa and without conditions . With an absolute principle and a sheet of paper , the most difficult problems are easily solved ; the principle is imperious , the paper docile , and the idea flies on the -wings of the wind which wafts it ; but men of a prions turn are not satisfied with these hazardous solutions . Before tbey declare for or against a system , they carefully study all its elements . Now , it is evident to anybody who wishes to examine things closely and dispassionately that the system of free trade , applied to finances , manufacture * , and commerce , adopted in an absolute sense is false . To ifre stone at home for one ' s-self , without relations of

      affection or interest , is neither possible nor advantageous ; bat to connect one ' s-self indifferently with everjbedy—to unite one ' s interest with those of the first comer , whoever he may—is the most absurd of afl acts of imprudence , and the most dangerous of all folliea . The bath lies between the two extremes ; it is wisdom which eimmands us to choose our connexions . This principle , which is true as applied to individuals is not less true when applied to relations between nations . ^ If you have before yoa a nation whose geographical ^ position , whose political tendencies whose social organisation are similar to yours , do sot withdraw from it . If the credit of that nation is well established , if her manufacturing and commercial policy be prudent and honourable—do

      sot hesitate . There is advantage both for her and for you . Connect yourself with suck a nation , not without conditions , bat without a concealed design . Bat if , oa the contrary , you have to treat with a nation yeur enemy by tradition , by nature , and by necessity—if that nation be of a violent and aggressive temperament—if its social organisation condemns it by fatality to some violent overthrow—if its financial and commercial system leaves it no other safe road but the universal use of the entire globe , let sophists declaim at their ease , and hold yourself firmly at a distance . These premises being admitted—and common sense will comprehend and accept them—the consequence is that France oaoht to maintain the most intimate relations with Spain , Belgium , Holland , Switzerland . Italy , and

      Germany itself , and the United States , but she onght to avoid with the greatest care increasing her relations with * England . And let no party exclaim against infatuated passion or systematic hatred ; there is no such feeling in onr mind . We merely express here s political idea , long and coolly considered . No doubt we don't much like the British Government . Everybody , thank God , knows that ! But we do not hate England ; the only thin ? which occupies as is the interest of France . The 'National / after vigorously denouncing the British aristocracy and the Bank of England , wbich it asserts contributed more to the overthrow of Napoleon ' s empire than did the Duke of Wellington , concludes by saying , that until jGreat Britain rids herself of her aristocracy , she most of necessity be the enemy of the entire world .

      SPAIN . The ex t raordinary ministerial change , announced in our last number , is yet clouded in mystery . By some parties it is represented that tbe events of the night of the 3 rd and 4 th nit . originated in a struggle between the influences of two court favourites , General Serrano and Colonel Gandera . The latter was , it seems , lately adopted and put forward by M . Salamanca , with the view of undermining the influence ef General Serrano in . the palace . This intrigse becoming known to General Narvaez . he

      warned Serrano of his danger , and at the same time tendered his services . This took place on the after noon of the 3 rd , and on that evening Narvaer was president of the council . Madrid letters of the 6 th announce the convocation of the Cortes for the 15 th of next month , and the annulling of certain decrees efM . Salamanca relative to administrative reforms , and which was , it was said , only the prelude to tbe rerersal of his decrees on financial subjects . Queen Isabella of Si tin has this week completed the 17 th year of her age , and the first year of her marriage . GERMANY .

      Congresses are a Vordre dvjour . We have now to notice the meeting of the Germaine Congress , ' reputed to have for its object the davelopement of German unity and nationality , and the introduction of reforms for the social benefits of the German people . The principal speakers were Jacob Grimm , president ; Mittermaier ( ofHeidelberg ) , Dahlman , atewel . Panli , Perz , and Soashay , vioe-presidents . Professors Albrecht ( Leipae ) , Blame ( Bonn ) , Burchardi ( Kiel ) , Effliarcb . ( Schleswig ) , Fallati (

      Tubingen ) , Homeyer ( Berlin ) . Laehmann ( Berlin ) , Michelsen ( Jena ) , Schmidt ( Berlin ) , Worm ( Hamburgh ); amountingin all to 150 of the mest distinguished members of the German universities and & wcourts . TbefirstCongrera was held lastyear at Frankfort , when the question of the duchies of Schleswig and Holsteinwas discussed . This year tbesabiects discussed were the Hanseatic confederation , the German emigration to America , trial by wry , 4 c . The next Congress will meet at Nuremberg ,

      SWITZERLAND . The Constitutionnel publishes the following in a Utter from Berne , of the 4 th : — n The grand military review which took place on Sunday , in tbe canton of Vaud , and the ceremony of taking the oaths by the militia , formed one of the most imposing patriotic solemnities which have t ^ en place since that canton conquered its independence . In each of the nineteen districts into wbich the canton is divided , the troops of elite and of tbe reserve took with enthusiasm the oath to the cantonal ^ titration and the federal authority . The batrflions were fully complete , and tbe arms and equipa ? nts left nothing to be desired . The formation of * n auxiliary corps of volunteers has been effected in

      ^ manner which surpassed tke expectation of the government . According to the statement which the government has made to the Vorort , the Diet can reckon on 22 , 000 armed men of the elite , on a reserve « lO , O 0 Omen , and on front 4 , 000 to C , 000 > olunteers . The troops of the Vaud are generally considered the && of the confederation . The Landsgemeinde oJUri , which only possesses a population of 15 , 000 , whilst that of Vand is 200 , 000 , has declared its approval of all that has been done by the Sonderbund , *> o asserted that it wUl uot submit to tbe decrees of the Diet The grand council ef Lucerne , on its part , " *! decided that the people shall be consulted as to ^ course to be pursued under existing circamstances . ' » e quote the following from the Union

      Mon-OCmrp Jl ;—_ ' A note addressed tons by onr correspondent in ^ tzerland informs us the result of the Landflge-?> inde of Zug andUri , which took place on themsrn-|? S of the 3 rd , was favourable to the cause of the ^ nderbund as that of the popular ' assembly at 'ahwvtz , held on the 26 th ult . Four thousand cities met at Altorf , in the canton of Uri , and anani-2 'J voted that they should maintain the inde-P « wence and thennprescri ptible rights of thecanton WWrce of arms . Three thousand five hundred per-F ^ were collected at the Landsgemeinde of Zug , L ° ? ' «¦ the motion of one of the members of the j ^ stnibly , voted an address of thanks to the govern-Fm . « , Bda c *»? «» aft ** of the Sonderbund . ' Li- Jon ^ al i'Aia ' of the Sih , has the fel-Ljp ** . * " , etter wl » ich we have received kill c ^ f * ! ' u more than P robable tha t hos tilities ^ soon break out iaSwitMriand . Already a crowd

      Australia. Ceon Accounts From ^Sidney, N...

      of strangers ot doibtful mien have , arrived at' Cetera , where tteyseemtobe watching fortheraoment of taking part in some action . The grand council of Geneva is to meet to-day in extraordinary session . The council of state will present a bill for extraordinary powers , « iu order to be able to act with energy and promptitude at a moment when tleckuton may be called upon to place at the disposal ef the federation a portion of its federal contingent , and the first contingent of landwehr . ' The council of state also demands the power of forming volunteer corps , and new measures of disclpHneiortfaeseverepunigbmerit of men who are absent when called upon to do ser-Ticein the contingent . Itisproposed topunisheach absentee with

      a fine of from 3 fr . to 10 ft . per day for each day sab .-ence , and imprisonment of from four months to two years . According to tbe calculations of the radicals , the Sonderbund bas only 31 . 823 men and 119 guns to oppose to 96 993 men and 278 gnns . The Sutsseof Berne , of the 7 th , states that things look very warlike in the cantons . The Council of State of Fribourg has called out the troops . The same journal announces that M . de Gourten , the President of the Grand Council of the Valais , has been atrnek dead by apoplexy , whilst delivering a speech of a warlike nature on behalf of the Sotderbund in an extraordinary sitting of the council . A letter from Berne of the 10 th October gives the following

      IMPORTANT ISTELUOKKCE . A most serious incident threatens to accelerate the explosion of hostilities between the two parties which now divide Switzerland . Yon are aware that the federal Diet issued a decree on the 31 st July last , enjoining the cantons bordering on those of the Sonderbund to seize all tbe arms and ammunition passing through their territory on their way to those states . You knew , moreover , that several convoys have been already stopped in Ticino , at Zurich , and in Argau . But the most considerable of all , intended for thecanton of Fribourg , had not yet beenforwarded by the French government , which had undertaken to supply it . 6 , 000 muskets and four pieces of artillery had been packed up in large cases , bnt it was

      not knows by what road they were to proceed m order to elude the vigilance of the Swiss authorities . Thecanton of Neufchatel offered guarantees to the ultramontane party , its government , entirely devoted to Prussia , desiring nothing better than to assist the league . Bat in that canton , the number of patriots , partisans of liberal Switzerland , is at least equal to that of its adversaries , and the citizens took on themselves to intercept the arms should they pass through their territory . The Vorort had been informed for several days of the departure of tbat convoy from the arsenal of Besangon , in two divisional sent by different roads . It had officially apprised the government of Neufchatel of the circumstance , both as the Vorort and the Government of Berne , and

      requested it to execute the decree of the Diet of the 31 st of July . Finally , it received last night by express a notice that several French carmen had ventured to cross the frontier near Pontarlier , with four waggon loads of muskets and grape shot ; that the convoy had safely reached Ffeurier , on the territory of Neufchatel , a distance of two leagues from the frontier ; that there the convoy had been stopped by a number of citizens , who , after vainly summoning the authorities to perform their duty by seizing it , had , on their refusal , conducted their prize to St Croix , when they delivered it into the hands of the authorities of Vaud , who sent it into Yverdum . This circumstance , which sufficiently denoted the bad faith and connivance of the government of Neuf . chatel , induced the government of Vaud to seize the steamer Industrie ! , which plies on the lake of Neufchatel , to place on board a four pounder

      andadetachment of Carabiniers . and station it on the southern bank of the lake , to intercept all boats laden with arms and ammunition in tended for Fribourg , whose territory is washed by the lake on an extent of about two leagues . Ia presence of all those facts the Vorort hastened to delegate to Neufchatel the Councillor of State Stockmar , as a federal commisioner , to summon the government ef that canton to execute the orders of the Diet , or obtain a formal refusal from it , iu order that the Vorort might adopt measures commanded by circumstances . H . Stockmar left this morning , accompanied by a secretary and notary , bearing the national colours ; and the result of his mission was the more anxiously expected as the Governor of Neufchatel , the Prussian General Pfnel , has just arrived in the principality , where a collision appears to be imminent between the authorities of ; the confederation and those of Prussia .

      ITALY . Letters from Rome of the 2 nd instant announce that the Pepe published on that day a motu proprio decree on the organisation of the Municipal Council of Rome , which is to assume the name of Senate . The council is to consist of 100 members , namely , sixty . four proprietors ; thirty-two lawyers , sovans , artists , bankers , merchants , & c . ; and fenr representing the ecclesiastical body . The municipality will be composed of a senator or mayor , and eight deputy mayors , who were first to be chosen by the government , and afterwards to be elected by the council . Thermembers of tbe latter are to be renewed by thirds annually . The organic law relative to tbe legislative body was expected to appear in a few days . In the evening the entire population of Rome was to repair to Monte Cavallo , the residence of the Pope , to congratulate his Holiness on the enactment of the municipal law , of which that capital had been deprived during several centuries .

      FEBRAR 4 SOT EVACUATED . The news which we receive from Fenara to the 4 th states that the Anstrians occupied the town at that date , so that there is no truth in the report that they evacuated the place en the 3 rd . The Municipal Council of Ferrara has voted 6 , 000 dollars for the purchase of muskets for the Civio Guard . The Piedmontese Gazette , under the date of Legborn the 6 th , says that on the 5 th a numerous throng of people went tumoltnously through tbe streets ef the town , vociferating ' Long live Corsiai ! Liberty for ever ! Death to all Germans—to the King of Naples—to Baldasseroni ! ' These seditious cries were repeated before the palace of the gover nor , adding to them the cry of ' Down with- the Sproni ! ' The civic guard , disposed in various patrols , had infinite trouble in dispersing the mob ; on the 6 th it was feared that the scenes of the preceding day might be renewed ; and it was impossible to foresee what may be the result should that be the

      case . The intelligence from Naples is very contradictory the government representing the insurrection to be quelled , but on the other hand , private letters represent the insurrection as being almost universal throughout the'two Sicilies .

      UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . .. The Washington brings advices to the 23 rd nit ., but nothing new from the seat of war , except some additional details of the late battles before Mexico . A letter dated Tacubaya , 25 th August , says tbat the armistice had produced great dissatisfaction in the army . There was a report tbat Paredes and Bustsmente were approaching the capital with strong forces . General Scott was wounded ia the leg at the late battle . Rumours from the city have it that Santa Anna is throwing up breastworks and destructive batteries , and some think they are to be manned , by American soldiers to protect Santa Anna against those who may oppose him in making terms of peace .

      evacpatios op tabasco . The Ankoler , Captain Leneven , whiehleft Carmen , in tbe Gulf of Mexico , on the 10 th of August , entered Havre on the 10 th inst . She brings direct news frem tbe south coast of Mexico . The Americans have been obliged to abandon Tabasco , after having lost a great number of men in skirmishes with guerillas , and from disease . Before retreating , they burnt all the subarbs , which were composed chiefly of houses built with wood , and covered with thatch .

      Ebsrt Gsobob Bowyeb, Esq., And Thomas Br...

      Ebsrt Gsobob Bowyeb , Esq ., and Thomas Browne Browne , Esq ., have been appointed two of her Majesty ' s inspectors of schools . LABacBEBs' Wages is Dobsbtsbtbb . — A great many poor labourers were summoned before the Shaftesbury Small Debts Court , a few days since , by Mr Perkham , for sums due for pigs . One defendant earned eight shillings a week , but many gave their wages at seven shillings . The judge , who seemed astonished at the smallness of the sum , questioned them particularly . Was that all ? Were they quite sure of it ? Only seven ! Mr Rutter asked one of them what parish he came from ? He replied Stour Provost . Mr Rutter said it was so ; seven shillings were the weekly wages down there-This man had a sick wife and nine children , and he was sued for a sum of £ 6 lis . His Hononr madean order for one shilling a week , observing that it would take a long while to pa ? it off at that rate , but it was useless ordering a higher sum to be paid .

      The Late : Bouhtiful Harvest . — The public thanksgiving for the late bounteous harvest has been ordered by her Majesty is Council to be generally observed on the 17 th instant . Her Majesty orders that collections shall be made in aid of the destitution in Ireland and Scotland , which has unhappily not yet ceased . The selection of Sunday for the public prayers en the present occasion will , it is hoped , add materially tothe amount of the public contributions , and it will also have the effect of not depriving the industrious classes of a working day . Usstammsd Plattkg Cabos . —The Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes have given notice that a penalty of ten pounds will be imposed upon the vendor

      of every pack of cards sold by him not containing an ace of spades duly stamped , without regard to the corners being cut or not ; and that for every pack of snch cards fonnd in the possession of any person whatever , a penalty of five pounds will be imposed . Grace Agcilab , the authoress of so many popular works in favour of the Jews , and urging their claims to free and equal civil and religious rights tbronghoat tfaeciviiiied world , died on the 10 th ult ., & t F rankfort , irrher 32 nd jew . Ma Fabbbb , M . P ., has given fifty ponnds towards the liquidation of the debt incurred in enlarging the Darlington Free Grammar School .

      The Swiss Question. We Take The Followin...

      THE SWISS QUESTION . We take the following account of the Swiss question from a tract published by the International League . The conclusion wiil appear in onr next number .

      THE SWISS QUESTION . A great question is now being agitated In Switzerland , which , in consequeace of the special position in which the treaties of 1815 have placed that Country , may become at any moment an European question . On the one rida we have a friendl y nation—a nation wbich bas played an important part in tbe history of civilisation , which has taken an active part in the great movement of religious reform , and which has held up to us the exarnp ? e cf commercial freedom—indicating by the votes of a majority of its population , influenced by weighty reasons which we shall presently explain , a desire to modify and ameliorate its constitution ; on the other side we bare foreign government , tbe French and Austrian predominant amongst others , expreising their intention cf preventing any inch constitutional modification .

      The agitation that has , eipecially for the last few years , prevailed in this little country so important to Europe , is an acknowledged fact . It shows itself at one time under tbe form of a local insurrection , of a sudden radical change effected in one of the Cantons which constltnte tbe Confederation ; at another time under tbat of an armed attack upon one Canton by another ; and yet no one bas hitherto inquired whether all these ! febrile movements may not indicate an organic disease seated somewhere in the centre of the State , beyond all immediate or visible causes . These increments are , according to one parry , the outbreaks of the democratic element : that is true ; but how is it that tbe democracy of the

      Canton of Vaud or of Berne is so decidedly hostile to the democracy of the small Cantons of Uri , Schwjti , and TJaternralden ? According to others , they are owing to the plots of the Jesuits : that also is true ; bat how is it that , in a country free since 1308 , * a fen Jesuits are able to excite civil war , and to reduce populations naturally peaceful to the sole resource of an appeal to arms ! Is there in this republican land no public opinion , no le . gaily represented majority able to find a pacific solution of the questions which time brings to the surface ! Is there no central moderating power which , when that public opinion is once proved to exist , gives to it the force ef law , leaving the career still free for farther pro . gress ?

      The importance of Switzerland is far beyond what might be imagined from its population of 2 , 060 , 000 upon a surface of less tban 15 , 000 English square miles . Its position is a central one between France , Germany , and Italy . Prom the great strategetical importance of its territory , and by virtue of the Stipulations Of thetrea . ties of Vienna , which we shall hare occasion presently to notice , its frontier cannot be encroached upon by one power without others immediately intervening to guarantee and secare their own . Could one even suppose an intervention on the part of foreign powers acting not in hostility to , but in combination with , each other , and were this country willing to resign itself to the disgrace of being a passive eye witness of the perpetration , in the very heart of Europe , of a crime similar to that of Cracow , it would not have the opportunity of so doing ! The pretext for non-interference in the case of Cracew , which was afforded by the rapid consummation of the foul

      deed before there was time to take a step towards preventing it , would be wanting in tbe case of Swltzeiland . Animated by an unconquerable spirit ot liberty and of reaction against the foreigner , imbued with military habits and of acknowledged bravery , and backed in the midst of their Alps by insurmountable positions , the Swiss would , without doubt , prolong thestraggleagainst all French or Austrian intervention ; and , answering by the three branches of their population—French , Italian , sad German— -to tbe sympathies of the numerous ntal * contents of those three nations , they would be able , if need were , to establish , as a means of defence , three centres ef insurrection in the very heart of the attacking powers . It is impossible , in thinking of all this , not to be seized with a sort ef terror at beholding the passlre improvidence oi a policy which , from lore of peace , anticipates none of the causes ef war , and wbich forgets that war cannot break out in Europe without Gieat Britain being in some way or other involved in it .

      The question which agitates Switzerland is a national question , The want of a solution to this national question is the cause , we will not say of all the secondary differences that agitate tbe country , but of tbe irregular , illegal , and dangerous manner in which parties seek io decide them . There does exist in Switzerland a public opinion , a majority capable of solving them pacifically , progressively ; but this majority has no legal representative : there exists no central power able to give tbe force of law to its decrees , nor is it possible to constitute any such power . The federal compact given to Switzerland in 1815 , under the influence of foreign Powers sitting at Vienna , excludes that possibility . Since that epoch , especially during tbe last seventeen yean , all those in Switzerland who truly love their country have called for

      the abrogation of this compact , and for the organisation of something more central , — -snore national . The Powers oppose this . Whether the Powers , even by tbe strict letter of their own treaties , would be released from such guarantee upon a revision by tbe Diet of tbe compact of 1815 , is a question wbich has been raised ia the official communications between Messrs Ochsenbein and Bui * le Comte . This is not , however , a point which we propose te disease here : we are willing to afsuae that the Powers did succeed , by tbe treaties of Vienna , in forcing Switzerland into the position in which they declare that she is placed with regard to them . And on this position we raise the question of Right . The inviolability of Switzerland was guaranteed by them in consequence only of the existence of such cempact ; they threaten to withdraw that guarantee , the day that compact is annulled : and we have lately seen their representatives de . clare , in their official notes addressed to the Directory oi

      Berne , that the good understanding between Switzsrland and the Powers would be assured so long as there was no infraction of tbe compact , and no longer . It matters not that since 1815 thirty-two years have ripened the tendency to draw closer the national union , and have placed tbe compact at variance with the moral and material wants of the country . It matter * not tbat the want of a national authority condemns to perpetual combats and violence those who hare no tribunal before which they can settle their differences . This state of anarchy , and consequently of weakness , pleases the Powers allied for tbe enslavement of nations . It helps them to throw discredit on the sole republican flag that exists in Europe ; it serves to ensure to them , whenever tbey may desire it , a pretext for invasion , and to enable them to maintain in a state of absolute impotence one of the most important countries , strategetically speaking , in Europe . Here if the very heart of tbe Swiss question .

      Switzerland is a confederation of republics ; and we have only to pronounce the words ' federal republics' to suggest to the mind the idea of a double series of legally recognised rights and duties—tha one appertaining to each of the States or localities wbich form the Confederation ; the other lo tha whole : the first defining and circumscribing tbe sphere of activity of individuals as citizens of the different States ; the second defining that of the same individaals as citizens of the common country : tbe former settled by the representatives of each State ; the latter by the representatives of tbe whole country . Nothing of the kind takes place in Switzerland . The States , or Cantons as they are callid , are

      governed by authorities , ! emanating more or less directly , more or lees democratically , from the populations of the Cantons . Switzerland—the Confederation —bat no representatives of its own . There is a . central legislative bedy or ptrliament , called a Diet ; but it is composed oi tbe delegates of each Canton , chosen not by tha peopled Switzerland , but by the Great Council of each Canton . There it an Executive Federal Government called a Voros , which is ia no manner however the choice of tbe nation : it is by turns tbe State Council ot one of the three Cantons—Berne , Zurich , and Lucerne , within which the Diet assembles alternatelyfor two years at a time . The cantonal spirit then is alone represented in Switzerland ; ihe national spirit has no

      voice . Each of the Cantons sends to the Diet two delegates , who together hare only one vote . Thiasole vote is given alike to all the Cantons , whatever be their importance , extent , or population—the burdens of tbe Cantons being meanwhile distributed according to the number of inhabitants . Zurich has 224 , 150 inhabitants , and pays more than 77 , 000 francs tana ; she tends nearlj 4 , 000 taeu to tha Federal army . Zag counts but 14 , 710 inhabitants ; she pours into tbe general treasury only about 2 , 590 francs ; her contingent is but 250 men . Zug and Zurich have each one voics in the Diet . Berne reckons 357 , 710

      souls , and pays about 92 , 000 francs into the Federal treasury : she furnishes at least 4 , 600 soldiers , Uri has but 13 , 930 inhabitants , pays less than 1 , 200 francs contributions , and sends some 240 soldiemo tneFreoeT & UTOopa . Berne and Uri have each one voice in the Diet ; and so of the other Cantons , We haveonly to imagine the small Cantons uniting for a purpose ; and we arrive at the result of a minority of 500 , 000 souls giving law to a majority of more than 1 , 500 , 000 . A still smaller figure is sufficient to check all deliberation , and to prevent a majority from being formed . This is what happens every year in all important questions .

      But there is yet more . As if the power of the Cantons were not sufficiently assured by this vice of the Federal representation , tha system of instructions , or imperative mandates , steps in to prevent the chance of a national inspiration making its way to thu heart of some one of the representatives whom tbe Cantons send tothe Diet . Thedepnty is strictly bound by tbe instructions given him by the Great Council of the Caniou which seads him ; his heart , his understanding , bis love of his country , abdicate their influence at the threshold of the

      The Swiss Question. We Take The Followin...

      hall of assembl y . Discussion cannot enlighten bim ; neither eloquence nor the most powerful appeal of his compatriots can move hi m ; he is there only as a machine charged to repeat the « ves' and ' no * of bis constituents . If any 8 ,, bj 8 Ct pP ; seJjt it , e ) f 0 a which bis Instructions say nothing , he has no other resource but to ressrve the matter for reference to his Great Council for furtnerinstructioni . He will return hereafter wi . h their ye » or- no . ' Were tha enemy at ttiegates-had a threat ofiavasion been made in the interval between the giving the instructions and the meeting of the Dietwera Switzerland on tbe point of becoming the battlefield of two of the powers who have guaranteed its neutrality—that wonld not prevent the adjournment of the decision . We need only look back to 1798 , or to 1813 , to find examples of this indecision , when in the first case the French armies , and in the second the allied forces , violated tbe Swiss territory .

      We think it meless to enter into further detsils . Every man of sense must see that thsre is in the constii tutlon of the so-called central powrr only a second exercise of the cantonal sovereignty , and that a national in . piration can only make its way on the supposition tbat a majority , not of the Swiss people , which would be say . log nothing , but of the Cantons , should abdicate , in an Impulse of patriotic enthusiasm , all local spirit , all habitual jealousy , all partiality for interests which the very vices of tbeconstltution have implanted and nurtured , and should rise to a high and holy feeling fer the interests of their common country , for independence , and for Swiss progress . By anyone acquainted with the human heart such a hope will be felt to be realisable only in ve ry exceptional moments ; and such moments mutt be the more rare , as differences of language and religion raise very real barriers between Canton and Canton .

      The word Unity , as opposed to Federalism , has never been onca pronounced or even dreamt of b y a single patriot . We have remarked that it is sufficient for the small Cantons , representing at moat a third of the Swiss population , to corae to an understanding on any point , in order to give law to the other two-thirds , and psrpetu . ally to hinder the adoption of any measure called fur by the great majority of the nation . Those acquainted with Switzerland know too well to which side this rainority , converted by the compact of 1815 into a factitious majority , 'habitually leans . The population of the small Cantons - Uri , Sehwytz , Untertvalden , Zu ? , Fribourg , & b . —for the most part Oatbollc , are carefully kept in almost absolute ignorance by the clergy and a few rich magnates

      orrich men of the country ; tbey do notkuowhow to read ; and if tbey did , they would read only what the priest approved . Having for the most part no manufactures , and leading principally the life of herdsmen and shep * herds , tbey have scarcely any contact with the great Cantons ; and as the right of free estaWiiftnwnt—the right for every Swiss to locate himself iti any part of the national territory . he may choose—does not exist , it is easy for the authorities of any Canton to prevent the lengthened residence on their territory of snch inhabitants of the progressive Cantons as are suspect ed of preaching large and innovating principles , Fribourg is given up to Jesuitic influence . Neufchatel is Prussian , f and brings to the Diet the policy of Berlin . With such elements it becomes impossible , under the present system ,

      ever to arrive at national unity of views . Thanks to this state ef things , the foreign Powers thrust themselves nnperceived into every important deliberation . Tbey have not to intimidate or corrupt the central government of a compact body of two millions of men ; tbey address themselves to the Cantons individually—to the small Cantons especially , now with threats , now wi-. h the bait of some petty concession which tbey desire , or with the promise of support in some question affecting their inte . rests . The military capitulations , t the ecclesiastical concessions to Borne , the establishment cf the Jesuitsall that is now the dlsgraee of the country , or the source of its disorders , was obtained in this way . When , in 1834 , tbe notes of the foreign ambassadors—backed , we feel ashamed to s * y , by tbe support of the English

      ambassador , Mr Morier—demanded and obtained a flagrant violation of the right of asjlum , in tbe expulsion en masse of tbe Italian , German , and Polish exiles , the Powers had not to apply to a national government—for such there was none—a national government would have rejected their demand with dignity , for all Swilzer . land then thrilled with generous indignation : they applied to the . Grand Council of a Canton , which hap . pened at that period to be the Vorort , or depositary for the time , of the Federal authority . That Canton was Zurich . Calculating the impediments that might be thrown in the way ef the exportation of its silks , influ . enced by an entirely local party , and led away by a feel .

      ing of reaction against Berne ( whose behaviour was nobly hospitable ) , it yielded . This—we speak of the reaction against Berne—is , in fact , another example of the sad but inevitable effect of the singular organisation imposed oa Switzerland by the Compact of 1815 . By refosing to Switzerland a capital , and by vesting the Federal Executive iu three Cantons alternately for two years each , an antagonism has bean created between Berne , Zurich , and Lucerne , wbich destroys all chance of unity and stability in tbe system of government . One bas only to observe the policy followed by the Vorort sitting , for instance , at Berne , to forctel the opposite policy which Zurich or Lucerne will follow vhen the central authority passes Into tbeir hands .

      The end , then , which the Powers proposed to themselves in 1815—the disunion and permanent weakness of Switzerland—bas been completely attained . Cantonallty is the only element that possesses legal life : the nation has been suppressed . There is not even uniformity of coins , weights , or measures in Switzerland . Twenty , four or twenty-five § different legislations cross and jostle each ofter in the heart of this little country ; and there exists no high Federal tribunal of appeal with power to settle disputes between Federal authorities and Cantons , or between Canton and Canton , or to adjudicate in tho case of individual Swiss subjects * complaining o ? civil or criminal injustice at the hands of the local authorities . Whilst S nitzerland is justly admired for Us

      freedom of commerce with surrounding countries , a multitude of tolls hampers tbe internal circulation of its products between Canton and Canton . But details are here superfluous . Suffice it to repeat that there exists in Switzerland no unirersal right of citizenship—tbat no native born Swiss h . is the right , by virtue of his birth , to eitablish . himself in whatever part of Switzerland he may choose . There are citizens of Zurich cr of * lcrn >'there are Vaudois and Genevese ; the Swiss citizen does not exist . Ont of his own Canton the individual Swiss is but a foreigner . He may be expelled from any oth < r Canton to which he may have transferred his abode unless it may have pleased tbat Canton , with a view to reciprocal advantage , to acknowledge the right of free settlement .

      * It Was In This Year That The Three Sma...

      * It was in this year that the three small Cantons Uri , Sehwytz , and Uoterwalden , by tbeir victorious insurrection against the tyrannical government of the Emperor Albert I . of the House of Hapsburg , laid the first stene of tbe Swiss League . Lucerne joined them in 13 S 2 , Zurich io 1351 , Zug and Claris in 1353 , and Berne in 1353 . These eight ancient Cantons successfully repulsed the Austrian invasions , and created , by the celebrated batties of Sempacb and Noefels , the military renown of Switzerland . Tbe number of confederated Cantons wa « increased to thirteen , by tbe admission of Solothurm an £ Fribourg in 1431 , Basle and Scha & ausen in 1501 , and AppenzeU in 1513 . At a later period , subsequently to the religious movement of the Reformation , were added tbe other Cantons , f The Great Councils and the Little Councils : the former possessed . Q ? thebgislafcve , the Utter of the executive power .

      T The Principality Of Neufchatel Devolvi...

      t The principality of Neufchatel devolving by inheritance upon the royal family of Prussia in 1707 , was nevertheless , added by the Allied Powers to tbe Helvetic Confederation In 1815 , although still remaining Prussian , and governed by a nominee of the Crown ; because from its complete separation from Prussia itself , it would be , in case of war , at once at the mercy of France , and also because the abiolntist Powers saw tbat tbey should thereby acquire another means of influence in tbe councils of the Confederation . , I The term' military capitulation * signifies tho enrolment of Swiss in the military service of foreign governments . Six orjaeven Swiss regiments are at the present moment to be found in the service of tho despotic Governments of Rome and Naples . They are raised exclusively from the Catholic Cantons . § Some Cantons—Appenzell , tor instance—arc sub . divided into two .

      Ths Prhsest Stats Of Thb Abmf Of Abstbm....

      Ths Prhsest Stats of thb Abmf of Abstbm . — The Austrian array is composed of 58 regiments of infantry , of the line ( 43 of Germans . Galicians , and Italians , and 15 Hungarians ); these regiments are divided in 194 battalions of the line , and 20 battalions of grenadiers , forming a total of 233 , 461 men . To these regiments are joined the battalions of tbe 1 st ; Landwehr of the 35 German regiments of the hereditary states . Each battalion counts 4 companies . and the total of the battaliona amounts to 31 , 000 men . The infantry , called the frontier inran > try , | comprise !> 36 batta ) ions , > lidonebattalionCz 3 ikistos ( in all , 49 , 981 men ); tbe regiment of Tyrolean shooters , and 12 other battalions of shooters . The Tyroleans are divided into 4 battalions and 24

      companies , counting 5 , 459 mer . The other battalions count 15 , 336 men . The battalions of the garrison forma total of 6 , 716 men . Thus , in astate of peace , the whole infantrv of the empire is composed of 289 battalions and 1 , 568 companies , presenting an effective force of 341 , 963 men . Informing divisions of reserve and the second battalions of Landwehr , tho number reaches in time of war 490 , 000 . The Austrian cavalry ia divided into 8 regiments of cuirassiers , 7 regiments of dragoons , 7 regiments of light horse , 12 of hussars , and 4 regiments of lancers , forming 268 squadrons in time of peace , and 305 in time of war . The total of the cavalry in time of peace is 48 , 842 men , having 44 909 horses ; in time of war , 64 , 560 men ;; and 62 , 122 horses f » r the pervice of the state . The Austrian artillery is composed , besides the flvereginuntB of campaign artillery , of the corps of bombardiers and artificers , and

      of the artillery of the garrison and arsenal : total , 24 , 254 men , without counting the artillery train . In time of war the five regiments of artillery supply men to serve 200 batteries and 1 , 200 cannons . The special corps , the staff of the quartermaster-general , the pioneers , the engineers , give , on an average , a force of . 1 , 030 men , thus , the total forces of Austria , including the imperial navy of 7 , 539 men , present , in time of peace , an effective force ef 445 , 005 men . There are now but six field marshals , among whom is the Duke of Wellington . In 1340 there wore 25 generals of artillery and cavalry , 90 lieutenant fieldmarshals , and 123 majors-general in active service . —Gazette d'Augsburg—Oct . 3 . The King of Sweden has presented two silver jugs and several ether pieces of plate to nine men who exposed their own lives in order to save the crew of the Norwegian ship Elizabeth , which was wrecked in November last on Gudwalloe beach , Cornwall .

      Mr Whiting , of Monmouth , has reaped 6 * acres of wheat , the produce of which has amounted to 70 sacks , being 350 imperial bushels , cr 56 bushels per A few days ago a large whale was left by the tide between llilbro bland and the sand hills at Hoylake . Ho was seised by some parties , who extracted upwards of fifty tons of oil out of the animal , which now lies on tiie sand hills at Hoylake ,

      Irish Confederates. On Monday Evening, O...

      IRISH CONFEDERATES . On Monday evening , October llth , the Assembly Rooms , 83 , Dean-street , Soho , were thronged to ex cess by persons anxious to hear Thomas Gflisholm Anstey , Esq ., M . P ., deliver a lecture in favour of a Repeal of the Legislative Union . Mr Kenealy was unanimously called to the chair , and , in tuecoUW of some opening remarks , said , Mr Anstey would soon submit the question of Repeal to the Parliament , and he felt persuaded that Englishmen would see the justice and propriety of rendering them their support—( cheers )—as they were tired of giving ten millions of money to support their Irish brethren , and their Irish brethren were disgusted at being driven to the necessity of taking it . ( Cheers . ) Mr Fitzgibbon then read the rules of the Irish

      Confederation , and a very amusing article , entitled Where ' s the money V from the iVarton . On 0 . Anstey . Esq ., M . P ., entering the room , he was greeted with loud cheering , and having reached the platform , he proceeded to assure bis brother Confederates , that both on this and the other side of the water , tbey were acting strictly in conformity with low , as the Dublin Committee had managed ' to drive a coach and six through tho act' of 1798 . He then commenced his lecture ( a written one ) by assuring his audience that the question of' Repeal' would be one of the earliest brought before the new Parliament . ( Cheers . ) The honourable member then proceeded to show that a parliament might he held in Ireland , Dublin , or elsewhere , without

      any detriment to the one at Westminster , and also contended for the Repeal of the Union with Scotland as well as Ireland . As Parliaments were on ' y ' courts' of advice to tbe sovereign , tbey could be held under the crown , and it would be only necessary to re-isaue the writs to the places from which they bad been illegally withheld , and in direct violation of the constitution , which the learned gentleman designated ' a nicely balanced and excellent constitution . ' The honourable gentleman in support of his argument frequently quoted those great ' constitutional writers / Davenant , Bracton , and Cunningham , and at the conclusion of an address which occupied three quarters of an hour in its delivery , sat downheartily applauded .

      , On the motion of Mr Thomas Dily , seconded by Mr Fitz ? ibbon , a vote of thanks was unanimously awarded to Mr Anstey , which bo acknowledged . After a few words from the Rev . John Rourke , of Galway , it was announced that their chairman , Mr Kenealy . would deliver an address in vindication of the Irish Parliament that day , 'fortnight , and the meeting dissolved .

      Irish Democratic Confederation. The Demo...

      IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION . The Democrats met on Sunday evening , at Cartwright ' s . The new president in tbe chair . An article was read from the Nation newspaper , on Irish manu farture , and commented on by several speakers . MrBEZKB then read an article from t » e Dispatch of the previous week , upon Ireland and the Irish people , which he characterised as the most foulmouthed piece ef calumny and vituperation he had ever read . He was not . an Irishman , but he felt strongly indignant at the baseness of the humbug scribe of the Dispatch . Mr C « Ncr commented at great length upon the history of the English connection , during a period of 700 years , showing from various writers , the persecutions which the Irish neople suffered under the fmte . rma care of the British sovereigns . Three times

      had the Irish people suffered confiscation ; bnt this was not enough—the rascally r » g . the Dispatch , must insult them ! They all knew the moral weight that is to be attached to anything tbe Dispatch could say . That paper was on its last less . He had selected a few authors upon Irish history , which it had been well for the ignoramus in the Dispatch to have read before he calumniated a whole people . Temple says— ' Eleven and a half millions , out of twelve millions of acres , were confiscated , and parcelled oat to English adventurers . ' Lord Clare states— 'No inconsiderable , portion of the entire islan'l had been confiscated twice , or . oerhapa , thrice , in a century , and if tbe wars of England , carried on in Ireland from the reign of Elizabeth , bad been waged against a foreign enemy , the iuhabitota would have retained their possessions . ' He gives the following statement : —

      Acres . Forfeited up to the close of the reign of James I . .. 2 , 836 , 837 Forfeited up to the close of the reign of Charles II . ... 7 . 800 000 Forfeited at tbe revolution 1 , 000 . 729 Total ... 11 , 697 , 006 Spencesays , 'During the wars , carried on against the Earl of Desmond , for the purpose of depriving him of his estates , that the people were brought to such a wretched state , that any stony heart would rue the same ; out of every corner of the glens came crying forth on their hands , for their legs could no longer bear them . They looked like anatomies of death , and spoke like ghosts looking out of their

      graves . Lelandsays , 'That the Queen Elizabeth was assured that Lord Deputy Grey tyrannised with such barbarity , that little was left for her Majesty to rule over bat ashea and dead carcasses ! ' Four thousand acres were given to Sir Walter Raleigh , as a reward for his cruelty . Sir John Davis states , ' That all Ireland was colonised at one time among ten persons of the English nation . ' Gee , an English sentleman , in his work on the navigation ofGreat Britain , says , 'Thatit is thought that more than one-third cart of the rents of the whole of Ireland belong to English noblemen . '

      Lady Morgan says , ' Near 4 , 000 Irishmen of family , were driven into perpetual absenteeship , sent to dole out for a pitiful hire , in tbe cause of oppression , in other countries , the same valour and tbe same spirit , which their fathers had displayed in support of tbe libtrty of their own , the saie of whoso estates amounted to the annual sura of £ 211 , 600 . ' Were I to enumerate all the bloody sentences , pas ? ed by Cromwell on the Irish people , in what was called ' Cromwell ' s slaughter-house , ' would chill the very blood in your veins—yet this recreant writer in the

      Dispatch would build another slaughter-house , and give another Cromwell tothe people of tint country . We should , therefore , set an example this evening , which he ( Mr C . ) had no hesitation in saying was tbe bounden duly of every Irishman to follow . The Dispatch would exterminate the whole race of tho Irish people . To return the compliment , ' as far as was possible , it was a duty he owed to his persecuted country to submit to their consideration tho following resolution : — That seven centuries of British government in Ireland

      havo proved the utter incompetency of the directing power , even to supply its people with the common necea-Boriesoflife . "We are further of opinion that twelve millions of acres of fruitful soil ; aad more than enough to roako the people of Ireland independent of any neighbouring country , and that it is the inalienable right of the people to be fed out of the land which God hath given them , ondaa the British Government bas mora tban once co » nscated the whole of the IrUh lands to divide omongsttheir sanguinary and unscrupulous none , rents , we trust the peop le of that country . « » ^ ™™ watchful on any future change ^ y seeing that the lands shall wvert to the rig htful owners of the s-il , which , we are of opinion , is tho only menns of saving tbe Man people from the mock liberality of English Whig and Tory rulers , ani the Irish character from the insult of blood-suckirg , paid , mercenary scribes , such as the writer on Irish subjects in the Weekly Diipatch , which paper we deem it a duty , as Irishmen , to burn thla nig ht in the common fire

      place ( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was seconded by Mr J , B . O'Brien , who had 1 m en previously elected member of the society , and was unanimously adopted , and the Dispatch wai consigned to the flames , amidst the derisive laughter of the meeting . Mr George Minron presented the meeting with a second gift of valuab ' e books , maps , and papers , including the'Irish Volunteers , ' * Works of Paine , ' ' People ' s and Chambers ' s Journals , ' & c . The meeting then broke . .

      up Chair taken on Sundav evening , at eight o clock . Mr O'Brien , Eugene O'Kavanagh , and others , will attend and address the meeting .

      Bahsslbt A Numerous And Enthusiastic Mee...

      Bahsslbt A numerous and enthusiastic meeting of Irishmen took place last Sunday , at Mr George Utley ' s large room . Several English Chartists were present . Mr John O'Leary was called to tho chair , who opened the meeting in an eloquent speech on the principles of democracy , and was loudly cheered . The address and declaration of the Irish Democratic Confederation of London was then read , and was hailed with loud applause . Mr Michael Segrave proposed the first resolution , and plainly demonstrated by factd , that it was the height ot felly for working men to waste their energies b . y seeking for half measures , as many of the middle classes ot Ireland , who were loudest in their professions of patriotism / no sooner got installed in power byjhe Corporate Reform Act than they became their bitterest and deadliest enemies : — That this meeting feel highly gratified to learti the giant strides the just , holy , and glorious principles of democracy , are making throughout the various countries

      of Europe , and deeply regret the degeneracy of their fellow-countrymen , through the instrumentality of a few unprincipled leaders , aidfd by a base , hireling press , to impose on the credulity of a confiding ppople , by teac >) . Ing them that their liberty will be iffuctf d by the mere Repeal of tha Act of Union , This meeting is oi opinion that there can be no freedom for Ireland short of an independent domestic legislature , based on the principles contained in the People ' s Charttr , and consider it beneath the dignity of Irishmen to agitata for a less measure of justice than a full , fair , and free representation of the whole eole

      pp . ,. , Mr Andrew Cojle seconded the resolution , whichi after some remniks from Mr Edward Iveith , and Mr William Henry , was put from the chair , and carried unanimously . Mr Michael Markey proposed , and Mr Miles Roden seconded , tto second resolution . which was also carried :- - That we fully appreciate tha bold , nunly , straight .

      Bahsslbt A Numerous And Enthusiastic Mee...

      - - ¦¦ ^ s —» a—w sisHr . Ms— —asmsmm ^ forward declaration and objects of the Irish Drmocratio Confederation of London , as embod ying the resolution ! olthe Yotanttm thatmetat Dung mnonin 178 ' and alio breathing , the pure and holy principles of the Society of United Irishmen , for tbe advocacy of which many of its brave members faced the dungeon , the dock , and tho scaf . fod , resolved , therefore , that this mteiinjrtbrm a branch of the above-named Confederation in this town , andean , neatly request our democratic countrymen resident in Great Britain to follow our exuivple , with a view to free our country , not only from tba c « ptinuation of British misrule , but also from domestic tyranny .

      A vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to Mr Clancy , and the brave men in London , who assisted in forming the Democratic Confc ' crat ' ion , and also to the proprietor and editors of the Northern Star , for their consistent advocacy of the principles of democracy . The meeting was suhjrguenlly addressed by Messrs Smart and Trafford , after which between forty and fifty individuals enrolled tbeir names . A vote of thanks was given to the chairman , and the meeting separated , highly delighted with the proceedings of the evening . The following individuals were appointed officers to carry out the objects of the society . - -Robert O'Neill , Michael Segrave , Patrick Connor . John O'Learv , Edward Keith , William Henry , J „ hn Trafford , John M'Coy , ihomas Criek . The society will meet nest Sunday evening , atthe above-named place , at half-past seven oclcck .

      To Mr Clancy

      TO MR CLANCY

      Dbab Sib,—I Embrace This, The Earliest O...

      Dbab Sib , —I embrace this , the earliest opportunity afforded m » , to express my deDght at the course recently adopted by tbe Irish Confederates of London . I have fully made up my mind to join no political association tbat has not for its object the accomplishment of die glorious and just principles of Democracy—as I am thoroughly convinced that any measure short of the enfr « nchlsemcnt of the working millions , is not calculated to pUce labour in a position to protect itstlf from the avaricious grasp of capital . It affords me much pleasure ,

      and must be highly gratifying to every lover of libtrty , to learn the giant strides that those glorious principles are making throughout the various countries of Europe , but yet there is one solitary exception , where the dark cloud of political ignorance hongs over the minds of men owing to the false teaching of selfish leaders , and that country is our unfortunate native land . Lhave carefully read the address of the Confederates to the toiling community of Great Britain and Ireland , in the whole of which I entirely concur , ixci'pting that passage which states that the Old nnd Young Inlanders are our friends , as being born of the same persecuted land .

      In my humble opinion , there are few of tbe leaders of cither p » rty tbat are not deadly enemies to the toiling millions ot Irelund , and also to universal liberty . He who would brand his fellow man as a slave by refusing ' bim tberigbt of citizenship—a pririlige which he claims for himsilf—is a detestable tyrant , and an enemy to mankind . Before the famine , created by man , h « d sweptaway myriads of our unfonunate countrymen , Mr Scrope notified his intention of bringing forward a motion in the House of Commons , to adopt aptrmanent system of outdoor relief for Ireland . Were not both parties to be found on the platform of Conciliation Hall , de * nonnciagany system of the sort for the starving people , as being equal to a confiscation of half the landed pro . psrty of tho country I What was the ' rtsultt Why , land rohbtrs were permitted to revj-1 in luxury , whilst a

      million of labous ' s childrra were ihronn i « to shroudless graves . It is , therefore , evidence that the Interests ef tho former were preferable in the oyea ef those professing patriots to tNe lives of the latter . Y 18 , they looked coolly on the butchery of their fellow-csuntrjtni n , without even making an effort on their part , to prevent those heart-rending scenes , unt quailed in the annals of history . The compromise had taken place , and Ireland was handed over to tbe tender mercies of the base , brutal , and bloody Whigs . The pstriarebial patriot made hi » exit to the continent , and no sounds met the ear but the djing groans of moving spectra , accompanied with occasional growling of the slumbering ' Hon of thefoldof Judes , " nhiht Ardigh ' s ulsmiing trumpet lay ns mute as the harp in Tarali's walls . When tbe

      Democracy of thw country endeavoured to effect a union with their Irish brethren , were they not basely in ' suited by Ireland's mock patriots , and tbeir aid pcorn fully r jected f Had it been otherwise , how git rlous wonld have been the result emanating from such a com ' biuation . The Irishman resident in Great Britain , who are since divided , would most assuredly be united as one man , together with tho millions of English and Scotch Chartists ; none would be apathetic when such a chance of victory offered itself . But'No , ' said the old magician , and'No ' responded his slaves , knaves , and dupes , ' 'those Chartists are infidels , ihcy petition for the restoration of Frost , Williams , Jones , < fce , ' What a specimen of infidelity to endeavour to « ff ct what all Christians profess to pray for on the Sunday , namely—the re « lease of captives .

      The Chartists hold different opinions as individuals on religious matters ; but , as a body , their actions are more in accordance with the spirit of Christianity , than the bulk of theoretical religion ' s ! j . The fundamental \\ tinciv'e of Christianity u > , Do unto others aa you , would that tbey should do unto you . ' and tbat of Chsrtism is , ' Justice to one and to all . ' Hance , the man who says he is a Christain , and is not a Chartist , throws aside the principle he professes-and , consequently , is nothing better than a superlative hypocrite . But why should we canvass tho religious opinion of eur compatriots in the cause of liberty ? Shall I a ? k the brave soldier who fights by my side , In tho cause of mankind , if our crfeds agree ? Shall I give up the friend Ihavovalued and tried , If he kneel not before tbe same altar with me ? No , perish the hearts and law ' s that try

      Truth , valour , and love , hy a standard like this . But , whilst they refuse to combine with the progressive party of this country , and the gulph is fixed between ns , they slavishly court a union with the aristocracy of Ire * land . What an unholy alliance that would be , th * mouse and the cat , the lark and the kite . If the people are sufficiently foolish to waste their energies in a combination with their oppressors ; at the end of theirstruggle the Cbarlemonts will significantly tell them that any change to be effected must be based on aristocratic ascendancy . At the same time , all that la required by the present leaders of Ireland , would bo accomplished by a mere llepeal of tha Legislative Uniin , patronage would be at the di « posal of flippant tongned patriots , and the - country converted into a manufacturing hell , to swell L the coffers of avaricious grindingcapitalists , atthe sacri-

      fice of female virtue and loveliness ; and the rising gene . . ration who , under different circumstances , would be e hgalthful and robust—would become poor , emaciate ^ ' , helpless forms , such as we witness eery day in tbe ma- u nufac ; uting districts of this country . And this , in my iy opinion , is the ' great boon ' tho people would receive te from a mere Repeal of the Legislative Union . I sincerely ly congratulate the Confederates of London on the good ad work they have so well b-gun . If genuine liberty is to- tobe ertabllshfd la Ireland , tbe battle must be foughtby jy the Irish Democracy ra . tideat in Great Britain . We e must subscribe our pence , and not only send democratic us p , pers , but aho missionaries , who will bridge aver' the ne gulph , ' by establishing those glorious principles , for the be advocacy of which so many of our countrymen , in years irs bhave braved the dungeon , the dock , and tbe be

      gone y , scaffold . We havo nothing to expect from the Young ug Inlanders as a body . Their official organ , the Ntrion , in , was silent when Ireland ' s patriots were denounced . Its Its editor now occasionally trumpets forth their names to i to acquire popularity , but studiously keeps back fhi ir prin- inciples from the untutored minds of tho people , or hypo-politically represent those principles as * abominations . ' I . ' I have often said , even In the Bright of the llepeal Agtttriti . * tion , tbat your worthy president was tho man destinedned to win Ireland for the Irish . He has already tsufficientlyntly proted his competency to be tbe leader of the Irish pio-piopie , whilst I unhesitatingly assert , without fear of con-contradictinc , that there is no other man in existence ine in

      whom Irishmen can or ought to place an equal decree ofre ol confidence ns in Mr O'Connor . It is utterly impnaslMeslbk fer him to deceive W * countrymen . H- » might f » rgebrget his own suffering . " , but he never can sell him . i'lf to theo the supporters of a system under which his father wae was hunted to death , and his uncle banished from his natiwatiw land for ever . And I hepe the day fs not fur diitanbtanl when every honest 1 'ishman will thoroughly » pprecta « cia « his noble exertions in the cause of lirerty , and then wen w may expect to see our country raised to the dignity of ty of ti nation , and her whole people free , piosperous , aa o & happy . I remain , dear Sir , Yourf , iu the holy and juatcause of Democracy , acy , MlCBABIi SlflEAVBEAVl Barnsley , September 24 th , 1847 .

      To The Ex-Repeal Warden Who Addressed Th...

      TO THE EX-REPEAL WARDEN Who addressed the writer of this , through the Star < 3 tar u the 28 th ult ., respecting the Young Ireland Clubs , & ibs , & : ia London . -

      To The Ex-Repeal Warden Who Addressed Th...

      DEiuSin , —The letter that appeared in tho Star Star the 30 th of August , addressed to me by you , would haild h «« been answered the tint week had it not been that I nat I n out of town at the time , and had uot an opportunity tunity seiing the paper thnt contained it . Having heard ttsrtl til there was such a letter , I applied to several personsersons getmethepaptr . It was Fti iy this week I was ables able i obtain it through , the kindness of a friend . Hoping tying til thh will be an apology for the dtlay . and that you r . you tr not think me either in wnsiHe to the subject , or discor disco , teous to the excellent writer of that welcome letter , letter ,, whom I must first ob-erve . that if I were ntuated by ted by .. ill ill

      vanity in the part I tab . in tha politics of my -u . y -u . c * untry ! l " bonld bo . notetban saiWied by your mato mak . o „ o so humble as myself worthy rf your notice , wtace . wit Zrl are so many others whoso names arc more prcoro proa S and whose abilities arc mote worthy of re . pof re . ps But I supposcyourknowing my feeling , on he dut . ee dut . ee heOppressed to each other , nnd how much 1 felt on felt on occasion you alluded to , of rejecting the assistance of ance of f State under the old Repeal mov . ment , has csU . as csu vou to select me out . I will here observe thatit has tit has tl L , „ Diness to be on friendly term * with many of timy of tl . l who desire that the principles of the Charter sbou ' . tl should . ! persede tbe preser . t infamous and corrupt system systemc cou'd not bo otherwise with me , yourself , and nine-tej nine-tew of tbe Repealers in England , as we held , and stlll-M stilUil the same opinions ourselves , but when we were ' ^ wer e ' ^ manded to keep them apart from u « by the then 1

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 16, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_16101847/page/7/