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    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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      11 Mat 10 , 1845 . Tjj j , y 0 RTHERN STAR . ^____ * 1

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      " » And Iwin War, At Least In Words, ( (...

      " » And Iwin war , at least in words , ( ( And—shohld my chance so happen—deeds ) , - , -With aH who war witn Thought P " " J think I hear a little bird , vfbo sings 1 The people by and by will be the stronger . "—Bibon

      Tb The Disturbances In Switzerland. [ Fl...

      TB THE DISTURBANCES IN SWITZERLAND . [ fl [ We post pone an article we had prepared on anoj { her iter subject , to make way for the following able ex-1 posit position of the state of affairs in Switzerland , which we e we extract from the May number of Tail ' s Edinburgh jttjffjtt ^ flnne . We do not altogether agree with the writ writer in raft , but the points of disagreement are but : bnt few , and of no great importance : moreover , tke leng leng th ofthe article leaves us no room for comment . ] 5 Sotbing can afford a more striking example ofthe

      mar manifold evils attending a federal government , than the pre ! present position of Switzerland . Distrust , jealousy , nay evei even feelings of the most hostile nature , exist between the the different Italian , German , and French cantons which fori form ibis confederacy . Their political , commercial , and reli religions interests are in many instances diametrically opp opposed to each other . The whole country stands , as ma ; many apprehend , on the brink of a civil war , because the gov government of Lucerne has pleased to call the Jesuits to the their canton , and to appoint them to be the instructors of its its youth .

      1 This affair is so mixed np with the politics of the tw twenty-two petty governments , of which the nation , if su such it can be called , is composed , that , rightly to underit itand the agitation produced by this measure , it is necesu wry to know something of the progress of feeling , and it the changes which have occurred in the country during th the last twenty years , as well as the respective positions o ! of its different parties , before this new firebrand was a cast between them . It is well known that at the peace of If 1815 , Switzerland regained , with certain modifications it its ancient laws and governments , as they had existed bef ( fore the French Directory forced its-inhabitants to ace eept a new constitution , and the name of the Helvetique C Confederacy . The chief differences were , that all the i inhabitants of the country were made burghers of their

      3 respective cantons , instead of the political rights of free i men toeing confined to about 100 , 000 of the privileged , as 1 had formerly been the case ; and that the despotism of an t aristocracy was exchanged for the domination of paid 1 magistrates and public officers . Every canton still con-1 throes a state within itself , whose government is subject to no interference from its confederates , except when any of its acts appear inimical to their common or individual interests . .. Their laws and constitutions are in various degrees democratic arid aristocratic ; in the democratic cantons the supreme power belongs to the general assembly of the citizens ; in Berne , Lucerne , Zurich , & c , the afiairs are conducted by a council chosen by the people . This chamber chooses its " own president ; it elects also the

      Burgomaster , or chief magistrate of the town , and an executive council . The diet directs the general affairs of the confederation , and every canton has a voice in the diet Its meetings are held alternately in Berne , Lucerne , and Zurich ; and when not sitting , the direction of gene ral afiairs is confided to a council of state , held in the one of these three cantons , which , for the time being , is the directing canton . They each enjoy this privilege two years in rotation . Zurich , since the commencement of 1815 , is the seat of government , and even members of its administration compose the council of state . In the canton of Lucerne , and several others , though not in that of Zurich , the people hare the right of holding assemblies in their communes , and passing a veto npon any act of the cantonal council .

      Though the people obtained their political rights in 1 S 15 , tlit towns retained many of their ancient privileges and oppressive monopolies . In Zurich no peasant had a right to sell anything without permission . All trades and manufactures were kept in the possession of the town , whose ' aristocracy was composed of silk weavers , silk mercers , tallow chandlers , and so forth . Even the hatchers were a privileged caste , whose gains were immense , and whose pride was not inferior to that of the proudest nobles of other lands . But it was impossible for Switzerland long to retain these petty institutions of the middle ages , in the midst of the great social movement of the nineteenth century . In 1830 , numerous changes were made . The sovereignty of the people , the freedom of the press , and the right of holding

      assemblies or fotming unions for the discussion of public measures , were made principles of the constitution . In Berne , in Aargau , and in Zurich , the liberals obtained possession of the government , and a year later in Lucerne . In Zurich their first measures were to grant to all the inhabitants of the canton the same privileges as the town ' s burghers , to do away with all obnoxious restraints npon commerce , to throw down the walls of the town , and remove the can-on which had been ever ready to be turned against the peasants in case of rebellious discontent . They likewise granted Catholics the permission to become burghers of the town , and allowed a Catholic mass to he performed in one of the churches . But whilst they bestowed so many advantages on the country , they left nothing undone to render the peasantry capable of

      profiting by them . Excellent schools were established in every commune throughout the canton , of which before there had been a great want ; a synod was appointed for the general superintendence of education ; and high schools were erected both in Zurich and Berne , of which the professors are paid by the government . Splendid roads were formed * in every direction , and the post placed upon a footing with the greatest countries in Jurope . Bat this rapid progression did not last long . The aristocrats , enraged by the ohninntion of their privileges , lost no opportunity of exciting the peasantry , amongst whom the whole country is divided as little land proprietors , against the liberal government , to which they owed so much . The rural class were at that time in a state of

      deplorable ignorance , and easily worked npon hy the clergy , who were strongly attached to the aristocratical party , and scrupled not ^ tr- their dictation , to preach politics from their pulpits . The nomination , by the liberal government , ofthe celebrated German sceptic Strauss , to a professorship in the university , unfortunately speedily afforded them a pretext to make use of the old cry , " The church is in danger , " to arouse thepeasantry ; and though ihe administration , perceiving their imprudence , revoked their appointmentof the professor , and pensioned him off , several months afterwards , on the fith of Sept , 1839 , their enemies induced a hand of countrymen to march into tlie town of Zurich in arms , and compel the liberals to resign * ie government They succeeded to their wishes . The aristocrats , in this unconstitutional manner , were reestablished in authority , and remain so to this day . But to their hitter mortification they have been unable to annul the liberal institutions of thdr predecessors . The schools during fourteen years have everywhere wrought

      great changes amongst the younger peasantry ; and the feelings and prospects ofthe country are no longer the same as when the aristocrats before held the reins of government The aristocrats of the town now detest the inhabitants of the canton with the same earnest hatred * ith which they detested them in tlie thirteenth century . They regard them rather as usurpers of their rights , than as fellow-countrymen ; they are fearful of their progressing knowledge , and widely declaim against the danger of popular education ; they are jealous of their extending t-onunerce , when they see the peasant-horn inhabitants of the country profiting by fer more extensive commercial enterprises than the proud old burghers of the town , who once enjoyed the monopoly of trade . A country cotton » eaTer , horn a peasant , has derived , during last year , a profit of between thirty and forty thousand pounds from bis various establishments ; which is more than has been made by aH the manufacturers of the town of Zurich put together .

      The aristocrats regard even the singing clubs , now general throughout the country , as nests of radicalism . At an assembly of these societies , a year and a half ago , in Zurich , when a dinner for two thousand persons was served in a pretty temporary building erected for the fete , the aristocrats considered it would be inconsistent With thar i » rin < 3 pWs , either to be seen in the church where the dubs sang , or at their weU-served dinner . Some went to far as actually to forbid their children to look out of the window at the processions of the singers . Such is in Switzerland the petty malevolence of party feeling . Yet greater annoyance was given by the liberal spirit that pervaded the national meeting of free-shooters at Basle last summer , where the loudest diapprohation of the Jesuits was op « nly expressed .

      In the canton o { Lucerne , the government , after being ten years in the hands ofthe liberals , was recovered by the aristocrats in 1841 ; but although the Jesuits , by accredited and unaccredited agents , have for some time lent thempowerfulassistance , theinfluenceoftlie age has also here heenfelt , and a verypowerfulliberal party still exists . \ o defend themselves from its further progress , the admi-^^ ation thought it expedient , at the end of last year , to ftaWaun the Jesuits to their churches and their schools . Jt appears that both the Catholic and Protestant aristocrats consider the diffusion of knowledge inimical to their interests ; for nearly at the same time that the Jesuits ^ tre called to exercise their narrow system of education jn Lucerne , Dr . Bluntschli , the leader of the government » Zurich , proposed a measure in tlie council , calculated V > undermine the present system of education in that canton , by the suppression of the school synod . Fortunately * ie attempt proved abortive .

      * o sooner was the intention of tlie government of lucerne to establish the Jesuits amongst them known , that the most violent discontent was manifested amongst *'~ Uial Catholics of that canton , as well as by the Protestants of Berne and Aargan . An attempt was tnafle by the people to arrest the measure by tlie exercise * their veto , hnt their numbers proving throughout the ^ SMchlies to he onlv 79 S 5 against 18 , 2 i 6 , the Jesuits ** rt declared on theSth of January to be fuBy installed . . " * * as in every other country , this religious society 15 more obnoxious to the liberal party from political than

      r « h gioas motives . L > fact , indifference as to doctrine *^ a great measure to have replaced the zeal of the ~*" - ^ otestants in the north of Switzerland ; and it is ™ opinion frequently expressed by the aristocrats of i- , ^ CTsna aon , thata Jesuit is preferable to a Liberal ; own J " * ttat fbe principles of the Jesuits arc their tw T- at 1 hdr mutual object is the destruction of al « Sr 1 Sse fr <* dom , bo * * church and state . The J *" " are , on the contrary , opposed to them , for the ""* "ason , as well as the consciousness that their own «» tes and safety would he compromised by their

      supreh « n , < Lfc £ ends of ^ e Jesuits amongst the Protestants a ? th ^ nenfly ^ sert that they are no longer the same os * who formerly rendered their society so obnoxious ,

      Tb The Disturbances In Switzerland. [ Fl...

      that they are influenced by different feelings , 4 c . ; but an answer to this assertion has been admirably given in an address made to the diet last year in Berne , by Augustin Keller , the representative of the canton of Aargan , in which he exposes the laws of the order , still in action as at their commencement , and traces the history of their conduct since their introduction into Switzerland . Since the year 1661 , when they first obtained a footing in the country , they have repeatedly been expelled from it , and yet have regained all their former influence since their recall to Freiburg in 1818 . By missions , miracles , fanatical pamphlets rand journals , they have disturbed the peace of the people , and filled them , to the utmost of their power , with mistrust and hatred of all holding different opinions in religion or in politics , whilst they have repre I seated all improvements in education or the laws as dan . gerous to the true faith . But their activity has been most

      restless since the year 1830 , when the establishment Ofthe liberty of the press , the right of forming public political nnions , and tlie acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the people , gave new vigour to the liberal party in Switzerland . The Jesuits lost no time in turning these changes to their own advantage . They instituted all kinds of nnions , or clubs , amongst the Catholics , where weekly and monthly contributions were collected , to be applied to influence the elections and to various other po'itical purposes ; and everywhere the press was made the artillery of this secret spiritual army , and waged war against the spirit of improvement with ever increasing Virulence . Their influence extends far and wide , by means of their religious political unions , of their secret emissaries , their gold , their flattery , and their missions of faith , which they have sent even into the Protestant cantons ; but above all , their principles of education are considered as

      - most dangerous to the republic . In the canton of Schwytz , they are said to have rendered themselves exceedingly obnoxious to the peasantry , though the town has largely contributed to the erection of the noble college they have recently bnilt there . In the Caihc-h ' c canton of Tin , though its inhabitants are ready to match to the assistance of Lucerne , not a Jesuit is permitted to enter ; and Berne has recently dismissed from all public employments every one known to have been a pupil of the order . Mifller , the chief magistrate of Lucerne , was once a radical , and the most violentenemyofthefraternity of Jesus , though now their zealous supporter . His ardent efforts in their behalf have principally contributed to their establishment there .

      But though all reasonable men , who respect the liberty , and desire the welfare of their country , have beheld this triumph Of the Jesuits with regret , they equally deplore that the liberals of Aargau , some time ago , made ' a foolish , inefficient , and illegal attempt , to change the government of Lucerne , and drive the Jesuits from the canton by force of arms , instead of endeavouring to obtain redress hy constitutional means . Their success must legally have been useless , and their failure has multiplied the difficulties , and the evil feelings previously existing amongst the allied cantons . The government , though so weak as to have been at the point of abdicatingat their approach , quickly obtained a victory over their rebellious subjects and the free bands , which , after a slight conflict , took to flight on the first alarm . The little cantons and Zurich assembled their soldiers to proceed , in case of need , to the assistance of Lucerne ; but it is believed , that had their aid been required , the soldiers of the latter , who are all Protestants ,

      would have refused to march for the defence of the Jesuits , however much their governors might have desired it . An immense number of arrests have been subsequently made in Lucerne . A kind of military law has been declared ; and the property of all concerned in the rebellion , who have either fled , or are in custody , nearly fifty persons , has been sequestered before they haveheen tried , or found guiHy , under pretence of paying the expenses arising from their rebellion . The government has even refused to be responsible for their debts ; a measure which Dr . Kasimir Pfyffer declared in their great council , was a death-blow to the credit of tlie canton , an exasperation of both parties , and a measure which must provoke conflicts with other cantons . It is asserted that more than four thousand pounds are due to inhabitants of the little towns on the lake of Zurich alone . Serious fears are entertained , that at least the chiefs of those now in custody will be condemned to be shot ; and as several are natives of Aargau , the Protestants of that canton are in a state of fearful agitation .

      After the suppression of this petty rebellion , the grand council of Zurich sent a deputation to Lucerne to request the government , as friends , to restore tlie peace of the country by dismissing the Jesuits . This they refused to do , till compelled hy an order from the diet , which it is the duty of all the cantons to obey . As this assembly , according to the ordinary regulations , would not have met till the commencement of July , the liberals were anxious that , to restore the public peace , a special diet should be summoned as soon as possible . The power to do so this year rests with Zurich ; hut though Berne and Aargau sent a special embassy to request that it might be done without delay , the council of state at first refused to comply with their wishes ; hut it soon afterwards found itself compelled to summon a diet , which , after a great deal of debate , separated on the 18 th of March , without

      doing anything either in relation to the expulsion of the Jesuits or the suppression of the free hands , —leaving , in spite of their professed fears of ultramontane influence , the Jesuits nearly four months more of certain dominion in Lucerne , and the excited country , for the same period , exposed to all the dangers of a renewed civil war . There was not even a majority for requesting Lucerne to dismiss the Jesuits ; and the whole question is deferred to he decided hy a second diet , which will probably leave it for a third , while , in the meantime , the Society of Jesus secures the ground it has gained . ' It is the general belief that the Jesuits cannot he rooted out without a civil war ; and one of the first results of the state of suspense in which the separation of the special' diet without having come to a decision has left matters , was the late attack of the free corps on the town of Lucerne . On

      Sunday the 30 th March , the free corps , to the number of eight or ten thousand , with the refugees from Lucerne , entered that canton from Aargau . On the 31 st , they carried all before them , and'reached the walls of the town of Lucerne . For two hours they had it in their power to burn and destroy it But anxious to spare the place , they negotiated for a capitulation . Reinforcements having arrived in the interval to the aid of the government , the insurgents were driven hack with great slaughter , many of them having been taken prisoners . In the meantime tlie Jesuits are retained ; and it might almost be suspected , that whilst the obnoxious ' order has openly triumphed in the one canton , it has not less been secretly at work in the other , where the aristocrats do not scruple to throw the whole blame of the disturbances on the liberals , and flatly to deny their assertion , thatthe Jesuits

      are tlie authors ofthe evil . They show no anxiety for the removal of this order ; because they believe tlie radicals desire their expulsion from the country , as the first step towards a complete change of the present state of things . In fact , they assert , there exists a powerful parry in the country , discontented with its present constitution , and who consider that for its commercial and political prosperity it is absolutely necessary to establish a central government , and to equalise the representation of the people , instead of the little cantons having , as at present , as much power in the diet as those which have more than twenty times their number of inhabitants . Were this the case , Berne would be the seat of Government , andNeuhaus , its present liberal burgomaster or schultheiss , in all probability the first president of these new United States . Zurich and Lucerne , no longer , in rotation , the

      seats of Government , would decline into mere country towns ; and their citizens , who could hope no more to have the felicity of enjoying'tlie dignity of Secretaries of State on a hundred a-year , or dividing amongst them a number of other subordinate offices , loudly declare they would rather submit to he cut in pieces , than consent to such a change . These little honours and emoluments , in a town of seventeen thousand inhabitants , are as much tlie objects of intrigue , vanity , and ambition , as the employments of an empire . Such desires and feelings , united with the re-awakening ofreligious enmity , appear to be ilia fundamental cans ** of the present disturbances in Switzerland , which it is too probable may be of long duration . Many well judging people consider the centralisation of tlie Government as absolutely necessary to biud the Catholic and Protestant cantons together , and to preserve the country entire as a nation ; whilst , by putting r . n end to the undue influence of the little agricultural cantons in the representation , its commercial interests can alone he advanced , and a union formed with

      tlie Zollverein . Bnt few of tlie most sanguine hope that this can be effected in our time . Too many conflicting prejudices , too many opposite interests , and hitter passions , are called into existence by the mere idea of such a measure . From the Catholic peasant in the mountains , to tlie rich silk merchant of Zurich at his desk , all those attached to ancient usages ' and privileges , see in it the ruin , not only of their country , but of then- own individual canton , and individual interests , —involving the loss of power , which all have now the hope of one day enjoying . The aristocrats believe that the principles of the Jesuits are a harrier against this , and all other such liberal innovations ; and to this the order is principally indebted for the influence' it has recently obtained in Switzerland On this point there appears to be an excellent understanding between the Catholics and Protestants of this party . They both protest that all the steps they have taken are to protect tlie country from the demoralisation and anarchy with which it is menaced by the diffusion of radical principles .

      But whatever may be their professions , it is quite certain that Switzerland is no longer the seat of those disinterested sentiments , and noble feelings , which once illuminated its history . On the contrary , the chief characteristic of its rulers and of its society is littleness ' . —the littleness of . small towns . Ambition is little , political views are narrow , and intrigues are for paltry objects . Great talents find no exercise worthy of their powers ; and it is not wonderful that where they do exist , their possessors desire fo see a capital in their own country , and a means afforded by a central Government for the development of a larger system both of commerce and of

      politics . Though great advances have been made in education , much yet remains to he done as regards moral culture . The Protestant clergy are unfortunately regarded withlittlerespect throughout the canton of Zurich , since many of them allowed themselves to be made the tools of party ; their churches are thinly attended , whilst drinking houses ^ dancing rooms , and the theatre , are crowded every Sunday to excess . ; Thereis no country in the world where there exists in proportion such an enormous number ' of public houses , and . those of the worst character , or where they arc so continually frequented , alike by young students , thepeasantry , and the townsmen . The universal laxity of morals is almost incredible .

      Tb The Disturbances In Switzerland. [ Fl...

      Whilst , however , \< t & y iims if the liberais are " niore enlarged , and better calculated to enable their country to keep pace with the progress of the age , than those of fteir opponents , it is to be regretted that they have afforded them , in various ways , just grounds for reproach . Many of the leaders of the party make no secret of their want of respect for the established reli gion ; and on several occasions they have shown a great want of political prudence in provoking the . enmity of the clergy of their own persuasion , and by precipitating measures which , without effecting any good , have excited the malevolence of their opponents , and the distrust of their more prudent friends .

      France. —The Jesuits.—The Fortifications...

      FRANCE . —THE JESUITS . —THE FORTIFICATIONS . # proceedings in the French Chamber of Deputies have within the last few days been more than ordinarily interesting . The progress ofthe Jesuits in France has at length aroused public attention , and on Friday M . Thiers raised a debate by interrogating the Ministers as to their intentions with respect to that order . As in Protestant England , so in Catholic France , the Jesuits are proscribed by the law ; yet although they were driven out of the lattercountry by the revolution of 1830 , —whichrevolution they mainly provoked , —they have within the last fifteen years stealthily returned , and are now spread over France in considerable numbers , everywhere plotting against liberal principles , and everywhere striving to bring the

      population under their debasing influence . The revelations of Eugexe Scb , and the insolent assumption ofthe clergy to directtheeducation of the ' peop le , has at length excited public apprehension ; which apprehension has been strengthened into [ excitement . by the recent ' events in Switzerland . Tlie question at issue in France is , whether the Government ' will continue to tolerate the illegal and' dangerous existence ofthe Jesuits , or order their expulsion . M . Thiers himself is the very incarnation of political Jesuitry ; anything therefore straightforward from him is not to . be expected . In' all probability ; his motives for mooting thequestion are , " tliat' he asp ires to gain popularity witht the classes opposed to , the aim uiverb attention

      ucouuo , nuu * maucs w puiuiu at this moment from' the' questibii ' of the arming of the Parisfortifieations . The debate , however ; has drawn ont the Government , who , in the persons of the Attorney-General and the Keeper of the Seals , have declared in emphatic language against the Intrigues of the Jesuitg . The Attorney-General concluded his speech as follows : — " The laws exist and are efficacious ; wisdom , perhaps , counsels that they be allowed to sleepfor a time , —for peace is better than war , and persuasion better than force ; but if peace be no longer possible , and persuasion fruitless , the laws , I repeat , exist , and ought to be executed . " i That the French Government are in earnest is shown by the appointment of M . Rossi as an envov

      to Rome , to endeavour , if possible ; by amicable means to ' procure the withdrawal of the Jesuits . ; Should this mission fail , more potent measures will probably beadopted . .. ,. ; : :. It must not be supposed that it is from any love of liberty that Louis Philippe and Co . are opposed to the Jesuits . The cause of their opposition is , that they know that the Jesuits , not content with enslaving the people , aspire also to " rule the rulers" of the people . This , Louis Philippe and Co . have no fancy for . They have no objection to use the priests to gull the ignorant people , and thus render them fit slaves for their political tyrants—but the tyrants themselves have no inclination to be governed by the priests . Louis Philippe is too cunning to be made the miserable dupe that Charles the , Tenth was made : the Jesuits must not attempt to rule himJ

      The discussion on the aiming of the fortifications has ( up to the time of writing these remarks ) not yet terminated : buttheresult , anyohemayforetell . That result will be the arming of the forts , and then no more " glorious three days" for Paris 1 No matter what the grievances , what the slavery of the people ; no matter what their bravery ; no matter how willing they may be to die for liberty , die they may—but small chance will they have of winning liberty . The forts and wall once armed , there will-be but two modes left by which a revolution can possibly be effected in Paris—the one the gaining over the array to the views of the revolutionists ; the other the Moscowing the city , and thus compelling the bourgeoisie to-yield to terror what they would deny to justice . The National is , at last , when too late ,: beginning to view the fortifications in- their true light . That papersays : — ( '

      On the least reflection , it will be admitted that the cannon placed in tho forts , or on the continuous wall , could never he employed to put down a revolution ; butj although powerless as effective means , they may become very perilous as means of prevention . Persuade an entire population that at the first disturbance Paris will be bombarded ; render this fear general , especially among those who have houses and shops—among the bourgeoisie who possess property—and you will see the whole of that bourgeoisie turn with violence against those wlio should have been excited to revolt by an attempt against the national sovereignty . This is what has been calculated upon . It was , above all , the moral effect that was aimed at—it is by preventive intimidation that it is hoped toprevent revolution , and to secure the strongest chances by placing beforehand the timid on the side of the government .

      The National does not favour the world with ; the extraordinary reasons on which it grounds its opinion that the cannon of the forts could never be employed to put down a revolution ; but it now admits that the forts were intended for that purpose , and will be effective for that end . The National supposes the possibility of an "attempt against the national sovereignty , " which would justify a revolt . ' Why what a humbug this is ' . —as if there was any " national sovereignty ' . ' in France to make an attempt against ! The only sovereignty that exists in that country is the sovereignty of the profit-moneere , guided by a perjured king , and backed by an dverwhelming military force . The " national sovereignty" in France—heavens , what a mockery ! | The National should remember that to its party—the rabid , unprinci p led anti-English war faction—is mainly to be attributed theeinbastillement of Paris : and the Parisians will yet curse those who misled

      them into the tolerating of this hberticidal scheme . It is on the frontiers the integrity of France must ; be maintained . If not maintainable there , no Parisian forts can save France from the foot of the invader . This the crafty old sinner , Louis Philippe , knows very well ; and it was not against foreigners thafj the fortifications were erected , but to keep-down the MASSES of Paris . Poor fools . ' TheybuHtwallstolreep out the English ! If the Parisians had none but the English to guard against , thoy might at once "beat their swords into ploug hshares , and their spears into pruning-hooks . " It is not the stranger without , but the domestic spoliator and oppressor within , whom the Parisians have to fear , and whose rapacity and tyranny they will nOw struggle against in vain . In aiding in the embastillement of Paris , the Natioml and its party have earned for themselves the condemnation of the patriots of all nations .

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      ¦ Field-Garden Operations. For The Week ...

      ¦ FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , May 13 tfc , 1814 . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five smallfarmsdnthe estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . No-well , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfiold . in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acrcseach , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or sis acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within : a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the samcplace . Theconsecutiveoperationsin these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Duet is aided by "Notesand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Newell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      "The wisest men—the greatest philosophers—after in vain seeking for happiness in , every variety of pursuit , have found it in the cultivation of the ground . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , wh » in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give three hours of their labour in the afternopnfor the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools selfsupporting . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the scliool farm ivill he assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach ihem , in addition to reading , writing , d'e , to convert t «« V produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , ivhich at C hristmas may be divided , after paying , rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and bemadethusindirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUSSEX . MasDa—WiUing don School . Boys digging and manuring ground for swede turnips , setting potatoes after tares . Eastdean School * Boys digging and manuring ground for carrots , hoeing tares , awl gathering roots and weeds . ; Piper . Emptying the tank , and mixing liquid with ; ashes , using this , mixture for turnips ; the fly has never meddled t «' i » . than . Bumbrell . Planting potatoes . . - < ToESDAT-T-TriHw ^ oji School . Xhe . sameas yesterday Eastdean School . Boys digging , planting potatoes , hoeing L forward ones ,-ahd tares , collecting ' roots and weeds . Piper . The same as yesterday . ' . D * m-. brell . Setting potatoes , anddi gging .. '¦" .. ¦ Wedhesdav—WWingdon , School . , Boys . digg ing and manuring'for ' swedes . . Eastdean . School . Boys dkring and dibbling mangel wufzel , pouring tank liquid along the drills . Piper . Sowing . turnips ;

      ¦ Field-Garden Operations. For The Week ...

      doing it in June will not answer at Beacliy-head , whatever it may do in a richer soil . Dumbrell . Digging . Ihbrsday— Willingdon School . Boys digging , & c „ torwedes . Eastdean School . Preparing ground ¦ tor turnips , hoeing tares , and putting chalk among -. thertares and wheat . Piper . Cleaning piggery ; ; their urine probably a preventive against the - attack ofthe fly . Dumbrell . Digging . Ijriday— Willingdon School . Boys digging . Ac , for swedes . Eastdean School . Boys preparing for turnips , - rolling tho barley ; sorting potatoes , and housing them . Piper . Sowing turnips . Dumhdl . - Digging .. . .:. . Satubday— Willingdon School . Boys breaking clods , the ground very dry . Eastdean School . Bovs di ' Jgmg , and'sowing garden with lucerne seed , manuring with tank liquid . Piper . Seeking about for mould , planting-cabbages , earthing up beans . Dumbrell . Digging .

      YORKSHIRE . Slaithwaite Tenants . John Bamford , cleaning about and conveying roots to mix with tank H quicL ' COW-FEEDISO . Willingdon School . Cows stall-fed on winter tares and green clover . ' Dum & rcH ' s . Two cows fed . in the stall with Italian rye . grass , afterwards grazed in the pasture , and ^ d morn an even with Italian rye grass . Heifer stalMed with potatoes and hay .

      _ NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . ltaiunw Turnips on the Level . — In the li g ht lauds , with a chalk sub-soil , during a very dry summer , whole fields of turni ps drilled upon ridges failed , while adjacent ones drilled upon the level bore a good crop . From such experience , and after much consideration , : Mri Almacksays , that for white . as well as swede turni ps on thin and dry soils generally , the balance of probable advantage appeared to be in 'favoirrof the level system . —Journal of the R . A . Society of England . ' ¦ . 'Tis harmony , By which all beings are adjusted , each , To all around , impelling and impell'd , In endless circulation .-

      ' - ' - 'E ' en animals subsist On animals ; ' in infinite descent ;' And all so fine adjusted , that the loss - Ot the least species would disturb the Whole . —Thomson . Harmosies ik Natuhb . —In manuring for turnips do not rely upon saline mixtures as substitutes for farm-yard manure . Use them only as auxiliaries , scattered in with the manure partly , and partly as top dressings . ^ You may use guano as a substituteit ueitig of animal origin . —It «« mes from the guano , a bird . The guano lives upon fish and sea carrion .

      Ihese extract the animal matters directly , ' or indirectly , through inferior tribes of beings , " from the waters ofthe doean , and'the ocean receives from the Iand'the excrements of man and animals through its tributary streams—the rivers . Thus , how beautiful the harmony displayed . We allow precious manures to be swept into the sea . They arc not lost . They sustain life in myriads of creatures . After the lapse of centuries ' we gather them from the rocks in foreign climes , and bring them home once more to furnish elements for the food of man .

      Bose Soumos . —The application of bone solution , diluted with much water , has been tried in different parts as a substitute for dung . R . W . Purehas , Esq ., of Chepstow , in Monmouthshire , has published a treatise giving a . detail of , his own , and a summary of many experiments that have been made by others , which : shew the . extraordinary , value of the application . Without acquiescing entirely with M . Leibig , that 401 bsof- . bones so decomposed maybe sufficient for an acre of turnips , we must acknowledge that tlie experiments of the Duke of Richmond , Mr . Laws , Mr . Purehas , and others , prove decisively , that from 3 i to six bushels of dissolved bones , have produced greater crops , than a large quantity of farm-yard , manure , and shewn greater energy of action than , a much greater quantity of bone dust .

      Remarkable Discovert . —Electricity and Agriculture . —The element which now promises to be turned to the mcreaseduses of man in the most extraordinary " way is electricity . Already we find communications made , and conversations sustained , between parties fifty miles apart , with nearly as much rapidity as could be performed by any system , of symbols in the same room . By means ofthe electric telegraph , London is brought into instantaneous proximity with Windsor , Southamp ton , and-other places , and before long there is every reason to expect that communications may be made between all the important parts of tho country in a few seconds . We have already seen some extraordinary examples ofthe effects of this rapid communication , not the least

      strikingiof which was the' capture ot the late unhappy man Tawell . ¦ On the other hand , we now hear of games of chess and whist being sustained and carried on at distances of fifty or sixty-miles , as if the parties were all in the-same room . Hitherto it has been thought that a man having the start for any object by railway was secure from pursuit , but nowtlns new agent will arrest his progress , or anticipate his arrival at any point with more ease than a man on the fleetest horse could overtake anotheron foot . But of all tho uses to which-this new and marvellous agent has been applied , nonef promises such remarkable results as to agriculture : ' It is a principle -which has been long admitted and understood , that electricity had a considerable effect on vegetation ; but it has not

      been till now that any practical application of that aid has been attempted . Of late many experiments have been made , in' a manner , 'too , ' which afford means of judging , not only the comparative result but comparative . cost . And we are bound to say that , they are such , that we look upon this new agent as one likely , before 3 ong , "to produce as great a revolution in agriculture as the inventions of the steamengine or the spinning-jenny have . done : in manufactures . We have before us the result of one experiment on a considerable scale , which , we think , cannot but prove highly interesting to oiir readers . It took place in the north of Scotland , and was made by Dr .

      Forstcr , of Findrassic , near Elgin , who produced from a single acre one hundred and eight bushels of chevalier barley . A portion of a field of barley , to which- the electric application was made , produced last year at the rate of thirteen quarters and ' a half to the acre , while the surrounding land , similarly treated in other respects / produced tho usual quantity of five to six quarters to the acre . The following is a detail ofthe very simple mode in which the electric fluid is collected and applied to influence the land . A field is divided ' into oblong squares , 80 yards long and 601 yards wide , and containing , therefore , just one acre each . The followingIs a plan of such square : —

      At each of the points A , B , C , and D , pegs are driven into the ground ; the external lines represent strong iron wires , extending from and fastened to each of the four pegs , and communicating with each other , so as to form a square of wire , sunk three inches below the surface ; at the points E and F poles are fixed in the ground Jifteen fee t high ; a wire is connected with the cross wire beneath tllO 8 Ul'f & P . O , at the point E , —earned up . the pole and along the centre ofthe square to the top ofthe pole at E , down which it is conducted and fixed to the cross wire beneath the surface at that point . We must here remark that the square must be so formed , to run from north to south , so that the wire passing : from

      E to F shall be at right angles with the equator . It is well known that a considerable body of electricity is generated in the atmosphere , and constantly travelling from east to west with the . motion of the earth . This electricity is attracted by the wire suspended from E to F , and communicated to the wires forming the square under the surface of the ground , from the points A , B , C , and D . It has , however , been suggested to us , by a very competent authority , who has at this moment a number of experiments going forward to test this extraordinary new power in a variety of ways , that any quantity of electricity could be generated that might be required , by placing under the ground , at the point G , a bag of charcoal , and plates of zinc at the point H , and to connect tlie

      two ny a wire passing over two poles similar to those at E and F , and crossing tlie longitudinal wire passingfrom those points . The cost at which this application can be . made is computed at one pound per acre , and it is reckoned to last ten to fifteen years , the wires being carefully taken up and replaced each year . We may mention the result of an experiment on a small scale of tho effect of electricity on vegetation . . Two small parcels of mustard seed were sown —to one electricity , was applied , the other was left to ite usual course : the , result was , that while the former grew three , inches and . a half , the latter grew only , one inch . We . should also state , that the barley iproduced at therate of thirteen quarters and a halt to the acre , weighed nearly two pounds more to the bushel , than any other / in the neighbourhood This

      discovery , is certainly likely to present a very full compensation for the exhaustion of Ichaboe . In reply to several inquiries we may say that the cost ot a square 55 by 22 yards , being an area of half an acret would be—for 0 lib : of iron wire at 4 d per lib ( for : burying ) g ; 4 lib of ditto at 3 d per lib . ( for suspension ) Is ; two poles of dry wood Is ; labour , & c , is j- total 6 s . As the area increases the cost diminishes . . Convenient and desirable areas are , for two acres , jl . 20 by 80 , 2-3 rdsyards ; , one acre , 80 by ' COJ ; » prterj . o [ . a ! iw , 82 i'by 4 i ; half an acre , ' ? V ^ W . by 33 ; quarter of an acre , 55 by 22 ; one eighth of an acre ,, 40 by 15 i . The mode in which the plot is laid out is as follows . With a mariner ' s compass and measured lengths of common string lay out the nlaces for the wooden pins , to which the kmed ynie is attached ( by passing through a small

      ¦ Field-Garden Operations. For The Week ...

      staple ) . Care must be taken to lay the length of the buried wire due north and south by compass , and the breadth due east and west . This wire must be placed from two to three inches deep in the soil . The lines of the buried wire are then completed . The suspended wire must be attached and in contact with the buried wires at both of its ends . A wooden pin with a staple must therefore be driven in , and the two poles ( one fourteen feet and the other fifteen feet ) being olaced by tho compass due north and south , the wire is placed over them , and fastened to the wooden stake , but touching likewise at this point the buried wire . The suspended wire must not be drawn too tight , otherwise the wind will break it ,

      The above calculations will perhaps enable our readers to decide the quality or size of tho wire used . When our attention was . first called to this question , we were forcibly struck with a practical difficulty , if it should be carried very generally into practice , viz ., that- the free electricity in the atmosphere would be insufficient to influence an extensive surface , to which this means of attracting it might be applied . But we were indebted to the suggestions ofthe accomplished geologist and agricultural chemist , the Rev . William Thorp , of Womersley , for the easy and simple mode mentioned in our last , b y which electric fluid could be generated . The prinei pie being once known , the means of applying it are thus furnished without aiiv limit . —Economist .

      Professor Likdio ' s New Manures . — These manures will be brought out very shortly , in order that they may be tried on the present year ' s crops . We understand that the principal ingredients of these manures arc the same as those contained iu the most valuable manures now in use , such as guano , stable dung , & c . ; and their superiority is expected and intended to consist in the more economical application of the ingredients .- At present the most valuable parts of the different manures used are app lied in a state of extreme solubility , and are , = in consequence , washed away by the rains , whilst , in the manures of Liebig , these valuable essences arc combined with substances which cause them to pass very slowly into solution . This is especially the case with the alkalies , which , as at oresent annlied . are lost almost

      immediately , but which , when chemically combined with other substances , are expected to last for years . The following is Professor Liebig ' s account of the principal constituents which it is desirable to combine in any artificial manures , and which it has been his endeavour to combine in his : —Earthy Phosphates : The most important of these is phosphate of lime , which occurs in nature as a mineral called apatite . It is the principal element in bones , which , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived of their animal matter . The rapidity of the effects of phosphate of lime on the growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility ^ _ Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this solubility , if the soil is rich in vegetable matters , which furnish carbonic acid by their decomposition ,

      and which acid is required for rendering the p hosphate of lime soluble in water , and introducing it into the organism of the plants . In the calcined state the bones act sufficiently quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of solubility is wanting , their action is slower . In my work I had recommended the addition of ft certain quantity of sulphuric acid , both in order to render the bones more soluble , and to change the neutral phosphate of the bones into gypsum and into a phosphate which contains more acid ( superphosphate ot lime ) . -I have been informed that this advice has been most extensively adopted , that the superphosphate of lime ; has been found to be a most efficacious manure amrthat it forms alreadv a most important article of commerce . A second " earthy phosphate , not less important , is the phosphate of

      magnesia , which it « well known enters in a still larger 'proportion than the phosphate of lime into the composition of the grain . The Alkaline Phosphates , although not originally found in nature , arc important elements of the seeds of grain , of peas , beans , & c . A rational farmer must provide them in sufficient quantities to those plants which require them for their development , from knowing that human excrements increase the produce in grain in a far greater proportion , because they contain alkaline phosphates , than the animal excrements , in which they do not exist . The Alkalies ( potash and soda ) must be constituents of every rationally'composed manure , because by them the original fertile condition of the fields is preserved . A soil which contains the alkalies in too small a quantity is , perhaps , fertile for

      gram ; but is not necessarily so lor turnips or potatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . By supplying an alkaline manure , fallows , or-the cultivation of'those plants which are grown during the time of fallowing , becoine less necessary . Sulphate of Potash is a constituent of all plants , although in small quantity , as-well as coimnon rait and chloride of potassium , which are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , especially gypsum , are important nourishment for the leguminous plants . . Silica is never wanting iu all sorts of soils—it is a constituent of all rocks , by the ! decomposition of which all productive soils are formed , and the cerealia find it everywhere in sufficient quantity , and in a form capable of being taken up by the plants , if the alkalies are provided wherever they are present in too

      small quantity . Salts of Ammonia : It can be regarded as certain that the azote of the plants is derived either from the ammonia of the atmosphere or from the manure which is provided in the shape of animal fluid and solid excrements , and that'azotic compounds exercise an effect on the growth of plants only in so for as they give up their azote in the form of ammonia dnring tlieir aecomuosition and decay . We may , therefore , profitably replace all the azotic substances with compounds of ammonia . Decaying vegetable matters , which contain carbon , are useful to the fields in so far as they provide a source of carbonic acid ; but they are not quite indispensable in manure , if the latter be rationall y combined , as the atmospheric air is an inexhaustible source of carbonic acid , from which the plants draw their carbon , if , in the manure , the mineral substances are provided which

      are necessary for the assimilation of the carbonic acid . These are the substances which together give fertility to the soil ; but , although each of them may , under certain circumstances ( viz ., where the soil is defective in it , or where it is not indifferent to the plant to take up one instead of the other , as for instance , may be the case with soda instead of potash ) , increase the fertility , no one of them can be regarded as manure , according to the common meaning of the word , for the simple reason that only all of them , in certain proportions , will fulfil the purpose for which the common manure is applied . This purpose is the restoration , or an increase of the original fertility , and by manure we must replace all the elements oi the plants which have been taken away in harvest , or which are contained in the plants which \ vc arc desirous to cultivate .

      The Miohiy "We . "— On Monday last , the Botanical Society of Huddersfield held what they pompously termed a public meeting , at which some score or two of persons were present . Tlieir object was to present to Dr . Coffin , lecturer on Medical Botany , or Botanical Medicine , an address , and a silver inkstand . Some calumny having been cast upon the Doctor since his last visit to Huddcrsfield , his botanical disciples there and then agreed to the following resolution , ready cut and dried for the occasion— " That ll'c ( the people of lluddersfield ) 1 in public meeting assembled , having heard the vile and slanderous assertions made by Mr . David Ross against Dr . Cofnn j < ind . the said David Itoss having shrunk from publicly maintaining the same , after

      tlie opportunity had been offered him ; the said David lloss having declared that lie would at the first opportunity prove . ihe s ; tid charges to be true , Ife ( the people ot Hudderstield ) ? are constrained to affix to the name of David Ross , the names of base calumniator and private slanderer ; and ive arc of opinion that he is unworthy the confidence of our party . " It is to be hoped Mr . Boss will not expire under the slashing censure of "The people of lluddersfield , " amounting to a few score of Botanists , whose language appears to have been extracted from the Savans of Botany Bay . [ The foregoing is taken from the Leeds Intelligencer of Saturday last . With that journal , we trust that the censure so liberally bestowed on Mr . Ross by the mighty "WE " of Huddcrsfield—a tailor , a packer , and a carpenter

      ?will not have a very fated effect . With the merits of the dispute between Mr , Ross and Dr . Coffin we do not meddle . Wc know not whether tlie hero of Cayenne Pepper is to be ranked along with the Brandy and . Salt , the Movrisonian Pill , and the Galvanic Ring gentry : but we do know that the bitter censure conveyed in the above pompous and silly " resolution" does not denote a righteous confidence in a good cause . It is more the act of a bully than that of a scientific man . and if Dr . Cojiit had anything to do with its concoction , or countenanced its adoption by the score or two of adherents to ' Aw mode of curing disease he gave both himself and system » blow . which it will take much to recover from . Tho man of science depends on facts , He has no need to resort to the calliii" of names , or the administration of

      public '' censure . " . When he abandons tho , platform ot' / act , and sheltershimself behind the dirty mound of " calumny" and " slander , " he proclaims his own weakness , and degenerates what ought to be a scientific dispute into a fishwives ' . brawl . Respecting tho impudent and pompous " resolution" . itself—the arrogant and lyin g assumption contained in . the . " WE , the people of lluddersfield , " there need little , be said—as we happen to know its author , arid know that it is an exact ?' sketch " . of his own " character " . rr false , treacherous , inflated , lying , andhtackguard fy ., The , censure of such a lump of ignorant pomposity and dark-heated treachery will redound more . to Jar . Ross ' s credit , than if he . had been . the recipient ot . the slavering praises of the " cftfe 6 atfuio " . botanist . TEo . N . S . ] ' . ' ¦" .-

      Ittokt Mmumt* ;1(

      ittokt Mmumt * ; 1 (

      London Coiw Exchange, Monday, May $R-The...

      London Coiw Exchange , Monday , May $ r-The arrivals of ' English wheat were only moderate during the past week , and ofbariey , oate , b ^^ andne ^ , tho receipts coastwise were quite ^ triflin | . With ^ the excep tion of a few hundred quarters , of oats jwehad no supplies from Scotland , and from Ireland the

      London Coiw Exchange, Monday, May $R-The...

      arrivals « ms ? si « l of ft moderate quantity ofthe iast named grain and a couple oi ' , iumdred sacks of flow . The supplies of foreign com have not been large during tlie last eiirht days , a' emalr cargo of wheat from Launceston , some barley and ' oa ts from tfcenorth of Europe , and several thousand qjjjjrters of beam from Alexandria and tlie Mediterranean , constituting the entire arrival . At this moruingft market -there was again a moderate show of wh ^ at 1 # ; Iand-carnaflB samples from the home counties , nor , yaa there much spring corn fresh up , cither of . British or foreign , growth . The demand for wheat , was of tho . samt retail nature as last week , and . jsome difficulty was experienced in effecting salesat previous pricw ; factors were however , tolerably firiii , anp : j ; he business dona was atabouttlie currency of Monday last . Thetransao liy \* . < . ! h i * . .. I * . 1 T ' - . i . liAnf ... n .. t . nlo / k AH O Cltl « , /» tlw

      retail scale , and quotatjons niidcijwont no alteration , requiring notice . Iiiiboud nothing ^ whatever was done . 1 ' lour hung ' : heavily oij hand , $ it neither town nor country lpai ^ utacturedwiischeappr . The inquiry for barley was , exceedingly slow ; scKer ^ were , however , unwilling to subnut to any further ( decline , aiid the trifling sales made , realised the rates , current < m this day se ' niiiglit .. Malt , was likewise " , taken off very tardil y , and its previous vnlue was barely supported . For oats there , was a steady demand , and tho recent advance was well , maintnined for all dpacripturns of corn .. Beans , ijotwitjistaiiding the forei gn arrival , were taken on miicJl , tho samcterms as before . Peas were also saleable , ' a £ tlie recent enhancement . In seeds there was very littlo . passing , and quotations have become nearly nominal .. . . . ,.

      CUBRENT PRICES OF . GRAIN , . PER IMPERIAL QUARTER .-British .,. ,, ^ , 8 , te Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 48 Wliite 49 5 * Norfolk and Lincoln , . . ' . ' do 43 ' 47 Ditto 48 50 iVorthum . and Scotch-white' 48 47 ' Fine 48 52 : —JrisH red old 0 0 Red 42 44 Wliite 46 48 Rye < Old 30 31 New .. 28 80 Brank 34 35 Barley Grinding . . 26 27 Distil . 28 30 Malt . 30 32 Malt Brown .... 51 50 Pale , 56 60 Ware 62 63 Beans Ticks old it new 32 35 Harrow 34 38 Pigeon 39 42 Peas Grey 35 36 Maple 37 ' 88 White 37 88 Oats Lincolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 24 28 Irish White 20 22 Black 20 21 iFcr 2801 b . net . s s Per 280 lb . net . ; s Town-made Flour . . . 42 U Sar & lk < fe Stocfcfcm . 32 38 Essex ami Kent .... 34 35 Irish 34 35

      Free . Bond Foreign , 1 e t 1 Wheat , Dahtsic , Konigsburg , ifcc , 52 5 G 3 fi 38 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 61 32 31 Danish , Holstein , and Vrieshndred 42 45 2 $ 28 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 4 t ! 26 28 Italian , Red . . 46 48 White ... 50 52 28 33 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 50 28 33 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 29 31 ( Jndricd . . 29 30 20 21 Barley , Grinding . 25 2 C Malting . . 30 32 20 28 Beans , Ticks . . 32 31 Egyptian . 33 34 25 28 Peas , ¦ ¦ . White . . 36 38 Maple . . 35 37 28 39 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russian feed , 20 21 15 18 Danish , Fricsland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 24 26 19 29

      Losbon Smiihfild Cattle Market , Mosday , May 5 . —During the past week the Giraffe , Ocean , and Batavicr steamers have arrived in the river from Rotterdam , having on board 101 oxen and cows together with 8 calves , in , for the most part ^ -though their quality has proved by no means so prime as we have noticed on some previous occasions—fair average condition . The number of foreign beasts here to-day did not exceed 25 , and which mostly found buyers at full rates of cun-ency- ^ viz ., from £ W to . tLSper head . Tho calves were worth from £ 310 s . to £ i 5 s . each . At the outports no stock has been received from Holland ; but several imports are shortly expected at Hull . Itwillbcobservedffomourweeklyretunisthat a very great increase has taken place in the importations of Dutch beasts this season compared with those

      of last , yet we are quite of opinion—judging from the accounts which have just come to hand—that a further improvement will be noticed in them for some time hence . Although a portion of the beasts and sheep here to-day was suffering from the epidemic , the disease presented itself in a mitigated form , and very few losses have been experienced in transmitting the supplies to our market . On the whole , tho numbers of beasts here this morning , derived from our own districts , were seasonably extensive , while a slightimprovement wasapparcntiii those reeeivediVom Norfolk . The dead markets being well cleared of their late arrivals , ihe weather somewhat favourable to slaughtering , and the attendance of buyers rather numerous , the beef trade was active , at an improvement in the currencies obtained on this day sc ' miujht

      of quite 2 d per 8 lb , the priiuost Scots and homebreds readily producing 4 s 2 d per 8 lb , at which a good clearance was effected . Mr . Yorley had on sale 10 of the most extraordinary shorthorns , fed by Mr . 6 . Everett , of Caslow , near Yarmouth , we almost ever recollect to luwe witnessed here at this season ofthe year . These perfect animals—which weighed about 140 stones—were disposed of at ahigh price , and dispatched per railway to Bristol . The supply of store things was rather limited , while the transactions in them , from the more plentiful supply of grass , were at - somewhat improved quotations . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , were . 1500 Scots , homebreds , and shorthorns from the northern counties ; 200 shorthorns from the western and midland districts ; 300 llcrelbrds , runts , Devons

      & e ., from other parts of England ; 250 of various breeds ; and , from Scotland , 200 Scots . The most important feature in to-day ' s market was the activity in the mutton trade , and the great improvement in the currencies . For instance , the best old downs produced 5 s per 8 lb withont difficulty— other breeds selling readily at aproportionate advance . Itappeaxa to be the pretty general opinion that a further enhanced value will be speedily realised . From the Isle of Wight we received 240 lambs , but from other parte the arrivals were rather limited . The lamb trade was . active , at fully Friday ' s improved quotations . The veal trade was steady , at 2 d per 8 lb more money . Pigs , 100 of which were Irish , moved off slowly at late rates . By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal .

      s , d , s , d . Inferior coarse beasts ... 2 8 it 0 Second quality .... 3230 Prime large oxen . . . . 3 8 3 10 Prime Scots , & c 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 3 4 ;; 10 Second quality .... 4 0 4 4 Prime coarse woolkft ... 4 C 4 8 Prime Southdown . . . 4 10 5 0 Lambs 5 0 6 4 Large coarse calves .... 3 8 4 2 Prime small 4 4 J 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 9 3 o 0 Large hogs ..... 3030 Keat small porkers . . . 3 8 4 0 Quarter-old store pigs , each . 16 0 2 c 0 HEAO OF CATTIE ON SA 1 E . ¦

      ( From the Books ofthe Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 915-Sheep and Lunibs , 20 , 650—Calves , 103—Pigs , 320 . Richmond Corn Market , Saturday , May-3 . — We have a heavy market of all kinds of grain . —Wheat sold from 5 s . 3 d . to 6 s . Cd . ; oats 2 s . 4 d . to 3 s . ; barley , 3 s . Gd . to 4 s . ; beans 4 s . 3 d . to 4 s . 7 d . per bushel . . LwEnrook Cons Market , Monday , May 5 . — . There has been a moderately good supply of Irish produce during this week , but from our own coast , or from abroad , the arrivals are trifling . A reduction of Is . per quarter on beans is the onl y alteration in the duties . The sales of wheat have still been almost confined to the demand within our own locality , and prices have further receded fully Id . per bushel . Fine quality of Irish red wheat has been sold at lis Gd ., and goud fair samples at Gs 2 d to 6 s 4 d per 70 lbs .,

      being the lowest range of quotations tor this kind 01 grain since last harvest . In foreign wheat there have been only a few casual transactions , but the value ifi scarcely altered . Tlie market-13 full Of ttlG'K flour , and the sale rather heavy . Irish superfine has been sold at 33 s to 35 s ., extra superfine up to 37 s per 280 lbs . Since our last week's report the weather has continued as favourable as piwsible for the country , and the demand for Spring coin has rather fallen off . Tho best Irish mealing oats have been held with lirmnessfor 2 sIl ^ d , but very good mealingquality was disposed at 2 s lid per 45 lbs . Choice cuts of oatmeal have commanded late rates . The malting season being nearly over , fine English barley has been offered at a decline of 2 s to 3 s per quartet ' , but there has been no alteration in grinding descriptions . Beans and uctas . have eacli veecikd ( 5 d to U v-w quartet .

      Manchester Cons Market , Saturday , May . 3 . — With a continuance of most favourable weather since 1 our last report , the demand for flour has been on the 1 same restricted scale as previously noted , fresh made i parcels of the very choicest quality only having ; supported their value . Oats and oatmeal have been 1 in fair request , without change in . prices . A very f limited inquiry was experienced for wheat at our r market thismorning , and all descriptionsniignt have 8 been purchased on rather easier ,.- terms . Flour r continued to move off slowly , but prime fresh qualities a cannot be quoted lower ; whilst stale granaricd d parcels were extremely difficult ol" sale and nominal il in value . There was a moderate demand for both h . oats and oatmeal , at the currency of this day ly se ' nnight . Beans in fair request at fully previous us rates . — —

      Liverpool Gattlv , Market , Monday , May 5 . There is little or no alteration to quote in the number & z or quality of stock at our market from our last ^ week ' s c ' a statement , the supply being an average one , for . this tua time of the year . Therewas a numerous attendance ice of buyers , with an advance in price . " - Beef" 5 ? d . to to 6 Jd :, mutton 7 d . to 7 id . per lb . —Gattleimportcd into it *> Liverpool , from the 28 th April to the 6 th .-March : — : — Hit cows , 15 calves , 3030 sheep , 478 lambs , 7 M ' M pigs ; 46 )) horses . ¦ " ' ¦ '¦ }¦/ . ' . , ; .. ' i ; 6 bk Cons Market , Mat 3 . —We have not a kvge rge . show of any description of graihatourmarket to-day , lay ,

      but what has beci y jhdwliiis . quite equal to the de- demand . W ^ teafr'fcas slo « salesat a decline of Is per pes quarter : ' Barle ' y ; oa & ' . ahd beans , in request , at fully ullj last week ' s rates * • ' •; '• ' : ! - -.. ¦ ¦ -, ' ,, Li j ijs ^ CoRj . M ^ bwst , / Tuesday ^ May 6 . —QiaQux ; amvals of wheat this ' , week' are iar ^ e , - but we havaliavai only S ™* 11 -suppjies iof all . other gram for this da / slaVM market ^;/ Wheat . is . slow dull sale , land laatwcck ' ^ ck ' ^ prices „» r " e barely . mamtainbd on tbklimited busincssincsgg passing . ; , For fre 8 h . malting barley : there is yet a folia faiii inquiry ; |! The value' of pato / . 3 f t ; -v ^) ; snpjpprtetl .- ' Uiecl .- 'IxBi consequence ofthe scarcity ,-. andteaa & Mc the tunc tuvss # R her , ; . _ ....: ' ... ; . -, . , . ; r . . . . , :..... _ .,.. ; ..,.,.. ; ... ¦ i j ; . . ¦ . '¦ " ' ; '' '• '¦¦'• 'V . i .- / 'V -. ,,.,..., . . -. i .. < ., - .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 10, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_10051845/page/7/