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Northern Star (1837-1852), 11th October 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 7, FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS. . For the Week ...

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      October ,11, 1s45. The Nohthern Star. 7 ...

      October , 11 , 1 S 45 . THE NOHTHERN STAR . 7 ,

      The Land! Within That Land Was Many » Ma...

      THE LAND ! Within that land was many » malcontent , Who curs'd the tyran » y t » which he bent ; The soil fall many a wringing desptt saw , Who work'd his wantonness in f « rm of law . Byron . "A people among whom equaUty reigned , would possess everything they wanted wlier * they possessed the means of subsistence . rVhy should they pursue additional wealth or territory ? No man can cultivate mors than a certain portion of land . "—Godwin . "Vouneis able to produce a charter frum neaven . or nas ' any tetter title to a particular possession than his neighbour . " —Palry .

      "There could he no such thing as landed property originally . Man did not make the earth , aud , though he had a na tural right to occsjsy it , he had no right to locate as Ms property in perpctuite any par * or it , ueither did the Creator of the Lrthopc ' n -ji £ « d olface . from whence the tottuhr deeds should ^ - -TiiomasPam . Tueland « li »"* "" " * so forevcr . —ifoses . " Tfo < - ' ** f ° ORdation in nature or in natural law . . a set of words upon parchment should convey the dominion of laud * —JStactstone . " Thelandis thepeople ' s inheritance ; and kings , princes , peers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who have stolen it from them , hold it upon the title of popular ignorance , rather than upon any right , human or divine . "—Feargus O'Connor .

      "M y reason teaches me that land cannot be sold . The Great Sp irit gave it to his children to live upon , aud cultivate , as far as is necessary for their subsistence ; and so long as they occupy and cultivate it , they have the right to the soil—but if they voluntarily leave it , then any other people have a right to settle upon it . Nothing can be sold , but such things as can be carried away . "—Black Hawk . "Every individual possesses , legitimatel y , the thing Which his labour , his intelligence ( or more generaUv ) -which Ms activity has created . " This principle is incontestable , and itis well to remark that it contains expressly an acknowledgment of the right of all to the soil , fur as the soil has not been created by man , it follows from the fundamental principle of property , that it cannot belong to any small portion of the human race , who have created it by their activity . Let us then conclude that the true theory of property is founded on the' creation of the _ thing possessed ^ "—Fourier .

      " If man has a right to light , air , and water , which no one will attempt to question , he has a right also to the land , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of his subsistence . If every person had an equal share of the SOll , poverty would be unknown in the world , and crime would disappear with want . "—Hike Walsh . " As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent on the same contingencies , it follows that the great Held fur all exertion , aud the raw material of all wealth . Oie earth , is the common properly of all its inhabitants . "—John Francis Bray .

      " What monopoly inflicts evils of such magnitude as that of land ! It is Vie sole barrier to national prosperity . The people , the only creators of wealth , possess knowledge ; they possess industry ; and if they possessed land , they COuld set all Other monopolies at defiance ; they would then be enabled to employ machinery for their own benefit , and the world would behold with delight and astonishment the beneficial effects of this mighty engine , when properly directed . "—Author of ths "Heproof of Brutus . "

      Tte Take The Following Articles From The...

      TTe take the following articles from the organ of the New York National Reformers , Young America The articles are from the pen of the able and truly patriotic Editor of that excellent paper .

      Land Monopoly. I Nave Said, And Now Repe...

      LAND MONOPOLY . I nave said , and now repeat , that should we resolve ourselves back into a state of nature , for the formation of a new constitution of government , as wc no doubt shall do at the next election , there is no reason , that J can see , why that constitution should sot secure , inalienably , to every human being in this State , every natural right . At the foundation of the Republic , a great inequality of condition existed , as the inevitable consequence of an inequality of rights . The distinctions of rich and poor were broadly defined ; there were masters and slaves under the names of employers aiid employed , the rich being the employers ami the poor the employed .

      When the government was formed , a great mistrust of the poor existed among the rich , and a great ignorance of rights among the poor , that caused the poor still to be subjected to many disqualifications , which , in process of time , were found unnecessary , and in part removed . But a fundamental error , adopted lrcmthemoiiarcliicalsystcm , an error based on usurpation and plunder , has remained untouched in our constitution to this day . This great error is the monopoly of the soil , which , although not so seriously felt iu the infancy of the Government , is now more effectually debarring the poor from the right of suffrage and eligibility to office than any constitutional restrictions could do .

      The monopoly of the soil having " grown with our growth , " was not looked upon as an evil ; consequently the numerous bad effects flowing from It were attributed to other causes ; and our legislation being thus based upon error , has become complicated and cumbrous . Let any man capable of thinking , follow out , in his own mind , the consequences that would result from securing to every family of the State an inalienable . ^ freehold , and lie Avill at OnCC see plainly ths source from which nearly all tho errors cf legislation and the ills of society have sprung . __ Riches and poverty ; debt and interest . ; speculation and privileged monopoly ; complicated and expensive Jaws and legal machinery ; Jaw-officers , as locusts numerous and ravenous ; poor-houses for men who have produced far more than they have consumed , while men who never performed useful labour inhabit princely mansions and princely incomes ; gaols and gibbets for necessitous thieves , while wholesale swindlers are among the honored and respected

      of the land ; of the unpauperised and uniniprisoned poor , one portion doing treble duty while another is begging for work ; tkej'icb . getting richer and the poor poorer : these are some of the finks in the chain of cause and effect ; some of the results inevitably flowing from the monopoly of the soU . These are some of the evils which have rapidly grown unou V . 5 ill this infant Republican State , till the only difference between us and the rotton-ripe English tyranny is , that there one in ten are paupers , * while here it is onlv one in twenty-six ! Now , as no one in his senses who will take upon himself the trouble to become acquainted TritUtbe facts , will deny that the cause of this downward iendeney of our condition ought to be removed , if possible , let us see if this cannot be done . That cause , we see , island monopoly : one man holding in his possession land on wliieli two or more might Subsist , while others are without any , or the means -of acquiring any , aud therefore dependent on those who hold it or the means which command it .

      How came this Land monopoly ? ( To be able to apply a remedy , it is first necessary to ascertain'the exact nature of the disease . ) When the people on the other side of the Atlantic ocean had discovered that there was a continent here , not so thickly inhabited as their own , and that the people here did not know as much about the arts and sciences as they did , and nothing at all about pauperism , rum , gunpowder , land-stealing , and other refinements of civilization , their chief robbers ksued mandates to their captains and favourites , commanding them to go and " discoverand take possession of any lauds in the new world , " not iu the possession of any Christian prince . " For variety , in some cases the mandates ran " to discover and conquer" these lands , though the meaning was , in all cases , to take possession , not of as much land as the settlers needed for their

      subsistence , which was all that they had any right to , and that only when they found It unoccupied , but of entire . tracts of the country extending from ocean to ocean , even if it became necessary to slaughter the Aborigines to effect it ! That was the origin of Patroonery and all sorts of land monopoly in this and other states , as any one will find who will take the trouble to examine history . It has been a system of plunder and misery from bednning to end . Every citizen of this state who las cone to the grave landless and in poverty , has

      gone there a plundered man ; plundered by society of his right io a home , and his life , in all probability , greatly shortened by the robbery . Every citizen of the state who has now no right to a freehold , is a plundered man ; plundered of an inestimable right which belongs &> Mm by virtue of his existence . Everv man has an indisputable right and title to land enough to live upon ; and no one has a just title to a foot more than is necessary for the subsistence of his family , while another is without land . Land is an inalienable right .

      Thus stands the case at present . The disease is land monopoly . There is , of course , but one remedy , and that is to alolish it . The entire right would be , io put every man in possession of his land , and to compensate " him , as far as possible , by a tax on the property of the State , for the time he has been deprived of it , and for the disqualifications he labours under from the vicious circumstances under which he las been educated or reared . But there isno example in history in which the mass of the people , on arefo . mation of government , have asserted more than ¦ half the rights they were entitled to : and , therefore , it is not wisdom in a reformer to propose measures ihat there is no ^ reasonable lope of accomplishing . Besides , there is this consideration , that the wrong las been the work of ages , and those who are at present profiting by it are only guilty in proportion to their enlightenment on the subject , and their opposition to the necessary reform .

      ¦ What , then , is the true measure of practical reform ? It may be a compromise , but it must be of guch a nature as to afford immediate relief to the injured , and ultimate and not distant radical restoration of the rkhfc . This , under such a view of the subject , is what " ! propose ;—PLAN FOR BESTOEIXG THE LAND OF KEv ? YORK

      TO THE PEOPLE . 1 , That no one hereafter , shall , under any circumstances , ' become possessed of more than 100 acres of land in - & ls State . { i ) 2 . No one hereafter , shall , under any circumstances , become possessed of more than one lot in a city or village , # he size of which may tie regulated hy the city or town authorities . ) { 2 )

      * In Proportion To Fhe Number Of Paupers...

      * In proportion to fhe number of paupers in any country , will be found , always , the number of petty thieves dad great swindlers and other criminals large and small

      3. There Shall Be A Special Court Or Com...

      3 . There shall be a special court or commission , composed of landholders and ( poor ) lacklanders , proportioned to the numbers of their respective classes j u the State , who shall , in all cases where land is aeld by a twenty years or more , a life , or a perpetual lease , determine , on principles of equity , ( withouVregard to legal wrongs , ) what ( or whether any ) compensation shall be paid to the claimant in fall extinguishment of his claim . ( 3 ) 4 . The homestead lot or fann shall be inalienable , except at the will of the occupant , and then only transferable to a landless person . 5 . Every corporation of whatnvo- namo or uature , now Uuiuiug jund , shall be allowed five years to dispose of the same , to landless ptrsons , under the above restrictions , excepting the lots and buildings occupied for their business .

      C . Associations of persons may hold their freeholds in common . 1 . This proposition , let it be noted , would leave in the possession of every man who now holds laud all that he holds , no matter how large the quantity or how acquired , that is not used as a means of exacting tribute in the form of rent , from landless men ; and at the death of the possessor , his landless heirs , however numerous , could each inherit the possession , of a lot or alarm , and the possession of the remainder

      must be sold to landless purchasers , and the proceeds disposed of according to the will of the deceased , or divided among his heirs ; and thus the heirs , instead of a large quantity of kind , of which they might become dispossessed , or which they might use as a means of oppression , would have enough inalienably . On the other hand , freeholds would gradually cheapen , as they came into the market from the death of the monopolists , till , as none could purchase but landless men or women , every one in the State would become a freeholder .

      2 . The second proposition would leave to a man who might own 1600 houses in New York , for instance , the full possession of them till his death , though the influx and increase of population , and not any addition of labour , skill , or even capital , might give him the power of exacting more and more every year from an oppressed tenantry . But , on the other hand , the tenants would have some prospect of relief as the number of landlords gradually decreased , and in a generation all would be freeholders and the landlord breed extinct , except , perhaps , a stufied specimen or two in the museums . 3 . This is the only possible way I can see of settling the Anti-Rent difficulties , and , at the same time , of making a man of that mischievous species of the landlord genus , the Patroon .

      Gkaxd Result . —The result of the adoption of this most just and reasonable compromise on the part of the landless would be a gradual emigration from , instead of an influx to , the cities , till something like that state of decency and comfort would prevail that would befit a Christian community ; a gradual diminution , instead of a . rapid increase , of folly , misery , and crime ; a great and progressive improvement of agriculture ; a much better system of internal improvements for the benefit of the people instead of the capitalists ; and , finally , a rapid settlement of the State and lightening of State taxes till the adjacent states ( in which land speculation would be at an end ) would be forced , in self-defence , into the adoption of the same measure .

      TEXAS AND LAND-STEALING . The Tribune has an article on this subject , in which the view is taken , and I think with good grounds , that Land-Jobbing and Slavery were the two corner-stones of the Texian revolt from Mexico . " When the revolution was effected , the Texians ( contrary to the precedent of the United Stated ) , disregarded the Monopoly Grants of the previous government ; but instead of establishing an equal right to the soil , they merely substituted Texian for Mexican Patroonery , and added negro slavery by way of progress . The land-jobbers and slaveholders who profited by this revolution have undoubtedly been the main instigators of annexation , which , according to the Tribune , wDl cost ten millions , and

      may cost twenty or forty . There will be nothing strange in this ; almost every state and city debt projected for the benefit of speculators has ended in two or three times the original estimate . We liave an example at our own doors in the Croton Water , that glorious scheme to make the people pay rent for a second element , and all the while imagine that a great blessing was conferred on them ! The Croton Water was to cost only five millions ; but , till the people so regulate matters that they can go where land and water are free , the inhabitants of this city will have to pay the interest on twelve millions to the water patroons . So , most likely , it will be with Texas , and who * ' pockets the stakes ?" On this point , the Tribune takes the words out of one s mouth as follows : —

      This Isapoiutof view whiclvhasbeen studiously avoided hy the Annexationists . Xhey tell us enough of the fertility , the beauty , the magnitude of Texas , but how thoroughly this fertility , beauty , and magnificence are monopolised by a few shrewd and scheming land-jobbers , they do not say . Our own conviction is that the title of more than half the good land actually within the dominion of Texas is now held by less than a hundred persons , many of whom have been the most zealous , untiring , unscrupulous champions of Annexation . These will be enriched beyond calculation b y transferring their debt , defences , tsc , to our shoulders , but it is every way unjust . The laud-jobbers of Texas should be taxed to pay the debt , fight out the quarrels , and pay and pension off the army and navy of Texas . It is not right that the

      owners , by legerdemain of millions of fertile acres , should put their burthens off upon our people , of whom twothirds at least have not an acre . The way this land has been acquired , and is certain to be used if not broken up into small parcels hy stringent taxation , will lead to Feudalism and Anti-Iteutism within half a century . Let it he covered atan early day by an ignorant European peasantry , ready to sign any leases which do not exact present payment , and their children will be raising lieidelberg wars and Indian obstruction to legal process before the centuryiruus out . This , our constant readers will recollect , is the view 1 have several times taken of this Texian business . The annexation of the Texian band to our

      own army of foreign and native land-jobbers , affords a powerful additional reason for the freedom of the public lands , which , with the " stringent taxation" proposed by the Trihune , or some more direct measure , can alone avert Heidelberg wars , not only in Texas , but all over the United States ; aye , even in our populous cities . A people entirely ignorant of their rights , like the tenants of the . S ( c ) ottish Duke ot Sutherland , might be gradually reduced , as he is now gradually reducing the tenants on his 100 by 70 mile principality , to a skeleton race , or banished , but with a people among whom rights are known and taught there is a point beyond which oppression cannot go ! Note this , all tenants , whose right is to be freeholders .

      Again the Tribune saves me the trouble of writing : read—The more we reflect on the social history and condition of the human family , the stronger grows our conviction that there should be some limit to the right of any one human being to monopolize the soil which Cod has made for the sustenance of the race . The unequalled miseries of the labouring classes of Great Britain spring primarily from the confiscation ofthesoilby the Norman conqueror , and its division among his seven hundred freebooting chieftains , with the similar conquest and confiscation of Ireland , and the laws of primogeniture and entail by which estates accumulate rather than fall in pieces . At present , a Rothschild or Marquis of "Westminster might easily dispossess a hundred thousand human beings of any chance to earn a meal or shelter their heads . We have lately seen a Marquis of Londonderry and a Duke of Sutherland deliberatel y depopulating , or threatening to depopulate , whole neighbourhoods , if not counties , on

      consideration of individual advantage . That the tenants have any rights in the premises , except the right to starve when they can get nothing to eat , does not seem to enter into the brain of a hereditary lordling . 3 for is he , in a large view , worse than his neighbours , lie is " doing what he likes with his own , " and has never been taught to do otherwise . The wrong is not in the men but in the system ; and so long as this prevails—so long as the few own everything , and the many are not secured even a chance to produce anything , save at the p leasure of the men of millions—so long as one may rightfully devote miles square of the best soil to his park and pleasuregrounds , while thousands around him cannot obtain a bare acre on which to grow the potatoes which would ward off starvation—so long as primogeniture and similar institutions are constantly perpetuating and aggravating these monstrous inequalities—we have no faith that any mere administrative Beform , such as free corn , free sugar , or anything eke of the kind , can essentially mend the matter .

      True enough . Free trade ( though in itself a right principle ) is not exactly a remedy for the mass of the people whoare robbed of their right to the soil for the benefit of a few free traders . Nor will abolishing the law of primogeniture effect the object till the _ principle is extended to all the children of the State . To the mass of our citizens who now , from birth till death , are deprived of their equal right to the earth , it matters little that a few large estates are , in certain contingencies , divided among the children of the fortunate holders . Besides , under our present system , the land is fast passing again into the hands of a few , by means of the profits wrungfTroni landless labour by legislative privileges . " There should be some limit to the right of one human being to monopolize the soil , " says the Tribune .

      Gaishos . —The English Free-traders attribute tbe degradation and misery of the English poor entirely to the restrictions on trade , and some democratic editors of this country are stupid enough to copy and applaud their lucubrations on thissuhject . The poor of England now understand very well that it is the robbery of the land on which they might raise their own corn , and not merely the duty on foreign corn , that ails them . How long will men here , pretending to be democrats , have tbe face to saddle tbe " Protective" system with the eviis of Jand-stealing ?

      Dean Swift Ox Wouex.—Dean Swift Says, A ...

      DEAN Swift OX Wouex . —Dean Swift says , a woman may knit her stockings , but not her brow ; she may darn her "hose , but not her eyes ; curl her hair , but not her lips j ttoaad her needle , but act tbe public streets .

      Teiniltut* Airtr Iurtftulture*

      teiniltut * airtr iurtftulture *

      Field-Garden Operations. . For The Week ...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . . For the Week commenemo- Monday , Oct . ldth , 1 S 43 . [ Extracted from a Dunr of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ot the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published hy Mr . Nowell , of Earnley Tyas , near Jiuddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cvutteiwlen and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John DumbreJl—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Lastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diaiiy is aided by " Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " The joys of these little ones shall be continually in the hoped for success of their labour ; their thoughts shall be turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Noie . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , whs in return for three , fioura ' teaching in t / ie morning , give tfiree / tours of their labour in the afternoon for the master's benefit , which renders the schools selvsurroimxo . We believe tltat at Famly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned ta the boys , ynd one-seventh to the master ivho ivill receive the usual school-fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , Ac , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , ivhich at Christmas may be divided , after , payiny rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectl y to reach their parents ill a way the most grateful to tlieir feelings . ' ]

      BUSSES . Moxdat— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , carrying manure . Eastdean School . Seventeen boys digging up potatoes , gathering stones , and gathering haulm for the pigstyes . Piper . Mowing tares and rye , digging up potatoes , turning over and mixing tank liquid with the dung . * Dumbrell . Digging . TuEsnAT— Wiitingdon School . Boys digging , master and one boy drilling wheat . Eastdean School . Boys sowing tares , digging up potatoes , and storing them . Piper . Digging up and storing carrots , sowing rye as we remove them . Dumbrell .

      Diggiu s-Wednesday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School . Boys emptying pigstyc tank , and applying its contents to the wheat . Piper . Sowing rye , till showery weather prevented us . Dumbrell . Digging , and carrying dung with heifer . Thuksday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School . Boys digging for tares , picking mangel wurzel leaves for the cows . Piper . Sowing wheat . Dumbrell . Digging and drilling tares , carrying dung and liquid manure

      to the rye grass—Si gallons to 21 rods , or 75 | j square yards . Friday— Willingdon School . Boys digging , and sowing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy pails , cleaning school room and cow shed . Piper , Sowing wheat , carrying manure with the cow . Bumbrell . Digging , drilling tares , & c . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School . Boys digging for wheat , and picking stones and haulm , and drawing manure . . Piper . The same as yesterday . dumbrell . Digging .

      COW-FEEWNO . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips , clover , and chaff . Dumbrell ' s . One cow fed part of the week in the stall with mangel wurzel leaves , carrots , and oat chaff with turnips , occasionally with a few potatoes , and staked out in the wheat stubble one day . One cow and heifer staked out on wheat stubble four days , and fed morn and even with carrots and oat chaff , entirely stall led two days , on the same materials .

      Notes And Observations. Lime.—In All Soi...

      NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Lime . —In all soils there ought to be a proper quantity of lime . There may be so much more than will do good ; there may he far too little ; and it is a nice point in husbandry exactly to adjust the quantity of it to the wants of the several crops . It appears to act as a kind of flux to certain earthy substances , and to fit them to become , along with itself , a . part of the structure of plants , A proper Supply Ot it , therefore , ought to be kept up in tho soil ; the best method of doing which , perhaps , is by using it , in small quantities , and frequently , as a compost . No rubbish about the farm can come amiss to form

      With it such compost . Peat earth , poor mould , scouring of ditches , will all be found of ValllC . Such a dressing may be requisite for your wheat crop , to increase the strength of its straw , and to keep the plants erect . It is usual to apply it previous to the sowing , and to work it well into the ground ; but if used in the caustic or quick state , never let it come near to manure , particularly the fluid manure of the farm yard . Small Farms . —It appears from the experience of the Eastbourne tenants , that a farm of four acres is as profitable to an industrious tenant , cultivated en the Belgian plan , as one of seven farmed under the old system . Ten acres appear to be more than One man can well cultivate with the spade ; and lately

      ten acre farms there have been reduced to five , in order that by concentrating the labours of the tenant he might do better ; and the change has been found advantageous to him . It has been said , by an excellent person , and well may it be said , " that lie WllO leaves his land uncultlvaced , so that it does not produce one half of what it ought to do , may not unaptly be compared to the dog in the manger , who will neither profit by his situation himself , nor let another do so . Such persons , with perfect justice , may be addressed like the unprofitable tree in the parable , and asked , " why cumber ye the ground V Argumexts in favour op Spade Husbandry . — Spade husbandry is not a system of expense or risk . Less capital is necessary for it than ordinary

      husbandry . No gardener would think of planting potatoes , carrots , or cabbages in ploughed land , if he could get it dug ; for the difference of produce far more than compensates for the difference of expense . By turning up or loosening the ground five or six inches deeper than the plough , which does not ordinarily act on more than three or four inches of soil , there is an opportunity afforded for the descent and diffusion of the roots of plan ' s . If this plan were carried into effect to a moderate extent only , the demand for labour would be augmented at places where it is exuberant ; while , in case of an insufficiency of hands , the plough would still be used , and the

      necessity would thus be avoided of sending workpeople abroad . —Br . Yelloivly . Every small farmer ought to use the spade , for many reasons . It costs but little more , even if he had to hire assistance , and does the business better . In all drill crops , also , by using the spade , he may put in a quicker succession of crops , and have one coming forwards as the other is ripening . In wet seasons he can dig when he cannot plough ; and its value , in turning up stiff clay land in autumn , and exposing the soil to the frost and snow , is scarcely to be imagined ; and in all such lands this plan should be pursued where no winter crop is put in .

      . Mixed System of Spade and Plough . — In this respect I am quite decided in opinion , that the entire use of manual labour is in small farms much more beneficial than the entire cultivation , by horse-work ; hut a mixed system , where a horse can be got in due season , I should prefer to either ; but in this lies the difficulty ; for it should be remembered that very often the small occupiers who are obliged to hire horses , are forced to wait , in order to get tlieir labour performed in that mi }; until the proper period for doing the ' work has passed over , to the evident injury of their crops . 'Whereas , if they had relied upon the spade , which they had at tlieir own command , however slow the work might have appeared to them , it would have been performed iu due season , so that they might have reaped the fruit of their industry . It possesses the additional advantage of employing the poor man , at a season , when it is difficult to get employment elsewhere . —Slacker ' s Frize Essay .

      I Dow To Keep A Cow At The Least Expesse...

      i DOW TO KEEP A COW AT THE LEAST EXPESSE . To the Editor of the Preston Guardian . Sib , —On reading Cobbett ' s Cottage Economy some time ago , I was quite * ' taken up" with his plan of stallfeeding for cows . After reading it several times over , a thought struck me— " flow easy many of our hardworking artizans , with large families , might supply themselves with milk and butter at a trifling expense , especially now that there are so many patches ol potato land on all sides of the town , more particularly on the Moor-park .

      & Cobbefjt pTOves ( and satisfactorily so I think ) that a cow may be kept the year round on a rood of land ( a quarter of an acre ); the ' rent of this , I suppose , will not exceed £ 2 . The labour to cultivate this wid not amount to more than 200 hours in the year , which may be easily spared , as it would only be heeded at intervals . The manure required in cultivating the land will ( after the first year ) be supplied without expense from the cow itself , and the cost of the seed required will be very trifling . Now , Mr . Editor , with your leave I will lay before your readers " how a cow can be kept on a rood of land .

      First procure a rood of land which is in good order and free from weeds ; measure off four plots , a rod each . About ihe 26 th of August , manure one rod and sow one-half of it with Early York Cabbage seed ,

      ?¦Co&Pos'r Hear.-At This Time Piper Has ...

      ?¦ Co & pos ' r HEAr .-At this time Piper has about fifty cart loads of composted manure ( pretty well for a fiveacre farm ) ,-thefruitsof his care . aud'industry . / He will empty upon it about -200 gallons of tank liquid two or three times before it is used , *'

      ?¦Co&Pos'r Hear.-At This Time Piper Has ...

      and the other half with , Sugar-loaf Cabbage , in little drills , eight inches apart ; if they come up thicker than two inches asunder , thin them to that standard ; hoe them up as soon as they have grown a little ; and when they have got six leaves , make ready another rod or two , into which you must prick out the plants in drills eight inches apart , and three inches between each plant , taking care to hoe them up often . The remaining 36 rods of land wc suppose are lying in ridges , 2 feet apart . * Early iu November lay your manure between tlua ridges ; you will then turn over the soil on the top of it , then transplant your plants 15 inches apart , putting in a row of Early Yoris and a row of Sugar-loaves alternately . These must now he kept free from weeds and slugs : the best way of

      destroying both is by drugging them out by the hand . If the ground is dry at the top in winter , hoe it up ; and in March , when the ground is dry , hoe it 110 deep and well close to the lower leaves of tiie plants . In March or April sow more Early York * as before , which must be planted in the place of the Early Tories you cut out , which you will commence doing in June . Always mind to dig UD tho ground and manure it previous to planting , " You should finish ) ' 0 UT transplanting about the middle of August . You need not purchase your cow till next June , by which time the first crop of Early Yorks will be ready for cutting . When you have finished your first crop of Early Yorks , commence with tiie Sugar-loaves , then follow on with the second cron of Early Yorks .

      allowing your cow 801 b weight per day : these will last you from June to November . Now we have to provide for food from December to May following , which IS done in the following manner : — About the last week in May sow Swedish turnips or mangel wurzel ( I should say half of each ); sow it in the same way as the cabbage—a quarter ofa rod every three days , till you have sowed two rods—thin them to four inches apart in the row : from these two rods you must drawyour plants to transplant where you have cut out Sugar-loaves ; this should be done from the middle of July to the middle of August , to be transplanted iu the same way as the cabtages . These turnips and mangel wurzel will be sufficient for thespacc of time we name , allowing the same weight—eighty

      pounds per day . 'ihe leaves will be cut off a short time before you got them up , and can be given to the cow , which will save something else . When you feed your cow on mangel wurzel , she should have about half a stone of hay per day , which is not necessary if you give her turnips . Mangel wurzel requires more manure , but the leaves are more valuable , and the lower ones can be pulled very early . The benefit to a working man by this plan is very great , added to which there is the pleasure he must feel in having his milk pure from his own cow . The labour in cultivating the cabbages will scarcely be felt , and his wife or daughter will take no small delight in attending upon the cow , which is a very healthy employment , its breath being fragrance itself . I should , however ,

      say that I would not advise a very large ( and consequently high-priced ) cow to be bought j ^ a tight small animal , at a moderate price , will answer best . It would also be as well for some of the family at dinner hour to drive tho cow to the nearest pond of water , being better than watering in the stall . The cow should be fed three times a day , taking care that she is fed at sun-rise and sun-set . The greatest difficulty at the present time would be to get suitable sbippons , convenient to the dwelling house ; but this would soon be overcome , as owners and builders of cottage property would erect them , if they found a demand , so as to yield profit . Most parties are aware that a cow

      needs only to be kept perfectly dry , without being warm ; so that a shippon might be built for the cow , or ( what would answer equally as well ) a row of sbippons would be erected at a less expense than where the building required to be warm and substantial . It ' this plan of cow-keeping should meet with general adoption ( which I hope it will ) , I would suggest the formation of a " Cow Club , " which is formed on exactly the same principle as a burial society , each party contributing something weekly , and receiving , when he has the misfortune to lose his beast , as much as will purchase another . —Yours , < tc , A Small Farmer . The Fylde , August 20 . 184 . 5 .

      Where Is The Money To Come From For Agri...

      WHERE IS THE MONEY TO COME FROM FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT ? " Landlords have it not , and tenants cannot afford it . " This- reply generally accompanies a tardy admission , that agricultural perfection is desirable . As theory and practice are always best in combination , I will state how the means are to be found , and illustrate it by my own case , leaving it to the option of others to follow my example or not . At all events the objection of want of means is thereby removed . Having some spare capital , I invested It In land , purchasing 200 acres . Subsequently I reflected on the imperfect condition of ono of the farms , and considered I should be doing no more than a public and private duty by improving it . Well , having already

      invested , where was the cash to come from ? Why , I resolved on selling the other farms , and invested the proceeds in improving the remaining one . This is a ready way of conferring a great national benefit , without injuring ourselves . It takes away the excuse ( the last prop ) of tli c non-improvers , and proves it is a true saying , that , " where there is a will there is a . vay ; " aud where there is not a will , there is an excuse , good , bad , and indifferent . The struggles for tenures are surprising . A tenant will frequently purchase a farm at a high rate , and mortgage it forthwith for less than the purchase-money , in order to secure a holding , abstracting thereby a portion of his much required means , and sometimes do so when his' capital is barely adequate to his present tenure .

      If farmers , who plead as an excuse for not fanning high , that their means are inadequate , would diminish their holdings one-half , they would lessen the competition for farms , and benefit themselves and the community . Their capital would thus be doubled in its relative proportion to their acres ; and they would be at liberty to bestow deep and frequent tillage , with abundant stock and manure , where now the land , the landlord , the labourer , and themselves , are in an unsatisfactory and unprofitable condition . Drainage I consider the landlord ' s affair ; but now that an acre of land can be perfectly , deeply , and permanently pipe-drained , for from 40 s . to 70 s . oer acre ( sec Mr . farke ' sand Mr . Pusey ' s statement , Royal Agricultural Society ' s meeting , 18 th of April ) , the neglecting

      to do so by cither landlord or tenant amounts to a positive national and individual disgrace . It is giving to the League the opportunity of saying , "Oh ! you can if you choose produce for us abundantly and profitably all the food wc require , but you wttt not do so . " I maintain , and am prepared to prove , that there is no difficulty whatever in raising profitably and forthwith more food than we can require for our own consumption ; but then we must " try and grow beans , seven feet high , instead of fences seven feet hi g h ; the one exhausts the soil quite as much as the other . Corn and cabbages must displace " those ugly old pollards that mar . tbe landscape , and arc worth on an average 2 s . each , to pay for a century ' s growth and cultivation ( for their roots are

      regularly ploughed , harrowed , manured , and sown over ) . I will venture to assert as truth , that every villaiious stump of this description has been a loss to the nation of sixpence annually ; or iu the whole period of its growth from 20 s . to 50 s . —multiply this by forty millions , and calculate the loss . As to hedge-row trees , the loss they occasion to tile nation is certainly equivalent to five millions annuallyassuming that there are but two on every acre , and that they cause an annual loss of one shilling each . It must be in the remembrance of many that the protected silk manufacturers , some years since , cither could or would not supply our own market with silks , so the smuggler made up the deficiency . Mr . Uuskisson , not liking the loss of revenue thus occasioned , told them , they must stud y and apply better methods , and not be beat by foreigners , but produce silks cheaper and more abundantly at home . Loud and

      bitter wore their outcries and protests—their pleas of ruin , destruction , and non-employment—wailing they bemoaned the anticipated glut of foreign goods . But the stern President of the Board of Trade said , " Gentlemen ' , relying on protection , you have stood still whilst the world has advanced . You arc a century in arrear with your means and appliances . Come , look round you and amend your deficiencies , and put your shoulders to the wheel ; avail yourselves of all recent improvements , either scientific , chemical , or mechanical , and you will have nothing to fear . ' Well , the terrible day came , prohibition was exchanged for a moderate duty—they improved their slovenly and clumsy methods , and now not only can they supply our own people abundantly , but they are large exporters . Let us do the same in agriculture , and be in advance ot Sir Robert Peel , and so render his new tariff nugatory , doing away with the terrible anticipations of free trade .

      The question of what may be profitably produced from an acre pt land , is a very important one . Profeasor P ayiair ( a first-rate authority ) has , I believe , stated , that i 2 o 0 can be and has been produced from one acre of market-garden in one year , and we all know full well that in all gardens the produce is abundant , compared with field culture . Why it is so needs no reply . At blitlrome morn and dewy eve , the crowds of men , women , and children issuing from market-gardens , are living solutions of the problem , and stand in charming relief to the solitary farm labourer alone in a twertty-aere field , or scattered here and there over an extensive district , like plums in a school-pudding . The average annual return of the arable land of this country being about five pounds ten shillings per acre , stands m miserable comparison with Dr . Play-We all know that Lincolnshire is the best cultivated

      ,„„ * , ^" T L ,, I 5 0? T'. 16 Assumpti...

      , „„ * , ^" l ,, i 0 ? t ' . 16 assumption that parties have the larv nVdn n f J ? ? - ^ Cobbett ' 5 « ' » * " neees-2 ' laidTn r ° iH „ lV hc best > tlmt thelall ( 1 sh ° « ^ ve KntbriMt amff , 2 feCt a , Part ' P rfl and Ma y- an ( 1 K . hvlw , 0 Ver , as often a ! * the weed got 3 inches ^»™™ , SB , lc ? TOn , ( 1 beI «> Pt u ^ er , and tnta 1-ind on whfat ?) " ^ 8 tUI » any one who COuld ob - £ ™? h » fn . forw * . Potatoes have been got up , and ^ nI wl ioh 1 ° h ? I ? ' l down ' ma ™» ™« operations , Nlnch is better than ivaitina till sm-iiur Thirtv . ^\ tVl ' SlUnd - ° ^ J & riugcs ^ eetipS , as soon a » possess ion is obtained , which should not be later than a week or sbfiom this time

      ,„„ * , ^" T L ,, I 5 0? T'. 16 Assumpti...

      county in the United Kingdom . The secret of this may be found in the extract from an able paper in the North British Review , on " The Improvement of Land as an investment for Capita l , " and proves that even leases are secondary to " a valuation of tenants ' improvements , " which will attract capital and intelligence . " There are many tenants who , in the present state of the money market , would be able to borrow sufKci ncy of capital to effect those improvements which pertain both to landlord and tenant , if they had the security of a lease , or an agreement , that on quitting the farm , they should be repaid their outlay , subject to deductions , increasing for every year that had elapsed since the expenditure was incurred . Under

      such a system , a large portion of the wastes of Lincolnshire have been reclaimed by ten-. mta-at-wilV ; and few changes have taken place in occupancy , which not unfrcqucntly descends from father to son without a lease . A Lincolnshire farmer on quitting , receives from his landlord , or the incoming tenant , half the amount of his bill for oil-cake consumed that year by his sheep and beasts which tread his Straw into manure , lie receives also the amount of his expenditure for buildings , subject to a deduction of l-21 st for every year he has enjoyed the benefit of it ; for draining , subject to a deduction of l-14 th ; for claying and chalking of 1-fth ; and for bones of l-5 tli , for each year . Such a system , though not so good as a leasehold tenure , is the best substitute for it . "

      I am perfectly convinced from facts every day brought to my notice , that unless this system of valuation is made the uniform law of the United Kingdom , there is but little hope of improvements progressing as they should do . Improvements should be encouraged , but they are now discouraged , for I constantly meet with zealous and praiseworthy improvers , whoso feelings are embittered , and operations cramped by the uncertainty of tenure occasioned by their own improvements . A non-improver , or bad farmer , has no such fears ; heis quite safe in possession , for who is anxious to dispossess him ?

      Let us hope our legislators will sec to this , for there is already too much indisposition to improve . In a recent instance , in Essex , a noble lord has abolished his tilery and sheds , established throe years since , because his tenants would not accept of the tiles " gratis , " they finding the labour ; and another landed proprietor in the same county , is precisely in the same position . This is not creditable , but it is a common occurrence in this and other counties , and shows the objection to amendment . Capital is a most sensitive commodity ; like ourselves , it seeks for security and remuneration , ami you cannot have either under the present system of non-valuation ; capital and intelligence are frequently in co-partnership , so that by excluding the one you lose the other , and arc obliged to put up with an inferior tenantry ; uneducated , and consequently bigoted and prejudiced , mere practical men , ungnided by the light of science , whose aid they ridicule .

      It is humiliating to the fine manly spirit of tcnantsat-will ( without a valuation ) to feel that they hold their farm tremblingly on the balance , at the mercy ofa capricious or imperious steward , to whom they must bow with humble submission , or risk the loss of their holdings . It is a fact not generally known , that at least threc-foui'ths of all the land in this country Is either entailed or settled ; so that the tenant , for life must sink any capital he may invest in permanent improvements . This acts as acompletc barrier tosolid amendment . In Scotland , sundry Acts of

      Parliament have remedied much of this evil , by permitting the life-tenant to charge the estate with a large portion of the cost of improvements . The Duke of Richmond has introduced a similar measure for England , and it is to be hoped will succeed in getting it passed into a law . No doubt others for Ireland and Wales must soon follow . These , with the enclosure of waste lands , and the better cultivation of those now imperfectly farmed , would open up a vast and profitable held for the employment of our labour and our capital . I . J . Mucin .

      ,„„ * , ^" T L ,, I 5 0? T'. 16 Assumpti...

      Bristol , Sept . 17 , 1845 . My Lord—In repl y to your letter of the 13 th inst ., 1 must say that I do not think it would bo either safe or prudent to depend upon the infected potatoes of the present season as seed for the next year ; as , in all instances , I have found the diseased parts to extend when the potatoes arc kept in a damp situation : I should therefore expect that if any diseased seed was kept so dry as not to rot before setting time , yet upon being planted and left in the damp soil , the rotting process would then begin , and the hopes of the husbandman he disappointed . I have no doubt that some potatoes , apparently sound , have ( as stated oy your lordship ) been found to he atl ' ectcd after stowing away ; but I do not consider this to have bevn nn origination of it , but merely that which was not noticed when dus has become

      apparent after storing . When a potatocis first llllt't'tl'd tho diseased parts are scarcely visible , but upon keeping it in a dry place the spots soon become dark and consequently move apparent , hut the spots do not extend ; if , however , the tuber has been kept in a damp place , the spots not only extend rapidly over the surface , but penetrate into the interior , and in a short time it will be completely rotten . As far as the slacked lime , which you have used in your potatoe stores , as a tendency to prevent the tubers from touching each other , or , by its power of absorbing water , of keeping them dry , it will answer agood end ; but it must not he expected to have any chemical clluct upon the diseased parts or their juices . Anything which , like dry san-dust or sand , would prevent contact , would prevent the propagation from one tuber to another , and any substance capable of absorbing tho

      moisture of tiie air in wliicli tile potatoe is Stored , WOUlu prevent the extension of the disease in each diseased root . Our best microscopisls and « rvptognmists are divided in opinion as to whether the cause of the calamity is a fungus or not . After all the examination I have giv « n to the subject , and a careful review of all the evidence brought before mo on the two sides , I believe that it is ; and lam daily confirmed in the opinion originnlly expressed that the only advantageous way of treating the diseased potatoes is to obtain from them , by rasping and washing , the starch which they contain—by which process all their nutriment can oe retained ; and if it is well dried it will keep for any length of time . The operations can be performed in the cottage or manufactory alike , as no apparatus beyond a tin rasp ( a nutmeg grater ) , a tub , and clean water , are required ; and I have ascertained that , however far the disease might have extended , even if the

      root is rotten , yet the starch ciin be separated , and in a stato lit to be eaten , if it shall be well washed , as all the bad parts come away with the water , while the great weight of the starch carries it to the bottom of the vessel . If it is required that the fecula should have all the qualities of the best foreign arrow-root , it is only necessary to wash it hist in water containing a little chlorine , when it has unrivalled colour nod quality , and this 1 can speak of practically , having made many tons of tho arlicle . I will only add , that an opinion has been circulated that the disease is owing to the introduction of guano as a manure ; this I feel no hesitation in contradicting , as I have seen it in situations where no guano has been used , and in those where every other variety of manure has been resorted to . I am , your lordship ' s most obedient servant , William Ueiui-atu . Lord Portmnn .

      Disease In The Potatoe Crop. The Potatoe...

      DISEASE IN THE POTATOE CROP . The potatoe crop is suffering much from disease in the south of England , as well as in Flanders and the north of France . The same disease has also shown itself about Lymm , in Cheshire , and in some of the stiff lands in Lancashire , though it has not become general either in Cheshire or Lancashire . At Lymm the destruction of the crop is almost entire , and what renders this the more remarkable is that tbe soil in that neighbourhood is one of the best in the north of England , and particularly favourable to the growth of the potattie . It will be seen from the following article that tho editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle attributes the disease to the too rapid growth of the plant , and the want of solar heat to carry oft ' the superfluous moisture . This is probably the case

      to some extent , but we cannot help suspecting , from the frequent appearance of disease amongst the potatoe crops during the last five or six years , as well in wet as in dry seasons , that many of the sorts now in use are becoming exhausted , and that the onl y effectual remedy is to raise new varieties from the seed . Ali that is necessary is to squeeze the seeds from the pulp , and to sow them in the spring in small beds like onion seed , transplanting the plants when they are two or three inches long . Any one who has a garden may do this , and though it is not possible to tell in the ease of any single seed what sort of a plant will be produced , yet it will generally happen that a bed thus sown will yield one or two good varieties . When it is considered that the tuber of the potatoe is not the seed of the plant but merely

      a receptacle for nourishment , furnished with buds , it will easily bo seen that no new variety is likely to last for many years , and that it is a matter of absolute necessity to return occasionally to the real seed . Therefore , without doubting tho correctness of the theory contained in the following extract , wc should strongly recommend the growers of this valuable root torfliseafeivnewsoi'tseveryycar , and thus "to renew tho blood : "— " The Potatoe Crop . —A fatal malady has broken out among the potatoe crop . On all sides we hear of the destruction that has overtaken this valuable product , except in the north of England . In Belgium the fields are arc said to have been entirely desolated . There is hardly a sound sample in Covent-garden market . In fact , the murrain seems to have been transferred from cattle

      to potatoes . The disease consists in a gradual decay of the leaves and stem , which become a putrid mass , and the tubers are affected by degrees in a similar way . The first obvious sign is the appearance on the edge of the leaf of a black spot , which gradually spreads ; then gangrene attacks the haulm , and in a few days the latter is decayed , emitting a peculiar and rather offensive odour . When it is severe the tubers also decay ; in other cases they are comparatively uninjured . The cause of this calamity is , we think , clearly traceable to the season . During all the first weeks of August the temperature has been cold—from two to three degrees below the average ; WO have had incessant rain and no sunshine . It is hardly possible to conceive that such a continuation of circumstances should have produced any other

      result , all things considered . The potatoe . absorbs a very large quantity of water . Its whole construction is framed with a view to its doing so ; and its broad succulent leaves are provided in order to enable it to part with this water . But a low temperature is unfavourable to the motion of the fluids , or to the action of the cells of the plant ; and , moreover , sunlight is required , in order to enable the water sent into tho leaves to be perspired . In feeble light the amount of perspiration is in exact proportion to the quantity of light that falls upon the leaf . At night , or in darkness , there is no appreciable action of this kind . During the present season all this important class of functions has been deranged . The potatoes have

      been compelled to absorb an unusual quantity of water ; the lowness of the temperature has prevented their digesting it , and the absence of sunlight has rendered it impossible for them to get rid of it by perspiration . Under these circumstances it naturally stagnated in tlieir interior ; and the inevitable result of that was rot , for a reason to be presently explained . If the first days of July had not been suddenly hot it would not have happened ; if we had had sunlight with the rain it would not have happened ; and perhaps it would not have happened had the temperature been high instead of low , even although the sun did not shine , and rain fell incessantly . It is the combination of untoward circumstances that has produced the mischief . "

      Seed Potatoes For 1816. The Following Co...

      SEED POTATOES FOR 1816 . The following correspondence has just taken place between Lord Portman , President of the Royal Agricultural Society , and .-William - Herapath , Esq ., the eminent analytical chemist of this city , in reference to seed potatoes for 1840 . His lordship , in a subsequent letter , requests that the correspondence may be made public , and it has been handed to us by Mr . Herapath for that purpose . The subject is of vital importance , and is worthy of the deepest attention : — Bryanston , Sept . 13 , 1845 . Sir , —I observe in the newspapers that you have directed your attention to the potato disease , and have advised as to the use of the starch , & c . As I am specially

      bound , ( luring this year of my holding the ofhee of President of the ltoyal Agricultural Society of England , to promote inquiry aud to notify observations on subjects relative to the produce of tho soil , I trouble you with this letter , and nsk if any method has occurred to you by which the potatoe may be preserved for the planting of 1846 ? I havefound thatpotatoes . apparentlysoundand free from the disease , though in a field or garden which has been partially diseased , have , after being stored away , shown signs of the disease and liave rotted off and I fuar that the greatest ¦ quantity of the potatoes will thus perish , and so continue the distress of the poor into another season . I have directed some potatoes to be stored in slaked lime , in the hope that it may preserve them , but liave , of course , yet had no time to judge of the effect . I , therefore ask for your opinion , as one of ouv most eminent cheniists , upon this point , and would ask leave to make known your reply , if you are able to offer an opinion sufficiently explicit to be useful . I remain , your obedient servant , TVm . Herapath ; Esq . POKTMAN ,

      Floods In The North. On Thursday Evening Week Most Tremendously

      FLOODS IN THE NORTH . On Thursday evening week most tremendously

      Heavy Rain Began To Fall In The Two Nort...

      heavy rain began to fall in the two northern counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland , and from midnight it poured down in perfect torrents , and continued all that night , all day on Friday , and the greater part of Saturday , and the consequence was that all the rivers and streams were swollen and overflowed . More terrific floods have not been known in these counties for many years , aud never at this period of the season . The rivers Eden , Lowther , Eamont , Lime , and l ' ctteril , all orerlloived their banks , causing great devastation and an immense loss of property . On the Julian Uowcr estate ( through which the river Eden Hows ) , near the village of

      Templesowcrbv , Westmoreland , belonging to Richard Tinkler , Esq ., of Eden Grove , upwards of 2 S 0 stooks of excellent corn were all swept down the stream , with the greatest impetuosity , all attempts to save any part of it being extremely dangerous and of no avail " . On the same river , the huge centres and scalfold , which were erected for the purpose of repairing the large bridge which spans that river at Appleby , Westmoreland , were taken down the stream early on Friday morning ; and although' numbers of workmen were soon at the river ' s side , endeavouring to land the large logs of timber , yet by far the greater portion of them could not be caught , and were rapidly taken down by the flood , and have not been seen or llOUl'll Of since . This accident will retard the

      workings going on at this bridge for a considerable time . On the river Lime , near Borrow Bridge , tan massive centres on which were erected a stage , for the purpose of building a bridge on the Lancaster ( and Carlisle Railway , were entirely swept away , causing a grcat-inconvenience and loss to the sub-contractors of the works at that bridge . Messrs . Bird and Ralph had about one hundred stooks of corn washed away by the overflowing of the l ' ottcril , in the vicinity of l ' enrith , the greater part of which they succeeded in procuring far down the stream in a sad condition . Largo quantities of scaffolding and other materials were swept away , on the rivers Eamont and Lowther , from the working of the monster bridges at Yew ' s Cragg and Yamvath Hall , on the Lancaster and Carlisle liailwav .

      It is to be feared that numerous other accidents and loss of property , in various districts of Cumberland and Westmoreland , have taken place . The corn crops , a great portion of whiuh in many districts in these counties still remain uncut , are at ' prcscut in a most deplorable condition , being all laid fiat on the ground , and being iikely to grow , wiJi rentier the com of bad quality . The stooks in the fields are all entirely soaked through , aud great numbers of them lying scattered on the ground , and amongst the water . The prospects of the farmer are anything but cheering , aud unless the weather shortl y become ? more favourable , the worst of consequences for them will ensue . On Friday and Saturday last all the workings on the Lancaster and Carlisle Itailway were put a stop ta , the workmen not being able to stand out , so heavy and continued were the torrents of rain . Kearly all the corn-mills on the above rivers were stopped by the flood .

      The rain did not cease till Saturday night , but to-day ( Sunday ) the weather is fine , but the flood has not abated so much as might have been expected . Nbwcastle-ox-Tyxe , Saturday , —A great quantity of rain has fallen in this district within the last few days , which has swollen the rivers / and done much damage to property on their margins . On Thursday the rain fell in torrents all day , and yesterday the Tyne , at high water in the afternoon , overflowed its banks for several miles , covering all the low grounds near Hexham and Newburn , carrying * away the corn produce of several fields in stock " , and doing serious injury to the potato and turnip crops . The quay at Newcastle was covered with water , and the cellars in the neighbourhood completely inundated . During the ebb tide the current was so strong as to cany away several vessels from their moorings , and the damage done among the shipping in the harbour was very extensive . The Ocean brig was driven on the Howl Sands , and the sea is breaking over her in such a manner that it is feared she will become a

      total wreck . The llavid , of Yarmouth , had her mainmast carried away , and the Dove steamer lost her foremast . The mate of the Atlantic , of Shields , was killed by the breaking of a warp , and the Blossom steamer was driven against the brig John with such violence as to stave in her quarter , and she was only kept from sinking with the greatest difficulty , her funnel being also carried away . It is impossible at present to enumerate the casualities that have occurred , as the extent of damage is not yet fully ascertained . The harbour was a complete scene of confusion from the vessels adrift ; several wherries were sunk , and , indeed , it was impossible for a small boat "to live . " The police boat had a narrow escape , having just got out between two vessels , when

      they were driven together with great violence . A great number of bowsprits have been broken , and an immense pile of broken warps has been collected in Young ' s dockyard by the police , who arc protecting it till claimed by the owners . The ebb tide today has brought down large quantities of hay and corn , a cow , several sheep , and a horse , and from these indications , it is apprehended the damage done in the west , of which only very partial accounts have been received here , is very great . The Blaydou station of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway was knee-deep ill water , and the line for several miles was covered The garden grounds about Hexham arc still under water , and it is feared that the entire potatoc crops in these places will be destroyed .

      Glasgow . —Owing to the heavy rain which continued to fall during the whole of the present week , the Clyde has Hooded its bank's to an extent we have not seen equalled for several years past . Tbe whole of the sheds at the Broomielaw were inundated , and but for the precautions taken to have the property lying under them removed to a place of safety , much valuable stuff might have been destroyed . The water opposite the steam-boat quay was at least twenty feet upon the causeway , and between Washin ? ton-street and M'Alpine-street , Broomielaw-strect was covered to within six feet of the pavement . At one time , when , the tide was full ,, part of the f 00 tW . 1 V of the

      wooden bridge was washed by the stream , and " latterly became in such an unsafe state , that Lieutenant Reid , of the Gorbals police , after consulting with different proprietors on the south side , deemed it his duty , to send a number of police substitutes to prevont passengers risking their lives hy crossing tho bridge in its present dilapidated condition flood in its progress swept many of the fields upper districts of the country . A corresponcmM Netherfoot , on the banks of the Clyde , Joseph Galding , baron ofheer to Lord Doug lost his whole crop of oats , amounting to stooks , and that the potatoes are covered near the Clyde . Mr . James Wilkie , Craieae

      had a rick ot wheat carried off , and about 5 eig « f » stooks floating . We likewise learn that a < jarfr- ' able quantity of grain was carried og from thfcffi ^ ii , on the bank of the Black Cart . w «« h ^ t cWsMSu ^

      The,. A Tjp8?'.&/ Fn%, ^ Sajfi-Ffia^ 5»;...

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_11101845/page/7/