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Northern Star (1837-1852), 8th February 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 4, ABSOLuWSM OP the Lancashire Millocrats.—...

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    • THE NORTHERN-STAR. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 1845 .
    • m lUfocvt and (Zovmwvtotnt*
    • ~~.^————— THE LAST " FREE TRADE" DODGE.
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      ; ¦ . _ __ _........, .,„_ _„. _,.. . - ...

      ; ¦ . _ __ _ ........, ., „_ _„ . _ ,.. . - - ¦ jfM ^ -n- ^^ j ^ , Februaky ana **

      ,=^. , .—. Grand Soiree In Honour Of The...

      ,= ^ . , . — . GRAND SOIREE IN HONOUR OF THE " PEOPLE ' S" REPRE SENTATIVE , T . S . BUNCOMBE , ESQ . This demonstration , the anticipation of wbichhas excited oonsideraWfiinterest " cameoff" attte White Conduit House Tavern , on Monday eveningv ^ 3 rd . At the hour announced a highly W **~ able and numerous party sat down tc > * f ™* splendid assembly room . At the top table we observed T . S- Danconibe , M . P- ; the Rev . A . S . Wade 1 LLK , J . Buncombe , Esq . ; R . Gorman , ^ t i ^ ™ i W ^ rfSq Mr . S ! K ^ -Prr SeofwSS : Most of Winfluentk trades of themeColis had also their representatives pre

      s to the motion of Mr . -Balk , the Rev . Dr . Wade was unanimously called to the chair . Tlie tables bein" cleared , the gallery , as well as the spacious room became densely crowded . The Rev . Chaihmay read letters speaking in the highest terms of Mr . Buncombe ' s Parliamentary labours , and regretting their inability to be present , from J- Pattison , Esq ., M . P . ; W . S . Crawford , Esq ., M . P . ; Colonel Thompson ; and T . Wakley , Esq ., M . P . The Chairman then proposed the first sentiment— "The People : may they soon obtain their just rights . " He had great pleasure in pro-C ' ig this sentiment , for his sympathies had ever with the people , and his earnest desire for the emancipation of labour . ( Cheers . ) The long-endured

      wrongs of the many have sharpened then- appetite for knowledge , and the increased and increasing knowledge of the industrious millions , has placed them in a position to act upon a former suggestion of Sir . R . Peel , viz ., to "take their affairs into their own hands , ' and by union and organisation obtain their just social rishts . ( Loud cheers . ) With this hope he had joined the national movement for the Charter , and now he had the honour to preside over this splendidandnumerous asscmblageofthepcople . That honour was greatly increased by the meeting being held within the borough of Fiusbury , which had earned for itself the profound gratitude of the people of Great Britain and Ireland , by returning to Parliament that honest , eloquent , and indefatigable

      representative of the interest's of the industrious millions of wealth producers , Thomas Slingsby Duncombe , Esq . ( Loud and prolonged cheering . ) He was happy to hear that the inteffigent and important seefcon of the people , " the Trades of Great Britain , " had again resolved to rally their forces , to associate , and to unite for their social rights . If once nationally united , and guided by intelligence , their vir tuous efforts must be crowned with success , despite the false political economy and false philosophy of ihe Messrs . Chambers , whose-efforts to poison the public mind had been completely defeated by a seasonable and highly talented publication , entitled " Chambers' Phflosophy refuted : or , the Employer and Employed , " from the pen of their esteemed

      friend Feargus O'Connor . ( Tremendous cheering . ) The reverend gentleman then lashed most severely what he termed their anti-Christian and Malihusian . doctrines , and ably defended the opposite principic by Scriptural texts and well reasoned arguments . Mr . Duneombe , to whom all honour was justly due , had _ taken a decided and pre-emincntly noble position in Parliament , happily blending the plulaathropist with the politician . In that house he was the advocate of those great principles which emancipated America from British oppression , and gave freedom to Switzerland , despite the Austrian Tyrant : principles which would give lull and complete justice to Ireland ; the principles embodied in that glorious document , the People ' s Charter ( loud cheers ) , which the Trades

      would find indispensable to protect their social rights when they had obtained them ; principles , the adoption of which would render the people happy and secure , and England herself " Great , glorious , and free . " The worthy Doctor resumed his seat amid great applause . Mr . T . Clark , M . E . G ., responded . He said he Supposed Sir Robert Peel would say his section of the Tories were the people ; while Lord John Russell would say the Finality Men constituted the people ; Jdr . D * Israeli and Mr . Ferrand would say Young England were the people ; while the Anti-Corn Law League would not be backward in putting in their chum for the honour ; but he contended that it was the masses who constituted the people . Air . Clark continued to speak at some length in vindication of the rightful sovereignty of the people , and concluded a very eloqcent address amidst loud cheers .

      Mr . R . Mooke proposed the second sentiment" Thomas Slingsby Duneombe , Esq ., the faithful representative of the industrious millions in the House of Commons . " ( Great ' cheering . ) ^ Nothing but a paramount sense of the gratitude due to Mr . Duneombe could have induced him to address them . The great , generous , and unexpected services rendered by Mr . Duneombe So the nation demanded the gratitude of the whole" people . He ( Mr . Duneombe ) was not the mere representative of the £ 10 householders : for it was acfarowledged by all that he had justly earned for himself the title of representative of the labouring millions . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Duneombe was the only man who boldly and manfully in his place in Parliament , advocated the principles

      of the People ' s Charter . ( Immense applause . ) Sir . Ddxcombe , in rising to acknowledge the sentiment , was received with themostvociferous applause . After a fewintroductory remarks , the hon . gentleman proceeded to say , that he certainly did not believe that the session about to commence would entitle itself , any more than sessions gone by , to the thanks of the millions . They would recollect the vagaries and pranks that were performed last session ; they would remember their votes with reference to the sugar question , given under the threat of resignation on the part of the Tory Administration , whilst the tergiversation of members of the House of Commons with regard to the Factory Bill could never be forgotten . One night they voted that ten hours were amply

      sufficient for the women and children of the men of England to labour , and that they carried by a small majority . Tlie next evening down went the Premier , and he said to them , " Gentlemen , if you won't make the women , and daughters , and young children of England work for twelve hours a day , the country will cease to be governed by a Tory Administration . " The former vote was rescinded , and at this moment the women of England were paying the price of a Tory Administration by being compelled to work twelve hours in those obnoxious factories , when every man of feeling must admit that , looking not only to file wages , but also to the nature of the occupation itself , ten hours was too much for the fragile frames of women and young children . ( Great cheering . ) Those

      questions of course , would not come on- during the present session . They had been disposed of ; but if any attempt should be made again to introduce them the whole thing would be a mere delusion . If they could be passed to-morrow , the next day they would lie rescinded , and if such a measure were again pro-Sosed he , for his part , would not be a party to such a elusion : he would not be made a fool of by my Lord Ashley or by anybody else , voting one day for eight hours , " then for ten , and then , because the Premier told him , wheel about and turn about , and rescind his former votes . ( Cheers . ) Such treatment was an insult and a mockery , not only to the members themselves , but t « all whom they represented . ( Cheers . ) The new session was to commence

      to-morrow and , of course , the old farce would then commence . About five o ' clock the Speaker would inform the house that at two o ' clock he was in the House of Lords , where her Majesty had been pleased to make a most gracious speech ; and then he would say that , to prevent anymistake , he had been fortunate enough to procure a copy of it . The members would then begin to congratulate Mm on his good fortune . Then , two gentlemen in arm j rifc would get . up to move and second the address , nnKcli every one who had ever taken . the trouble to read an address would know to be nothing but an echo of . the speech . ( Cheers . ) The speech would commence by telling them that she congratulated herself and the country on the sood fcelins and frendship which she

      ex-! > perienccd from all foreign Powers . How much more satisfactory if she could - tell them that from one end of her own kingdom to the other there was ' nothing but happinessand contentment . ( Hear . ) They -would also hear a something of the property and income-tax . Sir Robert would say that he had got ; a great surplus . Then how was he to dispose of it ? Some wanted him to repeal the income-tax , the farmers wanted the malt-tax repealed , the manufacturers would ask for a repeal of the duty on raw materials . Sir Robert would be beset on all sides , and would hardly know how to get out of Ms difficulty ; then they would say to Sir Robert , as he had once said to the Whigs— " If you call hs in , we'll tell you how to do it" ( a laugh ); and if he ( Mr . Duneombe

      were called in , he'd soon tell them what to do . He would tell them to call in the people , who would soon let the Government know what sort of taxation they would submit to by which the revenue of the country might be improved and maintained . ( Great cheer ing . ) With regard to the opening of letters at the Post-office , he could tell them that it was not his intention to let the matter rest . The very last day of the last session he gave notice that at an early opportunity he should call the attention of the house to the uncertain and vague character ofthe Report of the Secret Committee , and to-morrow he should renew that notice ( Applause . ) After some further remarks ,

      , laudatory of Trades' Unions , Mr . Duneombe conduded bv stating his delight that his past career had met wltfi their approbation . Their good esteem was the only reward ne sought , and , as he had it now at the commencement of the session , he hoped that when Its labours should be over he should equally carry with him their good opinion and regard . ( Loud and continued cheers . ) Mr . G . Gkasbt , of the original Society of Carpenters , proposed thenext sentiment— "Trades' Associations , and their able and eloquent defender , Feargus O'Connor . " Mr . G . briefly expatiated on the utility of Trades'Associations , and the great ser' vice rendered the Trades by the Northeni Star .

      Mr .. J . Beket , the representative of 10 , 000 Lancashire Miners , on rising was welcomed by loud and long applause . He said the Miners had recentl y seen in the only "Trades Journal , " the Northern Star , a

      ,=^. , .—. Grand Soiree In Honour Of The...

      | par agraph stating that a preliminary Conference was to beheld in London , to arrange for a National Conference of Trades , and feeling very grateful for the support they had reeeivedfrom the Trades of London , during their late strike , their union of 10 , 000 paying members had sent up _ , to express their desire to render every assistance in their power to carry the plan into operation . ( Loud cheers . ) The Miners had seen the necessity of a general union . Large as their bodywas , they found that isolated trades could effect nothing , therefore were they prepared to go heart and soul into a general and national plan of organisation . ( Loud cheers . ) JFeargub O'Connor , Esq ., on rising was greeted with every demonstration ot applause , loud and long

      continued . He said there was a pleasure in Irving down persecution and slander . ( Great cheering . That night closed the twelfth year of his acquaintance with the people of London . He rejoiced that he still enjoyed their confidence and esteem . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Duneombe had discovered that a member of Parliament was useless in that House , unless backed by the voice of the people—( cheers ); and he ( Mr . O'Connor ) was happy to find that there was now a public mind to back the exertions of Mr . Duneombe . Well , the Trades were to meet , and tlm question of surplus labour must have their attention . Democracy was now treading on the heels of aristocracy . He had always said the aristocracy of the Trades was the worst of all aristocracy , and most to be dreaded .

      Now , the democracy of tho church was treading on the heels of its aristocracy—tho democracy of land on the heels of its aristocracy — the democracy of the Trades on [ the heels of its aristocracy . Was it not odd that just as the House was about to meet , even here in London , Mr . Duneombe was the only member who met the people to receive their renewed pledges and support . The Northern Star had received honourable mention at their hands . ( Loud cheers . ) He had the honour of starting and establisMng that journal , and was happy to find his labours were appreciated , In conclusion , he would say to the Trades , organise ! Hold your Conference ! Do it , and be saved : leave it alone , and you will perish ! Mr . O'Connor sat down amidst the most tremendous cheering .

      Mr . G . Toomet proposed the next sentiment" Thomas Wakley , Esq ., and the other members of Parliament who support Mr . Duneombe in his exertions on behalf of the people . " The speaker referred to Mr . Wakley ' s exertions on behalf of the Dorchester labourers , for which he should ever feel grateful . Whenever Mr ; Duneombe proposed a measure for the amelioration of the people ' s rights , Mr . Wakley was thereto back him , and though he had not been so often amongst them as they could wish , yet in Parliament he was ever ready to defend their rights , proving himself the honest and honourable representative of Finsbury and the worthy coadjutor of Mr . Duneombe . ( Great applause . ) Mr . Sxme proposed a vote of thanks to the chairman , which was seconded by Mr . F . O'Connor and carried by acclamation .

      The Chairman responded , and said he held it to be the duty of the clergy to be servants of the people , and not the slaves and parasites of the aristocracy . ( Loud cheers . ) Three cheers were then given for Mr . Duneombe , and three for the Charter ; and this portion of the Soiree concluded . The Ball was respectably and numerously attended , and did not close till two o ' clock .

      'Rf+Ff^-Rsr+^^^Hrs^^S^S-*-** —^ Great Ii...

      'rf + ff ^ -rsr + ^^^ Hrs ^^ s ^ s- * - ** —^ Great IIejoicixg of the Staffohdshiee Mixers . —The return of the four Miners , in the custody of the gaoler , threw a sad gloom over the spirits of the Miners of Sf ^ ordshire , and had it not been dissipated by the glorious news of then- release , which speedily followed their' re-commitment to the dungeon , the Union would have received " a heavy blow and great discouragement . " When it was known that the poor fellows were r ^ ommitted , the stipendiary , and his great " unpaid" coadjutor , were seen trotting from place to place , chuckling and proclaiming their triumph over the "demagogue" Roberts . Sunday intervening between the fust and second hearing of the case , enabled the monsters to make

      tlie most of then ; triumph : but lo ! what a change came o ' er the spirit of their dream , when Monday ' s I tost brought the sad intelligence of the triumph of the aw . O , Sir I it was glorious news , and right gloriously was it demonstrated . The glad tidings flew like lightning through the country . Every pick was thrown aside ; every old man app ' eared to have cast off his age ; the cripple threw away his crutch ; and every nianwas proud to be a Miner on that day . Never did eyes behold such a spectacle . The earth seemed to stir ; the banners were hoisted in the breeze ; the bands played merry tunes , and appropriate ones too , sir . They played " O dear what can the matter" be ? " as the thousands of light-hearted victors entered Longton : and when they arrived

      opposite the bank of Justice Harvey , the committing magistrate , for he is a banker , sir , they struck up "See the conquering hero comes , " and cheered , and cheered , and cheered again ; thus evincing their triumph over their assilants . I must now conclude , sb , by a ^ uring you that tMs circumstance has gone far to ^ confirm all classes of labour of the necessity of union . There was a glorious meeting in the evening , over which another victim of tlie "hell-hounds" presided ; but it would be impossible to describe the enthusiasm and unanimity that prevailed . It must not be unnoticed that the working classes generally , throughout the Potteries , joined in the demonstration , and participated in the rejoicing of the Miners .

      The Horse Nailmakers of Helper to ihe Public . —We , the horse nailmakers of Belper , in appealing to you for sympathy and support , beg to make our case known to yon , feeling assured that a simple statement of facts will have more weight in our favour than any other appeal which we might make . Owing , as we conceive , to the unnecessary and destructive competition of the master manufacturers , we have been saddled with reductions , and stinted in the quantity we must make , from time to time , till we had fully entertained the idea that no further attempt to reduce our scanty earnings would be made ; indeed we are sunk down to the lowest point , and can bear it no longer . There has been no

      regular stated price for some time , some have given one price and some another , and now they have given us notice of another reduction—to this we cannot , we ought not , and we will not consent ; for ouv habitations , from the scanty pittance we have been enabled to take home for the support of ourselves , our wives , and our little ones , are the abodes of wretchedness and poverty . Our wages have not exceeded from five to seven shillings per week , and to resist a further reduction , we have been compelled to strike . The number of men on strike since the 21 st of January has been about 250 . All subscriptions to be forwarded to Joseph Watson , Nag ' s Head , Belper , Derbyshire .

      The Northern-Star. Saturday, February 8, 1845 .

      THE NORTHERN-STAR . SATURDAY , FEBRUARY 8 , 1845 .

      The Royal Prologue. ," The Introductory ...

      THE ROYAL PROLOGUE . , " The introductory sketch by which the sessional performance for 1845 has been presented to us in the parliamentary text of her Majesty , is , to say the least of it , the cleverest , if not the most satisfactory , production of the kind that has come under notice since royal speeches occupied any portion of our attention . The unostentatious praise bestowed on living Toryism at the expense of departed Whiggery , was so nettling to the dead , that Lord John could not

      forego the opportunity of echoing acquiescence from the tomb , accompanied with the consolation that the existing " prosperity" was a consequence of policy " cadged" from the Whig ledger ; and this , with a timely lamentation for the loss sustained by the resignation of Mr . Gladstone , together with the confirmation of his lordship ' s assertion by the Lord Chief Justice DEXMAxwithreferencetothe Irish state trials , was all the opposition that , for the present , the noble lord could offer to the " echo" of the speech .

      The various forms , however , in wMch John Bull will see the tax-gatherer ' s hand represented in the Ministerial kaleidoscope , leads us to the idea that the " echo" has not altogether subsided , and that there is yet a lurking rumble similar to that which slumbers for a tune amid the Killarney hills , and at length revives when all thought of response has vanished . Most people are aware that there is a spot near the lower lake , where , if the question is asked , " How do you do , Paddy Blake ? " Echo , after much apparent reflection , responds " Very well , I thank you , howare ; you ? " The very pertinent feelers thrown out in the royal speech are , one and all , apparently delicate in their touch ; but John Bull will discover , upon their more dear

      elucidation by the Minister , that upon each finger there is a nail , and in every nail there is a scratch . We have very little to do with those paragrap hs which refer to the visits of the Russian Autocrat and the King of the French , further than to observe , that if there is truth in the eighth paragraph , her Majesty must be a most consummate hypocrite , and for this reason ; if her sentiments upon the occasion of his Majesty ' s visit were in unison with all classes of her subjects , they were anything but friendly to her royal guest . In the tenth paragraph we discover a finisher 0 all hope entertained by-the ( several grievance * mongers of any remission of their peculiar burdens f rom the Minister ' s surplus . The malt tax , the raw

      The Royal Prologue. ," The Introductory ...

      our steam navigation ; ' nor indeed should vre at all object to the item , if " protection for labour " constitut « d any portion of that service to whose interest this department is to be devoted . And now we come to the consideration of what , to us , appears to constitute the difference between the royal speech in question , as far as it is an index of Ministerial intention , and all others of the same " genus" —we mean the policy to be pursued towards Ireland .

      From the moment that the question of " Repeal " was first mooted , we have been most ardent supporters of the measure . ; and in assigning reasons for our poUcy , we have always attached paramount im-r portance to ihe effect that a domestic resident aristocracy must have on the habits , manners , and customs of the Irish people ; entertaining a wellgrounded notion that a liberal system of education would develope the nobler characteristics of a generous people , and hold the . grosser passions in subjection . In speaking generally upon the principle of education , we have asserted that " the ignorance of a people is the tyrant ' s best title to power ; " and we

      must naturally infer that the Minister who is favourable to the extension of education and the diffusion of knowledge , is desirous that the Government . of . the country -should be the reflex of popular wisdom , rather than the representative of class caprice and supremacy . In arguing the advantages likely to result from the People ' s Charter , we have placed the acquirement of knowledge , as the means of giving full effect to the righteous principle , as paramount to all other considerations , and we have invariably contended with the " educational" Chartists , that upon the success of the political principle a general system of education must depend .

      For these reasons we cannot withhold our just meed of praise from Sir Robert Peel for , his contemplated improvement of the Irish people , even in spite of the taunts of the Plumptreb , the Ingliseb , the Saints , and the Sinners ; and while we regard with contempt that Ministerial diplomacy which would call in the aid of the Pope to assist in the suppression of political agitation , we can , nevertheless , attach due importance to measures which will enable a very sagacious and knowledge-loving people to enforce their own claims for such reform as in their wisdom they should decide on , even to the separation of the two countries . We confess that we were prepared for some sweeping measure of " equality ; " while we further admit that the reality promises to surpass our most

      sanguine anticipations . Her Majesty has , at the same time , directed attention to the report of the Devon Commission , which is shortly to belaid before Parliament ; and although the majority of our cotemporaries , together with ourselves , have entertained no very sanguine hope from the , said Commission , yet is it not at all improbable that the inquiry was instituted for the purpose of making but a case which would justify Ministerial interference with the " rights" of Irish property , Before the report from the Devon commission is laid upon the table , we apprise the Minister that the several grievances under which the Irish people will be found to labour , arise , firstly , from the uncertainty of tenure ; and , secondly , from the inefficiency of the law to protect a tenant of steel against the injustice of the landlord of straw .

      As it is -our intention to-analyse the promised report , when it makes its appearance , we abstain from further comment on the subject at present ; and therefore , we . turn' attention to that portion of her Majesty ' s speech which bears upon the health of the inhabitants of large towns and populous districts . In reference to this subject we beg to assure her Majesty ' s Ministers , that improved ventilation , exercise grounds , healthful parks , arid washing tubs , —the remedies bo generally proposed , — will fail to give satisfaction to the working classes , unless accompanied with other changes and Reforms , and especially with the power of securing to their selves an equitable share of ( he produce of their own skill .

      The income-tax harness appears to have been so well fitted to the backs that ar e to wear it , that there can be but little doubt that the Queen ' s recommendation for its continuance will have the desired effect . So far then as Ireland is concerned , we have good reason to congratulate our brethren on the prospect of mental improvement promised to them in the royal speech ; while we must anticipate equal

      benefits for the English people from another source than royal inclination or ministerial policy . If ,- the unopposed reply to the speech was an indication of Ministerial strength , we might draw ominous forebodings from that fact ; but when wo look to the signs of the times passing around us , we see the elements of an Agricultural storm , which is likely to burst with a tremendous crash over the head of their chosen Minister .

      Whether the appointment of Sir Thomas Freejiantle to the Irish Secretaryship may be intended as a sop to the Buckingham watch-dog , we are not prepared to say ; but should it be , the adherents of the noble Duke have now become so alive to the hopelessness of their condition , that we fear the ' . 'gagging " of his Grace would but have the effect of opening wider the months of his followers . Looking , the n , at the present position of Sir Robert Peel , we discover a striking analogy between it and that of Ids Toiy coadjutor , M . Guizot . If a Count Mole should

      spring up in the Tory ranks at home , he would find himself fettered by the very same disabilities and misgivings which prevent Guizot ' s rival from taking advantage of his present weakness . Feel knows that he has nothing to . fcar" from the Whig party ; while the Ric ' hmosds and Buckisghams are aware that reliance upon the liberal section of the House to sustain them in office would end in a short-lived triumph , followed by the recall of their present leader , strengthened as he would be by their necessities to submit .

      It cannot be demed , however , that the farmers " who whistle at the plough" are preparing for a vigorous onslaught upon their order who whistle at Downing-street ; while Young England , though crippled in form , will speak awkward truths , calculated to produce awkward impressions upon the minds of the working classes . And to these fertile sources of dissatisfaction it is impossible to overrate the effect oi Lord John Russell ' s declaration in favour of Free Trade : a declaration . which doubtless was wrung from him by the conviction that to the Free Trade

      party alone he must look for even a decent minority . We take the liberty of informing him that even in that direction Peel will go beyond him , rather than lose the surplus of his own creation - If the noble Lord looks upon Free Trade as the means of securing those comforts for the working classes to which at the close of the last session he declared they were entitled , he must court a more extensive acquaintance with tlie people themselves , as upon their enfranchisement alone he can ever hope to regain that position from which the Tory principles preserved in his Reform Bill have so ignominiously displaced

      The sweeping policy of Peel is pre-eminently calculated to set class against class ; and from a division of class we trust will result that union of the people , which may insure an easy triumph over the scattered forces of legitimacy . Most people anticipated a calm and peaceful session : but we see the storm gathering ; and no doubt as the time of dissolution approaches we shall have a " bid" for popular support ; and . the appeal , failing to confer advantage upon the Whigs must drive them in . despair into the arms of the

      people ; and thus , as we have ever predicted , reduce political parties to Tories and Chartists . . We are curious to' see how Mr . O'Connell will receive the Ministerial measures , and still more curious to discover , by what counter agitation , if any , their effects are to be neutralised . On the whole , we rejoice in the shadow of the coming substance ; because , in the Ministerial measures we recognise the break up of that system by which the rich oppressor has been so long " enabled to lord it over the poor oppressed .

      cotton tax , the paper tax , and all others , the remis sion of which was anticipated , will , it appears , be swallowed up in the increased estimates for extending

      : Mr: Ward And The Trades' Y '"" Confere...

      : MR : WARD AND THE TRADES ' Y ' "" CONFERENCE . Parliament having now assembled , arid many questions connected with the interests of masters and capitalists being referred to in the Royal , Speech , while the only questions touched on affecting the interests of the Working Classes are those of " cheap " air and water , we think it high time that the wisdom and knowledge of the Industrious should , be marshalled on behalf of their own order . That the resolution to hold a General Conference of the Trades is being daily strengthened , is manifest in the general signs of the times ; but more particularly developed

      in the discussion that recently took place between Me . Ward and the working men of Sheffielc ( . If we required any justification for the policy that we have pursued on the Labour Question , we have but to refer to the speeches even of our bitterest opponents to prove the correctness of our views . The [ whole speech of Mr . Ward establishes the fact that the party in power are incapable of performing the duties required by society ; whilovthe party out of power he admits have lost office from their total incapacity to rule .

      Tho long and interesting discussion between the wily representative of Sheffield Capital and the honest advocate of . Sheffield Labour , will bo read with pleasure by every working man in the kingdom ; while the incomparable dexterity with which Mr . Brigos joined issue with the honourable member , must have led him to the conclusion that there is much wisdom outside the House of Commons . To deal with every one of Mr , Ward ' s oft-repeated fallacies , would be to comment on every sentence of Ins speech ; and therefore we shall at present content ourselves with selecting from his own lips the grounds on which we advocate a Conference of the United Trades , giving ample reason why Mr . Ward himself should aid in the accomplishment of the object .

      Our readers will bear m mind that creation and distribution , of wealth have been the two questions , or rather principles , of social policy towMchwe have especially directed the attention of the labouring classes . We have contended that labour , unrestrained and free , will create a superabundance of wealth for all classes of society ; and that it is the duty of Parliament to see to the equitable distribution of the proceeds , meantime contending that the labourers

      nave not their fair share of the wealth created , ftow , upon this . subject what says Mr . Ward ? He tells the men of Sheffield : ' . ' You are all moving upwards at present : you abb not as well off as you should be ; but looking at the aspect of the political world , the certainty of peace , and the extension of our foreign intercourse , we have the prospect of along continuance of a good and healthy trade , if not marred by injudicious restraint . "

      Now , will Mr . Ward tell us what there is in prospective calculated to make the men of Sheffield as well of as they should be i li they are not as well off as they should be , some other parties must BE BETTER OFF THAN THEV OUGHT TO BE . Ml ' . WaRD is not sufficient of a cosmopolite to desire Ms words to be measured by the-standard of natural comforts and-requirements ; and therefore we must measure them by that artificial rule , always . applied to the comparative measurement of a labourer ' s life . Mr . Briggs joins issue with Mr . Ward , and says : " Government have learned only the art of creation ,- he wanted them to learn also THAT OF DISTRIBUTION . " Yes , Mr . Baiogs : and that is precisely the

      art in which the Government is best skilled ; and to perpetuate the practice of which , Mr . Ward is sent to represent your " masters" in Parliament . The Government does distribute the wealth created : but it gives the lion's share to those who will in return enable them , to perpetuate misrule : and , however the Independent and the Iris may regret the course pursued by the meeting , the amendment proposed , and carried , was the only means by which a preference for a great principle , over man , could have been manifested . Mr . Ward discreetly refused to grapple with the stiff questions of Mr . Otlev ; and the disinclination of Mr , Ward ' s backers to witness the superiority of nonelective influence over electoral power was not without meaning . ;

      We shall just take a few of Mr . Ward ' s arithmetical calculations , and one of his notions of- justice , for dissection . In speaking of the disasters likely to accrue from the adoption of the Short Time principle , Mr . Ward says : "The wages paid every week to those . employed in the cotton manufacture are £ 225 , 000 , and there are 450 , 000 persons employedand the goods exported amount to £ 35 , 000 , 000 per annum ! Now then , we ask , what the League—what the Messrs , Chambers , what the Economists will say to this plump contradiction given to their boasted assertion , as well as to the admission of the enormous

      plunder to which the operatives are subjected ? What becomes of the " One pound average weekly wages , ' and of the " ability ,, of the operatives to lay up out of their poor pittance for ' casualties , as well as the power of acquiring a vote by the establishment of building societies ? 450 , 000 persons employed in the cotton trade , receive an average of ten shillings per week each , amounting annually , if all in full work , and not to speak of "fines" and "batings , " to £ 11 , 700 , 000 . Chambers tells us , that in this description of fabric the proportions of which the value is constituted , are 48 per cent , of Labour , and 52 of

      Capital ; but if the expenditure of £ 11 , 700 , 000 in labour , produces thirty-five millions of fabric , and if Chambers' rule of proportion is correct , we discover that instead of the £ 11 , 700 , 000 , the labourers ought to receive more than £ 17 , 000 , 000—or , in other words , the masters cheat them out of between £ 5 , 000 , 000 and £ 6 , 000 , 000 annually . If to this we add the amount of Production for Home Consumption , and observe the same rule , making a general sum of the question , we have the astounding admission

      from the member for Shefiield , that tho masters in ono trade alone , employing not a twentieth-of the population , actually rob their share of slaves of more than £ 40 , 000 , 000 per annum , nearly double tlie amount of the interest of the National Debt ; and sufficient to give to four millions of the working classes five quarters of wheat annually at £ 2 a quarter !! What awkward things these . figures arel and ' how . much better would it be had their feeling " sympathiser " confined his arguments to the unarithmctical figures of " cheap bread , high wages , and plenty to do . "

      Let us now have a word upon Mr . Ward ' s notion bfrjustice . In speaking of the National Debt , the honourable gentleman would resist an " adjustment " on the plea of frequent transfer—thus establishing a principlemostrepugnantto allthelawsof equity . The law says that a bad title cannot be mended or made better by subsequent deeds or conditions ; and yet Mr . Warp would establish an injustice upon fabrications of a precisely similar nature .. It is hardly wonderful that the representative should be guilty of such gross inconsistency , when we find the press of the masters hai-dy enough to saddle the iniquities of the employers on the men who are made sufferers by their roguery .

      The SteffiM Jhtfepewfent , in an attempt to screen the masters from the charge of manufacturing " spurious goods , " has thefollowing " tit bit -. "" We beg to remind the workmen , that blamcable as arc manufacturers in sending forth such articles with false marks , the men who make them ought to consider themselves as parties implicated . " Now was ever impudence equal to this ? or what answer . but ridicule can bo offered to such a nonsensical assertion ? As our friend complains that the proceedings at Mr . ' Ward ' s meeting concluded in the dark , mayhap he . Wrote his comment without light ,

      The Independent informs us that it was impossible to judge of the numbers who respectively voted for and against the amendment , as it was dark ; while the / ris assuresus " that the amendment was carried by a large majority : " a " great fact , '' on which we beg to congratulate the member and his constituents ; a lesson by which we trust ' he will profit , , and one which we hope the working classes in every town in England will teach to the tools of their " masters . " Too much praise cannot be given to the gallant " fellows who thus rallied round the standard of Labour , and ; defended the charter of their rights .

      Oonstitutional Law Versus Justices' Just...

      OONSTITUTIONAL LAW versus JUSTICES' JUSTICE * On Saturday last John Harding , John Williams , John Pqinxon , and John Sillitoe , four Colliers from the Longton district of Staffordshire , were brought before Mr . Justice CoLERiDGEjiipon a writ of habeas under the- following circumstances : —From some gross injustice attempted to be practised by their masters , the men left their work , and were apprehended at eleven o ' clock at night , and dragged to the lock-up . At ten o ' clock on the following morning they were brought before Bailey Rose , stipendiary magistrate , and Mr . Harvey , one of we " great unpaid , " at present labouring under a severe fit of the sout , brought on , no doubt , by his exertions on

      behalf of the Working Classes . The men thus kidnapped , drowsy and frightened , requested a postponement of their case , to enable , them to procure legal assistance . This just appeal was insolently and brutally rejected . The form of mock trial was entered upon—the evidence of an unsworn witness was adduced against the malefactors , who , although their cases were widely different , were tried in a lump for tlie convenience of their accusers , and in almost "less than no time" they were on the road to Stafford gaol , condemned in the first instance by the sentence to two months' imprisonment , and amended afterwards by the addition of "hard labour" in the commitment .

      This instance of '' amended" j ustice reminds one forcibly of the following anecdote . A man was once tried before the Irish hanging-Judge , Lord Nobbuky , for putting out his tongue at a constable . His Lordship ordered hira to be whipped on three successive days from the gaol to the market-house . When his Lordship had concluded his judgment , the prisoner exclaimed : " The devil thank you ; that ' s all you can do ; " whereupon his Lordship , resuming , said i " Hold your tongue , sir ; how dare you interrupt the judgment of the court ? " and then significantly added , " AND BACK AGAIN ! " The " amended " judgment in the case of the above four men was precisely similar in its nature . They were first consigned to " two months' imprisonment , " and subsequently to the additional pain of " hard labour . "

      On Saturday , as we have before said , the men yvere brought before Mr . Justice Coleridge , who , after a very long argument , sent the men back again to Stafford gaol : but Mr . Roberts , determined to seek justice from every available source , brought the case on again before Mr . Justice Wightman , on Monday last , when an order for the immediate liberation of the parties was transmitted to the gaoler , in whose custody they had been illegally confined . Determined to have ample satisfaction , Mi-. Roberts is

      now busily engaged in consulting with counsel as to the best means of making " the Shallows" pay the penalty of their ignorance , and something more . We trust , that however these frequent triumphs may lose their novelty from repetition , that they will never lose their charm in the eyes of the working men . Without union , combination , and concert , these victories never could have been achieved ; and therefore we offer them as the strongest inducement in favour of a combination of the industrious of all classes . v

      We have sooften commented upon the frequent legal . ' triumphs of Mr . Roberts , as to have little to add at present beyond . our congratulations for the additional victory , rendered doubly important by the fact of Mr . Bailey Rose belonging to the legal profession , and his services being called in to insure such a triumph for the masters as would defy the scrutiny of Mr . Roberts . We shall close these remarks with an anecdote of the said Bailey Rose . Mr . Allen , who defended the Staffordshire prisoners in 1842 ,

      was once pleading before the said Bailey Rose , and had occasion to take frequent exceptions to the rules of law laid down by the stipendiary . The justice ' s pride being"huit , he exclaimed : " Mr . Allen , do you know that I have been in the profession for twenty years ? " "Yes , sir , " replied Mr . Allen , "I know you have ; but what I complain of is , that you have stood still in the profession , and not progressed witli the march of mind . " Every Miner in Staffordshire will bear testimony to the correctness of Mr . 'Allen ' s observation .

      M Lufocvt And (Zovmwvtotnt*

      m lUfocvt and ( Zovmwvtotnt *

      Absoluwsm Op The Lancashire Millocrats.—...

      ABSOLuWSM OP the Lancashire Millocrats . —Mr . George Canning Ward , M . P . for Sheffield , is requested to read the following additional proof of "the natural and inevitable war of the rich and the poor , " reeeivedfrom our Manchester correspondent : —It becomes our duty to expose another of the many examples of the slavery of the working classes of this miscalled " free country , " It is folly to talk of the absolutism of the Russian Czar , or the despotism of the Grand Turk ; the blackest and most atrocious of then- acts are just and righteous coinpaved with the tyranny of the Lancashire Cotton-lords . Our home tyrants not only make men slaves , hut also rob- them of right and labour ^ -the right to existence itself . We will now lay bp < Vr ? <« w riders a specimen

      of English despotism , which , in our opinion , far surpasses in atrocity any edict of the most absolute monarch in the universe . Read , then , the following decree of the Cotton-lord of Brienfield-mill , Marsden : — " Power Loom Weavers — If five minutes too late , to he bated fourpence ; for a quarter of an hour , eightpence ; for half an hour , one shilling and fowptnee ; for an hour , two shillings ; if absent a quarter of a day without leave , to be bated half a day ; if half a day , a whole day ' s wages to be stopped / if a day , tm days' wages ; for an end going down three inches , to be hated one halfpenny ; for six inches , one penny ; for each black spot on a piece , one penny ; float , threepence ; if pulled back , and down left thereon , | tftrcepence ; temple-tears , tftTcepence ; for every broken pick , one halfpenny ; If a

      coop bottom found on the floor , threepence ; a brush fouud on the floor , ( Rreepenc "«; for each end out of the side , one halfpenny . " The above is only about onesixfh part of the ukase issued by the despot of Marsden . It is unnecessary to comment upon this precious specimen of Lancashire law-making , for any person who knows anything of power-loom weaving will see at once that it places the weavers so entirely in the grasp of the tyrant , that he can send them home , after working all the week , without wages . This the hands perfectly understood . They therefore , as soon as the infernal mandate was issued , struck work one and all , and are now hi the fifth week of their strike . To support these men in their righteous struggle against such gross tyranny , is the duty of every weaver in the county , and not the weavers only , hut all others connected * with the cotton trade . Let them therefore lopk to it , for if the brave lads of Marsden be defeated , it will be their

      turn next . We must offer a remark upon one portion of the above rules . In reference to the " floats , " the lord of the Brienfield mill might as well say : I will bate you for every piece you weave , for it is impossible to make a cut without a "float , " which if it be left in , the fine is threepence ; while if the weaver should stop his loom , and " nip it back , " it is impossible to weave it up again without having a down upon the cloth ; the undoing of the work takes off the starch or stiffening , and makes the yarn raw , consequently leaves a down upon the cloth as far as it has been ripped back . So , let the weaver do as he may , he is sure to have threepence taken oft'his " cufs" price . A splendid way of robbing the poor and defenceless , this ! It is a folly to talk of the oppression of our legislators : their oppression is as nothing when compared to the doings of the lords of the long chimneys . Of aU the despots in the world , save , O save us , from the cotton lords of Lancashire !

      Tub Leicester committee , for the Cooper Testimonial , acknowledge tlie following sums «—Mrs . Adderson , Hull , 4 s . ; Touraorden Chartists , per Mr . Brook , 10 s . ; Leicester , Hampden locality , ( up to February 1 st , ) £ 13 s . lld . ... -. ¦ Thomas Mills . —The lines are well meant , but not of sufficient merit for publication . Ma . Tattersal ' s Libeeation . —We are informed that Mr . Tattersal ' s . committee have determined to meet that gentleman on his liberation , on ; the ! 8 thinst ., at Accr ington , from thence to escort him in a carriage , with music , to Padiham . From thence the procession will proceed to Burnley . The Burnley friends are requested to assemble in front of the Mitre Tavern , at half-past five o ' clock , preparatory to the procession entering the town . A tea-party will be held at Burnley the same evening , at seven o ' clock . All persons holding subcriptionsfor the Tattersal testimonial , are reouested . to transmit the same as early as possible to the Secretary , John Place , Win-hill , Burnley .

      The Tovtee Hamlet Friends had better wait , and see the effect of the appUcation to the party who has so grossly misrepresented them , before we interfere . We have an idea that their attempt at " refuting" calumnies of the Battersea Truth-teUer will not be very graciously seconded by the hero of . Portugal-street . But we shall see . ; .. -, W . : Beeslet , BtACKBURN . i-Theve is a good deal of truth in his letter ; and we shall endeavour to profit by the advice given so friendly by one we are proud to reckon as a friend . He knows that we have always get our face against the folly he speaks of : and we shall do so more dcterminely than ever .

      Absoluwsm Op The Lancashire Millocrats.—...

      The Noethampton Fwen » s . —W « at onc « ais / d Mr , Gammoge for the seeming censure cast ^ ^ last week , in our remarks on the recent treat . ° hi " perienced by the Executive Committee . It s 'k what he did was done by order of the Cow !!? 0 lat locaUty , who were induced , by a ConimuiuOflii ° ^ had received , to believe that foul-play had be ^ tised . They are now satisfied that such was ^^ fact ; and their explanation in return is as sati . f ' ^ William Bell anu Ambeose IIurbt . They mut t 0 r } " ' have forgotten themselves . The letter they hj . '' j the trouble to re-copy and re-send , has alrea , ! ^ peared in print . It was on that " printed pubhear ^' that our few comments were grounded . It is tM * n " to ask us to do that which wc formerly declin )" good reason ; and the doing of which by themsol * ?' another manner , we hold not to be justifiable CS ' ' James Ronald , Paislet . —We have not the me reference at hand ; but if our correspondent Jin * ° Cobbett ' s Register for 1826 , under tlie head ' Greek-J he will find more than enough of Brown Bread Tnc ' "' * queer doings . '"^' s

      Piter Bnowu , Glasgow . —There has been no im tion . The work is not advertised as new . 11 has b !^ advertised several times in the Star , as have most ** the other works included in the advertisement s * f of . What his notion of the work was , the party aa ? tising are not answerable for . ' " Alex . Ghat , Alloa . —We believe the practice is to emigrants take all books or papers they may need /' their own use duty free . What tlie law on the subi " is we know not ; ' J . IIoLLiNGwoMnr , Mavchesteu . —Mr . O'Coanell s > " evidence " before a Committee of tlie House of Lot !' in the year 1825 ( we believe ) , in which he thcrs -h $ posed the disfranchisement of the JOs . freeh older ^ !" the basis of " Emancipation . " H < : Peter Henley , Northampton . —We cannot afford sp , v , just now . ' C . It ., Attercliffe . —We cannot advise . It is a cn ^ i which a lawyer alone can work . 3

      Georce Robinson , Alnwick . —Tlie opening and { .. > ceedingsin Parliament have occupied all our availai ; space . ' * Isaac Brice , Oosebdrn . —Unless it was specially agr ^ on to receive and accept three months' notice to quit , tk notice in his case is not sufficient . And eveu j such agreement had been made , the notice shoau been given before the 2 nd of February : so on \ ground the notice is insufficient . In all cases of ye ^ by-year tenancy , unless it be specially agreed on to ty ' contrary , full six months' notice to quit on either sii must be given , the said notice to expire on -the la * day of the year of tenancy . An agreement for taljij , or letting premises need not be stamped . ' Wm . Haiwood , Streatham , —The . above answer njj apply to his case . The landlord can demand ij , months' notice or six months' rent . John Park , Hamilton . —We have handed the letter ^ the Executive .

      John Peacock , Glasgow . —Received . Z . —The lines would do our correspondent no civdii . otherwise , on the ground of principle , we should have no objection to publish them . " S . J . —The third edition of Chambers' Philosophy Hefut ^ was not ready in time for parcels last week ; Mr . Clc . i \ could not get them till Friday . If the Small Farms a !( wanted in boards , Mr . Cleave has a few copies ; otjf in numbers , there are plenty at 840 , Strand ; the woj being stereotyped , there is not any difficulty in gettit . any of the numbers wanted . The Fifteen Lessons Grammar were not to be had at the time ; more are » ready , and no doubt , if he orders again , he will get aa he wants .

      Mr . llOBEMS requests us to state his great regret thstb cannot he at Longton on Monday , as he is on that dsj engaged to attend the Lancashire delegate meeting , On Tuesday , Wednesday , and Thursday he will ^ in Manchester ; on Friday at Wigan ; after whicli day he will start for Newcastle . All communications for Mr . Roberts must therefore be addressed to hjj office , Royal Arcade , Newcastle . J . T . Shebrard , Bethnal-green . —We could not . man . ve it this week . We were crammed out .

      -T „ - MONIES RECEIVED BY MR . O'CONNOR . ¦ xecctive ' . jE a . iJ , Proceeds of a Soiree held at Killiuoulty .. .. 1 r « j Kotherham .. .... a lo o A few friends , per Wm . Cameron , Glasgow .. o fi j From James Stevensou , Cullen , Banffshire ., o 08 BBBSCKIPT 10 N 8 . From Killicoulty 0 0 o From Birkenhead .. ore From Hamilton .. .. 0 3 o HAND BOOKS , & C , From Cockermouth .. fl ;! 2 BUNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . From Hull , collected by Wm . Smith 0 li S From B . J . and two friends .. o . 1 0 From Cockermouth .. 0 10 I From Rotherham 0 10 i

      MBS . ELLIS From J . S . N 0 2 J RECEIPTS PER GENERAL SECRETARY :. . SUBSCRIPTION . »' S . d . s . d . Wootten-under-Edge 2 0 Coventry .. .. .. ft 1 ) Clerkenwell .. .. 16 Salford .. .. .. 15 0 Camborne .. .. 1 0 Northampton ( Old Lo ^/ ij Leeds .. .. .. 10 0 cale ) .. .. -. St ' M CARDS . Itedditch .. .. 19 Longton It Northampton ( Old Lo- Do ., one hand-book ol cale ) .. .... 4 0 Northampton ( Old Lo-Burnley 6 0 cale ) , ditto .. .. 2 0 Marsden ( hand-books ) 1 9 DONATIONS . Redditch , T . Preseott 2 6 Mr . Broadbent , Slack-Do „ II . Mole „ ,, 2 6 field o

      VICTIM FOND . Clock-house , " Westminster .. 50 BUNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . Mr . Lacey , Wootten-under-Edge fl J W , Bennett , ditto .. .. .. ( 1 j MB . PRESTON . Mr . Edwards .. 06 Many localities hove neglected to scud their decisions relative to the election of tlie ensuing Executive , Com-ention , . Sic . ; others have neglected to send tlie number of their votes , and to specify whether , in the event of a Convention being held , it-shall take place in London or Leeds . This must be remedied previously to the 12 th of this mouth , which is the latest day the poll can bo kept open . THOMAS MARTIN WHEELER .

      ~~.^————— The Last " Free Trade" Dodge.

      ~~ . ^————— THE LAST " FREE TRADE" DODGE .

      Nisoraceful Coxduct. 05 Wm. Loyeit And "...

      niSORACEFUL COXDUCT . 05 WM . LOYEIT AND " HI ! SQUAD OF " SAFRON-HILL HRUISERS . " The parliamentary campaign has opened , and will it another attempt on the part of the " chenp-brd low-wage crew , " to force themselves on public attention , and achieve a semblance of popularity . Driven from every " open" meeting they have essayed on their own account ; forced to take refuge it

      tieketted" p laces of " refuge" for the defeated , their proceedings have only excited derision and contempt , because it was evident that public opinion would not tolerate their nostrums . To get , thereforf , the *| ear of the public" in an apparently open manner , 'is with the Leaguers an object of first-rate im portance—an object worth all that is left of the £ 100 , 000 . All sorts of schemes to effect this desideratum have been put in practice ; and amonjjtlieia the following , which has failed , as have all the former

      ones . In Holborn there is a building dignified with t ' f high and sounding title of the "National Hall . " _ » is not the Queen ' s residence , nor the place of meeting for the collective wisdom . It does not belong to the "nation" at all , but is merely a " twopenny hop shop , rented b y Wm . Lovetfc for the use of his paymasters . When not required jis a place of assign tion for the " moral" of the two sexes , it is used as » lecture room : but all the proceeds arising from evflT

      trading" eeheme put in force by the " proprietor have not been sufficient to meet the outla-v . Tim " National Hall " has been kept open solel v by the contributions of the leading Free Trade M . P . ' s , who * work the holders a ; id occupiers have been doing *> effectually as to justify the pay . We could nsfli 8 parties who have given as much as £ 100 at one * ' and the report we are going to insert will show /'" ivhat tho money has been paid , and howthehwf ana-soul sold ones try to earn-the " wages of pre tution . " '

      For some time past the platform in this HaH W been occupied by Mr . J . W . Fox , the an-Revere ^ Priest , who never preaches for money . ' Will Lovf'j knows who guarantees him two guineas aleeture , m he knows also that the " patriot" receives- two g"' ' neas more out of the " plunder of the public . " # gentleman has boxed the compass tor subjects * which to descant ; and it was hoped that he-had i 4 cienily paved the way for the opening of a Free 2 Ww ' agitation in the name of the Chartists . The par *) holding the "National" U « H-roomcallthcmselv » Chartists ; and to be able to " come out" under M % vm would serve the Free Traders wcH . Aeeor * lrigly , on Tuesday evening last , the attempt was m * in the '( person of Mr . George Thompson , the & f spouter , who , like his brother , Fox , never- seUs d » " words" for filthy lucre : with what success let i "

      sequel tell . ^ The following report is from " our own correspo dent . " lie was present on the occasion , and »' what he here describes . To-day ( Thursday ) we vv visited on other business by an active Free IVader * one who has often to transact business in the Leagu « office itself . To him we read over the report ; ® ., he bore honourable testimony to its truth . Hc s » . unhesitatingly , that when Mr . G . Thompson aave . a " sort of half promise that there should be « V sion , he was listened to with the most marked aw « tion ; and that the cause of the disturbance , w % ultimately broke unthemectinir . was Mr . Thompson

      most unwarrantable and most unjustifiable P ^ ing , in ordering two men . to be turned out ™ L meeting , on the false and scandalous plea pat 1 were drunk . He said , moreover , that tins *? ' knowledged by the officials of the League-office sir * and that they condemned Mr . Thompson w ^ overbearing and tyrannical conduct . ™\™ m we giye , ' testifiedto , asit"is , by one of the , i » ^ Leaguers present on the occasion ; and we give by an answer to . the false and lying reports in 6 e ^ .. in ) e Mr . Wm . Lovett In the Tap-nA , and . in the slaverer of royalty ,, the " all-thiD gs-to-a" - " , Sun : —

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 8, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_08021845/page/4/