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    • BELGIOM.
    • foreign SnteHigeitce
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      Belgiom.

      BELGIOM .

      AND NATIONAL TMDES' JOUMAL .

      {Feou Oca Owx 1axd C0mmis5c0ss3.) Letter...

      { FEOU OCa OWX 1 AXD C 0 MMIS 5 C 0 SS 3 . ) Letter IV . TO THE WORKING GLASSES OP GREAT

      BRITAIN AND IRELAND . I write this letter from the capital of Sardinia ; and iu my passage here I have been a very strict observer of persons and manners , and of the Land above all things . 1 believe it has been the fctthluii ibr travellers to compile the history of countries either from the works of other writers , or from a very imperfect knowledge acquired through a slender acquaintance with individuals , -whose accounts /¦* things are generally tinged by prejudice jr mls " stated from ignorance . For these re » ' - ' us J liave Te ~ solreduponnotfaUing into this tof - on , raon ? ractice . -a practice which has p ^ P " . ' oadd more or less of discredit- •?? *™™ «>[ . «¦ £ travellers . TWe are- '" ' ever su ° jectsupon which

      nocontro" -a a se an ^ P ° Wu * * most prejudiced person can form a correct opinion . These are , the appearance , manners , customs , and habits of a people- the necessary , or rather the inevitable , conconsequenccs which must result from the management of ihe Lasd of a country ; and , above all , the relation in which the several classes stand to each other . Therefore , as I do not wish to fall into the usual error of travellers , I have rejected , —except for comment when we meet , —all that I have heard and I shall content myself with putting you in possession of -what I have seen . Some may say : " Mr . O'Connor wants ns to believe that he has become

      sufficiently acquainted with the history of Belgium , Prussia , Germany , Nassau , Baden-Baden , France , Switzerland , Austria , Sardinia , the Austrian Italian States , and Lombardy , in a single month , to enable Mm to instruct the English people on the subject . " I mean no such thing : but I do mean that I have seen as much as I required to convince me of the correctness of my views on the all-important subject of toe liiSD , as vrcll as to confirm my oft-expressed opinion , that the monopoly of the Land must inevitably

      lcau—firstly , to the too great disparity between the classes of a country ; secondly , to the unnatural reliance of a people on the caprice of the monopolists of the Land for food ; and thirdly , and above all , to the enactment of bad laws : and what is still more , to the capricious administration of those bad laws . I have seen the people and the Land of all the countries I have above named : and I have heard It repeated , over and over again , that the Land of England cannot le made to produce food for its inhabitants .

      1 Lave heard that much of the land of that country is not worth cultivating ; and I have heard the climate irreligiously abused as ungenial ; and I have heard that much of the land of England is not worth the trouble or expense . of cultivation . I have heard that it is a decree of Providence that there shall always T > e poor in THAT land ; and I have heard it said that "the increase of the pauper class is a consequence of increased civilisation . " I have seen barren valleys , and barren hills , and barren slopes , all made larrcn in consequence of thoir proximity to the quicker money-maker— " the tall dumtuy . " I have also seen the Alps—the snow-capped Alps of

      Switzerland , and of Sardinia , and of Italy . I have seen the majestic mountains of Liege ; I have seen the hi !* h hills of Germany , and ef Baden-Baden , to the foot of the Black Forest : and I have seen the result of nan ' s labour , when unchecked by mechanical power , displayed even to Hie very summits . I have seen a happy and contented peasantrylivinginthe midst of almost natural sterility ; while I have seen millions starving , or driven to the ocean for sea-weed , whose every-day work it is to make riches out of the very best land for indolent lords ( who do not like tbe "trouble" of " business" ) , and insolent squires , and arrogant middlemen , and proud shopkeepers , and a tyrannical Government . How comes this , you Englishmen , and

      Irishmen , and Scotchmen ? How comes it , I say , that you , of whose prowess in arms I Tiear every where ? Jloio comer it , that YOU , to whose valour many Kings owe their crowns , and whose blood has been shed in torrents to preserve the lands of other countries to the uses of tlieir . people , should be like -wild beasts at home ? No ; not even liko wild beasts ; for as Tiberius Gracchus told the Romans of his day : — "You , who have conquered all for others , have not the poar privilege of the hare , or the fox , or the tiger . " The hare has her "form , " the fox has his " earth , '' the tiger has his "jungle : " while you have no resting place—even in your carish ; but are subject to the decree of others as . to the place -where you shall flee or shelter . And then what shelter vou have ! when

      yon do arrive at tlis place of destination— ' boxes and the dead-stone ! Will you longer believe the Malthusisans , who teU you that the land of England cannot be subdued and cultivated to the uses of her people : and this too in the teeth of the fact , that the people of Switzerland , and of Sardinia , and of Germany , and of other countries , cultivate their mountains almost to the summit ; and that those people are better off in every respect than you are ? They are better off , because they have a dome , however humble that home may be ; because they are

      the "FIRST partakers of the fruits" of their own industry ; and because they never are driven to live upon , and to fight for , the bones of horses and of human beings : because they never are dragged from their beds to the dead-stone before life is extinct ; because their owx douse is tlieir own castle ; and because the disparity of classes docs not render a provision for the poor necessary to save the property of the rich . For , believe me , my friends , that yen would have no seven millions , nor yetseven sixpences a-year , in the shape of poor-rates , if the property of the rich would be equally secure without them .

      I have been repeatedly asked the question here on the Continent , " what it is that makes the well-fed , well-paid , English working classes so dissatisfied , tur buleut , and unruly : and I find ^ that most people here take their notions and opinions of you from principals who travel for themselves from the large manufacturing establishments of England ; or from bag . men , " who travel for them , and receive orders for your produce . Such Is the source from which the German scribe , Kohl , received his information oi

      your character ; and such is the source through which you have been misrepresented . Every town on the Continent swarms with English Jews ; and their representatives abound . On the other hand , all intelligent foreigners , who have travelled for information in England , have come to the very same conclusion namely , that «« In England the men jme ioo men—AND THE POOR ARE TOO POOR : " but then thevdonot all see that the too great riches of the rich is the cause of the too-great poverty of the poor .

      When I return , I shall be able to instruct you on many subjects on which it would be impossible to inform you in a letter . One thing , however , I mnst tell you here ; and that ^ is , ihati have not teen one drunken or tipsy man since I left England . "Wos to that country where the very existence of monarchy depends on the dissipation cf the people . 0 , what would I give that we had a Go-Ternment " strong" enough to submit its acts to , and to depend for existence upon the scber inind of man . ' No Government in the-world , save the Government of England , has an interest in drunkenness , lewdness , dissipation , and depravity . Even the boasted Protestant Church owes its wealth , in a great measure , to brothels , gin-palaces , public-houses , and all sorts of obscenity . 0 , how it must mortify men to see ablebodied Irishmen starving while tilling the very best

      soil : while here you see families , with little labour , happy m tne roods' ° f a wilderness . Before I return to Lessines , and the charming Sisters of Charity , and the small farms of Bel gium , I must tell you , that although youhear little of Sardinia it is out of all comparison the most splendid country I have ever been in—it is the garden of Italy . The men are the finest race of men you ever beheld , Their roads are , perhaps , the finest in the world ; much better than the very best iu England . Their

      mules are worth more than £ 50 a-piece ; that is , the best class . Their oxen work upon the roads , and their cows wk on the farms , and the young women work in the fields . If you were popped down in Sardinia , rou would imagine yourself m England , amongst theEnglish , were it not for a very slight difference in the hats and shoes of the working classes In the towns there is no visible difference between the higher and middle classes of the two tomitrie 3 , eseep ttbattb 05 eofSardiniaareverymuch finer men and better built . 1 must tell yon a very

      {Feou Oca Owx 1axd C0mmis5c0ss3.) Letter...

      funny anecdote that occurred whilst I was detained at Chiapo , one of the frontier towns on the Austrian side of Switzerland . I was there amongst the smugglers , from Sunday morning till Wednesday night . I was all day amongst the peasants , who arc very fond of playing " bowls , " just as tlicy arc played in England , with this exception—that in England they are played in bowling-greens or bowling-grounds ; in Switzerland they are played in the streets ; and the peasants , over channels , and pavements , and all obstructions , play remarkably well : so much so , that out of the two bowls of each player , one of each will be within half an inch of the Jack nearly every time . Well , one of the Custom-house officers , in his

      regimentals , and a peasant boy were playing a game , and mnny were looking on—I amongst the number : when a dispute arose as to which of two bowls was nearest the Jack . Many gave their opinion , but none was satisfactory ; when at last I was appealed to ; and so near were both , that I knelt down on the spot on both knees , and was spying with my glass , all being intent on my decision , when the carriage of an Italian Count passed , with an English gentleman sitting by the Count . At the moment I rose from my knees and gave judgment , surrounded by the peasants , the English gentleman exclaimed to the Count , " Fcargus O'Connor , by G—d ! " I thought it laughable and characteristic to be seen in the mountains of

      Switzerland , surrounded by the peasants , by one who most likely had often seen me in a similar situation in England . I now return to my notice of the del ieious hospital of Lessines . The Sisters of Charity wash the floors and the windows , and the whole of the hospital ; and do everything with such a grace as to make one wish very much to be sick . Indeed , I had a very had toothache ; and when I saw the young nun from Cologne , I had half a mind to ask if it was a malady that came under the category of ills for which persons were admitted into the hospital . The twentyone sisters and the novices dine together ; and I

      never saw a more humble preparation than was made fur their repast , which I am sure was just as humble . I saw an old man eating his soup ; and it was such as you could not excel in tho best hotel iu London . No skilly—no hot water and bones ; but real , regular , good soup : and PLENTY op it . To finish on this subject , I shall never , as long as I live , cease to think of this glorious institution , supported ly its own i , a 7 .-d ; and I never will stop until I see precisely su 2 h another in every parish in

      England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . Indeed , I hope to see the " BASTILES" turned into such institutions . At Lessines I saw an immense stone quarry , where 050 men were employed . You can form no estimate of the size of this immense excavation . Here the men work in gangs of fifteens and twenties ; and their business is to quarry and dress the stones for building ; but more especially for repairing the roads . All the roads in Belgium are very well paved . At this work the men earn from 2 s . Id . to 2 s . Cd . a-day each .

      I am resolved not to be minute on questions of wages and other details ; and for this , reason , because the smaller amount of wages paid to mechanics in Belgium , as compared with what English mechanics receive , has been made subject of foolish controversy even in the House of Commons ; while a very necessary branch of the subject has been wholly lost sight of—namely , the relative value of money , and what it will do in both countries . I told you that at Oldenbcrjr , in Belgium , I dined and had a glass of brandy

      for 3 d . Now , 1 will tell vou what I paid on Thursday last , for my dinner , at the Italian Hotel , at Arona . Arona is on the bank of the splendid Lake Maggeore , and the hotel of which I speak is the principal one of the town : and a very fine hotel it is . I had cold veal and jelly ; a splendid veal cutlet ; a large piece of fat boiled beef ; half a roasted fowl ; a dish of French beans ; bread ; cheese ; peaches ; grapes ; cakes of all sorts ; and A BOTTLE OF WINE—the real juice of the grape , and all for ONE SHILLING AND EIGHT-PENCE-two francs at

      10 J . each . Now , then , can you give some answer to capitalists when they speak of the " miserable" wages of foreign labourers . Do you , in reply , tell them , that out of those miserable wages they can save enough to buy land at an enormous price , while , if you could save , you could not get the land to buy , because they and the aristocracy know that the monopoly of the land gives both a monopoly of everything else ; and always bear well in mind the fact , that those who talk about repealing the Corn Laws have no notion of allowing you to grow corn yourselves . Now , above all things , mind that ! I now return to Hal .

      which I visited again on Sunday and Monday , with a much better interpreter of the Flemish language . I saw a bundle and a half of very middling ground , that a man with a wife and five children had purchased . Before he bought it , he paid at the rate of 120 francs , or £ i 16 s . 8 d . the bundle , and a bundle is an English acre and a quarter . He had a cow and a heifer upon this less than two acres , and would , after supporting his family , have food enough for another cow ; he works the cow , and does not find that it injures her in the least . None of the children , except one , is old enough to assist him , and that one weeds and puts out manure . In the winter all the

      children of the neighbourhood go to the Government Scnoot , and are iu the fields all the summer . For the bundle and half of land lie paid £ 320 English , and the rent was £ 1 os . ; so that you sec in the shape of land security , to bo WORKED BY HIMSELF , he was well satisfied to have little more than £ 2 per cent , per annum for his money . In Belgium flic land will sell for sixty years' purchase , and all because it affords the very best outlay for small capitalists to purchase enough to expend their own labour upon . I visited another spot of ONE BUNDLE , for which , without a house , the occupant paid 1 C 0 francs a year , or at

      the rate of £ 0 Ss . 4 d . for an acre and a quarter . This man had his ground in excellent order , and would purchase it "IF HE HAD THE CHANCE . " He had a fine cow , a calf , and two pigs ; and now , what I wish particularly to draw your attention to is the fact , that men with a wife and five , SIX , SCYCH , eight , and nine children , can have enough , after living , out of an acre and a quarter of ground , to buy that ground at more than double the price it would fetch in England ; and again , that the land is not one-fifth as good , and that the price of . surplus produce is not one-half as much ; so that you will see that of all trades in the world for a poor man ,

      farming is the best , and of all countries in the world England is the most favourable , because there is a higher price for surplus after consumption . Now , my friends , may I not boast of my consistency in opposing the League spouters , when I contended that the way to repeal the Corn Laws was by allowing every man to be his own producer , and that out of the surp lus of millions , we should have more than enough even for all the idlers who now live upon the fat of the land , while their laws prevent the people from having enough to eat . In almost all instances 1 found that one of the family worked at some work in the winter at which he earned money ; but in the summer the land required the labour of all . I saw a

      very splendid spot of four bundles , for which the occupant paid 480 francs a year—that is , £ 19 4 s . 2 d . a year for exactly five acres without a house ; hchad three cows and three pigs , and grew more corn than his neighbours , and is considered rather a large farmer he has seven children—four help on the land , and he works his cows , as he and the four are not able to MANAGE SO MUCH without help . Now , my dear friends , bear the points of this letter in your minds till I write again . They are , that ono in every ten English working men is a pauper , while millions of acres of good land is under WEEDS—grass ; that among the almost inaccessible Alps the people are allowed to cultivate valleys amid the rocks and

      {Feou Oca Owx 1axd C0mmis5c0ss3.) Letter...

      snow and are iiappy . That if you get larger money wages , you have fetyer comforts and less of certainty , and that the only value of high money wages is the ability of the Government to take the lion ' s share in the shape of taxes . I hope to be in London when my next letter appears , and in the same number I will relate to- you one of the most awful tragedies in real life that has recently occurred in a country in which I have beeu , which the press dare not publish , but I will give you names and all . I have-not seen & Northern . Star ( in full ) since I left England ; that paper and Punch ave prohibited in several countriesthe Northern Star in all except France and Belgium . I am , your faithful friend and servant , Fearous O'Cox . Non . Torino , Sept . 30 th , 1845 .

      Ar00109

      Vol. Yiii. No. 413. London, Saturday, Oc...

      VOL . YIII . NO . 413 . LONDON , SATURDAY , OCTOBER ll . ls ^ V ^ 7 ««« mmci « ^——~— . - Five Shilling * and Sixpence !»« : « ' Q : > itri « r

      Foreign Sntehigeitce

      foreign SnteHigeitce

      Insurrection In Italy. The Journal Des L...

      INSURRECTION IN ITALY . The Journal des Lcbau gives thefollowing account of an attempt at insurrection which broke out at Rimini , on the 24 th ult . : — " We learn bj- a letter from Milan , dated the 29 th ult ., that ou the 24 th an attempt at insurrection was made at Rimini . Tliis attempt had been combined , it is said , by some inhabitants of the town and some Spanish and l'icdmonteee refugees . In the night of the 2 lth ,. about one hundred of these refugees landed near Itimini . The insurgents immediately proceeded to the fort of San Leo , situated at a short distance from the town , and in which they are supposed to hare had partisans . They penetrated into the fort , and set at liberty the political prisoners , who were very numerous . Tney next entered Rimini .

      where they stopped the couriers , and carried ' off the despatches . The Cardinal Legate of Forli immediately sent troops to Itimini . On the 27 th , at their approach , the insurgents , who without doubt had found no support in the people of the town and environs , hastily quitted Rimini , after abandoning their arms ; some of'them re-embarked , the others took refuge in the mountains . The letters from Bulogna do not speak of any other movement having taken place iu the Romagna . At the first report of this attempt , Marshal Itadutzki , who commands the Austrian troops , reinforced the garrison of Ferrara . It was rumoured at Milan , that at Benevento some musket shots had been fired at the Cardinal Legate and his secretary , and that the latter had been killed . This news needs confirmation . "

      We add the following from the London Times and Chronicle : — " Letters from Milan of the 30 th confirm the main facts given by the Pebats , and adds that the Italian refugees who landed were to the number of upwards of one hundred , and that they were commanded by a native of Piedmont of the name of Ribotti . The affair at one time looked very serious , for the garrison of San Leo , consisting of 300 men , joined the insurgents . Fortunately , however , for the authorities , they were seized with a panic , and on the approach of tho troops from Foi'li they took to flight , and sought shelter in the mountains . The governments of the other Italian states are greatly alarmed at this unlooked-for outbreak , and are taking every precaution to prevent any more such attempts . " A private letter from Faenza , of the 24 th ult ., corroborates part of the above statement , ' and adds that the town of Fesaro had followed the example of Itimini , and that Sinaglia and Ancona were prepared to join in the movement : —

      " last night , " saj-s the writer , " a band marched upon Castol Bologlieso , a small town of the legation of Ravenna , to form n junction this evening with a body of about one hundred guerillas , mostly belonging to Faenza , who have taken up their station on the frontiers of Tuscany . The plan of the insurgents is to advance upon Rome . " Another letter from Tuscany , of the 26 th ult ,, mentions that the movement at " Rimini commenced on Monday , the 22 nd , and that the standard of revolt was first raised by the troups of the garrison . A report that the military commission sitting at Ravenna would go the rounds of Romagna , provoked the insurrection . The refugees residing at Florence had re-entered the legation .

      Fikther Particulars . —Tho Morning Chronicle of Tuesday has the following : — " The accounts received from Italy respecting the recent attempt at insiu- rectionat Rimini , in the Roman states , agree'in stating that for the present the movement has failed . A great number of persons have been arrested in different places , but principally at Imola and Faenza , where it is said that it was originally intended the insurrection should have broken oat . The Papal Government is taking the utmost precautions against a renewal of the attempt . It has reorganised the pontifical volunteers , has changed the ga ; risoa at Ancona , of whose fidelity it did not feel confident , and , fearing another invasion of Italian emigrants from the neighbouring countries , whet'C they have taken refuge , it has sent out a small fleet

      of armed vessels to guard the coast . The details , as far as they are yet known , we have already given . It lias been ascertained that it was on the night of the 24 th of September that the refugees landed on the coast of the Adriatic , not far from San Leo , to which place they immediately marched . At San Leo they set at liberty the state prisoners whom they found in the fort , and of whom there were a great number . They then marched at once upon Romini , of which they took possession , and kept it till the 27 th . On that day a detachment of troops , sent to the relief of the place by the Cardinal-legate of Forli , arrived , and the insurgents immediately took to flight , and retired to the mountains . It docs not appear . ' quite clearly whether it be true or not , as stated by some of the private letters from the country , that the

      garrison of llimini to the number of 500 men joined the insurgents . Should that be really the case , it appears extraordinary ( or rather would do so in any other country ) that so large a body of men , after having found courage to raise the standard of revolt , would not have the further courage to defend themselves . It appears , however , certain that they did not do so . A great number of the insurgents reached the sea , and escaped in that way , whilst others have found refuge in the fastnesses of the Apennines . A large number of persons , who did not join in the insurrection , but whose opinions on political subjects are known , have prudently retired to the _ Tuscan States to avoid the prosecutions to which the ^ would be exposed . Many of tlw details of this affair arc still unknown , but there is no doubt that as a political movement it is a failure . Orders have already been given for the trial of the persons

      iliiplicated before a military commission , a tribunal from which the ill-managed states of the Church are never free . According to the French papers , this insurrection , though it appears to have come quite by surprise on the Italian Governments , was almost publicly known in several parts of France . " For the last three months , " says the Debats , "it was stated publicly in this country that on a stated . day , and almost at a fixed hour , an insurrection would break out in the Legations , and there are coffee-houses in Marseilles and Paris where the supposed leaders in the movement were publicly spoken of , and where the means of action , and the support to be expected from the garrisons of certain towns of the Romagna , were the common topic of conversation . It was known that on this occasion the Liberals did not seek to overthrow the Pontifical Government , but that they limited themselves to a . demand of a reform in the administration .

      Since writing the above we have received letters from Milan , which give later particulars of the insurrection , which it appears was not confined to Itimini and its r . eighbourhood . The following is an extract from our correspondent ' s letter : — "The insurgents who took possession of Rimini came from the rcDublic of San Marino and from Tuscany , it was directed by a PiedmontDse refugee of the name of Rebotti , who was at one time a colonel in the Spanish service , and who has lived for a considerable time in concealment at Rimini . It was he , in conjunction with Count Pafi , who organized the plot among the inhabitants of the place and the officers and soldiers of the garrison . On the night of the 23 d and 24 th they rose in arms , and took possession of the town , of which they immediately closed the gates . They declared that their object w 7 3 . . "f orm of the government , and their cry ' Vive lc Constitution . ' The troops , who were to the number of 500 , continued to wear the pontifical

      cockade , for the insurgents declared that they would remain faithful to the government of the Pope , on condition that he would give them a cons titution . On the approach of the troops sent b y the Cardinal-legate of Forli , when the insurgents took to flight , the inhabitants o ! the town sent a deputation to the cardinal , declaring that they had taken no part in the insurrection . The fort of San Leo was never in the possession of the insurgents . The insurgents before leaving the town took possession of the savings bank and the government omces , but they did not find anv money . They disarmed the custom-house officers and carried awav their arms , but they did not touch private property . Ihe town of Ravenna has followed the example of Rimini , but the pontifical authorities having some Swiss troops and artillery at their disposal , a good deal of fighting took place between the troops and the inhabitants oi the place , in which several persons were killed on both sides . The soldiers fired grape

      Insurrection In Italy. The Journal Des L...

      among the people , and great numbers were killed Ontlie side of ihegorernrnen t an o . 'h ' cer and several soldiers were Jtilled . The Tuscan government has marched a body of troops to the frontiers . At Venice the government has also made preparations . The trun-bonts have been prepared ibr action , and arekent Hi the open sea , ready for whatever point they may be required . " ' . ' . The Privileged G azette of Bologna of the 20 fll ult . announces , that the Pontifical troops reentered . Rimim at eleven o ' clock irrthe morning of the 27 th ult ., the insurgents having either embarked or fled

      into the mountains on their- approach . "The accounts received this morning at Bologna . " adds the 4 uzcuc state that the rebels dispersed in the mountains had been overtaken by the Swiss trooi ) 3 ; the Carabiniers , and tho Custom-house officers on the side of Baize , m the legation of Ravenna , where they- were routed with the loss of some killed and wounded . In the meantime another band was met by the carabiniers , and Pontifical-volunteers , and the Custom-house officers at . Badij in the legation ol Bologna , and fourteen revolters- were disarmed and made prisoners of by the loyal troops /'

      SPAIN . Madkid , Sept . 20 . —There are five persons sentenced each to one year ' s imprisonment , > a prddio by the court-martial , for being concerned in t . hu attempted insurrection on the night of the 5 th . The names are Felipe Huetc , Jose Isidro ,. Manuel Chacm , Faustino Ducasa , and Manuel Lobcra . They all belong to the operative classes , and all have families depending on their daily Jabours for their subsistence . The public believes that these unfortunate men have been treated with injustice :. and that to condemn them everything in the shape of law or common sense has boon outraged . Iu the first place , the very fact of their being tried ( even supposing them really guilty ) by a military tribunal , when the city was not placed under martial law . is

      an act of illegality winch the very Fiscal himself has not dared to justify or dispute . The court-martial sat three times on their case . At the termination of the two first sittings , after every witness had made his declaration , and after every attempt had been made to inculpate them as participators in the alleged conspiracy , the Government prosecutor , himself a military man , and with all the prejudices of his class against civilians , particularly on such an occasion , demanded solemnly their acquittal , because , as lie declared , there was no charge substantiated against them . The judges deferred passing sentence wwtil they had consulted together ; and the prisoners were brought up a third time . To the astonishment ol all , at that third session , the same public accuser called on the tribunal to pass on them a sentence of two

      years' imprisonment in a presidio . The tribunal sentenced them to one year ' s imprisonment . The only charge made against them was that they were close to the spot where the firing took place on that night . There was no other charge against them . If people arc to be sent to the galleys for being by accident in the neighbourhood of the scene of a commotion in Madrid or Barcelona , the most innocent cannot escape . On the night in question there were many persons a few yards only from where the firing began , and who were as unconscious as the child unborn of the existence of a conspiracy . The writer of this letter had only passed the Calle de Peligros a very lew niinutcs after the doctor of the Gobei'iiadora Regiment was fired on by a company of . his own corps ; and he , according to the same argument ,

      might be convicted of conspiracy , because he was found traversing a street which on that night was indeed true to its name of Peligros—danger . The ostensible motive for condemning these men was that some of tho witnesses declared they were in the neighbourhood of the Praclo half an hour later than appeared from the declaration of the accused . These men were arrested , but there were no arms found on them . It is scarcely necessary to say that General JS ' arvaCZ and Ills friends are persons no ' t very remarkable for clemency . If there was any positive proof , or any proof that had affinity to a positive character , of their being implicated in " the affair of that night , tllCl'C is 110 do doubt that , instead of being condemned , after a lapse of three weeks , to one year ' s imprisonment , they would have been placed in capilU the day after the occurrence ,, aiid shot on the following . morning . General Breton is working miracles iu Barcelona .

      Not the least wonderful of those miracles is , that he lias made the Baron de Meer appear an angel of meekness , and the Co : mt d'lispagne ' s memory to he revered for clemency . Ills acts of stupid atrocity make the deeds of his notorious predecessors seem white as snow . In the course of one half-hour on the night of the 20 th , twelve persons were taken from their beds , and confined in the dungeons of the citadel . One of them , it is said , is an intimate friend of Narvaez . Forty others were to have been seized on the following day , without , an a matter oi course , the shadow of a charge against them . The example is followed with equal zeal by the Political Chief ol Valencia , who has given orders to the Commissaries of Police to make out a list of all persons in that city who are suspected of entertaining political opinions different from those wno support the " situation . " Iu this manner Spain is making vapid strides in the way of tranquillity and civilisation .

      Barc'EI-oxa , Sept . 27 . —Blood continues to be shed in this distracted country , and with no unsparing hand . Twelve of the fifteen unhappy young men tried by court-martial , were sentenced to death , and this morning shot in the glacis of the citadel . It was a heart-sickening sight—twelve able bodied , fine young men , the oldest not having attained the age of twenty-one , launched into eternity , and not for that habituation in crime which justifies the severing for ever of a rotten member from the mass of society They were some of those deluded beings who hadilcd Irom their homes to avoid the conscript , and , not having submitted themselves to the authorities , were declared and treated as outlaws at the expiration of the term marked out for giving themselves up . They wandered about in small armed bands , and when pressed by hunger , entered some remote village of the mountains and demanded money or provisions . An ambuscade of the army was laid for them on one

      ot these occasions , and these fifteen prisoners were taken . This mode of demanding money or provisions in the towns was , I believe , an every-day occurrence during the latc war , the belligerent armies having frequently carried away from the inhabitants thereof their " last scrap of bread ; and yet Gen ° ral Ureton , who no doubt has very often , as chief of a column , done the sane thing , was inexorable in shedding the blood of these unfortunate beings , who were heretofore , as was established before the couvt-martial , good and useful members of society , and had only become criminal in a hopeless attempt to sustain what they conceived an ancient provincial right , handed down to them by their forefathers . Some 20 , 000 people assembled on the glacis to witness the execution , a detailed account of which would be superfluous . The whole garrison were under arms , and continue so still . In the demeanour of the multitude were portrayed deep excitement and an air of settled discontent .

      GERMANY . PROGRESS OF THE GERMAN REFORMATION . Fkaskfort-ox-tiie-Maine , Sept . 14 . —Rouge entered our city to-day on his way to Stuttgardt , in a carriage garlanded with flowers , and followed by a train of from sixteen to twenty travelling carriages . Thousands upon thousands of people awaited his arrival before the gates of the city , and accompanied him with a ceaseless succession of vivas to the posthouse , where he alighted . The rejoicing , shouts , and hurrahs of the multitude became there so

      deafening , that llonge at leng h appeared at a window of . 1 Second Story of an adjoining house , whence he gave a short address to the waiting mass of human beings , expressive of his heartfelt gratitude for the extraordinary reception he had met with ; his reavct that his necessarily short stay precluded his replying to it as he wished and his intention of soon returning to I ' l-anktortfor a longer period . Soon after eleven o clock a . m ., he drove off towa-ds Stuttgardt , but such was the pressure of the crowd , as to compel passing through the streets at a funeral pace .

      rilEIXEK AXD TUB SlIJBSIAX ReFOBM . —The lOUgexpected work by which this celebrated theologian I was to avow and defend his adhesion to the German I Catholics has at length begun to be laid before the public , ami contains a justification of the reform movement by a connected authentication of the incurable abuses which have taken root in the Roman catholic Church , and the hopelessness of obtaining ll'Oni the Pope or Roman priesthood , as now const ? cuted , any concession of U mora rational church service . _ Iheuier , as is well known , has laid down his office in the Roman Catholb Church , and addressee J .. v $ ° h , rmcr Fashioners , under the title ot Lilorts at Reform in the Catholic Church . " ihe abuses so often alluded to arc stated by Theiner in much the usual manner , yet with constant referenee to the previous struggles of cnlmhtniiPd nrWt

      and princes for reform in the Roman Catholic Churcii . lie is more diffuse in stating his views in regard to the position occupied , whether by the pnesthood or b y orthodox Catholics at large , in re-^ ' 1 In . ? tc as , we 11 as on the subject of mixed marriages . He displays simply , but effectively , the contradicuons which Rome has constantly submitted to , and cannot avoid by her laws against heretics , and adduces many terrific examples of the meanscmployedby "the Church , " to obtain an accession of disciples .

      Insurrection In Italy. The Journal Des L...

      Unusuw , Sur-r . 12 . —The Dissenters from Koine are incrcasing , uot only in Breslaw , where one-fourth of tho Catliocie population ( reckoned at about 30 , 000 ) has joined the sect , but throughout the whole province . Congregations lately established at Sprottau and Auras , and several other places , such as Sagaii , Frankenstein , and even Patchkan- , are expected speedily to follow the example . Tserloiix , Sept . 10 . —The late Roman Catholic priest . Briedenbach , of " Strutt , a man Of distinguished oratorical powers , and possessed not only of tho love of his parishioners , but of the respect and esteem of his ghostly superiors , having very recently forsaken

      the Roman for the German Catholic Church , has accepted a call to preside over that branch of it which exists here , and was recoivedto-day in a really magnificent manner . The' discharge of nearly " thirty pieces of ordnance , and a cortege of above ten thousand persons , whose vivas rent the air , hailed his approach to the city . The German Catholic cause has obtained by the acquisition of breidenbach a powerful support not merely in Iserhohne , but through tho surrounding district ,, where many congregations exist , and more are in contemplation . A new one was definitively organised on the 7 th instant , in ouv neighbouring town , Hagen . —ElbcrfeVd Zcitxmg .

      Mayisxce , Sept . 6 . —Our bishop hasdccmcd it his duty to announce to his clergy the apostasy of one of their brethren ,, the late Dean Winter , in Alzci , from the Roman Catholic Church - Berlin-, Sept .. 14 . —Some journals lately circulated the highly-improbablo intelligence that the question of religious differences was to come before the Diet ; we believe ourselves warranted in giving the following as a better founded statement : —In consequence of arrangements made by Prussia , the Courts of . Berlin , Wirtemborg , Saxony , and Hanover have agreed to set on foot conferences , in which the religious movements of the day , and more especially those of the "Friends of Light , " shall be discussed . The basis to be adopted in these conferences will be a Strict Separation of tho political from the religious element in the movement ; to restrain the former with a very tight rein , while to the latter will be conceded a freer and larger arena . The question of Church Government , in particular , to be left open ,

      but doctrinal points not to be allowed too wide an extent . In opposition to the foregoing , the Weser Zeititng quotes , on the other hand , a communication from Frankfort , in which it is roundly asserted that the religious movement in Germany has been already subject of discussion in the Diet , whose sittings ceased oa the 11 th September , to be resumed on tho 8 th of January , 1310 . The Jesuit question , it is understood , did not come under consideration , as tho political and not tho dogmatical aspect of the movement attracted attention , and the deliberations of the Diet were limited to the concoctions of measures to secure the existing order of political affairs against being affected by the religious ferment . "Who , " asks the Frankfort correspondent , " who that has observed the simultaneous and almost identical _ measures adopted in regard of the German Catholics by various German states , can doubt that such unusual union of action is the result of p revious union of counsel ?"

      Hanau , Sept . 13 . —Our Government has proved its determination to cany out to the letter its announced course regarding the German Catholics , by prohibiting Ronge to stop even one night in this city , or to preside over any meeting for Divine worship . Dbesdkx , Sept . 10 . —The refusal of the Wirtcmberg Government to grant the use of one of the churches in Stuttgardt to the German Catholics is but a counterpart of the decision of our Ministry , by whom a similar refusal has just been given . The disappointment is the greater here , as the ecclesiastical and town authorititics were unanimous in according them the accommodation .

      Stuttgardt , Sept . 19 . —Yesterday Ronge and his friends received many testimonials of affection from his adherents in Stuttgardt . Poems , garlands , and still more valuable prools of attachment were handed to him in various companies to which he had been invited , and this morning , at ten o ' clock , he left for Ulm . A great concwrrse of people had assembled in the Dorothea-square , who greeted Ronge and his companions as they issued from their dwelling ( which was nosylv enyo . rnd with garlands ) with a joyful viva . ' A garlanded carriage received the so highly-prized reformers , and drove off , escorted by some members of thu German Catholic ' committee , on horseback , and followed by several other carriages . Sept . 25 . —The cause of the German Catholic Church is gaining much ground here , in spite of all die endeavours to the contrary made by the Romanists of our place ; and all their insinuations cannot hinder both Catholics and Protestants from joining the new

      Church , which counts now amongst its members several persons of the nobility . M . ttsii £ M , Sept 29 . —Messrs . Ronge and Donran , and their travelling companions , have just arrived here . They were met by a joyous crowd at the railway station , who accompanied them into the town . The authorities , however , would not permit M . llonge and his partisans to enter the church . The police also refused permission for M . Ronge to hold an assembly of the German Catholics at the theatre . M . Bftiincrmau , the deputy , then invited M . Ronge to go to the garden of his house . He did so , and was followed by an immense crowd , who filled the vacant space , and covered the trees and the walls . _ M . llonge then addressed them , explaining the origin and character of the New Catholic church . He was listened to with great interest , and frequently cheered . A grand dinner was given to M . Ronge in the evening at one of the hotels .

      A letter from Heidelberg states that while Pvonge was in that city , tho chiefs of the German Catholic community were cited before the municipal authorities , who signified to them that unless they would guarantee the observance of the decrees issued relative to M . Ronge , he would be ordered to quit the town . The Abbe Ronge , accompanied by his brother and some preachers of the German Catholic Church , arrived at Frankfort on the 4 th , and was received with enthusiasm . On his way to Frankfort he was welcomed with acclamations by the people of Worms : and in some other places the inhabitants received him with the same demonstrations as if he had been a sovereign .

      INSURRECTION IN ALGERIA . The Moniteur Algerian of the 30 th ult . announces that a general insurrection had taken place among the native tribes dwelling on the frontiers of Morocco , and that Abd-el-Kader , having placed himself at their head , had opened the campaign by cutting to pieces a body of 450 French troops . " It would appear , " says the Moniteur Algerien of the 30 th ult ., " that the tribes residing on the western frontier have risen in arms against us . Colonel Cavaignac , who had advanced into the territory of the Tra ras with a' column of 1 , 300 infantry , had two warm encounters with the enemy . In one of these engagements M . Peyragai , chief of battalion of the Zouaves , was killed . On tho 21 st of September , Lieutenant-Colonel Montagnac , superior commander of the fort of Djemma Ghnzaouct , acceding to the entreaties of the neighbouring tribes , who pretended to be menaced by parties of the cavalry of Abd-cl-Kadcr , marched out at the head of 450 men of the Chasseurs of Orleans and of the 2 nd Hussars towards

      the Marabout of Sidi iirahim , situate three leagues from Djemma , and one and a half to the w est of the Xedroma-road . On the 22 nd he advanced to Dar-el-Foul , about a league further . " The report of a brisk fusillade having been heard in that direction from Djemma Ghnzaouct , the captain of engineers , in command of the fort , sallied Ollfc with 150 men to reconnoitre , and open a communication with the column . He was , however , obliged to retrace his stops before a numerous body of armed men , and to provide lor the security of his post . Colonel Montagnac , basely betrayed , was allured into an ambuscade by the very Arabs who claimed his protection . At a distance of four leagues , within

      our frontier , he was surrounded and attacked by Abdel-Kader , followed by all his forces , and assisted by the numerous contingents of tlie savage tribes of that part ot Morocco . Oursmall column , overpowered by numbers , was almost entirely destroyed . On receipt of that intelligence General Lamoriciere , governor ad interim , embarked on the 27 th , in the Tartare steamer for Djemma Ghazaout , bringing with him the 3 rd battalion of the Oth regiment of Lig ht Infantry . Two other battalions and a battery of mountain guns followed the lieutenant-general on the same dav , in the steamers Euphrates and Etna . In conclusion , wc will content ourselves with observing that the 8 th regiment of Chasseurs of Orleans , and the 2 nd Hussars have a sad but most glorious page to add

      to their military history . " The Moniteur Algerien completes the account of the expedition in which Colonel Bcrthier was killed . " General BourioUy , " it says , " had entered the territory of the Flittas , to punish the individuals who had plundered a caravan of Arabs of the Desert , on their wav back to the country , with the gram they had purchased in the Toll , lie little e > pjctct to find the entire tribe in open revolt . On tl . c - ' 1 st he was vieorously attacked , and after a very warm en » n « ement , he succeeded in reaching the camp of Ben-Atia . Hostile groups showed themselves durin" the whole day in the environs . The general had given a rendezvous at Ben-Atia , on the 22 nd , to the Chief of Battalion , Manselon , commander of the fort of the Khamis of the Beni Ourags , on the Rion , where that officer was stationed with his bat-

      Talion. Fearing That The Enemy Might Att...

      talion . Fearing that the enemy might attack that small column with a superior force , he marched on the 22 nd to meet it , with two battalions and hiscavalry , leaving two other battalions for the defence of the camp . The junction took place without any difficulty , and Gen . Bourjolly returned in the evening to the camp of Ben-Atia , after several encounters with tho revolters in tlic nanw passages through the mountains . The column of Aiostnganem , had taken a supply of provisions and ammunition for an excur vsion of only a lew days , in a country where some dis- . turbances had occurred , but which he did not expect to find entirely under arms , and roused to fanaticism by the presence oi' a cheriff . To advance still farther with the sick and wounded would have been imprudent . General BotirjeMy resolved consequently to retire on Be ! -Acel , and there prepare to resume the offensive . On the 23 rd ho encamped at Toniza in the country of the Beni Dorgoniashaving been

      , constantly harassed by the cnemr in his retrogade movement . The rear-guard , consisting of 200 meix ot the Jth Chasseurs of Orleans , was repeatedly engaged and the squadron of the Jtli Gunsscura were obliged to execute sevcraF charges to support them . Lieutenant-Colonel Bcrthier , former Aide-de-camp of the King , was killed in- heading a-charge , and Commander Ciere , of the Oth Chasseurs ; wa » . wounded in the knee by a musket ball ; 'On flic 2 tffli the column encamped at Kclfz-in , oi ? the ' ' Minn , and the sick and wounded were removed to Bel Acel .- Colonel St . Aniaud , commander of the subdivision- of Orleansville , on receipt of a despatch from General Bouvjolly , immediately marched in that direction with his column . The Governor General , moreover , before his departure for Djemma Ghiaznouet , sent off two battalions of the Oth Regiment of Liuht Infantry to Mostaganem , under tiie command of Colonel * Renaud . "

      The subdivision of Mascara was tranquil ; but Colonel Gery , who commands there , expected that nn insurrectionary movement would occur towards tho close of the Ramadan . The French papers of Sunday confirm the abovenews : — 'i'he French officer commanding at DjrinJRW Ghezona , a port situated on the frontiers of Morocco , was informed by an Arab thai ; Abd-cl-Kader was in the neighbourhood . The olficer , who was a brave man , immediately took steps to repel the cnemv , and : placing himself at tbe head of about 450 men , " which- - was the greater part of the garrison of the place , went out tcmcet Abd-el-Kader . He had hardly-proceeded two leagues when he found himself all of asudden in front of a huge bodv of Arabs , who

      attacked him on all sides . The commanding - offisor was one of the first killed . The troops defended themselves bravely , and made a most desperate : resistance , but their ammunition failed them , and they wore all cut to pieces . Eighty , however , contrivedtotake refuge in a marabout , where they endeavouredto defend themselves . For two ( lavs they kept theenemy at bay , but want of provisions , and espucially want of water , drove them to the most desperate anil . disgusting extremes . Ultimately thoy were all destroyed , and , with the exception of fourteen soldiers , who contrived to escape into the town , the whole of

      the rest perished . Abd-cl-Kader , encouraged by thissuccess , marched immediately on Tlcmcen , in thc > hope of surprising General Caraignac , who happenedat the time Abd-el-Kader came up to be in the field , at the head of a considerable number of troops . II & was immediately attacked by the Arabs , and suffered , considerable losses , but ultimately the Arabs were repulsed .. A colonel was among the killed , General Lnmoriciore hsisjsent large bixllos of troops to the- , Morocco frontier , and is to place himself at the head of them ; but it is thought that Abd-cl-Kader will not meet Hie reinforcements , hut , satisfied with hisprescntsuccess , will take refuge in the desert .

      RUSSIA . LATER NEWS . —ANOTHER GLORIOUS VICTOCY GAINED BY THE CIRCASSIANS . A letter from Constantinople of the 17 th of September , gives an account of n second battle fought between the Russians and CivcasMans , in which the former sustained a still more disastrous defeat than they did in the retreat from Dargo . It appears that the " Russian army , in its retreat from Daghestan , was severely harassed by Schaniil ' s troops , which followed close upon its heels . On reaching Jani-Ouchy , in Gcoigia , which is tributary to Russia ,. Count Woroiizufl' , thinking that he had got rid of his pursuers , halted his exhausted troops , iu order togive . them a few hours' rest . He was , however , mistaken-Schamil , the gallant and active leader of the Circassians , allowed him no time , lie unexpectedly attacked the Russians in their camp , and after a short hut verv bloody struggle , Count Woronzoff was forced

      again to retreat , in order to reach ji more hivourabio position . This ho appears to liave effected , but in . the retreat ho lost an immense number of men . Tho number of men killed is not exactly known , but it may be judged from the fact that 180 oilicurs have perished , among whom were one general officer , two of Count WoYov . zofTa aides-de-camp , and an aide-do camp of General Gluck . The Circassians also go 6 possession of four pieces of artillery , and the greater , portion of the Russian stores and ammunition . The force under -Count Woronzoff , at the commencement of the campaign , amounted to 50 , 000 men . Of that number from 12 , 000 to 15 , 000 arc said to have fallen on the lield of battle , bc-sides the vast numbers ' who perished from cold , fatigue , and privations . Mamud , Sept . 25 . —Colonel Ortega , deputy for Saragossa , has just been arrested there , and brought under arrest to Madrid ! The court-martial has condemned five of the parties taken up on the night of the 5 th to one year ' s imprisonment each .

      Axtl-Pook Law League.—Hammkhsmith. — A V...

      AxTl-PoOK Law League . —Hammkhsmith . — A vestry meeting was held in the vestry-room of the Church , and , by adjournment , in the Latimer School room , on Friday evening , October 3 rd , at which afc least 400 of the ratepayers attended , to take into consideration an order received from the Poor Law Commissioners , combining the Brentford , Fulham , and Richmond Unions into ono district , to be termed "The Western Metropolitan Asylum District . ' * William Simpson , Esq ., churchwarden , was called to the chair . On the motion of Mr . M'Cormac , seconded by Mr . White , and supported by the chairman in a most eloquent speech , it was unanimously resolved , amid loud cheers , " That the attempt now being

      made by the Poor Law Commissioners to establish monstrous unions of unions , under the name of District Asylums , can only have the effect of making bad worse , by increasing our burdens ; and we are convinced that the only remedy is to agitate for tho total repeal of the Poor Law , which , we think , would be best carried out by establishing a National Anti-Poor Law League . " It was also resolved— " That the vestries , public bodies , and ratepayers generally of the surrounding parishes , be requested to cooperate with Hammersmith . All communications to bo addressed to William Simpson , Esq ., churchwarden , Bradmore-houso , Hammersmith . " A vote of thanks was then passed by acclamation , and the vestrv dissolved .

      Dicsr-Eimi : Ai'fray Willi tiie Pouck . —Early on Friday morning week , as Rogers , Carlo , Eennefc , and another policeman ( all under superintendent Ray , of the Western Division ) were on duty near tho residences of some suspected thieves , near to Polstcad-hcath , Boxford , they suddenly came across three men , when a desperate encounter ensued . Bennct and his companion being foremost were the first to make the attack , and when Carlo and Rogers came up Bonnet had closed with his antagonist , and they were both upon the ground . The other policeman was being kept at bay by one of the villains , who held over him in one hand a tremendous

      bludgeon , and in the other a pistol . _ Rogers , however , coming up at all hazards of his life , made a desperate rush , and ultimately succeeded in felling the man to the ground , and secured him with tho handcuffs . The villains had each a bludgeon ; one of them had also two sacks , a brace of pistols loaded , two dark lanterns , list shoes , and a hard brush . 'Tho two men that arc taken are father and son , by the name of Humphrey . The third man , owing to the darkness of the night , managed to get away . They are supposed to be the party who , the same night , broke the letler lock upon the door of a malt-omce t . t Layham . The two Humphreys arc committed to prison to take their trial for the assault .

      Death from Oil of Almonds . —On Friday aftert noon , Mr . William Payne , the City coroner , veninto a long inquiry in the board-rooni Of St . Bartholomew ' s Hospital , as to the death of Sarah Webb , aged forty-nine years . It appeared by the evidence that the deceased was in the habit of working for a Mrs . Francis , residing at No . 2 , Bennetfs-hill , Doctors ' -comnions . On Friday morning , whilst the deceased was at work in the kitchen , she was seized with a fit of shivering . Mrs . Francis ran to the deceased and placed her on tbe floor . She remained in that position a few minutes , when she vomited . A surgeon was called in , who , seeing the state she was in , ordered her to'be removed with all speed to the above hospital . A small bottle was found soon

      afterwards , which the deceased had been tasting from . ' There was a strong smell in the room of the csscutial oil of almonds . The deceased never spoke after she fell to the ground , and died in ten minutes after her admission into the hospital . Mr . T . Francis said , in answer to the coroner , that the bottle was his property . It contained a small portion of almond flavouring , which was considerably weaker than oil of almonds . The deceased must have placed the bottle to her mouth for the purpose of tasting its contents . The coroner animadverted in strong terms on the danger of leaving such articles exposed , after which the jury returned a verdict , " That tho deceased died from the effects of poison taken by mistake . "

      Hollowat ' s Pills and Ointment . — Wonderful cure of scrofula or king ' s evil . —Mr . C Brook residing at Stradishall , Suffolk , had the whole of his breast in one frightful mass of scrofulous sores antiulcers , besides similar large ulcers on his hip . He had been thua afflicted for ten years . He had been under the , greatest surgeons in the country , and was for a considerable time at Worcester Hospital , without receiving the least benefit . He has , however , just been radically cured by the means alone ot Holloway ' s Pills and Ointment , after , ever Other means had . failed .

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_11101845/page/1/