Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 16th August 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 7, :' ^>rmsny^^tWnts

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (4)
    • :' ^>rmsny^^tWnts
    • 'vjLif.t"- i £Sitj"**isv - -»-'..*trt-at-' - m^tm m^i mim.
    • asr^tita iitM^^
    • i^larkt Mditgentf*
  • Text (17)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      . Js ' ^Itm^Wl^:^ - "" ¦• ¦¦¦ - __^::,:-...

      . JS ' ^ itM ^ WL ^ : ^ - "" ¦• ¦¦¦ - __^ ::,:-. - ; :--:..--, - ^ -- „^ :::: .: ,, :.,-: , .,.. ^ : ^^^^^ i ^^^ J ., . . ,,... ..,. ; 1 ^ _ ---- ' """ - - ^ '

      :' ^≫Rmsny^^Twnts

      : ' ^> rmsny ^^ tWnts

      ' -'And I Will War, At Least In Words, :...

      ' - 'And I will War , at least in words , : ; :- ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , "Wifli all who war with Thought !" '' IJM & IhewaH ^ hira , vrhoshis 3 .. ' .: The 5 e «»« lelss ^ dh 3 r wiU i » the stronger . '—Bsaos

      I3taly, Ausfkjx; Im The Pope* . % Having...

      I 3 TALY , AUSfKJX ; im THE POPE * . % Havingsketched a few traitsof the " best" government { the Austrian ) existing in Italy , Jfr . Mazzixi next proceeds to afford the English people a glimpse of . the ' 1 uvrst , " the States-of the Pope . That there could , by any possibility , exist a worse government than the Austrian despotism which at present curses Venefian-Lombardy , our readers will , most likely , be inclined to . doubt . Iiet the doubters , however , read the following , and mark , learn , and inwardly digest the consequences of allowing priests to rule : —

      . Central despotism is the characteristic of the Austrian Government : organized anarchy , to the extent such a thins is possible , is the characteristic of the Papal . And this anarchy , an inevitable consequence of the constitutional nucleus of the government , cannot he modified by -written laws or by essays of partial reform , come from -what quarter they may . The government is elective and despotic : it is vested in a man who is Pope and King at the same time , and who proclaims himself to be infallible . 3 fo rule is prescribed , none can be prescribed to the sovereign . His electors , all and alone eligible , believing themselves clothed -with a divine character , divide among them the direction of affairs . - The chief offices in the different departments of administration are all filled hv priests . Very many of them are totally irresponsible ,

      not merely in fact , bat of right . The Tope , generally a creature of the faction opposed to that which elected his predecessor , overturns the system in operation prior to his accession , and by a motu-proprio substitutes his own . His electors , the cardinals , each eligible after him , and feeling themselves his equals , substitute their pleasure for his , every one in his sphere . The bishops , also partaking in this divine cbarater , and in irresponsible authority , exercise a wide and almost entirely independent power . The same , too , with the chiefs of the Holy Inquisition . The ecclesiastics , holders of the principal offices , incompetent from pasthabits and studies to undertake their administration , discharge their duties by the aid of inferior employes ; who , in turn , feeling their position uncertain , as dependent on a necessarily short-lived

      patronage , are guilty of every possible malversation , and aim solely at self-enrichment Beneath all , the weary people , borne down by all , reacting against all , are initiated into a corruption , the example of which is set by their superiors ; or avenge themselves as they may by revolt or the poniard . Such , abridged , is the normal state of Papal Italy . / In such a system there is not , there cannot he , any place for general , social interests , but place for the interests of self alone . The priests who govern have nothing- in common with the governed : they may have mistresses—they cannot have wives . Their children , if they hare any , are not legitimate , and hare nothing to hone for but from intrigue and favouritism The love of glory , the ambition of doing good—the last stimulant left to individuals when every other is wanting

      . —exists not for them . The absence of aU unity of system , the instability of all principle of government , as evidenced at Rome under each new Pope , and in the provinces under each new legate , wholly destroys the possibility of such an impulse . How should men devote themselves to amendments that can be in force but a few years , tliat must pass away ere they bear fruit ? Besides , as I have before said , the ecclesiastics are driven , by their want of political aptitude , to govern by auditors , assessors , or secretaries : why should these last labour for good , when the glory would all go to their chiefs I Why should they not labour for evil , when the dishonour will fall there also ? Pear has no hold on the subalterns ; for , not acting in their own name , they have nothing to dread save for their patrons . Fear has no hold

      on the heads ; for as to some , their power and the part taken in the election of the reigning Pope , as to others , the apostolic constitutions or the traditions of the Church , establish an irresponsibility in fact or law . In the Papal Slates the Minister of Finance ( Treasurer-General ) has no account to render : he may rob the Government with impunity , and he can he removed from his office only by promotion to the- Cardinalate . Prom this single fact judge of the rest . Consequent on this irresponsibility , in combination with the absence of distinctive limitations to official authority , no irregularity is too extravagant for the Popedom . The Cardinal-Datario claims the right of setting aside the ordinances ofthe Pope , whenever it seems good to him . A law of Benedict the Fourteenth , confirmed by Pius the Seventh and Leo the Twelfth , ordains that every farming of duties and every contract relating to the exchequer should be effected by public competition , and that after the first auction a certain time should elapse , to see ifanyparty witladvance on the highest

      bidding , and yet the Secretary of State and the treasurer constantly violate this prudent regulation , and , for a sum in hand , without the slightest formality , assign such contracts to whomsoever they please Cardinal Albani published at Bologna , on the 1 st of February , certain ordinances of Gregory tiie Sixteenth , of the Stli of October , 1831 , to the effect that for the future no man should be takeu out of tlte hands of his native judges ; and twenty days later he created a Provost ' s court , that treated as crimes acts not before obnoxious to the law . The Cardinal Treasurer and the Cardinal-Camcrlengo promulgated at the same time ( 1 S 2 S ) two opposing regulations relating- to the posts . The functions of the provincial beads are laid down by law ; but the Pope reserves to himself the gift of a letter or brief of instruction , by which he extends their power to what limit he pleases , and often invests them with the exercise of a portion of legaljnris diction in civil matters : the ; may abuse these powers according to caprice , for , whatever they may do , they cansot be recalled till the expiration of three years .

      Under this abominable system of misrule , the sources of material prosperity are one by one wither ing , property is depreciated , commerce swallowed tip between the monopolist and the smuggler , and industry shackled and oppressed . The treasury when not plundered by the irresponsible treasurer , is exhausted in pensions scandalously lavished on idle frelates—on inferior proteges , whom it _ has been necessary to deprive of their employments , but whom it is hazardous to bring to justice or ignominously dismiss—on women" of ill life , courtezans to the cardinals , or on such as have rendered secret services to the . Government , or any one of its members . Large pensions have often beengranted to the brigand chiefsof . the Campagnawho covenanted with the

      , , Government for a life-income , proportionate to the profit they drew irom their murderous calling ! The treasury " maintains a large part of the congregation of the Propaganda ; it foments political plots in Spain , Portugal , and elsewhere ; it everywhere keeps afire , by secret agents , Jesuits , or oiliere , the assailantspirit of Papistry ; it feeds the luxury of the most ' demoralised court in Europe , in the midst of a famishing population . " Mr . Mazzixi next speaks of the intellectual state of the Pope ' s subjects . He asks of English travellers , how many peasants have they met in the Popedom

      that could read and write ? At the Congresses of Science that have assembled of late years in different parts of Europe , not a single professor has been seen irom the Papal States . And all this , the mass of material and moral pestilence , afflicting t ! is wretched population , is based on a rn axiom no longcrbelievedin , that has ceased to have faith in itself . "Conceive , " says IK Mazhki , " the state of a creed distrusting people , curbed , domineered over , burdened by an army of priests manifesting faith only in force , who surround themselves with Swiss and Austrian bayonets , or , in the name of Christ , muster brigands from the galleys !"

      Religion—I speak of Papal Catholicism—is , in the Soman States more than elsewhere , lifeless : lifeless in the educated classes as a consequence ofthe enlightened age ; lifeless in the people as wanting a symbol—as wanting a something representative . Who in that country is ignorant that the nomination of Christ ' s vicar depends on ambassadorial intrigue ^ and that the direct or indirect « to of Austria , of France , or some other power , throws into conclavial nonentity the so termed chosen of the Holy Spirit f Who is ignorant that long since the King

      strangled the Pope ; that diplomacy masters theology ; -that the notes of foreign plenipotentiaries have inspired briefs to" the clergy of Poland , to the bishops of Ireland I Which ' motu-proprio of a Pope but insults the infallibility of his predecessor ? iVho at Borne but can point ont the mistresses of the cardinals ? or who in the provinces but can point to the agents of the prelate-governors , shamelessly trafficking in all that can bringmoney to themselves or their masters * How , dizzied in this whirlpool of scandal , of hypocrisy , of dilapidation , can man preserve his faith intact ?

      , 1 Here isaspecimen of the faithlessness of the Papal Government , and its titter disregard of the most solemn treaties ;—In 1 S 3 I , an insurrection , internally victorious , was quieted by Austrian intervention ; but the insurgents remained in possession of their arms , their position and places of strength . A capitulation was signed at Ancona on the 26 th of March , between the members of the Provisional Government on one side and Cardinal Benvenuti on the other , covenanting a full and entire amnesty for all those implicated in the rising . The cardinal was legate a Mere : tliat is to say , clothed with every poweran alter < 3 f 0 T-in . the language of Rome , Deo el non nobis ht have famished

      raiionem reddihtnis . . 5 "he 26 th mig a pretext for parties who would have been glad tolook upon Mm as at . that date still in the power of the insurgents on tie 27 th , free , and ' inrasted with supreme authority te spontaneously ratified tlie . ' capimlation . Ninety-nine # : the most jjompromised of the insurgents , with the connivancf of Benvenuti hinuelf , who for the purpose pertnaaed ^? captain tobrealf * contract , cmbarued on board the Isotta , under , the Papal nag , furnished with r bular passports , signed by the pontifical authors and Wtbe consul of France . Tberestremainecl . onthefaitli ofthe capitula - tion . " . ' ( mtbepartof tho insurgents every article w « observed ; " they surrendered their arms , the fb ' rtified ' pMces were " given up , the insurrectionary flag

      I3taly, Ausfkjx; Im The Pope* . % Having...

      pulled down .- Pp . theSth ' of April , -when the " ca ' uhtry was entirely " at the Papalmercy , 'the Pope ueelare'A the cnpltui lation null as far as regarded himself . - Ordinances of the 14 th ' and / 20 th of April organised ' a ^ blttcf prosecution against those who had been , however slightly , ' accomplices , favourers , or approvers of the insurrection . * The ' ninety-nine passengers of the Isotta weire stopped on the high sea , hy the ; Austrian Admiral Bandiera- ^ -twliosc two sons expiated their father ' s wron'r against / the Italian cause , by pouring out their blood in martyrdom , on the 25 th of July , 1844 , at Coscnza )—taken back to Aricina , and from thence to Venice , to the prisons of Austria / against whom they had committed no attack ; from which they were released after two months' ill-treatment , hy the intervention of France . After £ iets so revolting to good faith and morality , how can men believe in the religion of the court of Rome ? Of the Duchy of Tuscany Mr . Mazzixi says : —

      In the Duchy of Tuscany—the only Italian state in which the corruption of a mild despotism has been preferred to the system of terror elsewhere dominant—one of onr first authors ,. Jficoliui , published his tragedy of Arnaldo da Srescia . - fortwodaysit had a free sale ; on the third the whole impression was seized , at the iiistaucc of the court of . Rome . In tliesame Duchy , a native restored the house formerly inhabited by Alfisri , and added an inscription , lauding the great poet for his love of Italy : the Tuscan censorshipfound in it nothing objectionable ; but the Austrian Ambassador demanded its obliteration ,-and the Government obeyed . Mr . Mazzisi thus sums up the general state of Italy : —

      Misgovernment and foreign despotism in Lombardy misgovcrnuient and the worship of an imposture in the Popedom—yon have only , sir , to apply these three things to entire Italy , and you will have got the truth . The Popeis the cross , the pommel of a sword , of which Austria is the point ; and this sword hangs over all Italy . The Pope clutches the soul of the Italian nation ; Austria the body—whenever it shoxs signs of life : and on exery member of that body is enthroned a petty absolute prince , viceroy in turn under either of these powers . " Three despotisms in place of one!—without any of the advan tages that sometimes accompany despotism , when national , and when operating on a grand scale .

      # "Hair Insrjia. Anditfae^Pope. -A Lette...

      # " Hair Insrjia . andItfae ^ Pope . -A letter addressed to SWaSSanjBart . ^ ^ J ^^ atS V . Albanesi , 8 , Queen-stoat , folden . sqaare ; Cleave , Sboe-bne ; neuieringt 6 n , HolyweU . street ; Watoon , Pauls-? lley ; and Strange , Paternoster-row .

      Progress Of Tiie German Reformation. "Wc...

      PROGRESS OF TIIE GERMAN REFORMATION . "Wc copy the following interesting particulars of the progrcssof the " New Reformation" in Germany from the Continental Echo , just published : — Perhaps for the desirable progress of the Catholic reform movement , the most hopeful occurrence which 1 hare to relate is the " decision of Dr . Theiner to separate from the Roman Catholic Church . This , for the latter , severe blow , was hastened , as so many others have been , by the indiscreet zeal of the : diocesan Vicar Latusst-k , who towards the end of April wrote demanding ^ contradiction from Theiner , of " the reports in circulation respecting his intended junction with the German Catholics , failing which , their truth would be taken for granted , and his excommunication follow . " Theiner , it is ' said , ' replied , he would not give the demanded declaration : that the chapter might doits pleasure as regarded him ;

      but if it decided on hostile measures , he had five state meats ready , winch he likewise would lay before tiie public , and which might , perchance , he neither agreeable nor beneficial to the chapterl The threatened breach was apparently healed through the intervention of DK Ritter ( canon of the cathedral ] , but on the renewal of similar reports'in the newspapers , and when a reprint of some of Thciner's works , written assuredly in no ultramontane spirit , began to appear , Latussek again launched a threatening letter against the priest of Ifundsfield , which occasioned his inviting his patron and churchwardens to meet him on the morning of the 17 th June . ITetheu declared to them his resolut on to lay down his office in the Romish Church , and to give immediate intimation to that effect to the diocesan vicar . This he accordingly did , and his immediate suspension , and conditional excommunication ( that is , if he'lo not within a given time return to the bosom of the Church ) , followed ,

      as matter of com se . The character of Theiner , whether as general scholar , thoroughly trained theologian , eloquent writer , long experienced priest , and expert controversialist , " joined to his blameless life and orthodox creed , inake him the veryman needed by the Catholic reformers at the present crisis . Invitations from Berlin and Lupsie , with vcyy considerable temporal offers ( which , however , may well be deemed uninflueutial with the man who had voluhl tarily laid down the richest cure " in Silesia ) , have been declined for the present ; though in the most friendly terms ; and a gratifying testimony to his value ,

      especially to their cause , is expressed iu an address" presented to him , in the name of the Breslaw Catholic reformers , on the 27 th ultimo . He has , without exactly accepting anypastoral charge among them , announced his determination to remain for the present in Bieslaw / rcgarding Silesia as' the cradle of the new reforma tion ( he himself , beyond all question , having been 'its first mover in years gone by ) , audit is perhaps a no less wise than natural resolve , since nowhere else can his influence and example be expected to work so powerfully as in his native province , and among his former clerical associates , many of whom are believed to he of kindred mind with him , as to the necessity of reforms in the Roman Catholic

      ChurWi . Another , and no less powerful motive , which " mayconspire to retain Theiner for a time in Breslaw is , ' probably , " his avowed resolution not to submit so quietly to the sentence of excommunication . Should it really he fulminated against him , as others have done , the peculiarity of bis position , and the terms which the lloman hierarchy may find necessary to Keep with him , will be understood from the following statement which has appeared in the Bremer Xeics , under the head of Breslaw , June 23 th : " It is a fact that our present prineebishop , 116 ns . delHepenbroch , has long corresponded with the '' celebrated . Dr . Thciner on tlic possibility of effecting a separation from the papal rule , and that he" himself would willingly see ' Peter ' s rock , ' ' rolled out of Germany . '" This

      interesting correspondence is now in Theincr ' s possession . The rigidl y papal part of our chapter is a ware of this , and Dean Hitter , with several other satellites of Home , drove in all haste to Huridsfield , on' tho same " day in which Theiner sent in his abdication ] to try by ' all and any means to rescue these dangerous documents ' out of his hands ; buthe was far too much on his guard to be entrapped , and had , foreseeing the demand which might be made on him , previously deposited the important papers with a Government bureau . It is easy , therefore ^ to conceive with what eyes the desertion of Theiner is regarded by the Romish pany , especially as he has openly declared his intention of meeting every attack which may be made upon him , by an openand fearless discovery of ecclesi astical abuses , and an appeal to the constitutional rights of the Catholic Church .

      The conviction oi the necessity of reform is indeed spreading far and wide . In addition to the testimony borne to that necessity by the pastors assembled at Itadclfzcll on the 23 rd of April , may be noted a meeting of the clergy connected with the rural deanery of Linigan , held at Salem , on the 27 th of March last , for the purpose of conferring on an archiepiscopal pastoral letter which , called their attention "to theprescntexcitsmcntpvevalcnt in the Itoman Catholic Church . " The meeting consisted of thirty-two clergymen , as representatives of thirty-seven parishes , and hating been exhorted by Dean iVbchcler , of

      Heberhngen , to a faithful , candid , and yet calm and temperate discussion of the probable ; causes , and most suitable remedies for the present " state of things , they proceeded to business . The debates tverc warm and keenly contested , yet the longer the discussion lasted , the more evident it became that a large proportion ofthe disputants continued to be animated by the spirit which preT railed during " the whole of H csscnberg * s administration ofthe ( then ) diocese of Constance , and for some years after his removal . After many hours spent in a fresh interchange of sentiments , the majori : y agreed'on the following heads of desired improvement . —

      1 st . There-introduction of diocesan synods , according to ancient ecclesiastical regulation . - ... 2 d . Revision and suitable alteration of the Catholic public worship . 3 rd . Ah improved system of education for thelogical students with special reference to the inculcation of a spirit of Christian love , and the avoidance of a distorted devoteeism . ' 4 th . The abrogation of tlic compulsory celibacy of the clergy . ; Regarding these points , the revolutionists beg respectfully to inform the superior church courts of their decision , and to entreat the summoning of a diocesan synod with as little delay as possible .

      Dr . ScUreiber , Professor in Freiburg , whose adherence to the German Catholics I recently mentioned , although not yet deprived ofhUprofessorshipjhasbeenforbidden to give lectures ' either publicly orin his own dwelling , " until a decision be fondly come to , respecting the consequences involved in his defection from the Church of Home . " The question is likewise now pending , whether Dr . Regenhrecht , in Breslaw , shall be dismissed from that university . But while the Popish party thus shrink from suffering their followers to come into contact with enlightened opposers , they challenge , as it were , Protestants to the combat , by exhibiting all the mummeries of their worship with an almost forgotten , long-disused pomp . Processions" no less than pilgrimages are the order of the day . Knights , nobles , and high-born dames are seen prostrate in the street when the host is carried past ; the highest clergy display a zealous humility in officiating in the

      most common Church services ; and every possible device i % put in requisition to furnish the illiterate with so much show and shadow , as may supply the lack of substantial instruction . For tiie more intellectual there are books enough furnished , both in prose and verse . The German booksellers should strike a medal in honour of Kohge , for between himself , his abettors , and his opp ' o ' sers , a golden literary harvest is being reaped ; upwards of 300 publications , pro . and eon :, are said to be in circulation ' ; and yet Austria and Bavaria do their best to stop , Saxony and some other powers to turn , the current . " The two former prohibit all which" bear on the controverted subject , perhaps wisely arguing , that as publications ' hostile to the new opinions must at least advert to the statements they contradict , some portion of the poison must be imbibed with the antidote . But , debar as they may , light wiU make its way , if not through windows ; at least thrbiigb dlilihs , large enough atleast tb suoirthe dark , ntss witius .

      'Vjlif.T"- I £Sitj"**Isv - -»-'..*Trt-At-' - M^Tm M^I Mim.

      ' vjLif . t" - £ Sitj" ** isv - - » - ' .. * trt-at- ' - m ^ tm m ^ i mim .

      - ,.; ¦: -';-I ,Wr; London. , — •:. Crrj...

      - ,. ; ¦ : - ' ; -i , wr ; LONDON . , — : . Crrjr : tqcAtiir . - ^ Mr : ^ ^ pooper ' s lecture oh ' Sunday evening last , ; was one / of the inMVnuinerously a \^ t ?™?* . ™ £ ? X- )!» at have blBen ' given . in ^ he ' City Cliartut . mil : ; tU ; fact ,, the attendance was so great-that it was imposiible . tk ' many to obtain sittln 3 ran inconvenieuee that will be obviated on tlic niglit ' ol the " 9 = 5 . l ^ Hre .:. Air . Cuffiiy was unanimously call ed to the chair , and introduced the lecturer in a few weightv f , nd .- " ? tappropriatu sentences ; -prior . triwhicli / tho City Chartist Choir , aecompauied by the audience , rang . v The time will come when ' wrong - shall end , " one of the * ' People-songs , " composed by the lecturer during his ltriprisonment . The singing was a matter ot "heart and voice , " so earnestly was it accepted by the audience ' .. Mr . Cooper ' s lecture occupied two

      hours and a , half m the delivery : af ' teiva philosophical , introduction on the difference between . barbarism and civilisation , and on the -Varied , , character of civilisation itsejf . ^ -thc country of Egypt wus ' describttl geographica l ^ facturcs , its social and domestic customs , pointed out . The gigantic ' uipuunients of the . laud of . Cham—its sepulchres , statues ,. paintings , ancVniunimies—with the mysterious / cliaracter of its old religion —( which thei lecturer ayovyed lie believed to be . the ^ parent of um ' dern ' reHgiohs , ^ ihe : cra And despotic institutions , were . severally pictured to the ittiud in grapliicandfoa-iblc terms . The audience repeatedly manifested their delight at the instruction thus imparted , and . when the " Chartist ;; chaiint " Truth . , is' growhig , " ' had ' been suiigi" the meeting brdkeiip . ¦ . ;• :.-. ' - -. '¦ -. -. ¦ ¦ : ¦ , . ¦ :

      Soein iLoNDOs-CiiARiisrr-IlALi ,. —The quarterly meeting of the Lambeth district ofthe . Chartist Cooperative Land Society was held on Sunday , evening last . There w asa ; gopd .. muster . ; of shareholders present , and ; seven shares ; were added to the list ; which now numbers 140 .: The ; money paid for sliares in this district already amounts to ^ nearly £ 60 . It was agreed that a levy of one penny per month should be paid' by ea-.-h shareholder for the purpose of defraying the district expenses . ; The committee particularly request the shareholders to bring their cards with them for the future , so that mistakes' may be avoided . ; v ,-The CiuniER' and iue ¦; IiAsn ^—Mr . Stallwood delrcrcd a public lecture on the above subject ; to the members andl'riciids of the Westminster locality , at the Parthcnium Rooms , Saint Mavtin ' s-huie , on Sunday evening , August 10 th , At the close of the lecture several questions were asked and answered . A vote of thanks was giv ' ch to the lecturer for his services , and the meeting dispersed .

      MANCHESTER . 'Mr . O'Coxxon ' s VisiT . —Suhday last was a ' prpud day for the democrats of this town . It liad been iiiade known thatIt was the intention of Mr . O'Connor to deliver . "i lecture in the Carpenters' Hall , on Sunday evening , on the all-absorbing subject of the " Land and its capabilities . " The spacious hall ' was crowtled in every part . At the hour appointed , 'Mrv John Sutton , a factory slave , was unanimously called to the chair , who opened the business by a few appropriate remarks . The meeting was then addressed te-rashbrt time by Mr . Dixon . Duringthe time Mr . D . ' was speaking , Messrs . M'Grath , Doyle , Clark , and Wheeler , entered the hall , and were loudly cheered . The members of the Executive then severally addressed the meeting . "Just ' as Mr . M'Grath

      was about to conclude his address , " Mr . 0 Connor entered the hall , when the liie ' eiirig rose en masse and continued cheering until lie took his place on the platform . After the cheering had" subsided , Mr . M'Grath concluded his able address by calling on those who differed with them on this question to come forward manfully and meet tliein before the public and discuss the qiiestioh'fairly . Mr . O'Connor , on rising , was again enthusiastically cheered for several minutes . Mr . O'C . then commenced one of the' most powerful and energetic speeches on the "Land and its capabilities" that we ever'had the

      pleasure of hearing Ju ' ni deliver . lie spoke for two hours and an half iii a strain of the most' thrilling eloquence , and sat down much applauded . Mr . Dixon moved , and Mr . Whittaker seconded , the following resolution : — " That' we , the inhabitants of Manchester , do hereby return our hearty thanks to Mr . O'Connor and his brotJier officera ofthe Cfiartist Co-operative Land Society , foi- their indefatigable exertions in pushing forward the object of tliat society ; and likewise to the whole of tiie directors for their attendance here this ' evening . " Carried unanimously . The meeting"broke up at eleven o ' clock , much gratified with the evening ' s proceedings .

      : . YORKSIIIliE . , . ' Wusi Rimxg Djelecate MiEiiNa . —This meeting was held , according to notice , in the Working Man ' s Hall , Halifax , on Sunday , ; August 10 , when the following persons were present from the following places , and handed in the several sums following for the Executive . - --Bradford , Os . ; Mr . J . . Aldcison , Halifax , Is ; 7 < 1- ; Mr ., T . Crowther , Dewsbury , 3 s . 4 d . ; Mr . ; Wm . Hey , LittIetown ,,, 3 s . ; Mr . M . Stubley , Lower Warlcy , ; Is . ; Mr .-John Wood , Soweiby Helm , 3 s . Oid . Mr . B . Itushton was-called to the chair . The secretary read the minutes of the last meeting , which ,. on the motion of Mr . Stubley , seconded by Mr ; Ci'owther , were confirmed . Along conversation pit the Land plan ensued , which ended in a determination to have a conversational meeting on the subject ( at the New . Holland Small Farm / village , Wilsden , near Ctillirigworth ) , on- Sunday , August 31 , to cpmmehce at nine o ' clock in the . forenoonwlien all

      , persons who feel interested in the Chartist Co-operative Land Scheme are invited to attend . - The comiPany will inspect the small farms there cultivated ^ Mr . O ' Connor ' s plan ; after which they . will hold a conversational mciting to discuss the merits and answer all objections to the ; same . The following resolution was passed : — " That we , the delegates here assembled , are impressed with ; the necessity of the Executive bringing out a Chartist Almanack for ' 1840 , aud continuing it each succeeding year ; seeing the teetotallers have their almanack , the League and other parties have theirs , and that , therefore , the Chartists should have an almanack . We , therefore call upon the Executive to prepare an almanack for 1840 , at a moderate price , containing such an amount of condensed information as to them appears best calculated to promote our cause . " After the transaction of other . business the meeting adjourned to the second Sunday in September .

      BRADFORD . 0 . y Suxday the members of the Chartist Council met in their room , when a new council was elected for the ensuing quarter . . John Rogers was elected secretary ; to whom all communications for the Chartists are to be addressed as follows : —John Rogers , Atkinson ' s-houses , Wharf-street , Bradford . Os Moxdat evening a meeting of the Chartist Land Co-operative Society was held in thelargeroom , ButteiTVorth's-buildings , wlien thirteen hew members were enrolled . It was proposed to get up atea-pai-ty to commemorate the establishment of the Co-operative ' Land Society in Bradford . _ All commmunicationsto b e ; addressed , Tailors' . Joint Stock Societ y , for John Smyth , Butterworth ' s-buildings . Meetings will be held every Monday evening ' in the council room , to receive subscriptions .

      Ascesi Ov Mr. Ksv Mns. Green From Vauxiu...

      Ascesi ov Mr . ksv Mns . Green from Vauxiuix GARnE . vs . —The fancy fair and carnival alfresco in aid of the funds of the Licensed Yictualiers' School , Kcnnirigton-lahe ;; was repeatedion Tuesday at Vauxhall , \ vhen'Mr . Greeh ' and his lady ascended in the Albion balloon , in the presence of atleast 0000 spectators , from the "Waterloo ground . At about haltpast six the aerial machine was distinctly visible for some time , and at length-disappeared , taking a southerly direction . The gardens were crowded , and it was calculated that at no period could there have been less than 10 , 000 persons . " The . children of the school were in attendance , and a poetical address , writ-1

      ten for theoccasion by tho secretary of the institution , was spoken by the senior boy . The band of the Grenadier Guards and the yager brass band were in attendance . Mr . and Mrs . ' ^ Green , after a delightful aerial trip of about an hour , effected asafc descent at Eden Park , Beckehham , Kent , the seat of Edward Lawford , Esq . ; and Mr . and Mrs . Green , after having been hospitably entertained by Mi * . Lawford , were conveyed by that gentleman , in his carriage , to tho Beclvenham station of the Croydon . ' Railway . Mr . Green states that the balloon on leaving the gardens took a south-easterly direction , but subsequently got into a north-westerly current , and did not attain a greater altitude thau 2800 feet .

      The . Nbw Hospital fob Coxscshtiox , « . tc ., Bkomtios . — The western wing of this beautiful structure will bo ready for the reception of patients in the early part of next June . This portion of the building will contain every requisite for the health and domestic . comfovt of the patients . The funds'in hand suffice to meet four out ofthe six instalments , together with the heavy expense of enclosing , ' draining , preparing , andlaying out the ground . A Porpoise at Glasgow . —Yesterday morning' a

      large porpoise was obsen'ed making its way up our harbour , and within a hundred yardsi " of the Brooriiie law Bridge . A ' marine visitantjof / this kind is rare , even at Greehock "; but' the presence of a ^ pdrpoise within the very royalty of Glasgow ^ is , we believe , altogether nnpr ' eecderited . ItisJ hortcver , hot more remarkable' than the arrival and' sailing of ships from' 600 to 700 / ton ' s ' burden ; at 1 and' from the Broomielaw wquld'have been considered a few years ago—events now of constant occurrence ^—Glasgow Herald "'August 11 .

      ' Caxcered BnEAsiir-Extraordiriary Curb . by . IIollo way ' s Ointment and Pills . —Tatton , " Southampton , Fcb . fjth ; Mi .-Mr . Holloway ; Sir—The Lord has permitted to be wrought a wonderful etife of a cancer or absces ^ of twelve veal's ' standing in mv / wife ' s breast . In'tbe latter ' part ofthe time eleven w ounds were' open at once . / The faculty declared the case % s / past ' cure . It was then " that a friend recommended the use of jrpur Pills and Oihtniciiti ivhich in a short s ace / of time n ^ de the breast , .-is sound and as well as ever it was in her life , ' and this after every other irimm had failed , JSighedj Richard Bull , Boot Maker .

      Asr^Tita Iitm^^

      asr ^ tita iitM ^^

      . -,I /- Fleli^Gallden?;Operations ; / •...

      . -, i / - flELI ^ GAllDEN ?; OPERATIONS ; / ; ^ tte ^ tc dln ^ wing ; M ^^ AtySTtisj , ' 1343 ^ . / XExtracted from a fiuiiTofAciuorOp ' eratiowbn five fra , ? . V ^ ' ^? n , * h e esja ^ ne ^ , hastbourhe ,: in-Sussex ; aiid on ' several . model farms , on the estates ' of the Earl of Dartmouth " at Slaithwaite , in 'Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of hariilcy Tyas , near Huddersfield , iii order to guide other possiss 6 i's // o . f . field gardens , by . showing them what labours ought / to be umlevtalien ' ' on tkeir own lands . The Manns selected / as models * , are—First . Two school farms aQYillingddn and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by U . Cruttcnden . and John Harris . . Second . iTwo piivate farms , of five , or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , theother by . John Diimbrell—the / former . at . Eastdean , the latter at Jevington-rall of . , ' them within ; a ; few miles of East-Gotivho .. . Third . An industrial school tWm at Slaithwaite . :-, Fourth . Several priyateftbdel farms' near the 3 aiheplace ., Theconsecutivebperationsintliesereports will enable the curious reader to . compare the climate . ind agricultural value of the / south' with the north of England .., The Duky is aided by .. "Notesand Observations "/ rom the pen of / Mi- ; Nowell , calculated for the time and setison , which we subjoin .

      " Can you keep a pig ? You will find " a pig tiie best save-all that you can have about a garden ; arid he " will pay you well for his - keep . " ^ - ne Rev ' . R . ' W Kyle ' s Lecture ., XoTE . —The school farms ' are cultivated by % s , who in return for three hours' teaching m tlic mA give three hours' of their labour ' in . the ' afternoon for the master ' s benefit , - which renders the schools ' selfsuppOttTisa .-, We believe that at Fdrnly Ti / as sixsevenths of : the ¦ produce ' of , th ) school farmwill be assigned to the boys ; aiid one-seventh to the maslerl who will receive ; the usual school fees , help ' the boy ' s to cultivate , tlieir land , -. and , iedclijhcm , ; in additioti to redding , writing ; "d !<} ., to . convert their produce into odcon , ' by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , '; after [ paying rent and levy , amongst ' them in : proportion tb their services , ' and bemadethiisindirectlyioreachtheirparents in a ivdy the msi grateful to their feelings . ]

      :: ¦ : _ - / ,- ¦ "¦;" . - . ; ,: ? i 3 SEX ' ..- - .. - ; .-MoyMYrr-Willmgdon School . . Boys carrying : wheat ; and / bats . . EastdcanScliool . liolyd & y for the boys , ; / . mastery , reaping s wheat ,. lioeing turnips . * - Piper . , . CaVrying , wheat . ;! Dimibrcll . Reaping wheat .:: . ' TuEsnAY-7 r ? l' ' t 7 h ' iiodon ; School . Reaping wheat ; East-: „ dean School . Boys / thrashing peas , turning barley , ; and planting cabbages . for the winter . Piper . . Thrashing ; wheat , f Dumbrell . Reaping wheat . J '¦ :-¦ ' Wednesdat— Willingdon . School .- : Boys reaping ' red , . wheat . -Eastdean School . Boys cleaning' the school , : the . pigstyes , emptying the ' tank . Piper . Thrash-: . ing wheat . Dumlrell . Rainy day , attending the C 0 WS , ; ifcc .. ;/ , ;;;; ' . , / .:. ; . ; , - \ TnunsDAY- ^ lFj fWmfKfoii School . Boys reaping red

      wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the port-;; able privy . tuba / carrying contcnts . to the land , and ; the tank ofthe pigstyes ... J % ?\ Thrashing wheat , . . and mending lucerne , with cow liquid . ' FMDAV ^ -ll'VWinpdon ' 'School . "Boys reaping red wheat , , Eastdean . School .. Boys , reaping wheat , ' turning it yto dry , amUying it up .: Piper . Cleaning wheat , and reaping barley .. Dumbrell . Mowing barley and ; bats , reaping wheat .... . SAiunDAYT-: Willingdon . School : Boys : reaping red wheat ' , / and carrying liquid manure' to' the-rye , ' about to be sown ; on . stubble .- . Eastdean School Boys ' empty . ing the portable privy pails , and tanks . Piper . Reaping barley . Dumbrell . ' Mowing seed tares , and reaping wheat .

      . COW-PliEWNO . Dumbrell ; One cow grazed in the'day , and fed in the stall at morn and even with 401 bs . of cabbages till Friday , the remainder of the week with mangel wurzel leaves . . "Another cow and heifer entirely stall-fed on lG'lfcs . of tares per day during the week . .- " . ' , Willingdon School : Cows fed ' upon the second cui ' bf clover and ' white turnip . ' . Piper . Cows fed upon ' white turnips and lucerne .

      Hah Vesting Grai.V ^ Cnors.—This'was The...

      Hah vesting GRAi . v ^ Cnors . —This ' was the subject for discussion at : the ' monthly meeting of the-Maidstone / Farmers ' , Club , on Thursday evening last , at the : Star . Inn ; „ C . G . . Whittaker , Esq ., ; in the chair . ' The ; subject ' was discussed about this time last year , wlien " it iyas resolvctltliat . bagging was the best mode of cutting / wheat ; ' after , that mowing was recomiiicuded . ' reaping . being considered . the least desirable mod c - to ; be practised , and , to this opinion the members | present stil , ladliered ., ; ,. It wasi recommended that the slicayes ^/ sfwiiJU ^ be ^ sniall , ' aii ( I ' that ; tli 6 crop ' should bo cut / ii . little ; before , '; it , was / rinei . / An experiment was detailed jn . which' portions , of afield ofwheat were cut : 'thrce : . weeksj / two . wfto considered / absolutely ;' ripe ; ' ' also . ' one week and two weeks / af ' tenvai-ds ^ . the / result of which was that the portion ; cut two , weeks before it was ripe produced the ^ beist shmple . // . Tlie / Wiltshirc conVpositibn for the destruction of / rats . was ; strongly , recommended by a member who had / tried it . The Spalding variety cf wheat was / very-: highly spoken of . One member had grown of . it as much as eight quarter seven bushels an' acre—and ; on / the average six quarters an acre , An incidental . . 'discussion took place on tile merits of pafthtifoltias / acoye ' ri ^ foristacks in lieu of thatch , but many , objections / were stated against it , both on the ground of expense and inapplicability . - . The pre-I ' ei-ence . seenied ' to'he given " to storing wheat in ' barn ' s , in opposition to , stacking it , and by way of corroboration , it . was mentioned that the wheats of Norfolk and Sutt ' olk , where they have little barnroom , fetch a lower price in ; London than those oi Kent . It was ,, however ; admitted , that the ; "diu ' ei'cnce of price-in favour of Kent was more in winter than'in suhihieiv

      Ihe foltowitig resolution was ultimatelyagveed to ' : — " Rosolved , —Thatit has been found desirable to ; cut wheat before it becomes sickle-eared , and other grain rather green . That if men can / be got to bag ; " wheat well , it is best to bag ; tho next best plan is'to mow ; bat both bagging and mowing must be done well ; or dirt will get mto ' the sample ; from the stalks which are torn up by the ; roots . That cprhshould always be made up in small sheaves . That when winter threshing is required ,, wheat , threshed after having been kept in the barn ' is generall y better than that kept in stack ; but that for summer'threshing . the sample is rather improved by being stacked . " —J / cu'dstone Journal . .

      Tue-Way iodo'Good : —Thellon . Capt ' . T . Thur-Iow , brother of Lord Thurlow , having recently pui ' - ' chased an estate at Elmswell , a portion of it lias been divided into 28 allotments for the labourers , who took possession in the beginning " of , last month . In three weeks tho allotments were' converted from a wilderness into , a garden , with a prospect of a ' good crop / of potatoes /' each man ; having been / liberally ' supplied with mamire by tliesame kind hands . The Naked Barlev ' , oh BAni , ii Wbeat . —This valuablc ^' grain is / worthy of the serious ^ consideration of tiie agriculturist , as returning a greater profit than tho barley in gonoralc ' ultlvation ; awd , if grown '' side by side , will yield more bushels , more flour for human food , and 25 per cent , move beer , and also will

      feed more stock / because— -1 ; It contains more flour than any other / grain , rice only excepted . 21 It weighs more than . OOlbs . per bushel . - 3 . The flour is . whiter and sweeter than common barley flour . 4 . The / flour absorbs move water . than otlier'flouv : consequently , it ' produces niore weight of bread . 5 . Bread ' made , froman £ ; barley flour is'bettermadeinto thick calces ; and if from a fourth to an eighth of an ounce , of cavbdnatc of .. soda is dissolved in the yeast , it'improvesi . all . brctid , and takes the bitter taste away , 0 . By plain boiling , - it'is / gdoil fob'd lor children . _ 7 . The malt ' maclc ' it'omit ihcrcaJses in measure more than from / common barley ; ' 8 . ' , The malt will make in seven days less than' common barley . " 9 v Hi can be made one '" month earlier and one month later than

      from common barley . : ' " 10 ;'! It' weighs considerably more than the malt , from common barley . 11 . The quantity of , beer made from this malt , is 25 per cent , more thanfi ' Omcam ^ 12 . Three bushels : will seed ; the land as well as'four of other barley . , 13 . It ; should be sown 'in Marcfi ' or April .. W < : It ripens / in ^^ 80 or 90 days only . 15 ., 'If sown without grass , it can he harvested in two or three days . _ 10 . If sown early , it may be harYCSted in time ior a following go 6 d | crop of turnips . 1 ? . It only requires the same cultivation as other barley ; 18 . The straw is much . supevibr ' ibVfodtler . 19 .. It very seldom , lodges , and . is not subject ' to disease .. 20 . Each acre of this barley produces about one 'third move food . ' N . B . —The produce of this barley , ' both

      in quantity ami weight , surpasses all others ; and , as regavds its malting qualities , and extract ' of ' saccharine , is even superior W the best Chevalier barley in quality as well as' / quantity' ;— Northampton Herald . Reapixo Wji ^ T- —IwoBWST to Fasufms . —It is asserted by Mr . Hannam , a clever aud jxperienced farmer , of Novtlv Deighton , near ; Wetherby , ' Yorkshire that cpnsidorable loss arises from the mistaken practice ot _ reaping . wheat when . "dead . ripc ; " and this assertion'he proves by the following experiments . —In 1810 , he reaped three' large sample yavcels ol wheat . as follows : —No , I .. Green , cut . Aueust' 4 tlv

      No . II . An « ,: cut ; August 18 th ; No . ' III . 7 ^ e , ' cut September . : 1 st . j When : threshed and earned to market , they ; commanded the following prices : —No . I . 61 s . per . quarter ; No . II . C 4 s . per quarter ; No . III . 52 s . per , quarter .:- In mi , he cut five half-roods ofwheat as follows :-No . L Very Green , Aug . 12 th ; ISq ., 11 . Green , Aug ., 19 th ; No . ill . Raw ,- Aug . 2 Gtl >; ^^ Baiv ^ xig , 30 th ; No / Y .- ' % c / . Sopt ; ' 9 th . . lliese , samples' were , first ' ' shown at the . Wetherby . Agricultural Spcietyfs " sh 6 w ( in SeptV' ^ i !? . M ^ i ? w « Vw » i , «;« as awarded to sample / No . III . l . ™ eat , : f ' rom wliich thefeVtiAree samples were taken , was then ' ground " aiid 'dressed ' by Mr . ' John

      V . It Is Better Always To Hoe Your Turn...

      v It is better always to hoe your turnips threa times ; and theWgo over them with ' thehand , . ;"; . fChajf . —Takeicare of . all your ' chaff , & e ., when you winuoiy corn / of . any ltindi ' and preserve it for mking with your boned turni p mash for the cows in . winter . X The wheat is reaped close to the ground , after being cmite ripe , and set up six sheaves in a shock ,

      V . It Is Better Always To Hoe Your Turn...

      Ilardras ^ l ^ 'miller . ' / of Wetherby . / wheii ' tlie following results' ( omitting fract'ions ) eamc out : — Grain . Fioob . Pollard . Bran . Cut . No . VI . looibs . 80 lbs . 5 lbs . 131 bs . Raiv , Aug . % — 17 . 100 — 77— 7 — ' 14— Kaw / Aug / SO -V . 100- 72- -11 - - .-: 15- Ripe , Sept . 9 " As this experiment , is ' really lvorth repeating , anil can'be tried without expense , " wo would respectfully draw to it the attention ofthe farming body .

      Organic Chemistry.* A Digest From The Le...

      ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . * A DIGEST FROM THE LECTURES OF rilOFESSOn BUANDE . ' 1 . ¦' itis a' remarkable fact , the fewness , as it were of the elements which are concerned in the structure and functions of organic bodies . There are a set of , perhaps , between fifty and sixty elementary bodies ; but it / wiU not be necessary , in these lectures , to bring promiiicntlyintq notice more than about six ot them . It is the truly wonderful changes and adaptations to the purposes for wliich combinations of these avevequived that Attention will be niore particularly directed . . ¦; : . , ' . , ' . '' 2 . " . Wfl ' are ; 'irf'th ' e'haW aiid proxiina ' te elements' of organic bodies ' ; ' and the meaning of these terms isip'fobably siifficiciitly evident . By / thetcrm ' ultimatc ' cleniehts , is meant those things

      into which all organic inattcretVn be linally vcsoWtd . Heat any organic substance without the access of air , arid it will be found that charcoal j or . carbon , remains . This is an " elementary body ; it ; cannot be resolved iiitoai ) yotherforniofriiattei ' , an'd thet efore it is one ( if the ultimate eleiueiits oforganic : matter .: Other' eleriieritsavc ; thosesfovmsofmatter which ai'c ' calletl oxygen , - hydrogen ; aiid nitrogen'Vtheseare gaseous bodies- - . Hydrogen , ^^ nitrogen , oxygon ^ and carbon / to which may be added'sulphur ' and pli ' osplibrus , -ai-6 the ultihVate ' elehients \ yliich ' will chiefly ctniit ) ' . 'into view in the coui ^ e of these lectures . Oxy gen , liydragcii , and carbon , ' . are / found in' all organic matter ; . nitrogen is found in . by far the greafer . nuhiliei' of the products of organisation ; and'tertain other " elemcritary . bodies

      will / also havea ' pla ' ce in thesc . investiiiatioiiE ,, tliotigh they' arc comparatively' itisignilieant in' propori ion ; they tire : phosphorus , sulphur , "iron ; and . some ' . ' other substaiicea . Oxygen , Hydrogen , ' and carbon are , however , the leading elements , ' and tlieyar ? commonly the most abundant in vegetable bodies ;\ but nitrogen makes its appearance in most cases , / when animal matter is examined . ' In by far the greater number of proximate elements of animal bodies , iiiti'o ^ eu is qneof the constituents . Now it will be a question ot much importance , and of great interest , to ascertain whence this , nitrogen is derived ., It constitutes a very large part of the substance of graminivorous animals ; yet it is a . curious circuinstance , that the plants and Wots' oh ' which they five" contain' very

      little / of it , and it may almost bo regarded rathor as ah accidental , than a constant , ingredient in their composition . Nitrogen is essential to aniiiial life ; it is necessary to the develo ' phieiit of almost all plants ; and it fonns / as'to quantity , the principal element'iu tlieatmosphere . ,.,- ... 3 , With regard to" proximate elements , —these arc substances which can be ' separuted by ceviain chemical processes , and wliich can be identified as having some definite anil peculiar character , and also certain definite compositions ..-, For instance , ' resin is one of tiie proximate elements of vegetables , ' so is sugar , so is starch , so is oil ; ' these ' are combinatioiis , which are called proximate component parts of organic ' bodies . Now , ill all tlibss substances—resin , sugar , starch !

      and oil—there arc only three elements—carbon , oxygon , and hydrogen ; but they can he grouped together in such a way * as to lead to some very extraordinary conclusions respecting the families oforganic bodies , and the orders to which ihey belong . In sugar , in in starch , in gum ; and in-wood , the ultimate elements arc such , that their composition may be expressed as represented by charcoal and water . In ail the esculent and nutritive vegetables—in the grain of wheat more especially—a substance is found identical in all itschemical properties , and in .. Us chemical constitution , with animal matter , containing nitrogen . This has . long been known , but it has only lately been brought into notice , or established as a physiologicalfact , by Liebig , a very distinguished German

      chemist , to whom we are greatly indebted tor many 'importantdiscoveries inovganicehemisti'v . ; 4 . Then there is an important , ami very curious ; qucstion , ' ; that . ' -, wijl . havc . 'to ' be discussed in these lectures . - >/ fake , for instance , tncgrowth of aii ' acorii ; \ ve , seeit , in the progress of ages , giving rise to the gigantic oak , and we arc naturally led to ask , Whence ; Uiiseii 6 rmous : accumulation . ofluattci' ? ' Tlio . acovn 'is planted in a certain spot of earth , and in the course ' of a hundred , years , it is found to have accumulated ' three : or four . tons of solid matter , in consequence of the growth , as it is called , ofthe vegetable . Now it is , of , course ,- , a very , interesting question whence this matter is , derived . If we say it is derived from

      the soil , . we und that the soil reniains very much tno same at tho end ofthe growth of the tree , as it was at tho , beginning ; we trace no great nbatniction ol matter from it ; and although , no duiibt , tliere is a portion of / the tree—a considerable portion of itderivable in a particular way from tho soil , yet it is from the air that this great accumulation of inattoris ^ rincipally . derived . Thus we flnd that trees grow , in and derive subsistence from , that which supports animals / also . We find that the leaves of vegetables are , iii fact , aerial roots , as it were , continually taking . up substances from the atmosphere to contribiitcto . thevegetable ' snourislimcncandjji-owtli , —substances which , if they ' were not so abstracted , would exterminate animals by their accumulation .

      . 5 . Now ; when- the atmosphere performs this very important part in the growth of the vegetable bodies , —when the vegetable bodies - are essential to tlte nourishment of the graminivorous tribes , —and when these , in their turn , arc essential to the carnivorous animals , it will be an interesting matter of inquiry—( and a great deal of attention has been lately paid to it)—what are the substances in the atmosphere " 'that can be so nutritive ?—and how ; are they arranged ? 6 . Of course , therefore , an accurate knowledge of the composition of the atmosphere as an essential and pleasing branch oforganic chemistry ; and ; in order to form just" notions of the parts . performed by the soil and the air respectivel y , we must look carefully into the composition of plants themselves ; and see

      what substances" and what elements belong to ; tho air , what ' belong to the soil ; and what are common to both . By looking in this way into the composition of vegetables , we shall be able to draw some' very curious" conclusions . There are certain / elements absolutely essential to the' culture and growth of vegetables generally , and there arc others which arc essential to particular vegetables only , ' and they ' may be called accidental or ' occasional . For instancecarbon ; hydrogen , ' hitrogeh , and oxygen , are e . < sential to vegetables ' generally ; but in certain / vegetables , in addition to these ' f 6 iir elements , ' we find siilbhur . Now it is a curious fact , ' that in the common mustardplant , sul phur is an essential eleiiient / and without it the mustard' cannot live . 'We find that in wheat ,

      phosphorus is an es ' sehtiarclement , and without it wheat cannot be : ' cultivated . Then again wc find wheat , or clover , Or barley / or bats , growing in particular soils , " will occasionally take up particular substances : tbese' , may not be essential , but still wc find ; ill some ; pvticula ' r -cases , / that there may be some accidcntaliri ' gre'dicnt , that anpeai-s to ' contributc very materially to tlic production * and growth of the plant . There is on'b point ' always to' be kept in rcmembvaivce ^ arid ¦ that is , ' that there is no life or vitality in matter which is dry ; or deprived of water ' that water , therefore , is ah essential'part of owanic matter , ; Thcn / again , as / has already been stated , there'is hb ' orgahic'body which does notyield carbon ^ hydrogen , ot oxygen , and ; superadded to' these , is

      nitrogen , which ' is as necessary to vegetables' as to anihials . - ^ witliout which , ' in fact , as active plants , vegetabies ' could not exist . "The bark of vegetables may contain starch , ' ' sugar , ' or gum . and we find that these substances ; 'do-not botttaih ' "nitrogen ; still wc findhitrogeh when we tahe a vegetable- as it is growing ; with all its / juices in perfection . Another substance' whiclr may also be called essential ' to . vegetables , 'is silica , f / Many of them contain it essentially ahdhecessarily , arid cannot live without , it . ' The grasses , ' reeds ) rushes ' , canes , and bamboos , allcoritain" it essentiall y . Take , for instance , ' flic straw or stalk of wheat , barley , or rye , —in all these substances a ccrtainqua ' ntity of silica is as essential as the . carbonate " of lime is to the egg-shell . " .. The stems of these vegetables are rendered straight , hard , and durable , and are unaffected by the moisture

      which surrounds them ; by . the small quantity of silica which'is built up along with the true organic matter ; and tho strength of the / stem / may fairly ' be " said to depend principall y ' upon the silica' contained in it . The silica is very' small iii quantity , / but' / wbeh a haystack is burned a hard stony body is found as the result of cbmbustioh , —arid this , ' in fact ; is glass , ivhich is ' a compound ofth esili ca with -the alkaline matter of the grass . ; In wheat we " Have phosphate of lime , orbone ' earth ; there is & considerabte '"" quantity of thisjn thegrain of wheat , shbwiiig /' that phosphorus is ' an essehtiaTingredient . "If vegetables : are burned , we h .-iye What are called ashes , and thcse [ ashes Contain potash not ' that' this' / alkaline ' matter existcd ' asisuch ih ° the vegetables ;/ 1 but it existed as : a ' salt ; and , / by burning , 'tha'tsaltis'deconiposed . , Kelp and barilla —( from wliicli ' s ' oda"is ' cxf ' ra c ' tc'd by / the action . ol

      #/^Oi-Gaiiig. Cf!^Misti-I; Sif!Nincs Cbe...

      # /^ Oi-gaiiiG . Cf !^ misti-i ; sif ! nincs cbemical . history of the various pro ' stimatc principles which hive Ueun oUscvved in . the animal and ' vcget ' abk . kingdoms , ' . arid .. whieharc there ' associated ' together , ' so us to / produce a peculiar sfrucfiire , termed oi ^ aiiitysuch as is ' iieve ' r seenin ' an . v of the products of the mineral' kingdom . Gumi' sugar , starch , woody . fibre , albutneti , fibriiie , ' gelatine , and all those numerous substances of which plants and .. the bnaies of animals . ' are . ' composed , ' constitute those proximate principles which aire thepro ' duefs of animated nature . " - l ) KD . B : ' R ' eid . ' - . " , .. ; ,, ; . < ,. , ; -, ; ; -, ;¦ 'i ' Silka ' -or silc ' x-conslitutcs ' tiio principal , ingrcrlicrit of flint , ' of th ' e ' s ' tmd of tlic sea '' and of the desert , ' and of many ' roclis ' aiid- minerals .- ' Quai-tz is composed of silica nearly pure : Silica , in conib ' nation with tlic fixed alkalies , —potash or soda—foi ms the basis of that inestimable product of art , glass .

      #/^Oi-Gaiiig. Cf!^Misti-I; Sif!Nincs Cbe...

      waterHare formed by burning wgctables , and many vefSblcsare burneuwpressly ^ therr ^ f s ; £ hm wc como 't 6 « toi ^ « ad' ^ . - T { . ' : ^ 'ft ^ ffe : meSbat wefihd in / the blood ^ nd in the flesh of Suuvorous ahi « nals , must , ot course , have been 4 fTI . !^^ contains silica , another contains phosphorus ^ another contains sulphur , and soon ; and though inequalities of these substances so contained are very small , yet fh « n - . « n " ..: nninnllv ' ili . rivnil frOlll tllC SOll I llCHCC tflC .

      necessity of giving to the soil those inorganic' constitiicnts which particular crops require . The matters , therefore , about which we have been talking , - . begin to assume an aspect of'considerable importance ; for , by attending to the mattera contained in particular crops , —by ascertaining how lar these are essential to them , how far they exist in the soil , and how tar tlicy do not exist , or can be added economically and profitably to the soil , a great door is open to agricultural improvement upon chemical principles . ( To be continued . )

      I^Larkt Mditgentf*

      i ^ larkt Mditgentf *

      ." ¦ 'Lonpos . ' Conx Isxciiaxob , Moxpa...

      . " ¦ 'Lonpos . ' Conx ISxciiaxob , MoxPay , Aug . II . — Very little , if any , imjtr oveinciit has taken place in the weather since our last ; in the neighbourhood of the / me tropolis 'hca ^ y- showers have fallen from time to time , and a great quantity of raiii ' appears alsb ' to have been expevieneed in different parts of the kingdoin towards the close of the week . The reports respecting tltc . appcarancc , ' of-tlic but-standing ' crops have beemne inereasingly unfavourable , aiid it is how very generally asserted , that however auspicious tho . remaining part of the summer and autumn may prove for reaping and gathering in of the wheat ) " the yield must fall short in quality , as ivcllas in quantity , of that of average , years . This opinion may / on the

      whole , 'be well founded , but ilicvc arc niany mitigating circumstances which ' greatly lessen the hazard of any . 'crions scarcity of food being ' felt . Hitherto the crops of all kinds of corn , excepting wheat-, ' proniis ' c ' a ' gnotl , if not a largo return ; that of wheat , though likely to be ( k'ficient per acre ' , ' may ; from the . great breadth of land under this grain , " after all yield nearly , if not quite an average quantity ; and as the farmers seem still to hold plenty of old wheat , wc do not apprehend very high prices , unles s / indeed , the month should finish as unfavourably as it c oininenccd . At Mark-htnc to-day wc had an immense . show of wheat , there bciiig , in addition to ' the 10 , 000 qrs . reported , some dOOO or uOOOqrs . frcVh up by Jaii d ' carriage samples fioui flic ' neighbouring ;

      counties , So abundant a supply of home-grown wheat was h . irdly expected by the millers , and it had the effect of rendering buyers unu-uaily caiitimis in their operalions . In the early part of the day factors refused to accept less money than on this day week ) iii'd thou-ih they aftcrn-ards consciitcd to subiliit to an abatement of 2 s . pui ' . ' qr ., they only succeeded In placing a comparatively small proportion of the supply , by fiir the greater bulk remaining unsold at the close of business . The inquiry for free foreign wheat was of quite a retail character , and to have made extensive sales a similar decline to that on English must have been acceded to . Good Dantzic wheat in bond ' continued to be firmly hold at 50 s : per qr ., and other sorts at corresponding terms ; there ' was , however , iniicli less inclination to enter into speculative investments than last week , ' and but very few bargains were closed . Town-made flour could not be bought below previous prices , but ship flotir was ,

      owing to the--liberal nature of the arrival , the turn . ' clu-apcr . The few pat eels of English ' barley exhibited wore held at slightly enhanced terms ; so unimportant , however , was the demand ,- ' as to render it impossible to establish any advance on former rates . Ala | t was . saleable in-retail , -and'superior ' samples were scarcely obtainable on as easy terms as on Monday hist . With a very small supply of English and Scotch oats , with less than usual from Ireland , and only a moderate quantity from abroad ; factors resisted any decline from previous prices ; the dealers were therefore very cautions in their operation ' s , and though vetvily fine corn maintained its former value , ordinary ' strts , such as Galway and li ght foreign , were the turn cheaper . There was very little passing iii beans and peas ; these articles were , nevertheless , fully as dear as at any period of last week . Oah ' aryseed was'dearer , and caraway seed somewhat cheaper than on Monday last .

      -LoxnoN S . MITHFIEI . D Cjitilb Maukkt , . Moxoav , August 11 . —During the past week tho . imports ' -of : Jive stock from abroad , for thU market . hare becil ; moderately extensive , though not to say large ,-they ., having amounted to . Id oxen and cows , togetheri with 110 sheep and ii calves , from tho .. . William-Jollitib and . liatavier steamers from . Rotterdam .. Comparatively speaking , tlicsearrivals , though there have been some useful animals umoiutst them , have .-nut been to say fir » t-mte . To-day ., wc had un offer : GO beasts and 50 sheep , all from Holland .:.. At the . outpurtsabout 150 beasts—100 fromllollandand 50 ¦ from Spain—have been landed and . disposed of in tho several localities . Fresh up to ouv market this morning , we received a full average number of beasts from our various grazing districts ,: and in which a slight improvement' in quality was noticed . Owiiig . to the prevailing changeable weather , and tho thin ' attendance of buyers , the beef trade was in a . very sliigtusli

      state , and in some instances the quotations had a I downward tendency . - However ,, the primest . Scots | were disposed of at 4 s del per Sib ., yet a . total ; clearance was hot effected . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , ' and Cambridgeshire , wo received S 00 Scots , homebreds , and shorthorns , from the northern districts 400 shorthorns , from the western andmidlahd counties 100 of various breeds , from other parts of England 3 U 0 TIerclbrds , runts , Devons , & c . ; and : from Scotland , 340 horned and polled Scots . Although we had an increased number of sheep on ofter , it was by no means large for the present season . . Prime old Downs moved off steadily , at full prices ' ; "' but all other breeds were a slow inquiry at late rates . The arrival of lambs from Leicestershire being on tlic increase , the lamb trade was dull at a reduction in value of 2 d per 81 b . Forcalvcswehadaslowdcmand , yet tub quotations were supported . The pork trade was dull , at last week ' s currencies .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., smiling the offal , s . d . B , a . Inferior coarse beasts , . , 3034 Second quality ... . 3 6 . 3 . 8 Prime large oxen . . . . 3 10 4 0 Prime Scots , i & c 4 2 4 4 Coarse inferior sheep . , , ' 3 6 3 10 Second quality . . , . 4 0-4 4 Prime ' coarse woc-Ued . . . 4 6 4 , 8 Prime Southdown . . . 4 : 10 , 5 0 Lambs . . . . . . so so Large coarse calves . , , , 3 0 I ' ¦ ' Prime small . . . . . 4 * ( 5 4 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs . . . .. 3038 Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 2 Quartci ' -old store pigs , each . . 10 0 20 © HEAD Of CATTLE ON'SALE .

      ( From the lluoks of tbe Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 010-Sheep and Lambs , 23 , S ; a-Cidvcs , IC 4- Pigs , 320 . ; Rrdmtosi ) Coux ' Market , Aucusr 9 . — -Wc only f had a thin supply of grain in our market to-day , and ' . I ' the prices were rather higher than last week . "Wheat fc sold froin 7 s . Cd . to'Ss . Gd . ; oats , 3 s . to 4 s . ; biu-iey , , 4 s . to ds . 3 d . ; beans , 5 s . toos . 3 d . per bushel . Manchester ConN M & itKET , SATunnAv , Auc . 0 . — ; - In the early part of the week the weather was vc y y showery aud unseasonable , but on Thursday and ves-stcriky it was of a more favciirable description . In-ifluenccd by the languid accounts from London and id otlicr leading markets ,- the demand for cither wheat it or Hour since this day week has not by anymeansls

      been of so lively a character as previously noted ji ; but ; in the transactions which have occurred , ' no ' io ' change in prices was observable . Both oats ' aiid oat-tmeal , on the contrary , being in moderate supply only , y , commanded more attention , and' for each > rather *! . ' -: higher rales were realized . At tho market thisiis :: ntiniing tiie business passiug hi wheat was on '&' a , limited scale , and the turn of prices was generallylly in favour of the buyer . For flour a moderate demandnd . was experienced , without variation from the currciicyicy ' of this day sc nnight . Oats continued to meetaiai ready sale , and must be quoted 2 d . per 451 bs . dearer .-er ,, Oatmeal was likewise in steady request , at an ad-advanco of fully Is . per load , Tl . crc wasaconsitlcra-n'a ; ble fall of rain prior to and during market hours . r - " - ''

      Liverpool Cattlb Mahket , Monday , Aug . 11 .-LWc have had a larger supply of cattle ai market tetter day than of late ; a . great portion of sccoiid-ratratt quality . Any thing good met with ready sale at las lase week ' s prices ; inferior quality met with dull sale ae a ) a little decline in price . Cattle imported into Liveiveii pool from the 4 th to the 11 th of August : —Cows 2 J 3 JI 5 S 13 Calves 1111 ; Sheep 0920 ; Lambs 899 ; PigsSTSGTSG ) Iloi-ses Id . ¦ LivEnrodL . CouN Market , " '"MbxiiAT , AiicuST Il . ' -ll . ' --Theifhas been a , good supply of wheatan'd iloiir froifroiii Ireland , but small of other articles . Since last TucIuc j day the weather has been cold and unfavourable tic tiii the crops' coining to maturity , ' ' and on Saturday vy w hud incessant and'heavy ' rain ; which continued up up the following m ' orning ;; the ' " appearance is ' now ni ' oni' o ) : scttlcd . / with ' a warmer tehiperatlire . :: Tlie ' transainsai

      tions in wheat and flour during thc ' wc ck have 'bet bet ( less extensive , the millers and dealers observing soii ; soii : i caution-in their "' purchases , ' and on " Friday bo ; bom articles were sold on " rather easier terms ; A' yei yeiii eobd demand has been experienced for ¦ other descrisscri l lions of grain and pulse for ' transitinto ' ' the mterioerioo Irish bats have breh sold at 3 sV 2 d ; to 3 s . 3 d ;; p 1 ;; p ^ 151 bs ; Grinding barlcv Ssi Gd ; to 3 s . - 8 d ; per 60 K 60 ft * Canadian peasSSs . toSCs . per 5041 bs . ; -Indiah " cbi " cb ) : 28 s ; 'to 30 V . " per 480 lbs ., aiid Egyptian beans ' at 3 te ; 34 s . ' . 35 s ; per 480 lbs . ; which is an improvement ' of Is .-to ^ i / tbi ! per quarter oh each . Oatmeal has / hhSughtan san as van ce of ls : / Gd . per load , and sonic q ^' a ' titity has Has Bee taken' on ' speculation . The bperatiohsih uonbhohd artielcs ( bii speculation , harebeen '' to ' s " ^^^^^ ^^^ tent . ' feteftin and Rostock red wheat ' . lias bro ' upro ujij 5 s . Mod . to Cs j and fine Dahtzic Vs . per W fts ; UhiiUhiiii States flour has been sold at 23 s . 6 d . to 24 s . per barr barn and not much on sale .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 16, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_16081845/page/7/