Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th September 1846, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, MONTHLY REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND,...

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (2)
    • /oman iflobements T * rl"ll*0tft'%fr «UfiT«>f%A%MrA«%fr*?
    • Great Drought is Italy.—Letters from N-iples
  • Text (13)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      / Iflobements A Childtoowas Slainand The...

      September 12 , 1646 . THfJ NORTHERN STAB I — I - - ' "' ... ¦ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ mmmmmmmmm ^ ^ ^^—~ - ~—mwmm ^ m & Mmamnn ^ Knr-im ^ mnmmmmmm

      /Oman Iflobements T * Rl"Ll*0tft'%Fr «Ufit«≫F%A%Mra«%Fr*?

      / oman iflobements T * rl"ll * 0 tft' % fr « UfiT «> f % A % MrA « % fr *?

      - And I Will - War, «T Leaitin Wards, (A...

      - And I will - war , « t leaitin wards , ( And—snoulamy sluBce so happen—deed * , ) With all who war with Thought !" «• J think I hear a little bird , who sings The people byand by will be the stromjir ^—Bison , REVELATIONS OF RUSSIA , so . EC . Peiss of matter compels us this week to confine CUTselTes to tbe following extract . Our readers-will fnd compensation for this brevity in the " Report , " given below , of'The Democratic Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration" : —

      BCSSIAS S 0 LDIEE 3 . In general the whole army of the Tine presents a very -wretched appearance ; the dirty brownish grey greatcoats , the usual habiliments of the soldiers , their sallow complexions , their half-starved meagre frames , and the mean appearance of their officers , are far from offering an imposing spectacle . With the imperial guards the case is different : it is seen fer the first time at a review , they strike the beholder almost with awe ; for though he may lave seen many finer regiments than any which pass

      before him . nowhere in the world can he have seen so Igrge a body of fine-loofcimr troops together . The imperial smara , which h « s always been the hobby of the Bussian sovereigns , and is so peculiarly of the present Emperor Nicholas and his brother Michael , consists of 41 , 000 infantry and artillery , and ef 15 , 000 cavalry , and , -witbthead ition of the regiments of the young guard , or grenadier corps , does not fall far short of 120 . 000 men . The force is stationed in the government of St . Peters-Imrgb , principally in and about the capital , and is under tbe command ofthe Grand Duke Michael .

      The guards , the picked men from the whale army , are all sitter five feet eleven inches in height , or excesdimj that stature . On tbe first view an observer is struck to find them all dark , and bearing to each other as remarkable a similitude as the sheep of a flock . When his eye wanders over thousands effaces , he cannot readily point Out one man who might not pass for brother of the one most dissimilar to him ; thoy seem as if nature had moulded them all by ukase , according to a given pattern ; and the precision and uniformity of their attitude and equipment , make one man look the reflection of the one beside him . This similitude of personal appearance he -afterwards finds to be much owing to their general dusky

      and sallow complexions ( probably produced by the excessive warmth of tbe artificial atmosphere in which ihey live , and the abuse of thesteam-bath ) , as well at to the black moustache , of exactly the same cat and trim , * nd which , whatever its original colour , receives the same dark gloss by being anointed and plastered with an -onctnous compound , something similar to our English . Cart-grease . This is applied by order . An " ukase " also £ xes the length of a soldier ' s or an officer ' s hair at a & tget > g tei & fh . and determines on which side it must be brushed , and how low the whiskers may be allowed to invade the cheek . These orders are the same for the . general as for the drummer .

      As long as we see these soldiers of the guards embodied , they are -very imposing . High of stature—of martial , though rigidly stiff carriage—they are clad in tasteful uniforms , of which the materials , though coarse , have been fashioned with all the skill of art , and fitted to each man individually ; they are worthy of having * : 8 me Scorn tbe hands of the late King of Prussia , of whom the Emperor Alexander said that Fortune had spoiled an admirable master-tailor in giving him his crown . There is ona effect , however , strikingly ludicrous , in the attempt to improve tbe figures of brth soldiers and officers : —their trousers are tightened so much by a band at tbe waist , that the stomach

      protrudes roost ndsracefully , particularly in the soldier , who eats enormous quantities of his black bread . When we cc-m ? to examine the soldier after tbe review , without his " making up / 'we are surprised to find how miserable a creature he is—how meagre , narrow-chested , and ill-shaped—what a want of muscle , sinew , and elasticity . to animate that great body , which reminds o ; . e of an overgrown schoolboy—how different from the healthy cheek , the athletic form , and the symmetrical figure of onr own life-guardsman . There is carcely in these re-^ "iments , which are considered as the pride of the im--perisl army , one man in ten whose shape is not g lariagl y defective .

      Poland's Regeneration. The Usual Monthly...

      POLAND'S REGENERATION . The usual monthly meetinsof the "Democratic Committee for Poland's Regeneration , " was held on Wednesday evenins , September 2 nd , at the Bull ' s Head . New Oxford-street . In the absence of the President , Mr * Ernest Jones , occasioned by illness , Mr . Thomas Clark was called to the chair . Two additions wre made to the Committee , Dr . M'Douall . rod an influential Polish patr-ot . The bringing up of the "Monthly Report" was postponed for one week . The Secretary read a communication from the continent , which excited an interesting conversation , in the course of which much -valuable information on the state of Poland and prospects ofthe cause , was imparted to the Committee by the Polish members . The meeting then adjourned .

      On Wednesday evening . September 9 th , the committee re-assembled . Much regret was expressed at ibe-eanse of the President ' s absence—severe Illness . Mr . Christopher Doyle was called ta the chair . The Secretary brought up and read the " Monthly Report , " which will be found below . On the motion of Mr . Kean , seconded by Mr . Moy , the rrport was unanimously adopted . It was then resolved that the report should be sent to the Northern Star for publication , and that a pamphlet edition with the ) addition of other interestin ? matter , should be printed . On the motion of the secretary , seconded by a Polish member of the committee It * was unanimously resolved : —

      T ' natMr . Christopher Boyle , member of this committee , being about to visit Scotland ; and Messrs . ! . Clark and P . H'Grath . also members of this committee , beinij about to visit different parts of England , the said members are lereby authorised to represent thwjeommittee , and are instneted to employ their effortsin making known its organisation and objects , obtaining the adhesion of "honorary membere , " and otherwise aiding tbe Polish cause for the advancement of which this committee is established . Mr . Dotie promised for himself and Messrs . Clark and M'Grath ( unavoidably absent ) that to the best « f their power the resolution should be acted up to . " li was then resolved that a copy of the " Monthly Kepcrfc—No II" ( when printed ) be sent to each member of tbe late Chartist Convention . The committee then adjourned till Wednesday evening , October 7 th .

      Monthly Report Of Occurrences In Poland,...

      MONTHLY REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND , AND FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE CAUSE OF POLAND'S REGENERATION . No . II . August , —September , 1 S 4 G . Since the publication of the Cenraittee ' s Report for Julv , further revelations ofthe

      MASSACRES IN GALICIA , excited fay the Austrian government , have been made known to Western Europe . Letters from the sur-Tivors , and personal statements from the lips of some who have escaped frcm the scene of carnage , prove beyond dispute the guilty participation of the Austrian despotism in those organized murders . The subject has attracted the attention of the British parliament , and the atrocious acts of the Austrian government have been unanimously condemned by both houses . In the course of the debate in the House of Peers , on Tuesday , August 11 th , Lord Beaumont , speaking of the proclamations issued by the authorities of the circle ot Tarnow , offering rewards for the nobles dead or alive , said : —

      The result of the proclamations he had alluded to was , that the peasants rose , not immediately against -tljeirown masters , but peasants not in immediate connexion with the proprietors rose against them , and people from a distance marched to attack distant castles , merely for" | reward . Xnmbers of peasants traversed the country , attacking castle after castle , massaereing men , women , and children . lie bad seen letters from some of the survivors , describing these horrid scenes ]; one ironi the only surviving memoer of a £ itnxlT ( the daughter ) who had seen her father and mother murdered . Another was from an individual whose wife and all his children had been murdered . He had a list of names of families who had thus suffered : in one no less than 50 or GO individuals , including servants , had been put to death , one alone surviving . Lord Kinnaird in the course of an able and patriotic denunciation of the oppressors of Poland , said : —

      When in April last this subject had been brought before the house , confidence in the character of Prince Uetternich was pleaded as a reason for disbelieving such atrocities . Yet now they were admitted to have taken place ; aad it was established that horrors had occurred worse than anything which had happened in the French devolution . The government of Vienna had conferred rewards npon those who bad issued the orders which authorised the atrocities , and bj sd doing th « V had ren » dered themselves responsible for the atrocities themselves . It appeared that the prisons wcre ' opened , and the

      peasantry were encouraged by the local authorities to massacre the nobles . He would mention one of these atrocities , to show that the perpetrators were instigated by the authorities to commit those acts , and that tliey had Siace been rewarded . A gentleman of large property in the neig hbourhood of Tarnow observed a multitude approaching his place of residence . He at first thought this was some insurrectionary movement . He was soon undeceived . The first attack was made npon his steward , who was murdered . They then attached his house . His wife rushed down to appease them . They knocked her down . He , roshing to her assistance , was struck down .

      Monthly Report Of Occurrences In Poland,...

      A child , too , was slain , and the assailants were on the point of slaying a lady who was with the family , when takingher for the lady's maid , they suffered her to escape ) and desired her to lead them through the house that they might search—for what ! For knives which the prefect ofTarnmohadtoldthemihUand other nobles nod to cut the throats of thej > easants . Such horrors as those were ftar ' ful to describe or contemplate . One of those unfortunate victims , the wife ofthe owner , had to drag herself a short distance from the house . Tbe multitude afterwards returned with carts for the bodies . Why ? That they mi obtain A chilli , ton . * v * a alnin an . 1 rtia «« a « : in «* - .. I

      ght the price offered for every head . They were accompanied with gendarmes , and the living having been thrown into the same cart with the dead , and removed from the scene of slaughter , the perpetrators of this outrage dug a large grave , and were on the point of casting the owner ' s body into the grave when symptoms of Ufa were discovered ; his wife implored them to save him . All this took place in the presence of gendarmes . But they cast him . aline into the grave ; they butiedhim alinf . Had nottheGavornmentat Vienna rendered themselves parties to such deeds , by rewarding those who first stimu * lated the outrages

      This subject also occupied the attention of the House of Commons , on Monday , August 17 th , when the Austrian atrocities were denounced by several members of that house . Mr . Monckton Milnes quoted the proclamation issued by the authorities oi Tarnow : — Would the house believe , that an order to such an effect as the following had been promulgated on this occasion I "I call upon the inhabitants of this district that th ? y take possession of all tbe turbulent spirits therein —that , armed with their scythes and their hatchets , they shall deliver up such parties to the government ; and I am authorised for this service immediately to give to those who so deliver these parties up a sufficient

      recompense . " Could they wonder , therefore , lhat such an order as that would be followed by the most disastrous and injurious constquences I But that was not all . The peasantry were told to bring these people to the government , if they could , by fair means , but to bring them at all events : and tbe load authority who gave this order , declared that he had been fully authorised to do so . How had that order been followed ! No less than 1 , 473 proprietors and individuals had been brutally murdered and brought to the government . Of these there were between seventy and eighty priests , the teachers and relig ious instructors of the people of the district . A large portion ef them also were ladies . These were historical facts , and they were uncontradicted .

      Lord Palmerston admitted the truth of these atrocities , and added , that " they were without exampl - in the modern history of Europe . " In proof of what was asserted in these debates respecting the rewards conferred by the Austrian Government on the directing assassins , we refer to an order of the Emperor of Austria , dated the 18 th of July , conferring on the prefects of the districts of Tarnow and Przemysl , in Galicia , MM . BreineVon Wallerstern . and Czetch Von Lindenwald , tiie cross ofthe Leopold order , frei of the usual tax . The same order elevates the prefects of Wadowitze , Bochnia , Sandetch , and Iaslo , MM . Von Loserth , Bernd , Bochinski , and Przybylski ( without paying the tax ) , to the rank of

      "Noblemen . " Well may the Reforme add to this " order " : — " Tarnow , Bochnia , Iaslo ! what frightful recollections they evoke ! These dens of assassins wanted for their hellish renown nothing but this official consecration by Government . The civilised world may now know that the Austrian Government has officially honoured and ennobled the prefects of Galicia who ordered and directed the slaughter , received the corpses of murdered Poles , and paid tbe assassins . " The latest accounts from Galicia assert the discovery of a new conspiracy , and the arrest of three "French emissaries , " who are incarcerated in the prisons at Lemberg . The

      MILITARY COMMISSION AT CRACOW , headed by the Austrian general , Castiglione , appointed to investigate into the events at Cracow in February last , has given notics of the termination of its inquisitorial proceedings . 1250 prisoners were examined . Of these 830 were pet at liberty ; 200 have been delivered up to Austria and Russia ; and 220 remain in prison in Cracow , to undergo a trial before a Civil Commission . This commission will be composed of two Prussian , two Austrian , and two Russian members , with an Austrian functionary acting as Chairman . Each member will have thus to umstigate the case of thirty-six accused . It is supposed that a whole year will elapse before the termination of the trial . This would be very serious ,

      if the judges were impartial ; but , when the trial is to be conducted by enemies , the length of " preventive imprisonment" may prove a benefit in comparison with the dreadful captivity by which it will probably be succeeded . It is stated in some of the German papers that a correspondence has been discovered at Cracow between the prisoners and the emigrants . " A spirit of discontent" is said to " reign" in that city , and the Austrians , who still occupy the city , are constantly on the alert to prevent an outbreak . Frani Posen we have but very meagre intelligence . M . Jarkowski , the Director of the Establishment of General Credit of the province of Posen , was arrested on the 1 st of July , and taken to Sonaeburg . M . Kournatoffski . who was arrested and put in prison

      at Sonnenburg , just after tbe last insurrection ol Posen , for publishing a revolutionary lithographic print , attempted to commit suicide by stabbing himself in four places , but was expected to recover . The Prussian Minister of the Interior has refused his sanction to the publication of five monthly journals in the Polish language . From Dresden ( Saxony ) we learn that Tyssowski , ( member of the provisional government in the late outbreak , ) is still in prison , and still the object of an interchange of notes between the Saxon , Austrian , and Russian cabinets . Russia demands his extradition and banishment to Siberia , or at least his detention in a Russian fortress until the entire pacitication of Poland , which means imprisonment and torture during his life .

      We have now to notice the

      DESIGNS AND CRUELTIES OF THE RUSSIAN TYRANT . It has long been the established pofty of the Tsars to represent themselves to Europe as the friends of the peasantry , whom in their own dominions they were anxious . to emancipate , but were prevented doing this by the opposition ofthe Russian nobility . It is notorious , however , that the Russian nobility were long since coerced by the Tsars , and that since tha failure of their ^ insurrection in 1825-26 , they have been reduced to utter impotency by the present Emperor . If , therefore , Nicholas desired the destruction of Russian serfdom , he has but to will it , and the work will be forthwith accomplished . But instead of this we find him the largest slave-holder in the world . The whole number of serfs in the

      Russian empire amounts to forty-five millions , ot these twenty-one millions are " owned" by the Emperor as his " private property , " the remainder being the " property " of the Russian landlords . The Ru-sian serf is as much a slave as the negro worker in Cuba . The Russian Emperor has shown no inclination to liberate his own serfs ; on the contrary , he has watched every opportunity to add to their number , by confiscating the estates ofthe disaffected and suspected amongst the proprietors , and adding the serfs of those estates to his own immense stock of miserable slaves . Remembering these simple facts , the European public wilt be better able to comprehend the motives ofthe Autocrat in putting himself forth as the liberator of the peasants of the " kingdom of Poland . "

      For some time past the German papers have contained rumours respecting tne intended liberation , bv Nicholas , of the Polish peasants throughout the " " kingdom of Poland . " This " Report" was already prepared when we became informed of the following facts ;—The Warsaw Gazette , ofthe 23 th of August , publishes an ukase , signed by Nicholas , abolishing certain feudal sendees to which the Polish peasants have been hitherto subjected , and setting forth other provisions relating to them . The following are the principal clauses *—Peasants in towns or villages , who cultivate to the extent of at least three acres of laud , shall henceforth , as long as they fulfil their obligations , enjoy a life interest in those lands . and the proprietor shall not take the land from them , or increase the charges thereon . The peasants shall be free to move from one estate to another , provided they fulfill the police regulations , and give three months notics of their intentions . The proprietor of

      tbe estate shall , within two years at the farthest , place other peasants en the lands thus abandoned , and shall not incorporate the said lands with those which constitute his signorial estate . The Council of Administration shall suppress in private domains all feudal services which are not established by law . The Council shall recommend to the authorities to watch that the obligations enforced towards the lords do not exceed those wliicla , after the suppression of the feudal services , not established by the law , are founded on valid titles , and which , existed previous to Jan . l , 184 C . Tkey are also to see that in trials between the lords and the peasants justice is equitably administered .

      This pretended " liberation" is a fraud , not intended to benefit the peasants , but to deceive Western Europe . We must defer until our next ' Report an exposure of this imperial juggle . We arc conhdert that from the best sources , and by the revealment of "facts , " wo shall be able to prove that this ukase confers but little good upon the peasants , Willie in some some things it adds to the restrictions previousl y imposed upon them ; that it adds to tne power of the police , who will use that power to oppress still more both nobles and peasants ; and lastly , that the great object of the ukase is to impose upon Europe the false idea that Nicholas designs the elevation of the Polish people .

      If anything mora ia required to exhibit the profound hypocrisy ef the tyrant Nicholas , sufficient proof will be found in the following facts . The Russianised Polish provinces of Volhynia , Podolia , anil Lithuania are , at this very time , under martial law . What atrocities are going on in those unhappy provinces wo know not , but there can be no doubt that the usual barbarities attending Russian martial law

      Monthly Report Of Occurrences In Poland,...

      are not wanting . In the " Kingdom of Poland " from tbr . e to four hundred prisoners arrested at the 'ime of ih . 9 late it- nts at Cracow are suffering und < r the infernal tortures to which the patriots are invariably subjected . Some idea ofthe fate of these , < ur unfortunate brothers , may be gather , d from the following extract from a letter from Warsaw , of the 27 th of Augi-s : — Yesterday the Warsaw Courier published a new ukase from the Emperor , which states that all persons condemned to hard labour for life iu the Kingdom of Poland , and even all those condemned to hard labour and to imprisonment for stated periods , if their imprisonment has yet five years to run , shall be sent to Siberia . The first-named shall be employed for 20 years in the mines . and shall be colonists for the rest of their days . The others shall be employed in mines or at fortifications for the half of their time which their punishment would have lasted in Poland , but they are also to remain for the rest of their lives in Siberia . - .. — _

      We must here warn the friends of Poland against the plottings of certain emissaries of the tyrant Nicholas wh » are prowling over Europe preaching up what they call Panslavisnm , that is the unity of the whole of the Slavonic nations under the sceptre of the Tsar . We understand that this idea is also propagated by a few miserable Polish aristocrats who have the astounding effrontery to recommend a voluntary union of Poland with Russia ! Some of these are rather to be pitied than condemned , being frightened out of their wits by the lamentable excesses in Galicia , and therefore ready to throw themselves into the arras of any power capable of affording them protection . Some , however , have a worse motive for their practical treason to Poland ; they know that the restoration of Polish nationality must be accompanied by the ascendancy of democracy and the destruction of " caste "; and , rather than see this ,

      some of the Polish aristocracy would for ever renounce their nationality , and own themselves slaves to the Tsar . In justice to the Polish nobles , we must add our conviction that the above sections of Philo-Russian Poles , both combined , number but a miserable minority of their class . We do not think it necessary to do more than allude to this subjest , and that chiefly with the view of directing the attention of the Polish democrats to the machinations ef these emissaries and traitors , so that their abominable conspiracy may be nipped in the bud . Further comment from us cannot be needed . The idea of an union of Poland witn Russia is too preposterous to bo seriously entertained ; we might as rationally suppose the union ef the lamb with the wolf , or the dove with the vulture , as suppose the possibility of Poland voluntarily uniting with her relentless and merciless enemy and oppressor .

      We must now briefly glance at the recent occurrences in other countries connected with the cause of Poland . The recent tour of the Sultan of

      TURKEY through his Danubian provinces , was followed by a letter from Nicholas to the Sultan , in which the Tsar inveighs against the Poles located in the European provinces of the Turkish empire , asserting that they are engaged in a conspiracy for " the destruction ot all law and order . " This attempt to enlist the Sultan in a line of policy eminently Russian , for the pretended maintenance of bis own authority , had been preceded by an imperial protest against the hospitality which distressed Poles received inServiva . The Porte is well aware that it is not Polish , but Russian intrigue that it has to dread . It affords us sincere gratification to record more reverses of the Muscovite arms in tbe Caucasus , and renewed

      VICTORIES OF TIIE CIRCASSIANS . The late splendid enterprise of the renowned Schamyl has been ( as is the invariable rule ) represented by the Russian gazettes as a " defeat . " Letters from Constantinople show the falsehood of this statement of the Russian papers . Schamyl descended from the mountains of Daghestan , with 30 , 000 men . He has entirely swept away all the Russian colonies along the river Terek , which have been established for forty years . He has crossed the Terek , and opened a free communication with the chieftains of Great and Little Cabardah . which has ended in a

      complete fraternization , and an extensive insurrection against Russia , of provinces that have been long under her quiet dominion The apathy ofthe British government as regards this war of Russia against Circassia , is as criminal and suicidal , as it is dishonourable . Should the independence of Circassia be ultimately overthrown , there will be no obstacle to the march of Russian supremacy in the East . As that supremacy could only be based upon the ruin of prostrated nations , we hail with joy every success achieved by the gallant Circassians over their ruthlos s invaders .

      We should here state a fact not noticed by any of the English journals . Schamyl recently published two proclamations , the one was on the occasion of his learning of the recent Polish outbreak ; . when addressing the Poles in the most fraternal spirit , he urged them to maintain the struggle against their common enemy ; the other proclamation was addressed to his own people , decreeing the suppression of all hereditary inequalities . These two proclamations prove Schamyl to be no mere barbarous warrior , but on the contrary the worthy leader of a nob ! e race fighting for independence , freedom , and pro * gress . Address to the Electors of

      FRANCE , which , besides appearing in the Northern Star , was also published in the PJ / orme , National , and several other French journals . The 200 , 000 electors of France have elected such a body of representatives as for corruption and political profligacy , never before assembled in the Chamber of Deputies . From these deputies Poland may , therefore , expect nothing but lip sympathy and practical enmity . Nevertheless , this Committee regard their " Address" as having been not issued in vain , if it effected nothing more than the informing our French and Polish brethren , that the Democracy of England do heartily sym pathiso with Poland . That this sympathy is appreciated bv onr Polish brethren , is proved by the address of

      " The Central Committee of the Polish Democratic Society" established in France , to this committee , which was published in the Northern Star of August loth . To the "Democratic Society" we return our acknowledgments , and pledge ourselves to unceasing exertions to aid their holy cause . We must also notice the generous sentiments of the Reforme and National , which journals hailed the address of this committee as unfolding "the basis of those democratic ideas on which the future much-to-be desired union of the people of both countries ( France and England ) is to be founded . " May such a union be speedily effectel ; one of its great objects must be the restoration and freedom of Poland . As regards the

      DEBATES IN TUB BRITISH PARLIAMENT on the occupation of Cracow ( from which we have above quoted ) , we have to complain that nearly all the speakers expressed views of the Polish question far too limited to be either just or generous . Mr . Hume insisted that England for her own honour ought to insist on the maintenance of the treaty of Vienna towhich she was a party . Now we recognise the treaty of Vienna as only another " act of partition , " to which England to her own dishonour was a party , although she reaped no share of the spoil . We repudiate the treaty of Vienna , and further , we assert that the British Government is longer bound by it . Lord Palmerston said , "It was impossible to deny that the treaty of Vienna had been violated in the " late transactions at Cracow , and he hoped

      that the Governments of Austria , Russia , and Prussia would recollect that if the treaty of Vienna was not good on the Vistula , it might be equally invalid on the Rhine and on the Po . " Now , if two parties enter into a mutual contract , and the first partj wilfully violates the engagements of that contract , it is clear that there is an end to the contract , and that the second party . is no longer bound by it . This is exactly the position in which England stands towards the " three powers" in relation to the treaty of Vienna ; ' and we trust that the Parliamentary friends ^ of Poland will insist upon this incontrovertible fact . The British Government being released from all further recognition of the treaty of Vienna , the Government is certainly at libertv to question the original acts of spoliation under which Poland was dismembered , to which the British government was not a party , aad which the British

      people have never failed to protest against . Unlike some of the Parliamentary advocates ofthe Polish cause we cannot express our satisfaction at the speech of Lord Palmerston , we are , therefore , glad to learn that it is the intention of Dr . Bowring to bring the question of Poland ' s full and entire national restoration before tho next session of Parliament . Before Dr . Bowring introduces his intended motion , this committee purpose to take measures to obtain an expression of public opinion of the British people on this question , through the medium of petitions . We trust that our friends throughout the country will bear this in mind , and that when Parliament again assembles they will be prepared to aid in procuring such a manifestation ofthe public sympathy , as shall convince the government of tho propriety of obeying the national voice , in demanding THE RESTORATION OF POLAND , AND

      ENFORCING THE RIGHTS OF TIIE ENTIRE POLISH PEOPLE . Ernest Jones , President . G . Julian Harney , Hon . Sec . London , September 9 th , 181 G .

      Prince Czabtohtski.—Lord Dudley Coutts S...

      Prince Czabtohtski . —Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart has contradicted the statement published in the Frankfort Journal , to the effect that the sequestration which hid been laid on the property of the Princess Czartoryski , in Gallicia , had , in consequence of an august mediation , been withdrawn , but that the Prince , her husband , was to sign an engagement not to interfere henceforth iu Polish affairs . His Lordshi p says , " Those , indeed , can know but little of him ( the Prince ) who can suppose for a moment that he would close , by the barter of his conscience for estates small in comparison to those he haa already surrendered at the call of duty , a life spent in the service of his country , and made up af sacrifices in her cause ;

      Prince Czabtohtski.—Lord Dudley Coutts S...

      THF FRENCH IN ALGERIA . Amongst the most determined enemies of the rJSlLi- *> ' are t 0 to enumerated the Kabyles , f « wf * iw ; if ? the ran * e 9 of the Le 936 r AWm VSSL a" Morocco . Of different race from the ' , ^ * Jfr ar ? be ,, eved to be the aboriginal inhabinL . * fc Nor thera Afrioa- Secure in their wild valleys , they have ever preserved their independence Carthaginians , Romans . Vandals , Arabs , all failed to subdue them ; and although some of the tribes , whose territory is the least inaccessible , are now partially under the rule ofthe French , the maritime range , from the east ofthe Metidjahto Philippeville , remains unconquered . Their numbers are inconsiderable , roughly estimated at eighty thousand . This would give a fighting population of at most from '

      sixteen to twenty thousand men ; but that small force has been found efficient to preserve from foreign domination the almost impregnable fastenesses in which they dwell . A / though the tribes wage frequent war amongst themselves , a common enemy unites them all . The attachment of the Kabyles to their country and tribe is remarkable . Like the Swiss , or the Spanish Galicians , they are accustomed to wander forth when young , and seek their fortunes in other lands . Kabyle servants and labourers are found in all the towns and villages of Northern Africa . But if they learn that their tribe is threatened or at war , they abandon their situations , however advantageous and hasten home , and to arms . They are very brave , but barbarously cruel , giving no quarter , and torturing their prisoners

      before cutting off their heads . Their weapons are guns six or seven feet long , pistols , and yataghans , chiefly of their own manufacture , and the materials for which are found in their mountains , where they work mines of copper , lead , and iron . In their rude way , and considering the badness of their tools , they are tolerably ingenious . Amongst other things , tliey make counterfeit five-franc pieces , sufficiently well executed to take in the less knowing amongst the Arabs . Their industry is great , and , besides the valleys , they cultivate the steep mountain sides , forming terraces by means of walls , such as are seen in the vineyards on the Rhine and in Switierland . Possessing few horse » , they usually fight on foot ; and in the plain , their untutored courage is unable to withstand the

      discipline of the French troops . Their charges are furious but disorderly ; and when beaten back , they disperse to rally again at a distance . In the mountains , where the advantages of military organisation have less weight ) they are sturdy and dangerous foes , fighting on the guerilla plan , disputing each inch of ground , and disappearing from before their enemy only to fall with redoubled fierceness upon his flank or rear . No foreigner can penetrate into their country , and even Arabs run great risk amongst them . Not long ago Captain Kennedy informs us , a party of Arab traders suspected by the Kabyles , of being in the French interest , were

      murdered to a man . Most of them understand and speak the Arabic , but they have also a language of their own . called the Shilla or Sherwia , whose derivation it has hitherto been impossible to discover . They profess Islamism , but mix up with it many superstitions of their ancestors , and ascribe certain virtues to the symbol ofthe cross , which they use ns a talisman and tattoo upon their persona . " It would seem from this , " observes Captain Kennedy , " that at least the outward forms of the early Christians had at one period penetrated into the heart of their mountains . " That , however , like all that relate to the early history ofthe Kabyles , is enveloped in doubt and obscurity .

      A barbarous practice , prevalent in Algeria , before the Frvnch invasion , is still , Count St . Marie tells us . adhered to by tho Kabyles . The ampu ' ation of a limb , instead of being surgically performed , is effected by a blow of a yataghan . The stump is then dipped into melted pitch to stop the bleeding . ^ The barber is the usual operator . Until tbe French came , regular physicians and surgeons were unknown in Algeria . Besides the Zouaves , the French have raised various other corps expressly for African service , Conspicuous amongst these are two regiments of light cavalry , composed of picked men , and known as the " Chasseurs d'Afrique . " They are mounted on Arab horses : and in order to obtain a sufficient supply , each tribe has to furnish a horse as part of its yearly

      tribute . The arms of the Chasseurs are carbine , sabre , and pistol ; their equipment is light ; their uniform plain , and well suited to the nature of the service . Wherever engaged they have greatly distinguished themselves , and are proportionately esteemed in the army of Africa . The reputation ofthe Spahis stands less high . These consist of four regiments of native cavalry , under the command of the Arab general Yussuf , whose history as related by M . St . Marie , is replete with romantic incident . It has ben said that he is a native of the island of Elba , and was captured when yot a child by a Tunisian corsair . Sold to the Bey ,, he was placed as a slave in the seraglio , and there remained until an istrigue with kis master ' s daughter compelled him to seek safety on board a French brig , then about to join the fleet destined to attack Algiers . He made tiie first campaign as interpreter to the General-in-Chief . His talents and heroic courage rapidly advanced him , and when the first regiment of Spahis was raked , he waa

      appointed its colonel . Previously to that he had rendered great services to the French , especially at Bona , when that town was attacked by Ben A'toa . Landing from a brig of war with Captain d' Armamly and thirty sailors , lie threw himself into the citadel , then garrisoned by the Turkish troops of Ibrahim , the former Bey of Constantina , who professed to hold the town for the French Government , but had left his post . The Turks rose against their new leaders , and would have murdered them , but for the energy of Yussuf , who killed two ringleaders with his own hand , and then , heading the astounded mutineers , led them against the besiecers , who were totally defeated . The exterior of this dashinschicf is exceeding l y elegant and prepossessing . When at Paris he was called "lc beau Yussuf , " and caused quite a furor , especially among the fair sex . His portrait may still be seen in the various print shops , aide by side with Lamariciere , Bugeaud , and the other " great guns" of the " Armee d' Afrlque . "

      The first foreign legion employed by the French in Africa was transferred to Spain in 1835 , a » d there used up , almost to a man . Another has since been raised , composed of men of all countries—Poles , Belgians , Germans of every denomination , a few Spmiah Carlists , and even two or three Englishmen ; the legion , like most corps of the same kind , is remarkable for the reckless valour and bad moral character of its members . The Polish battalion is the best and most distinguished . The others arc not to be trusted ; and only a very severe system of punishments preserves something like discipline in their ranks , where adventurers , deserters , and escaped criminals are the staple commodity . Bad as they are , they are eclipsed by the condemned regiment ? , known by the slang name of '' Les Zephyrs . " These are punished men , considered ineligible to serve again in their former regiments , and who are put together on the principle of there being no danger of conta"ion where all are infected . A taught hand is in

      kept , over them ; they are insubordinate quarters , but dare-devils in the field . It will easily be imagined that the duties assigned to these convict battalions arc neither the most agreeable nor the lonst perilous . At present , however , a detachment is employed on no unpleasant service , the care of an experimental military farm near the camp of El Arrouch , in the district of Constantina . Here they cultivate a c < nsiderable tract of land , both farm and garden , breed cattle , and supply the colonists with seeds , fruit trees , and so forth . Workshops are attached to the farm , for the manufacture of agricultural implements . The men who work as artisans leceive threepence , and the field labourers three halfpence , in addition to their daily pay . " Since the commencement of the experiment , " says Captain Kennedy , " the offences that have been committed bear but a small proportion to those that formerly occurred during a similar period in garrison . " In these davs of reform in our military system , might not some hints be taken from such innovations as

      these ? If employment is found to dimmish crime amongst a troop of convicts , it mig ht surely be expected to do as much in regiments to which no stigma is attached , and the vices of whose members are often solely to be attributed to idleness and its concomitant temptations . —Blackwood ' s Magazine for September .

      The Caft're War. The South African Comme...

      THE CAFt'RE WAR . The South African Commercial Muertiser of the 20 th of June , received by the Guard , Captain Paine , arrived at Liverpool , which on her voyage from Zanzibar called at the Cape , contains the following official dispatches relative to the engagements with the Caffres on the frontier .

      OFFICIAL DISPATCHES . Fort I'eddie , June 8 , 1 S-4 G . Sir , —I have the honour to acquaint you , for the information of his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief , that having directed sixty wacgons to proceed this morning to Trompetter ' s Post under an escort of 250 mtn , I felt it necessary to make a diversion with tho troops in the direction of the limals of the chief Stock . [ accordingly detached a force of 300 native infantry , under Captain Size , 100 Fingoes under field Captain Syraons , accompanied by a body ofthe Fort I'eddie Finyoes under the chief Tambu , into the litoe River last nisjbt , with order s to niovu at Jaylitfhl up thu valleys of Toeka nuil

      Mnncazauii streams , between Trompotter s and Coinmittus . I moved with two- guns under C » pt : iin llrown , Reyol Artii e » y , one troop 7 tli Dragoon Guards , under Capt . Sir II . Ddrrell , 100 Cape Mounted Uilles under Captain Napier , Field Captain Lucus , Free Truop , and 100 of Commandant Miller ' s Burghers , to the head of the Tocka stream , in the direction of Stock ' s kraal , at six a . m . This morning , and at half-past seven o ' clock 1 observed a largo body of the enemy at a short distance below us , having horses and cattle with them , 1 immediately advanced the guns and Cape Mounted llith-s to the attack , supported by tha troop of 7 th Dragoon Guards , detaching the Burghers tQ my left flank , and

      The Caft're War. The South African Comme...

      having thrown out a strong body of skirmishers of the Cape Mounted Rifles , Captain Brown opened his guns on the enemy with effect . Tbe enemy commenced a sharp fire against tbe advance , which was returned b y the Cape Mounted Rifles , and the attack was continued for some time . Obierving the enemy endeavouring to escape to our right I moved with one gun of the 50 th Cape Mounted Rifles , and one division of the 7 th Dragoon Guards , towards the kraal of the chief Stock , to intercept them , and about one hundred and fifty ofthe enemy ,, who were posted there , retired into the bushy kloofs iu

      the rear . 1 destroyed the chief ' s kraal , leaving the burial hut of the late chief Eno untouched . At half-past seven o ' clock the infantry I had detached to the Mancazana kloofs made their appearance on tbe heig hts and passed over into the Tocka valley . Whilst the movement was going on , Captain Donovan beaded a gallant attack on the enemy with a small body of tbe Cape Mounted Rifles and some of the Free Troop , rushing on the enemy , ho was immediatel y surrounded , but being well supported , he cut his way out , killing five of the euemy and taking all their guns .

      The Native Infantry and Plngoes , having got into the valley , attacked the enemy in the most spirited manner , killing several and capturing twelve horses . Tbe enemy made several attempts to escape to the right , but were immediately driven back b y the George Burghers who behaved with great spirit , taking four horses and two guns from them . At half-past 12 o ' clock , finding the fire slackening , and the enemy beaten and retiring , I assembled the force , and proceeded up tbe Tocka , crossing tbe small neck of land which separates the Tocka from the Gwawja stream , in order to off saddle and refresh the horses . Immediately on rising tho ridge , the flankers obnerved

      some of tbe enemy running across the flaU , and on moving rapidly ' with the troops I came suddenly on a larg « body of Caffres , at leasi 500 strong , who were evidentl y proceeding to join the others in the Tocka valley . I im . mediately advanced with the whole of the troops . Major Gibson . 7 th Dragoon Guards , who commanded th « cavalry force , with Sir II . Parrell ' s troop , made a brilliant charge upon the enemy ' s column , the Cape Mounted Rifles , under Captain Napier , flanking them , and riding in amongst the enemy . The troop were « o mixed with the enemy that the gun could only open once upon them effectually . The enemy retired across the flat as fast as they could , endeavouring to seek shelter among the thick thorns ofthe Gwanjra , at Buck-kraal , but the attacks of

      the troops was so vigorous and well-directed that it was inpossible they could escape , and the enemy was de . fented with great loss , leaving upwards of 200 dead on the field . About 100 stand of arms , 20 horses , and a very large number of bundles of assagais were cap . tured . The troop of the 7 th Dragoon Guards , under Captain Hogg , and a party of the Cape Mounted Rifle * , under Ensign Philpotts , who were sent out from the Fort bv Lieutsnant-Colonel Lindsay , made a diversion on our flank , and turned those of the enemy , who were endea . vouring to escape by the Kieskamma , killing six stragglers and taking four horses . The loss on our side has been 3 officers wounded , 7 privates ofthe 7 th Dragoon Guards wounded , 1 corporal ofthe Cape Mounted Rifles killed , ! Free Troop wounded , 1 Finpo killed and 3 waunded . -Total—1 G wounded and 2 killed .

      I have the honour to be , Sir , Your most obedient servant , H . SOHJ-RSET , Colonel , Commanding the Second Di . vision of Field Fori e . Lieut .-Colonel Cloete , K . H . D . puty-Quartermaster General , Graham ' s Town . Since the receipt of the above dispatch , Colonel So . mersct has reported that the enemy attacked by him on the 8 th inst ., in the Fish River Bush , has evacuated it , and retired across the Kieskamma . Our patrols had captured a few head of cattle and two horses .

      Religious Disturbances At Madeira. Madei...

      RELIGIOUS DISTURBANCES AT MADEIRA . Madeira , Alio . 17 , —The religious agitation which has been carried on in this island for some years , has at length led to the committal of some serious outrages against Dr . Kalley , and other Protestant British and Portuzuese . On the afternoon of the 2 nd of August , the Canon Carlos Telles , accompanied by a mob ofthe lowest rabble in the town , assaulted several individuals , men and women , who were said to have heen in tho house of the Misses Rutherford ( two English ladies residing here for their health ) , for the purpose of reading tbe Bible and praying . The priest , with a crucifix in his hand ,

      commenced the affray by beating one of those persons who was quietly walking home . At night the same mob broke into the house of the Misses Rutherford , and und-r the pretence of searching for heretics , rummaged all the premises , sven to the chamber where one of the Indies was lying dangerously ill . Tha piliee , on being called to interfere , entered the house and pretended to endea . vour to restore order , but it was evident that it was their intention rather to encourage than queil the riot ; tlueo men only out of im immense crowd who filled the house , were taken up , and even these were allowed to escape under the plea that they were quietly passing by at the moment , and were only accidental spectators .

      On the Monday and subsequent days it was publicly talked of In town that a large mob intended , on the Sun . day following , to attack the house of Dr . Kalley , destroy and burn his property , and put the Doctor forcibly on board the English steamer , which was expected to arrive on that day , and thus expel him from the island ; the signal for the gathering of the mob to be a rocket fired from a certain house in tho town . Sunday noon the expected rocket was fired , and an immense mob , armed with clubs , began to gather on the Praca Constitucional , and very soon afterwards commenced their march to Dr . Kallcy ' s house . It is hardly credible , but not the less a fact , that they were accompanied in their march by the civil governor mid police-mastir , the brother of the latter being one ofthe principal rioters . Arrived at Dr . Kalley ' s house they forced open his doors , broke into thehouse , destroyed his furniture , opened every chest , drawer , and closet in the house , threw all bis li . brary and papers into the street , and set fire to them . The soldiers oli ' ered no resistance—the mob had everthing

      their own way ( the civil governor and policemaster being present , and in the house all the time ); and such a scene of outrage ensued as would disgrace the darkest age of monkish persecution . Fortunately the doctor had left the premises some time before , and find while they were engaged in the destruction of his house , effected his escape on board the English packet steamer . When the mob were informed that he was already safe on board , they compelled the English Consul t > proceed on board and produce the doctor , that they might be convinced of the fact , threatening violence to bis ( the Consul ' s ) person and property if hcrefused ; the consul , thus compelled , accordingly did go on board , and induced Doctor Kalley to appear to those who had gone off in boats . Since then no inquiry has been made , no proceedings have taken place against the authors and perpetrators of this most infamous act ; and such is the panic , in consequence of the shameful apathy and connivance of the authorities , that several English families have already gone on board the vessels in the roadstead , in order to be secure from insult . —Cftrom ' cte .

      Prospect Of An European Faminecritical S...

      PROSPECT OF AN EUROPEAN FAMINECRITICAL STATE OF FLUNCE-SCARCITY AND ISCENDIAltlSM . The Prem states , on the authority of a private correspondent , that—Wo are about to outer on one of those calamitous years in which tbe ordinary resources are not sufficient for the food of the people . The wop of 1845 ( adds the Presse ) is entirely exhausted , and that of 1846 has produced less than a fair average . The rye harvest has so completely failed throughout France , that it will scarcely produce sufficient for the ensuing year . Some fiirnierti have not thrashed their crop , as tliey found it WOUld not pay the expense . Wheat is , in general , of good quality , but , contrary , to the . expectation of the fanners , tho produce is less than that of the year 184 D . The oats have been scorched by tbe sun in several d < - partments . They are inferior in quantity ar . d quality everywhere , but particularly in the departments where

      they serve for the food of the Inhabitants . Dry vego . tables , such as peas , beans , and lentils , will no * produce a sufficient supply for the ensuing winter . Cabbages and carrots are exceedingly scarce . Potatoes have . been , attacked with the prevailing disease in twelve departments , and cause serioua npprehensions far the future , So much for France . Let us now examine the prospect in foreign countries . In lSelgium there are no complaints of the harvest , but it will not produce any crerplus for exportation . In Holland no decline in the >> riee of provisions is expected , lt is further > aid , that in tbe opening of the States General , tbe Government will demand an extension of tho hill pusscd hist year tc ? ncourage the importation of foreign grain . r . ) rtugn 5 is m » -. naeed with an approaching famine , and Spain is . loo poor to assist her neighbours . Switzerland will be compelled , to seek provisions fi om abroad . Amongst th % countrieswhich commonly export corn , Pomerania has no whesia

      to spare . Mayencc cannot sufliee tor the aemnnds ar Switzevland ami of Alsace . Alexandria and Odrasa have no wheat in their stores , and the pitas were gsnerally rising even before the failure of iho potatoii crop in Ireland was known . It may , therefore , be asiertcd as a general proposition , that Europe is placed ina difficult position w ith respect to the supply of hen- populatioa . France , particularly , has reasi . il to be . seriously uneasy . Lot us suppose , in fact , thatthe present harvest is merely bad , and that even if we do not tske into » ecount the loss of potatoes and other vegetables , wc should require , accoi ding to tho calculations of M . de Moiuvuran , a Supply of corn for littei ' . n days , But to this deficiency of fifteen days , ivo mu . « t « dd at least fifteen days more taken by anlieipatii-, u from the crop of 1845 . Franco must , therefore , ti \ irt a month ' s supply from abroad . We must , consequ ently , import during the course of the year , 0 , 000 , 000 hectolitres of grain . Hut all Europe has never colleetoii } ,. hee stores move than

      14 , 000 , 000 ot hectolitres tor sale—merely a ti-ifl .- more than double the quantity 0 l which Fiance has need to ci mpletc her stock of com . Hut let us admit that foreign countries can supply us with the graia neces * ar , \ until next harvest , end lot us see whether our merchants are capable of fuelling the duties of a national purveyor . Wo . can refer : t 0 oue year iu which the imports ap-

      Prospect Of An European Faminecritical S...

      proached to the amount required at present . In 1832 , we imported food for twenty-one days , amounting to * , 707 , 796 hectolitres o corn , weighing 32 , 509 . 000 metri-< = al quintals . Thero irero 3 . S 75 ships , of at least 100 tons each , employed to convey this grain . This year wa must import one-third more , and we may add that this immense enterprise will require a capital of 120 . 000 OOOf ,-and that the consumers must » opport a surpl us of expense to the rnumnt of 30 . fl 00 . 000 f . Had we wished to pene . W -. " i 1 W ? . *¦«»«• « f the com trade-had we taken into calculation the influence oi ths deficient mode of communication , of tho poverty of ihe small consumers , and ofthe rapacity of speculators-the picture would appear overcharged , and we shot . *! defeat ouro | . f « ct : but it is sufficient for us to have demonstrated that the situation ot the country la grave , and merits the anxious attention of the Government . A firm m <\ provident activity will be sufficient to overcome all drOiculuea and tocarry us to the next harvest .

      The Reforme states that the progressive rise in theprice of wheat has caused a corresponding rise in the price of flour in the Paris market . Letters from Paris state that Irish appears not in the market . Meat is extr » va < i ? antly high . The finest piece Ifi ' etd ' aloyav , the ' Sunday sida" of tho sirloin ) torts 86 sous { 18 ' , 1 trig pound ; pood veal , 'J 2 s « us . Bread is rising : vegetables bejond price—the best potatoes , for example , are three francs ( half-a-crowny the boisseau , or stone of 14 d . ; eggs , 14 d . the dozen ; everything else in proportion ; and bear in mind that we am yet only at the commencement of September . The most alarming incendiary fires havo . lately - ravaged the north and east of France , and th- ? evil seems to be on the increase . The Constitutional

      says—Incendiarism continues to scatter desolation t . 'iroug-fi a very extensive portion of France . A .-. ter having been for a long time concentrated in the basins of tbeSaonna and Yonne , it is penetrating gradually into the surrounding provinces . Catastrophes multiply , and sometimes under very singular circumstances ; now an isol'ited dwelling becomes a prey to the flames , and now half a village is consumed—again a fire br « s-. ks out . unaccountably in a wood . Districts which , after bavins suffered frightful ravages , seemed to have been relieved from tho scourge and restored to peace and security , suddenly becomes tbe theatre of renewed visitations . At t ' iTiii-8 tha progress ofthe tire is stopped by prompt f . nd judicious measures , but too often the disaster is complete . The Quotidiennesays—The scounte of fire is / pvidunlly gaining ground , and , like the thftreli of fl . » MtrJ * .. * 'ctu . it . in <* ,....... -. « . i . ! : _ like the march of the cholera * to nothingia

      . , seem spare - its way . From tbe Yonne , whireit caused such great ravages , it has passed on to the Cote-d"Or , and has now reached the Cher . It invaded the seat of the Countess deMontalivet , and we now learn that it has dcrastatert a forest belonging to the Count de Chumbord , in tha Haute Marne . At the present day , as in the first months of 1830 , thtre is a deep mystery in these fires—on ¦ of those hideous seer ts which defy all the intelligmce of honest men to discover . The drought of the summer . the imprudent use of chemical matches , in fuct all kinds of secondary causes have been suggested as a reason for this statu of things . This might suffice to explain fiies when they ar » scattered up and down . b it which give * no explanation at all when the Hamps are seen to devtur a department , and where this is preceded by written threats . For a few letters sent by hoaxing school-boys , or other silly people , there are a great many others that hear a serious character , and betray a guilty oriein . Up to the present day , the police have not been able to make any discoveries , nor the armed force to prevent tha evil .

      Degenerate State Of Persia. Tabris % Jun...

      DEGENERATE STATE OF PERSIA . Tabris June 30 th . —The Government is in a most woeful state , and it has here become almost proverbial that no Government , properly appalling . can be said to exist . The Shah is a weah , invalid prince , v > ho ia governed by his Prime Minister , Hadgi-Mirza-Aghassi , in whose hands the powr-r of the State has fallen , and who plays tl-. e part of a regent . He has also a number of favourites , chitfly Mnkulis . i . e . natives of Maku , a fortified plnce on the Turkish frontier , whence the Iladui himself comes . The most important offices are given to these Malkulis , who often , under his influencn , are appointed to high places , even in their childhood .

      The Court of Teheran is at present divided into three parties , who are each at enmity with one another . These are—the party of the Wafint , or heir to the throne ; that of the mother to the Shah , which is believed to he the most influential in the country ; and finally tho Hadui ' s party . It may thus be believed that the power of the latter is not quite so unlimited , and that he cannot effect everything . However , this division of parties explains the state of anarchy , of disorder , and internal dissolution in which tliecountry is pluneed . Morrovrr . th'jgnverhmonts ofthe provinces are in the hands of the Kinn ' a brothers andothcr princes of the Wood , who rule and dispose of everything according to their own will and pleasure , and without the least cont mil . Unc

      oHhe . se , Behram Mirza , the successor of Karnman Mirza in the important post of Governor-Genera' of Aierbijfin , has lately given a proof of this , he having cut down the magnificent trees at Kelat-Puscl-ftn , a pleasure castle belonging to the Crown , a f ' arsang and a ha't from here , and pub'ielv sold the timber for 800 tomfms , and pocketed the proceeds . The military administration is in as miserable a state . While S 00 pieces of cannon are headed up at Teheran for the pleasures of 'he IJnd » i , there . ire only three pieces here at Tabris , the mo 4 populous and most important town in the kingdom , and the nearest point to the frontier ; and these guns even are kept in the old fortress , the Ack , where they are not the least earthly use . The garrison here numbers about 200 Sorbneses ( there are no other troops , ) who usually do duty in the Shaiiz-ide-Mei ^ fm , the court yard before the paUice of the Prince Governor . In , bearing , clothes , equipment , and even arms—for

      the arms are of native manufacture , and a bail imitation of European arms— nothing can bo imnained more lamentable and unsoldicrlike than them , and I have not the slightest doubt that the regular troops of the Khan of Bockara would make a fair more imposing figure . There is not a proper number of soldiery here for the defence ofthe to » n , and yet the state pays about 1 G 0 . 00 O Servnssos at the rate of a tonifin ( Us . ) a month to the privates , or rather tho state grants the money therefore . As , however , scarcely 20 , 000 of these so-called regular troops are in active service in the whole kingdom , the rest being allowed to stay at home , and nominally called out once a week to exercise , a great part of " the pay remains in the hands of the Sirdars , Mimbashi * , and other Makulis , or favourites of the lladgi , or probably even comes to the lladgi , under the rubrics of uniform , equipment , & c .

      Great Drought Is Italy.—Letters From N-Iples

      Great Drought is Italy . —Letters from N-iples

      Announce That The Extreme Heat Had Entir...

      announce that the extreme heat had entirely dried up the country parts . The peasants cmild find no water for their cattle , which were perishing of tliirsfc and making the air resound with their erics . The s-hepherds saw their sheep dying daily b ( f-. re their eyes for want of pasturage . The govern mint was occupied in dispatching water to the dist'icts which , suffered most from the drought , at a certain rate , of quantity per family . In some parts of t '; e countrywater was sold at the price of wit e . The capital alone was exempt frf . m the suftmii-S of this ox' inordinary drought , which had already led to tutnulcucua movements among the people . A vulgar o : > inio * j had spread that . Mount Vesuvius had dried up all the water in-the country surrounding it . The volcano was emitting neither fire nor smiokr , and this gave rise to the tt-ar of a sudden and humble eruption . Jt was stated that the volcano was throwing up from time to time quantities of boiling water .

      A PuiiNCB Kissed in a Dckl . -- Guatz ( S-iyiu . U , Aua . 23 i . —Owing to . an alti ireatiol ) which took place at a ball between the Prince of Tour and ' (' axis , Lieutenant-Col . of Hussars , and Captain Sclsnedt , of the Infantry , a meeting with p istols took place , and the former-was killed on the > pot , having received the bullet of hisadvsrsary i » t ! ebreast . The event caused a painful sensation at tii- . - . ; z . DnKAuFuii . Aggidusx hi UiMBi'iion . — ( n the morning of the 31 st ult .., while the win lane at t ! n > Hamburgh Theatre were fmisviiijr to its - . lace & splimdid bronzechaiidielier for jias-ikhts . just roughfc to London ,, and-w & ighLug ; aUv * lH . Sllljli . e ., tllO lO-J Q broke , and the caonuiuis-iuass . filling to th % rouwJL was broken to pieces , crusliitu ; two hinJu-iuuui who had-gome over to superintend its being suspc-u led .

      J * hBSIDKM- Mi ' - THE l ! T *« lJfK » 'SVATES . —The following description ofthe office and qualifications n Quired tW tllC PresidpIlUslli p of " the ' United States , may be faiintl of inJciTst ,. as . it describes the p : wi- ; y „ | . rivilegcs , and- profits , attache < $ to that position , lt is quoted from Knight ' s- Jftiiticol Dictt ' viuny : —The execut ' ncij powe ) j-is . v . es-t « lina President , who is commandorsn-chief of the uviuy and navy , enljei-ts and disburses the vcvemw according to la " w „ » ml makes treaties with foreign tiatiuis , but in thVex-iviseof tho treat' - -making power , the conctitri'iici : i . ftwotiiJrds- of tho senators present is squired , lie nominates and , with the advice anil mms ' iit ofthe Senate ^ appoints ambassadors , othev public ministers , and consuls , and judges t \ the Supreme Court , and other inferior uilicers ^ Lie has also a uualtlied negative on the laws enacted bv the two

      nouses , which becomes absolute unites it U subsequently countervailed by two-ihirds of each House . He is provided w ith a readj -furnished house , and Ilia salary is 20 , 000 dol-ars . \ ifi is chosen by a determinate muiiber of electors ; the votws in oa-li S : ato elect as many electors as arc equal ton lo numbers which such State sends to boili Houses of Gi-iijvess . Every State has its own electoral colleto . and all the colleges give their \ oles on tho same day . and by ballot . The voteaarcaentscaled to tl . o I'resal . ntot the Senate . If no person has a majority of the electoral votes , tho election devolves upon tho House ot Representatives , when all the represenlauves ot a State give but one vote , 'i ho President must bo thiity-livevears of age , and he ts but the usage row >><*» never person for mire than two tortus ot

      Rc-C Ig.We Tov.Hte, To Electee Same, Low...

      rc-c ig . We tov . hte , to electee same , low jeaia eucll . re-eligtule tovnie , to elect-, the Tsamei-., 'fouvjeaia ' eucli , ' ;'" A u . Jt - ' . ' .---. " ' '" ' *' "¦ " , . *¦* vi ; ¦ ' «¦* - " ' ¦ / , ' ' ' " : . . ' ^ ' - ¦ . l ^ f ' '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 12, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_12091846/page/7/