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      December 15, 1849. The Northern Star. 3 ...

      December 15 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 3 ^ ^""" ¦ ^»»»«» M «»« iM » ^»»»» MeM » <^ i »^ i ^» iMM « M ^ MM » MMIMMM « MIMMM «»»« "" i—i——»——i . ¦ ' ' ' » UU . HMmiii . jj . i iiin . lM' HI I —¦ IHIMIIMIII II — i »» n mm i |» I . MUM I »¦ IHI III ¦»¦ IM 1 WII ¦¦ » Il |»„ , limn * " '^ V' _ T ^?

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      The Sorxd Op The Drum. Bt T. Hempstead ....

      the sorxD op the drum . BT T . HEMPSTEAD . A stormy sound is thine , thou drum , thou loud , deep rolling drum , And thy thrilling echoes o ' er the soul like a rushing tempest come ; And a din of swords is in tbv roll , and a ring of clashing spears , From plaius where th' lance and helmet gleam , the foaming steed careers . And a clarion blast and a victor shout float with thee o ' er the hills , And by rattling peal the warrior ' s soul with the fire of battle thrills , Thou art come from ancient cities far across the ocean ' s wave , "Where tossing high their airy spray , Levantine billows rave .

      Where by tbe Nile ' s dark rolling floods tbe gloomy Arab roams , And the dreamless night of a thousand years has brooded o ' er the tombs Of the mighty dead , the prince and king , the noble and tbe slave , Aud the Pbaroahs sleep with their vassal hosts , in dark and nameless grave . From the sunny land of Palestine , the turret old and ™ & ? ' , where in the cold embrace of death the knight and Moslem lay . Amidst the loud shrill clang of swords , of helmet , lance , and shield , And gleamed war ' s dread and fiery hosts far o ' er the bloody field .

      Thou ' st come from Judah ' s dewy vales , on sweeping ¦ winds along , Aud the hearts that thrilled are cold and low , the hand that roused thee gone . From tbe blooming dale of Aragon , the walls of old Castile , And through the dark Alhambra ' s tby sounding echoes peal . Up from the plains of Waterloo , the vales of stormy Rhine , Thy voice floats o ' er the troubled sky in a wild and hurried chime . Thou ' st come from the g loom of Amazon , the valleys of Peru , And thy echo to the dark Cacique was a long and last adieu .

      To bower and grove that his soul had loved , to woodland , dale , and rill , And the temple where he worshipped long is desolate and still . And the caverns of the Andes to thy sound their echoes throw , That floats along the dizzy crag in a wild and airy flow . Bat thy roll shall cease its pealing , j / or it brings a sound of woe , Of crushing swords and dashing hosts that hurry to and fro ; And widow ' s wail and orphan ' s sigh in thy deep tones are come O ' er Woody fields > nd bustling camps , thou wide and stormy drum .

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      The Seasoner. Part 5liii. Edited By G. J...

      The Seasoner . Part 5 LIII . Edited by G . J . Holyoake . London : J . Watson , 3 , Queen ' s-head Passage , Paternoster-row . From a number of excellent articles contained in this part of tile Reasoner , Ave select A WORD FOB THE IMPRISONED CHARTISTS . Sin , —When I was informed that Mr . Feargus O'Connor had been left almost alone to save the Chartist prisoners the degrading punishment of oakum picking , I had reflections not by any means flattering to those who had co-operated with them , and who have failed to aid in their amelioration . "We are told that one Philip Sidney—after a battle , when severely wounded—was abont to raise to his lips a glass of water . At the instant , a poor soldier ,

      who was being carried past , looked to him with an inexpressible glance of hopeless anguish , not deeming it possible that he should obtain a drop of water to cool his parched tongue ; the glorious man —Sidney—took the glass from his lips , gave it to tbe poor soldier , and said—" Take the water , your ¦ wants are yet greater than mine . " Now , sir , surely this divine sentiment is not extinct in our race . That spirit of self-sacrifice that animated , and which was the real nobility of the ancient heroes of democracy , is not inherited hy Englishmen ? Surely it is . Here are men who hare borne the brunt of the battle—without expectation or chance of reward , save in the approbation of their fellow-citizens—¦ who could have no views of self-interest—men who , however erroneous may have been their mode of

      action , stul had a single eye to the improvement of tbe social and political position of the whole people . Are these men , now suffering for supportin ? our interest and demanding our rights , to be left to die ? Are those nearest and dearest to them to he left to starve ? If so , sir , as I cannot hold a middle path between rig ht and wrong , I most unhesitatingly assert tbe masses do not deserve the sympathies of the brave , or that the intelligent should be sacrificed for them . But it is my fervent hope , if a Koman could be found to leap into a gulf because he thought by so doing he should serve his country , that ' Englishmen will never allow those who have leapt into " tbe gulf of misrule that now prevails to be legally murdered , and their relations starved . R . L . B .

      The Destroying Angel Is The Title Of Xo....

      The Destroying Angel is the title of Xo . I . of "A Story of Life , " from the pen of an author familiar to tho public , under the title of " Terrigenous ; " published b y Mr . Watson . " Shams" is the characteristic title of anew pamphlet by Mr . Hows . We give the following extracts from the . ' author ' s "Dedication ' '

      TO THE QUEEX . Mav it please vou , Iadv , I dedicate this tract to you . " The tiile of the little work suggested this dedication . I hold the person of every woman to be sacred , hence I reverence your person . However , to be candid , Madam , I must say that inasmuch as dairy maids , factory girls , domestic servants , labourers , farmers , tradesmen , clerks , & c , & c „ wives , daughters , sisters , snd sweethearts , are more useful than yourself , do I view them as more sacred . * - * * * It is much to say in favour of your " royal race " that you arc passive—that you arc not active for evil —it ' sa great virtue , Madam , in a " monarch" to remain neutral and quiescent , as you generally do .

      ( Oh ' irtat vou would so remain on quarter days . )

      Tracts on ihe Necessity of Legislative Interference / or the Protection of the Coal Miners , & c . 2 ^ o . 1 . Newcastle-upon-Tyne : T . Dodds , 61 , Grey-street , By the publication of the intended series of Tracts , of which No . 1 is before us , the projectors aim at enlightening the public mind on the injurious results of the present imperfect and unhealthy system of ventilating mines ; aud hope to enlist the co-operation of the philanthropic of all parties in obtaining leg islative protection for the unfortunate miners . One or two extracts will show the tenor of the tract under notice : —

      PERILS OF IHE METERS . The dreadful and extensive explosions which so frequenilv occur in coal mines , never fail to excite the deepest svmpathy and regret ; yet , and in a little time , and all is forgot : the thousands of orphan children , with multitudes of widows , alone feel the continuous effects of such fearful sacrifice of life , in bein ? deprived of their chief support , and thus the matter rests . But there is another source of destruction of life equally enormous , but which does not meet the public car , and that l * , the 5 SS of the miner s life , through inhaling ? S noxious eases , which , although mexplosive , yet are sufficiently destructive to injure and ultimately , in a brief period hurry to a premature orave thousands of our fellow-workmen .

      LEOISWT ITE I-VrenFEBENCE . Wh v are the government so unwilling to step in between ns and the ambition" cravance of our em-5 oS or why are the miners to be an exception XSfJriS Is not protection afforded to the fie-£ y 1 c ^ sassSs creasedfull [ ninety ; per cent , liament lnter was decreed ? A 5 *™> *™* railways , to protectee ^ £ TKffSr ^^ Si « Sfld li * e , V PTSSSiS ^ B by the officers ; so therat way before hem iu 1 ^^ _ enacted aI T ° ^ l ^ t 2 sfon of p arliamen t , to protect the only the last session v w ^ ^^ emigrants from ** £ »»* £ * considered of lan - Ttmnnrfcince that means are to be afforded sufficient imporW ^ g ^

      The Destroying Angel Is The Title Of Xo....

      ship , and when such parties are leaving England , and are about to disclaim her for ever , may not the miner , on whom the greatness of the country depends , and who labours patiently to uphold that greatness , with justice expect that his case should be kindly taken up by the government , and an equal protection given him in the pursuit of his dangerous occupation , as is accorded to the other classes of the community ? * * Hut parliament has interfered with colliery proprietory , and have legislated upon the right ot those people to employ young boys below ten years of ago , and of

      females in the pits , and have also enacted , that no longer shall the above parties be so employed ; yes , and have also imposed penalties for non-compliance in this matter ; therefore , tbe festidious cry now being raised , of non-interference with the private property of the coatowner , by the appointment of inspectors , with compulsory powers to enforce upon the obdurate the necessity of providing properly ventilated places or stalls for the miner to work in , is uncalled for ; inasmuch as the precedents are altogether in favour of such interference , and tho necessity equally demonstrates tbe justice of such protection .

      We earnestly desire the success of these Tracts , in the hope that thereby public opinion may be aroused in support of the claims of the miners to protectioHfrom evils fax-exceeding the wrongs of the Russian serf , and the JJegro slave .

      A Dialogue On Toutics—Municipal And Nati...

      A Dialogue on ToUtics—Municipal and National . —Sheffield : "W Frost , York-street G . CaviU , Democratic Reading Rooms . This tract lias reference chiefl y to the municipal elections of the town of Sheffield ; but it contains many sound thoughts and arguments app licable to the country at large . The author is evidently ill-satisfied with the results of popular agitation in furtherance of mere municipal triumphs ; observing—in one character of one of the parties to the dialogue : — " I wash more to be made of the strength and enthusiasm of the people , than merely collecting a small contribution "weekly , storing it up from one [ November to another , for the mere purpose of returning some gentleman , "with honours to a seat in the common council

      chamber of the corporation . " His opponent having suggested that a corporation of " Reformers" might consider the question of buying the gas and water companies , tho author replies : — "You talk of the Corporation taking the Gas and Water Companies into their care and keeping , or rather buying them , which I approve of . "Would it not be much better for the Government in London to buy all the Companies in existence : Eailway , Gas , Banking , Mining , and the hundred and

      one other Companies that are now in existence ; and appropriate the proceeds to the purposes for which the taxes are now collected —for salaries of all men employed under the State ? I am quite sure it would be more likel y to alleviate our distresses than that proposition of youra . " These sentences show the ideas concerning our system which are at present fermenting beneath the surface . This dialogue may be read with , advantage by all classes of Reformers .

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      Royal Polytechnic Institution. The Enter...

      ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION . The entertainments provided by the directors of this most excellent establishment , for the instruction and amusement of the holiday makers , are well calculated to enrich the minds and captivate the fancies of the young as well as those of a more mature age . A few selections from the programme for Christmas , the short interval preceding will show how interesting and diversified are the proceedings . Amongst those worthy of remark , is Dr . Bachhoffner ' s lecture on the Philosophy of Scientific Recreation , illustrated by numerous tricks which have been exhibited by Hondan , the Wizard of the North , and other professors of tbe Black Art . Of those which appeared to interest the audience most , we may mention the bottle of water trick , from which the learned professor decanted glasses of sherry , port , brandy , champagne , and common milk ; the last glass in the bottle proved mere water , as the explanation does not take

      place till after the spectators have witnessed this purely chemical delusion ; the effect , of course , was complete , and exceedingly anrosiog . Another feat of the Doctor ' s in the course of his lecture deserves notice , that of freezing a pewter pot to the table without the aid of ice ; to accomplish this interesting feat this gentleman employed the salts lately invented by Mr . Masters , which produced the desired effect in a few minutes , muchtothegratification of his auditence . This admirable lecture concluded by two most interesting experiments , one to produce the different effects of coloured light , the interesting well known scene of tbe witches around the Cauldron from Mackheth was chosen , which had a ghastly and horrific appearance . This was immediately followed by igniting at least fifty candles instantaneously , by a spark from the hydro-electric machine . The whole entertainment concluded by a series of dissolving views of ancient and modern London , which are well worth

      inspecting . HAYMARKET THEATRE . Mr . and Mrs . Charles Kean appeared on Monday night at this theatre . The piece selected by them / or their rentrct was that old favourite , The Wife ' s Secret , which , although it has been so often repeated , seemed to lose none of its interest and attraction with the audience . The reception given to Mr . and Mrs . Kean on their first appearance was enthusiastic in the extreme—one of those spontaneous and hearty

      welcomes which show that absence or intervening attractions have not lessened the fulness and fervour of favour . The leading characters in this piece are admirably suited to them , and it seemed as if longer practice and a habit of playing to new audiences had deepened the intensity of their powerfully dramatic delineation . The chief points and situations were at once seized on by the audience , and greeted with loud acclamations ; and at the close , both Mr . and Mrs . Kean were called before the curtaiu to receive renewed marks of favour .

      OLYMPIC THEATRE . Mr . Walts , of the Marylebone Theatre , and now the lesse of the Olympic , " has issued his general list of the company engaged for the latter theatre . It is rcmarkab ' y strong , comprising , besides a host of fcble subordinates , Mr . G . V . Brooke , the tragedian , Mv . Compton , Mr . John Reeve , Mr . Frank Matthews , Mr . Sckarf , Mr . Wigan , Mr . Meadows , Mr . Davenport , the Marshalls , Mrs . Mowatt , Miss F . Vining , Mrs . Seymour , Mrs . A . Wigan , & c . The theatre opens on the 26 th inst ., with " a Sha » spearcan play" and a new pantomime . We are glad to see , irom tbe programme , that the arangements of the lesse arc conducted in a liberal spirit , with a view to the public comfort and convenience- a consideration too much neglected even by the most successful managers of theatres .

      The Guards.—Is It, Or Is It Not, The Set...

      The Guards . —Is it , or is it not , the settled purpose of the authorities at the Horse Guards to dis gust the old officers of the Hue , and place every obstacle in the way of their preferment to vacant commands ? It will scarcely be credited , by those who do not study the Gazettes , that Lieut-Colonel Milman , of the Coldstream Guards—an officer of r . o war or foreign service whatever , with the slight exception of the Canadian aflair—has succeeded to the command of the 37 th Foot , a corps which has in it a second Lieut-Colonel of twenty-four years' service , a Major of twenty-one years , and Captains of from fifteen to eig hteen vears' service . If Lieut .-CoIonel not his

      Spencer was anxious to quit the corps , could Grace the Commander-in-Chief have found upon Jus listanumber ofmajorswhohave Been thirty years in the army , and who possess every qualification for command , without buffering the "exchange" arrangement which gives so decided an advantage to youth and inexperience ? The 37 th Regiment is now at Ccvlon , and may be called upon for active duties either upon the island itseit , or the neighbouring continent of India , whjre theelementsof disquietude are always rife . Say that this happens soon after the arrival of Li eut-Colonel Milman—what possible guarantee has tbe country that some egregious blunder is hot committed in the field through his want of

      practical knowledge , and that the error comprises the safety and honour of the regiment ? True , the Lieut . 'Colonel will have older and more experienced officers at his command—men who , perhaps , would volunteer to rescue their corps from tbe false position into which incompetency may place it ; but they are BOtb . 'Undtodoso , and , perhaps , may he snubbed for their officicus . ness . We hope that tbe contingency may not arise , for we have too much concern for the honour and reputation of British regiments , to ste them perilled for the sake of convincing the country

      oftheerroneousnessofthe existing system of purchase aud exchange . Yet the possibility of disaster exists , aud it is the duty of the Commander-in-Chief to goard asainstitby a prudent selection of commanding officers . It seems preposterous that so much pains should be taken to see that the army is supplied with well-instructed and prepared subalterns , while a little marching and countermarching from "Windsor to St . James'is the admitted qualification of the Lieutenant-Colonel placed in charge of acorps . — United Service Gaset . c . -

      Sunshine And Shadow ; A Tale Of The Nine...

      SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BT TH 0 HAS MA . RIIS WHEELER , Late Secretary to ths National Charter Association aid National Land Company . CnArrER XXXIV . IU fares the land to hast ' ning ills a prey , Where wealth accumulates and men decay ; Princes or lords may flourish , or may fade ; A breath can make them , as a breath hath made ; But a bold peasantry , their country ' s pride , When once destroyed can never be supplied . A time there was ere England ' s griefs began , When ev ' ry rood of ground maintain'd its man , For him light labour spread her wholesome store , Just gave what life reyvit'd , but ga-re no move " . His best companions , innocence and health ; And his best riches , ignorance of wealth . Goldsmith .

      But He , who serves all earth—whose mind Stars the dark wanderings of mankind ; And from lone thought ' s empyrean height , Exalts tho soul , its g lories light , For him no grateful memory lives ; No justice weighs , no love forgives ; For him , the Universal Eye , Each heart he cheered has grown his spy . The very lustre of bis fame , Betrays the specks upon his name : The columns of his triumph stand As Pasouins for each vulirar hand .

      For luuv the wonted shades vthklv toda Home ' s reverent secrets , are denied , Exposed , dissected , canvassed o ' er , Each household word and bidden sore ; His very heart bung forth a prey To the sharp-tongued remorseless day ! The temple he hath built will yield , For him alone no shrine to shield : Nay , round tbe altar where he flietb , The coil'd and venomed slander lietb , — Crush'd by the serpents of his doom , Behold his temple walls his tomb . Liitton Bulwei

      The winter of ISi ? saw Arthur Morton and his wife in comparatively flourishing circumstances , but the remembrance of his difficulties had left its traces on his once fair and open brow , and gave a tinge of sadness to his conversation ; the love of home , which once characterised him , existed no longer , it reminded him too bitterly of the past , and he flew with avidity to the excitement of politics ; if he was a better citizen he was no longer so affectionate an husband ; his heart beat as warmly as ever for the welfare of his fellow-men , but he no longer viewed their destinies through hope ' s enchanted glass , he felt that the evils which surrounded them were stern and stubborn facts , which would not yield to the fiery heat of enthusiasm , or melt beneath the

      glowing breath of eloquence ; to effect their removal he saw that it needed the iron weapons of reality , — the demonstrative power of practical experiment ; impressed with this belief be viewed with pleasure the progress the Land Agitation was making throughout the country ; holding firmly to the opinion that the land was national property , —that England ' s soil was the joint property of England ' s sons —he nevertheless saw that to induce them to claim their rightful share in this common inheritance they must be taught its inestimable value , — they must be shown that it was the golden stamp which gave value to all other commodities , —that land was made for man and not man for the land , — that divorced from the soil man was an emasculated

      helot , a victim to his own necessities , and a slave to minister to the wants of another , —that the laws were made for the protection of the land , surrounding acres with a triple shield , hut leaving industry weak and unprotected ; that for land the Corn laws famished their yearly victims , —the Game laws demoralised whole districts , —the law of Primogeniture defeated the law of Nature , and the law of Entail set aside the claims of Justice ; that land held in the hands of the few , governed , taxed , and Atlas-like , weighed down the many ; that the law of the land was the law for the land . He wished them to be imbued with the love for the land so excellently described by that great French historian , Michelet , who says : — " That to get land in seven years the Alsatian sells his life , and goes to meet

      death in Africa : to have a few feet of vineyard the woman of Burgundy tears her breast from the mouth of her own child , puts a stranger in its place , and weans her own ; ' too soon , my child , ' says the father , ' either you will live or you will die , but if you live you shall have a bit of land . ' Is it not cruel , nay almost impious to speak thus ? Reflect well before you decide . You shall have a bit of land means , you shall not be a mercenary , to be hired to-day and turned adrift to-morrow ; you shall not he a serf for your daily bread , you shall be free . Free ! glorious word , comprising indeed all human dignity . There is no virtue without liberty . " Truly are the words of this glorious Frenchman , " Liberty without land is a soul

      separated from the body , —a vain chimera , which it it exists at all can produce no fruition , but is barren and unprofitable ; it was , therefore , with no common satisfaction that ho watched the gradual developement of the National Land Company . Faint and feeble in its infancy , it needed all the cares of its founders to prevent its being strangled by the hands of an ignorant and hostile press ; but once emerged from its swaddling clothes , —once fairly placed before the British people , —its success was unprecedented , demonstrating that the Company , aided by Mr . O'Connor ' s pen and influence , had distributed correct notions of the value of land , and its primordial influence upon the welfare of tbe community far and wide , and that which in England

      had hitherto been a question presumed to effect only farmers and landed proprietors suddenly became the question of the day , —the grand palladium which was to insure the continued prosperity of these islands , and which ultimately will effect that grand desideratum , a national demand for its speedily becoming the property of its rightful owners . Never did a Company , established for any sectional or commercial purpose , ever affect such a revolution in public opinion as that effected by the National Land Company ; and though tbe political furor caused by tbe events of February , 1818 , in France , and April in England , threw into comparative obscurity the minor interest of the Company ; though the tide of popular support has long ebbed

      and left the giant fabric almost a deserted hulk on the bleak shore ; though its nationality has become a thing of naught , yet hath it performed its work in the channel of Progress , and out of its timbers may yet be hewn the vessel which shall ride triump hant into the harbour of Success . The principles on which the Land Plan was founded have stood tbe test of the time ; each succeeding fact , —every fresh incident , —has but shown more strongly their solidity ; that the details of the scheme may have been faulty , —Hint the experimentalists may have been unfitted by their prior pursuits in life for its beneficial working , —that the seasons have been unpropitious , and that the members have failed in performing their stipulations , are facts that will

      scarcely admit of doubt , and on these circumstances and not on its principles , or the motives of its founders , ought the blame of any apparent failure to be laid ; but such is the inconsistency of men , that instead of taking shame to themselves for the failure of any cherished project , they denounce and abuse tbe very persons whom by their criminal neglect they . have incapacitated from the power of serving them ; no falsehooiLis too base , no personal attack too vile , to administer gratification to their wounded hopes and self disappointments , —from such men good Lord deliver us ; but the prayer is vain , it is a penalty public men must arm themselves to submit to , and clothed in integrity , and fortified by the co-operation of the justminded , they

      need not shrink from the contest , painful and mortifying though it be . At the period of our tale all was enthusiasm and prosperity , —no idea of failure had entered into the minds of its members , —even the Press bad ceased its vain opposition , and the Plan was fast attaining universal celebrity . In the political world all was calm and quiescent , but it was the calm of thought , —the calm oi roiecticn , and not the calm of despair , —like the dull heavy clouds that presage the coming storm , it presaged the approaching political commotion which threw all minor projects into the shade . As the year closed strange and unusual heavings took place in the sister isle ; the war notes of resistance seemed to ring in every gale : the spirit of freedom began again to

      breathe in Gaul , and its potency to disturb even the calm visage of the Citizen King ; still England slumbered on , but the distant murmurings of revolution began to vise louder and higher upon our ears , —ardent hearts again began to speak iu hopeful language , —the spirit tongue of liberty swelled the accents of Ledru Rollin , of Mitchei , Meagher , Blum , Kossuth , and Mazzini , until at length its g lorious tones were heard above the din of war and strife , louder and more thrilling than the clash of swords and the cannon ' s roar , proclaiming in triumphant notes that the tyrant of France hadfallen , and that the reign of " Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity" was at hand . Tyrants in every land trembled and fled aghast at the sound ; the vile traffickers in human misery shrunk terrified into

      their obscene dens , and prostrated humanity revived from her long trance , shock her limbs like a mightv wrestler , and stood prepared for tbe combat ; the electric shock thrilled through every vein of the British Empire , and startled the sons of Erin into convulsions of insanity . Alas ! that they were not earlier prepared for tho rending of tho old regime ; had they thrown off their apathy but a month , a short month earlier , the Ides of March mi ght , as in Rome of old , have changed the whole destiny of the empire , but their slumber was prolonged until the electric influence of the glorious days of February was frittered away , and so reduced in potency by April , when the National Convention met , that its small voice , neither bass nor treble , had neither the war tones of Revolution , nor yet the gentle accents of Peace , Law , and Order ; composed of two distinct elements , those of war and peace ,

      Sunshine And Shadow ; A Tale Of The Nine...

      which it vainly endeavoured to amalgamate , it was powerless for either , and thus served only to irritate the public mind ; the parent of a mixed progeny , its named as its successor and executor the National Assembly , and closed its career in obscurity , nevertheless lot us do justice to its memory , —its members had an arduous part to play , and discharged their duty with firmness and courage . The 10 th of April , isis , that day made so memorable by the preparations of the government , » s ridiculous as they were pompous , —that day when the middleclass of London , and the empire generally , showed their love for Democracy by arming themselves for its slaughter , —that day when the President of Republican Franco became a gallant special to supnni'f . W hi ™ » .-.... ! . Jr . n ^ « fn mliinli flit TlnmAm . atn t JiiiaiuiV iu nuiwi uuiiiui / itina

      "" - » . " '" g , " » u . ij vuu of the Metropolis , and of the Empire , through its representatives , can point to as a bright one iu their annals , —a day which was neither disfigured by cowardice nor disgraced by turbulence . Many have wished that the triumph had been greater ; that Kennington Common should have seen tbe Sons of Freedom marshalled , and marching back to the City ' s heart in ihe same order as they came ; but the peculiar position of Feargus O ' Connor , their great Parliamentary champion , and the awful responsibility it would havo entailed upon tho Convention in perchance leading an unarmed people into collision with an armed force , furnished with every requisite for slaughter , made them decide otherwise ; and the good organisation and discipline

      of the people was more strongly evinced in acting according to the instructions of tho Convention , and was productive of more lasting terror to the government , than any mere temporary success which the people might have achieved in a street conflict . It is order , disci pline , and n yielding of thoir own impulses to the commands of their leaders which shows a determined organisation among a people , and when tho oppressor sees this he feels that the hour of retribution is arrived - , that the baudwriting of his destiny is written on the wall of millions of human hearts , aud that they only need afair opportunity to achieve their freedom . Under circumstances of the most unfavourable character did the National Assembly meet ; dissension had arisen in the Chartist camp , and was spreading its

      baneful influence in the ranks ; the People ' s petition had been pronounced as a gross imposture , and the Press teemed with calumny and misrepresentation ; destitute of sufficient funds , —at war with some of its own members , —deserted by the bulk of those whose co-operation it counted upon , —it lived in tumult , and died from exhaustion . Much undeserved calumny has been heaped upon it ; many who were once its defenders are now suffering for their temerity in exile and persecution , —it would , then , ill become us to ioin in this denunciation : it contained noble-hearted men , though varying in opinion ; for weeks it proclaimed truths eternal as justice , —truths dangerous to society as at present constituted , yet truths that find an echo in every honest heart , and which will one day ring the knell

      of expiring despotism ; for weeks it braved the power of the government , and wrath of its every opponent : and though Alien Bills and Gagging Bills were fulminated against it , its members stirred not from their course ; and weak and powerless as it seemed , not one of its members was arrested until after its dissolution , and even then the government would have paused ere it let loose its wrath , had not the '• Moderates , " that name which in politics will be eternally identified with treachery and deceit , taken advantage of the weakmindeduess of tho true Republicans in France , and gained the upper hand in the government , then did the cowardly Whigs recover from their terror , and dreadiner no lomrcr

      Republican France , caused England and Ireland to wail in anguish tho loss of many of their truest sons . In all these events Arthur Morton was not merely a spectator , though belonging to the physical force school , ho yet respected tho opinions of his opponents , and oftttmes admired the proofs of moral courage which they displayed in fearlessly propounding them when popular opinion ran so strongly against them ; for in those exciting days it required more moral courage , ny , and at times more physical courage , to brave tho opposition of a people excited to desperation than it did to dare the wrath of an irresolute government . [ To be continued . )

      M Middlesex Sessions. The Court Sat On S...

      m MIDDLESEX SESSIONS . The court sat on Saturday at the Guildhall , Westminster , by adjournment from Clerkenwell , for the purpose of holding , in compliance with an act of parliament , a Westminster session . As is usual upon such occasions , there was no business to dispose of , but the court proceeded to take the bail cases standing over from Clerkenwell . Forciule Entry ano Ejectment . — Thomas Buttery , sen , a cabinet maker , Thomas Buttery , jun ., and Wi'liam M'Doncll , surrendered to take their trial upon an indictment charging them with a misdemeanor in having unlawfully taken possession of and pulled down a certain cottage in East-lane , Stepney . Mr . Mellor appeared for the prosecution . It appeared that for eleven years past there had b ? en

      a dispute between Buttery , senior , and Charles Buttery , his youngest brother , as to who was the rightful owner of the cottage in question , which was in possesion of Charles Buttery , and which had for a great number of years been in the possession and was the property of their father , who died some twelve years ago . Immediately after that event Charles took possession of it , by consent of a Mr . Burkett , to whom it was mortgaged for a small gum , but for eleven years he did not pay any interest on the mortgage , and as the father had died intestate , the elder brother claimed the cottage as heir at law . Herepeaiedly made overtures to his brother to sell the cottage , and ( as he said himself ) divide the spoil , 1-ufc the pvoposvtion was declined , not in a very respectful

      manner , and , determined to " have his rights , " he applied to the mortgagee to allow him to have the collage upon the immediate payment of tho principal and arrears of the interest of the mortgage ; but although the money was tendered , the mortgagee declined the offer , and , in the month of August last , foreclosed , and let the cottage to Charles Buttery at a weekly rent . Between six and seven o ' clock on the 15 th of October , the three defendants , accompanied by several labouring men provided with the necessary implements , went to the cottage , and pro . ceeded to demolish it . When the attack was commenced Charles Buttery and bis family were asleep , and so rapidly did the work of destruction progress that they had to escape half dressed , and it was with

      some difficulty that they got away uninjured ; and in less than half an hour the cottage was levelled to the ground , what little furniture it contained being destroyed . This prosecution was instituted by the mortgagee , and all the persons engaged in the transaction were included iu the indictment I but the labourers were not proceeded against , as they were employed by tbe elder Buttery , and acted under tbe joint direction of the throe defendants now in court . Buttery , sen ., in his defence , said his brother had cheated him of his cottage ever since his father ' s death ; and knowing that it 1 'clonged to bim as the eldest son , he went and took possession of it , and surely he cnuld do as he liked with his own . All the

      other parties acted under his instructions . The Judge said the defendant must have known that the cottage belonged to the mortgagee , and neither tc him nor his brother . The jury found the defendants "Guilty . " liis lordship said he bad seldom beard of a more outrageoiH proceeding than this . It was conduct more suited to savage than civilised life , aud the sentence of tho court upon Buttery , sen ., was , that he pay a fine of £ 100 ; but the court would give him permission to come to some terms with the prosecutor . The other defendants would not be sentenced until he saw what those terms were , and the three defendants would , therefore , be brought up at the next sitting of the court .

      Monday . —As no anangements could be come to between the mortgagee and Buttery , sen ., the court revoked the sentence passed on Saturday upon the latter , and sentenced him to two months' imprisonment with a fine of £ 10 : Buttery , jun ., to fourteen days' imprisonment ; and M'Donncll to two months ' imprisonment . Kkewxg a Brothel . —James Chambers , convicted of being the proprietor of a hwuse carried on as a . brothel for lucre and gain , in Windsor-place , St . Luke ' s , was sentenced to pay a fine of £ 50 , aud to be kept to hard labour four calendar months , The court ordered the prisoner to be brought up again to receive sentence upon another conviction , at the next sitting of the court .

      Operation Or Ihe Game Laws.—A Voluminous...

      Operation or ihe Game Laws . —A voluminous return , published on Saturday last , ( obtained by order of the llouso of Commons , on the motion ot Mr , Bright , M . P ., ) shows that the total number of persons convicted at assizes of offences against the Game Laws , from the 5 th of May , 1840 , to the 1 st of August , 1819 , amounted to 105 ; and the number convicted at petty sessions during the same period to 10 , 330—making a grand total of 10 , 49 i in England . In Wales , tho grand total of persona convicted at assizes and potty sessions amounted to 284 . The inquests hold on the bodies of gamekeepers and others employed to enforce tbe Game Laws amounted to fifty , in which thirty-seven verdicts of wilful murder were returned , two of manslaughter , three of justifiable homicide , and eight of accidental death . The punishment inflicted on the offenders against tho Game Laws wore variousfront small fines to transportation , and imprisonment with hard ' labour .

      Representation of Sn ? reham . —Mr . Shelly has retired from tho contest , and Lord Alexander Gordon Lennox , third son of the Duko of Richmond , is , therefore , likely to walk over unopposed . Ms . Squire , United States charge d' affaires to central America , has discovered the ruins of another ancient city , buried , or nearly so , beneath a forest , about 150 miles from Leon . Re describes the ruins as far surpassing in architectural grandeur those of Palenque , discovered some years ago .

      National Reform Leag U E . At The Ordina...

      NATIONAL REFORM LEAG U E . At the ordinary Friday evening mooting on tho 7 th inst ., in tho largo hall of the Literary Institution , John-street , the President , Mr . O'Brien , commenced his lecture by calling tbe attention of his audience to the wholesale defamation which tho Times , and others of the daily press , were constantly heaping upon the characters of the three greatest men of the ago , — Kossuth , Lcdvu Rollin , and Mazzini;—and lamented that the people of this country , —especially the unprivileged and unfranchised classes , for tho promotion of whose interests these men had done so much—bad not uttered a loud and deep protest against the calumnies alluded to . The lecturer then detailed the conduct and acts of Mazzini while he governed Romeand showed

      , tho wisdom and justice which had actuated him . Mazzini had given every man a vote in the choice of representatives in the State , and also in local and commercial affairs , and , moreover , he bad given every man a musket to protect his vote . Mazzini know that if a section only of the community were allowed tho exclusive possession of arms , that they would not hesitate to murder the unarmed parties whenever they considered it their interest to do so . Mazzini , too , wished to do full justice to the productive , classes and to carry into actual practice the sacred injunction of Scripture , which says tho labourer should be the first partaker of the fruits of his labour . lie asked , where could be found the man in either of our Houses of Parliament who would advocate such a meed of Justice for the

      people ? And yet this man was described by tho Timet us the leader of a band of robbers , and as a poor " thing ! " During tbe whole tinio Mazzini was in power he laboured night and day for tho public good , and lived like the poorest of the people . Had Mazzini been allowed to carry out his designs , Rome , and all tho Italian states , would vapidly lmc progressed towards real prosperity ; but with such a government as Rome had now such hopes were futile . Rome had now a government of priests and cardinals , kept up by foreign bayonets-French , Austrian , Spanish , and Neapolitan . The Popo was at the head of this diabolical machination—that vicegerent of the Deity—upon earth , whose province was assumed to bo the realisation of the Scriptural aspiration ;— " Glory to God ,

      peace on earth , gooa will towards men ! The lecturer then alluded to Ledru Rollin , who had been often described by our venal press as a cowardly run-away , and maintained that a multitude of proofs existed that a braver , or a more self-sacrificing man never lived . He bad , formerly , known him personally , and had frequently heard him spokon ' of in the Lightest terms , by parties fully competent to estimate his character . ' Ho did not originate the movement of the 13 th of June , he endeavoured to conduct it legally and constitutionally . He maintained that the constitution had been violated by the Roman expedition , in direct contravention of art . 5 , which provided for the protection , and not the subversion of all nationalities . When it was found his speeches in the Assembly had no

      effect , his followers were driven to madness ; they had justly considered the Roman republic as the child of tho French Republic ; and when they found that the professed army of observation was turned into an army of invasion , they determined to make a public demonstration against such an abominable , child-murdering procedure . They called upon Ledru Rollin to put himself at their head on that day . He did so taking all chances , and only fled when he found the people were not prepared to go further in defence of the Constitution . Ho ( the lecturer ) confessed that when he read the false abuse of such a man in our papers—as he had recently done—he felt himself disgraced to belong to a people who had not either sufficient power , or

      sufficient energy , to mako their voice heard in defence of their fame and character . As regarded that groat genius—Kossuth—described by the Times as a common swindler—where was there a man that had done what he had done ? "With consummate tact and energy , Kossuth had created a vast army out of nothing as it were , and a commissariat to supply that army . "With , those impromptu forces he had beaten tbo Austrians , and destroyed ha If their army ; and would have finally made not only Hungary free , but Poland also , had not Russia interfered with her enormous hordes , secretly backed by other European powers , who dreaded the spread of democracy , in which confederacy he believed our own government-had a base share . Even all this would scarcely havo subdued

      him , had not tho treachery of Oeorgey been superadded . The lecturer then read the defence of Kossuth contained in the letter just published of Colonel Asboth , Kossuth ' s adjutant-general ; which completely refuted tho villifiers of the ex-govcrnor of Hungary ; which letter also led to the opinion that Kossuth himself also intended to take steps wiien he arrived in England for tho further vindicationofhischarncter from tha calumnious aspersions of the Times , whoso foreign correspondent had , among other charges , accused Kossuth of stealing the crown of Hungary , and robbing tho treasury to enrich himself , in conclusion , Mr . O'Brien adverted to home politics , and deplored the ' deference paid to the prejudices of the middle-classes by writers in the popuhn cause , it was of no use to rail at kimrs

      governments and priests . The money-lord and the landlord were the real rulers of society ; and until the people thoroughly understood how theso two powers enslaved them , they would never choose tho proper parties to represent them in the State , aud expect them to answer ri ghtly . Ho regretted his want of power and means to get at the people to teach them the kind of knowled ge they required . Ho had implored many of the public men of the day—who had tho ear of the people—to help him , if it were only with the sanction of their names , so that tho people might have confidence iu the promoters of the National Reform League , but in vain . The lecturer afterwards alluded to the panaceas put forth as remedies for the evils of society , and lamented that although there were

      parties earnestly endeavouring to promote the adoption of portions of the principles of the League , no party had yet come forward to advocate t . ' icm as a totality . One was for currency reform , another was for reform in landed tenures , hut none advocated both reforms together ; yet , unless these , and a proper system of credit and commercial exchange bo instituted , no real good can be done ; but , with them , in twenty or thirty years , there would not he a despot in the world ! Another class were perpetually attacking the priests , as if thoy were the authors of all our miseries , whereas tho priests arc but the tools of the moneylord and landlord . Where was the priest that had half the power of a city merchant ? What power had a poor curate ? ( many of thorn had but £ 75 a year n And if one

      of these poor fellows dared to address his congregation as to the real authors of evil in the world , their flock would rise in indi gnation and quit the church , and he himself would he dismissed tho ministry . Nor were the political schemes afloat much sounder . As for Cobden ' s now Financial and Parliamentary Reform movement , there never was a greater delusion , and yet it was trumpeted forth to the people ns a sort of Godsend . Cobden assumed that the landed interest was the only tyrant ; whereas the town and commercial interest was infinitely more powerful . Ho ( Mr . O'Brien ) considered the Cotidon party , with thciv Free Trade nostrums , greater enemies of the working-classes than even the protectionist party , but both had a desperate horror of giving any real powers to tho masses . Yet tho people had no desire to bo

      humbugged , and only swallowed it under the disguise of truth . But ho trusted they would soon find out the delusions practised upon them by demagogues and sophists ; and that all the honest ' public men of tho people would agree upon some means of union among themselves , without which there could bo no union among their followers . Mr . O'Brien concluded , hy acquainting his audience that his Sunday evening lectures at the Eclectic Institute ,. ^ , Xcwman-strcct , would , for some time , be occupied upon tho contents of tho recent letters published by tho Morning Chronicle , on tho condition of the working classes ; and in the endeavour to shew that no permanent remedies existed for the enormous evils disclosed in those letters , but those propounded bv tbo National Reform League , modified , if you will , but essentially the same , in principle .

      Ax Eccentric Cuinacteu.—An Old Lady, Six...

      Ax Eccentric CuinACTEU . —An old lady , sixty years of ago , of weak intellect , and who gave way to all sorts of extravagances , had long had a very strong feeling of attachment for dog ' s and cats , o ' f which she kept a large number ; and when any of them died she had them stuffed , so that her apartment resembled the cabinet of a naturalist . In the midst of her collection she had had a handsome mausoleum erected to the memory of one of her greatest favourites , and on tho front of which wore written the words , " Ci git Pompec . " She bad an old servant who resided with her , and who had imbibed most of tho eccentricities of her mistress . Tho son of the lady , who occupied a high positio

      m society , allowed his mother a suitable j « Rintcnanco , but , finding that she denied herself the necessaries of life in order to indulge hcrwhims , he solicited the authorisation to place her iu a rmbon de sante , where she would be taken care of . When the Commrssiare of Police of the Palais National in consequence of the application , went two days ago to the residence of the lady , ho found her in the most wretched condition with scarcely any clothing on her , and in hor attire resembling closely the appearance of one of the gipsies depicted by Calot , and it was not without considerable difficulty that he persuaded her to quit her menagerie , and remove to tho asylum provided for her .

      A Book Collector ' s House . —M . Verbeyst , the most celebrated book collector in Europe , or perhaps in the world , has just died at Brussels , at an advanced age . He founded a very curious establishment , consisting of a house of several stories , and as high as a church , and disposed . so as to contain about 300 , 000 volumes , arranged according to their subjects .

      Fitrt'fftict*- The Future.—" Middle Clas...

      Fitrt ' fftict * - The Future . — " Middle class governments , kings , emperors , despots , under cither a protended liberal or despotic regime , are now teaching the people a lesson , which when once again they rise in their might and seize power they must not ' forget—if they do forget it — they will deservedly merit to sink into their graves — detested slaves . Confiscation , imprisonment , exile , tbo galleys , slavery , and death are tho merciful and royal modes of exercising and preserving power . Were once humanity purified , by extinction , of the tyrants of body ' and mind , then , and not until then , will peace , goodwill , and brotherhood benignly reign over all nations . " The Germans . —I know the Germans : like

      metaphysicians , they wish to know everything from tho bottom , very accurately , in large octavo , with no excess of consciseness , and with a few citations . Thoy rig out an epigram with a preface , and a lovcmadrigal with a taG ' le of contents . Thoy determine the course of the zephyr by a sea compass , and the heart of the girl by conic sections . Like merchants , they mark everything with capitals , and prove everything like jurists . Tho membranes of their brains are living memorandum-books ; their legsaro secret metewands and pedometers . Thoy cut asunder the veil of the nine muse ? , and menoure the hearts of those girls with compasses , and thoir heads with a gauge—J . P . Riciiter .

      Political Knowledge . — Sound political knowledge exercises and enlarges tho reasoning faculties , produces independence of spirit and equality of mind , and increases humanity of feeling to all mankind ; without it the machinery of thought becomes clogged and rusty , and man the slave of prejudice and superstition / the tool of tyranny , the dupe of cunning and hypocrisy , a pitiable object , possessing the human shape but wanting tho greatest divine gift—an independent mind . —Democratic Review . John O ' Consent ,. —The Coik Reporter has not the most favourable opinion of John 0 'Council , observing : * ' Some men in Ireland affect to follow him , as did tbonoblcs of England when they put forward Lambert Simnel or Peter War-beck as tho 'true prince '; and there arc some genuine ' John O'Conncllites , ' as thoro havo been * Southcotcitcs , ' and J lrvingitcs , ' aud ' Mormonites '; but the honest intelligence of tho country 'ignores' the gentleman . •'

      Telegraphic Music . — The American correspondent of tho Daily News says , tho other day some of their telegraphic operators beat the time of various tunes at tho distance apart of several hundred miles , and thoy did it with such accuracy that they wore perfectly intelligible even to tho bystanders . It is said that a new daily paper , under the influence of M . Guizot , is about to appear in Paris . A Person having tho misfortune to admit as a lodger into his house , an individual of very improper character , named Bell , turned him out ' the other day , with the remark , that ' He would never keep a bell in his house that wanted hanaina . "

      Tow . v and Country Mortality . —Tho difference between the sanitary condition under which the rich and poor Englishman lives , is as great as that which subsists between tho Englishman aud the Hindoo ; or between the Englishman who dwells in tho cities of the nineteenth century , and the Englishman who dwelt in tho cities of the fifteenth century . The unhealthiest parts of England are more than twice as fatal to life as the healthiest parts . As a general rule , and speaking in rough numbers , the country is about ten per cent , healthier than the town . But it may bo asserted with fearlessness , that the unhcalthiost parts of towns are more than ton per cent , more fatal than tho healthiest parts . The chances of life , therefore , are greater in tho open square , as contrasted with the typhoid alloy ,

      cnan in mo breezy country as contrasted with tho smoky town . " The difference in salubrity , " says Mr . Macaulay , " between the London of the nineteenth century and the London of tho seventeeth century , is far greater than the difference between London in an ordinary season and London in the cholera . " Measuring health by space , instead of time , it may bo truly said that the difference in salubrity between a district where the rich live exclusively and a district where tho poor live exclusively , is as great as between the former district in an ordinary season and the same district in the cholera . It is a tendency of manufactures to accumulate masses of tho poor , as it is of our svstem to accumulate masses of tho rich and poor . —Morning Chronicle .

      A Chandler , in a neighbouring town , having had some candles stolon , a waggish neighbour bid him be of good cheer , "for in a short time ( said he ) they will come to light . " A Silver cur , decorated with twenty-two figures , relating apparently to one of the campaigns of the Emperor Alexander Severus , was recently found at Ncubcrg , on tho Danube . According to tho Commissioner of the Morning Chronicle , there are in London 28 , 577 needlewomen under twenty years of age , whose earnings average lid . per day . * * * "Why seek we truth from priests ? The smiles of courtiers and the harlot ' s tears , The tradesman ' s oath , and mourning of an heir Are truth to what priests tell ; Oh ! wh y ims priesthood privilege to lie , And yet to be believed ?"

      Lord Chief Justice Wilmot gave to a party of us one evening a curious account of an innkeeper at Warwick , whom ho had tried for having poisoned some of his customers with his port wine , and that tho indictment was quashed by the impudence of tho fellow , who absolutel y proved that there had never been a drop of wine in the hogshsead . —Cradotk ' s Memoirs , Tub , Dublin CommtrcialJournal has the following : — " One of tho habitues of the theatre the other crening , talking of female authors , said , that though thoy bad tact , grace , and finesse , they have no creative genius , and seldom produce anv ' perfect work . " It is easy to see , " said Mrs . ' L ., " the actress , "that it was a woman who gave vou birth . '" * J

      Ax American Prixteii ' s Hint . —An American paper , the Gloucester Telegraph , presents the following for its readers as a puzzle : — " Ifanyofour fricndsnretroubiedinconscienceonaccountolindobtcdnesstothisoiTicewosballbemosthappytosignpaporsfor theirrelief . " General Guton . —Some twenty years ago a young English gentleman named ' Guyon , entered the Austrian military service , in which he in time attained the rank of Captain . In the meanwhile he had become attached to the daughter of Field-Marshal Baron Spleny , tho commander of the Hungarian life-guards . Upon his marriage with this amiable lady he left the army , and took some land , upon which ho resided , happy in the circle of his

      family , and in the general esteem of his neighbours . When , in September , 1513 , tho hordes of Jellnchieli were poured into Hungary , and Kossuth ' s fiery words called the whole nation to arms , Guyon , long connected and thoroughly sympathising with the liberal party , offered his services as a volunteer , lie was immediately invested with the comaud of ari ill-armed battalion of land-strums ( general levy , ) and at tho head of this ho contributed to the defeat of Jellachich , at Sukaro . In tho month of October he accompanied tho Hungarian army to the Leithn , and was engaged in the battle of Schwachat , fought on the 30 th . This rccontve took place under the walls of Vienna , but as the Viennese did not support the Hungarian attack upon the imperialists hy

      a sally , the Hungarian General , Moga , was compelled to beat . 'i retreat . Guyon was the hero of that day . At the head of his battalion lie three times repulsed the Serazcns of Jellachich ; his horse was shot under him , but he seized his pistols and led his men to the charge on foot ; arming thcui as fast as he could , with the muskets of the slain Austrians , in place of the scythes which many of them carried . He was promoted to the rank ' of colonel on the field itself , and in this capacity ho shared in the succeeding campaign . On tho 18 th of December , the imperial General Simouich , at tho head of 15 , 000 men , attacked the town of Tyriiau .

      This is an open place , and incapable of a regular resistance ; but Guyon determined upon saving tho honour of the Hungarian arms , defended it with unabated vigour till ni < rht put a stop to the combat ; and on this desperate service ho had only : i force of 1 , 800 men . At Debrczin , he was raised to the rank of General , and throughout the war was celebrated for hU lion-like courage . After the treason of Georgcy had ruined the Hungarian cause , Guyon took refuge in Turkey , but ho was one of tho last to retire from the struggle . It is stated that his family havo fallen into the hands of the Austrians ; a calamity which must sorely afflict our gallant countryman ,

      The Vienna journals announce the death of Prince Hoiionloho , who was rendered so famous some years since by tho miracles he was alleged to have performed . The deceased was Bishop of Sardacia and grand provost of Groswarclicn , and died in his fifryfith year . The Court Circular announces that her Majesty ' s accouchement is " shortly expected . " There is as much childishness in the United States law courts as in ours . The Richmond Republican supplies an instance . Ono Cogzcll was- tried , and a witness stated that , on a certain occasion , he told his " help , " Alary , to go home—Defendant ' s counsel : "What did ' Mary say ? " The opposing counsel objected to the question , and it was discussed two hours . Three judges then gave long and learned opinions , anil the question was asked : " What did Mary sav ? " Witness : " Not a word . "

      One fino day last week , Mrs . P . was passing an " eating house . " While one of tho numerous persons diningthoroordered "baked Indianpuddin / j ;" the waitor , as usvwd , passed the order to the cook for " Baked Indian ! " at tho top of his voice , which so terrified the good old lady that she nearly fainted . A glass of iced water soon restored her , however , when she left in haste . She says sho has , in hei younger days , heard of the Indians eating their victims , but never supposed that tho Anglo Saxons woulA retaliate in tho same way . —Boston Post .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 15, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_15121849/page/3/