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Northern Star (1837-1852), 7th December 1850, Edition 2 of 3, Page 7, -.- - emtm eximiml Court

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    • SOIREE TO MR. W. WILLIAMS, M.P., FOR LAMBETH.
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      Decembeb 7, 1850. \ The Northern Star I ...

      Decembeb 7 , 1850 . \ THE NORTHERN STAR i **~~ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ === ^^ SS ' » i ¦¦¦¦¦ i n ¦ — ¦¦ - *

      -.- - Emtm Eximiml Court

      -.- - emtm eximiml Court

      Tas Bubslabt Xs Thk Bebekt's-Pabk. —Will...

      Tas Bubslabt xs thk Bebekt ' s-pabk . —William Dyson , 31 , James Mahon , 31 , and John Mitchell , 29 , were indicted for a burglary in the dwellinghou se of James Holford , and stealing part of a candelabra , his property . Mitchell and Dyson pleaded guilty . Mr . Ballantine and Mr . Huddlestone conducted the prosecution . Mr . WooUett and Mr . Me tcalfe appeared for the prisoner Mahon . —Mr . ballantine having briefly opened the case , the following evidence was adduced : —Mr . J . F . Paul deposed that he waa butler to the prosecutor , who regided at Holford-house , Regent ' s-park , and who was at present ia America . On the night of Sunday , the

      J 3 th October , he went round the house , and saw that it was safe , and left it so before he went to | , ed . His bedroom was over the banqneting-room After he had been in bed a short time , he he ard a noise which he could not account for , in the banqueting-room . It was au 0 ut two o ' clock . He got up and listened , and then looked out upon the lawn , and heard a do <» parking , and he observed what appeared to bathe shadow of a man upon a tree . He put on a blouse , and awoke the footman and the groom , and armed himself with a double-barreUed pistol , which had a Iiayonet . He gave a sword and a gun to the other two servants . The footman had the gun . It was loaded with ball , shotand slugs . They then all

      , three went to the banqueting-room door . The windows of that room reached nearly to the ground . Upon looking into the banqueting-room through a Bashed window he saw a light , but could not distinguish the person of any individual . He awoke the two coachmen and they got up , and one of them took the gaa from the footman , and the other had a pitchfork . He sent the coachman to the south side of the house , and himself went to the north side , accompanied hy the footman and groom , and almost immediataly he heard the report of a gun xrom the south side of the house . He went round , and saw a man running in a direction from the bancueting-room . He followed him , and the man threw himself under a bush , and witness immediately

      aimed at the bush , but the pistol missed fire , and a voice called out from the bush , " For . God's sake don't shoot me . " He fired again and the pistol went off , and he was sure it took effect in the side of the man ' s head . He then found that the prisoner Dyson had been taken into custody by the other servants . He subsequently discovered that a portion of a candelabra that was in the banquetingroom had been broken off , and it was afterwards found in the garden . His forces consisted of four persons . They had a gun , a pistol , and a pitchfork , and the groom was armed with a sword . Two of the servants were stout men , stouter than himself . He fired at the man directly after he exclaimed , "For God ' s sake don ' t shoot me . " His

      object was to disable as many of the thieves as he eonld . Witness had the charge of the whole of his master ' s property that was in the bouse . He saw three men upon the grounds during the transaction . ¦ -George Bennett , coachman to the prosecutor , deposed that he was called np on the night in question , and he armed himself with a fork , and went round to the south side of the house . "While he -was standing near the banqueting-room , he saw three men come out of the bow window . John Hall , another servant , was with him . He had a gun , and he fired at the men , and witness ran after one of the men , who turned ont to be Dyson ; he knocked him down , and he was secured . He saw a crowbar near the window the men had come out

      from . —John Hall , also a coachman to the prosecutor , proved that he fired the gun at the men , and heard one of them cry out the moment he did so . He aimed at all three of the men . He got the gun from Mr . PauL—Other witnesses having been examined , Mr . Woollett addressed the jury for the defence . —Mr . Baron Martin summed np , and the jury returned a verdict of Guilty . The prisoners pere then sentenced to be transported for life . Felonious Assault . —John Cady , 17 , and Thomas Smith , 17 , who were convicted on Saturday last , the former of assaulting , and the latter of wounding feloniously a lad named Edward Batchelder , with intent to do him grievous bodily harm , were sentenced , the former to be kept to hard labour for aix and the latter for twelve months .

      Conspiracy . —William Daniel , 30 , and Cornelius 3 ) enter , 27 , were indicted for a conspiracy to defraud . —The evidence went to show that the defendants had leagued together to plunder any unsuspecting persons who might faU into their clutches , » y means of tossing with " capped" or false coin . The mode of operation appeared to be almost the same in every Instance . The prisoner Daniel was in the habit of prowling about the town , and on his meeting with a person whose appearance seemed to answer his purpose , he entered into conversation , and induced him to accompany him to a publichouse , where they were soon joined by the other prisoner , and hy some contrivance or other tossing ¦ was introduced , Daniel beinjr always the winner . At length , in the absence of Denter , the person intended to be plundered was shown a coin with a cap so contrived as to enable the party using it to

      show either head or tail , as he might choose , and npon the representation that it was impossible for him to lose , the victims were induced to stake money in one instance , and two watches in others , ag ainst money posted by the prisoners , and of course -when the arrangement was complete , the prisoners were sure to he the winners , and the parties were , hy this means , deprived of their property . Four distinct cases , all of the same description , were clearly established against the prisoners ; and , upon their being taken into custody , the " capped " piece , and also a quantity of medals , intended torepresent sovereigns , were found in their possession . —The jury found the prisoners Guilty . —They were then charged npon another indictment with stealing a watch , the property of Clifford "Wm . Gould . — The jury again returned a verdict of Guilty , and the prisoners were sentenced to be imprisoned and kept to hard labour for fifteen months .

      Curnsa and Wounding . — Samuel Richards , a black sailor , was indicted for cutting and wounding Tinley Mackie , on the 21 st of November , at St . George ' s-in-the-East , with intent to disfigure and injure him . —The jury found him Guilty , and he was sentenced to twelve months * imprisonment . Retobskg } ? BOtt Tbasspoktahon . — William Stevens , 23 , tailor , pleaded Guilty to returning from transportation . —Mr . Piatt said the prisoner had been transported for seven years , and had received a ticket of leave ; that he came home to visit some one , intending to again leave the country . —The Court ordered him to be imprisoned for six months , and again transported . Chabgb of Embezzlement . —William Cheeseman , 22 , clerk , waa indicted for embezzling six halfcrowns , the monies of Thomas Thorne , his master . The jury having heard the evidence , acquitted the prisoner .

      Embkizlkmbsx . —Bichard Hamraett Drake , 23 , clerk , waa indicted for embezzling the sums of £ 80 and £ 5 , the property of Messrs . Abraham Wildey Bobarts and others , his masters . —Mr . Bodkin , in stating the case to the jury , said the circumstances out of which the charges arose were these : —The prosecutors were Messrs . Bobarts , Curtis , and Co ., the well-known banking firm , and the prisoner had heen a clerk in their firm for between eight and nine years , and his employers , knowing the respectability of his family connections , and having a high esteem for him , had continued to advance him until he became cashier of the provincial banking department , a separate department in the firm . He had one assistant under him , and his duties were to

      receive the various sums paid into the bank for ihe various banks in the country . The practice was for the prisoner to take whatever money « notes were brought in . makeamemorandnm of them , wrap the amount so brought up in a piece of paper , place it in a till , give the party bringing it a receipt for the amount , and at a later period of the day make n p and enter the amount received , and send off the customary letters of advices to such provincial hank ? as the sums sent in were credited to and made payable at . In the present instance the two sums had been paid in to the prisoner on the 18 th and 19 th of October , and bad never been entered or accounted for and on the 21 st of October the urisoner had cone away somewhat before his usual

      time , alleging that he was unwell , and never maae his appearance again at the office , and was finally taken into custody , having been down to his friends in Devonshire . His reason for leaving in the hurried manner he had was that the firm had what was termed an agreement balance every three ¦ weeks , which was a general making np of the cash accounts ot the firm , and then , unless falsification had been resorted to , his delinquency would have been discovered , and this balance was to have been struck on the day subsequent to his having absconded . — -Witnesses were called whose evidence confirmed tie prisoner ' s guilt , and he wassentenced to be transported for ten years . The following prisoners , upon whom judgment was respited , were brought up for sentence : — As InpaniThief . —J . Jackson , oa « s Connor , whose age was stated in the calendar to be nine years , and who had been convicted of stealing a purse and

      money from the person of a woman named Smith , -was sentenced to be transported for seven years . Bobbing Chtldben . —John Clerk , 16 , wa s then placed at the bar . It wffl be remembered that this prisoner had carried on a most artful and extensive system of robbery npon poor children who were sent out with property of any description . The prisoner was sentenced io he transported for seven jears . False Rkpuessniations . —Henry Beuben , a respectable young Jew , was indicted for obtaining by false pretences from Mr . Edward Mappin , a quantity of cutlery , and from Messrs . Ellarby , of Hugging-hvne , some Cashmere scarfs , shawls , and other goods , amounting in value to ' nearly £ 12 . —It a ppeared that the prisoner ' s father , a highly respectable looking old Jew , is in business at Dover , and ww in the habit of dealing with the firms in acestioE . The priioner bad l ^ n emptor by Iiim A

      Tas Bubslabt Xs Thk Bebekt's-Pabk. —Will...

      andhadoocasionaUy come to London and bought ' for him , but some short time since had absconded ' fromhis home . On the 4 th of October he obtained ffkw ^ k ° Mr . Mappm , which he said were for his father , and on the 25 th ofthe same month gotthethmgsfrom Mr . Ellarby .-The Jury found him Guilty , and he was sentenced to six months ' imprisonment . Wei , l-caught Thikvbs . —Two men , named Wilson and Rivers , whose names were not entered in the calendar , were indicted for breaking and entering the house of Dr . Mayo with intent to steal . — The prosecutor lives in Wimpole-street , Cavendishsquare and on the evening of the 20 th had a dinner party . On that evening the prisoners were observed to go up to the door of the house . Wilson went iu , and Rivers walked away down the street . Shortly

      afterwards Wilson came out and joined Rivers , and a police-constable came up and took them . When Rivers was searched some keys , two of which fitted Dr . Mayo ' s door , were found in his outside pocket . He said to the officer who searched him , "Now you have got aU you want ( meaning the keys ); I have nothing else abont me ; " and when before the magistrate , he said he hoped they would be merciful to him that time . —The jury found them both Guilty . —It was then proved that Wilson had been imprisoned for twelve months ; and Rivera had been transported in 1843 , for seven years , and had since then had two years' imprisonment for cutting and wounding a constable with a life-preserver , and had only been oat about a month preceding this occurrence . —The present conviction being only a misdemeanour , they were sentenced to two years'

      imprisonment . Tbuso Street Doobs . —Henry Chalk , a low , i ruffianly-looking fellow , was convicted of a similar offence . —Mr . W . J . Payne stated that the prisoner had been watched by the police to go to nearly all the repectable houses in Stamford-street , and whilst pretending to scrape his shoes try the locks ofthe doors . He was followed into Tennysonstreet , York-road , where he let himself into the house of a lady named Duke , and went upstairs and tried to get into the rooms , but not succeeding , came down , and was coming out , when constable 65 L took him . —Ifot being known , the Court sentenced him to nine months' imprisonment .

      A few other cases of a wholly unimportant cha racter finished the list , and the Courts were ad iourned until Monday , the 16 th of December .

      Escape Of A C02jvict From The Pentoktill...

      ESCAPE OF A C 02 JVICT FROM THE PENTOKTILLE ( MODEL ) PRISON . A convict of the name of George Hacket , who obtained considerable notoriety amongst the police in the metropolis , and who succeeded in getting out of a cell at the Marlborough-street Police-court a short time since , contrived on Sunday evening to escape from the Model Prison under circumstances that at present appear most mysterious . The prisoner had been confined in Milbank Prison , where , we understand , he planned an escape . For his better security , however , he was removed to the

      Model Prison at Pentonville , and after two attempts he succeeded hi getting out of the gaol under circumstances that nave led the authorities to suspect that some ofthe turnkeys had been tampered with . It appears that since his confinement in this gaol he was placed in one ofthe usual cells or dormitories , under the immediate surveillance of the prison officers . We cannot state what opportunities the convict had of ascertaining the construction of the cells , but it was certain that shortly after his incarceration he devised a scheme to release himself .

      By some unexplained means he managed to obtain possession of part of the blade of a knife , and , with other appliances , he some week or so since contrived to cut through three massive iron bars which secured the window of his cell , and it is presumed that he was on the eve of preparing to escape when his position was detected . He was at once removed to another part of the gaol , which proving to him impregnable , he proceeded to devise other means of accomplishing his object . At length he selected the chapel as the most favourable place to carry out his design , and no doubt of late , during divine service , had been experimentalising as to his chance of success . The chapel is situated on the top or central portion of the prison , and the interior is so constructed that the convicts cannot see each other .

      The seats are on raised galleries , and partitions divide them , the clergyman and the prison officers being the only persons who have the full view of them . On Sunday evening Hacket attended divine service in the chapel , commencing at half-past six concluding at eight . Service being finished , the usual mustering ofthe convicts took place , when it was found that Hacket was missing . Search was made , and on examining the walls of the prison it was ascertained that he had escaped , and got clear off . At first it was a matter of great surprise how he could have got out of the chapel , having been seen to his seat , and it was only by finding the sheets of his bed , a rope , and his clothing , on the parapet wall , that his mode of escape was

      detected . It appears that by some means he managed to wrench off the spring of the door of his cell , which he formed into a jemmy , and contemplating some hazardous task , he concealed about him a large weight and the sheets and rope of his bed , which he never used , wrapped round his body under his clothes . As soon as he was conducted to his seat , be must have slipped down off his seat on to the flooring , and by the jemmy and weight forced out the boarding . Having got under the gallery he met a serious obstacle in the shape of a zinc ventilator , but this , armed with his jemmy , soon gave way , thus enabling bun to descend to a small closet beneath . A window , with trifling protection , afforded him access to the parapet wall , some few

      feet below . Gaining it , he proceeded along one of the main walls , fifty or sixty feet long , communicating with the governor ' s house on the north side of ihe prison . Reaching the end , he got on the roof of the house , a height of more than six feet from the wall . Having obtained this point , all obstacles were apparently at an end to him . He divested himself of the prison clothing , save his trousers and blue shirt , and with the jemmy , repe , sheet , £ c , left them on the roof , and by sliding down one of the gable-walls got clear of the gaol . The moment his escape was discovered , the governor despatched officers to the different police stations with a full description of his person . The most vigilant search was made for him throughout Monday , but up to

      the present time not the least tidings bad been gained of his whereabouts . It may be mentioned that having heard that the authorities had'discharged the turnkeys of Marlborough-street Police-court , after his escape from thence , Hacket endeavoured to screen the parties by declaring that they were innocent of aiding his escape : adding , that he got out by shoving the bolt of the lock back by pieces of a knife and spoon which he had in his possession . This declaration coming to the ear of Sir George Grey , Mr . Cope , the governor , received instructions to interrogate the convict , and he persisting in the statement , and that he would convince Mr . Cope ofthe practicability of it . Sir G . Grey sanctioned the experiment ,

      and the lock was taken off the cell-door from whence he had escaped at Marlborough-street , and placed on a cell-door in Newgate . He was allowed to have another instrument which he required , and furthermore a reward of £ 10 was offered him if he succeeded . He tried several minutes , but failed in opening it , and he at length gave up the task , saying that it was not the same lock . This convinced the authorities that he had been telling an untruth , and that their decision in discharging the turnkeys was correct , it being shown that the convict and his fellow-prisoner had been let out hy a party , who had unlocked the door from the outside , and who represented himself as the turnkey , the convict telling his mate ( at the first examination , in the

      hearing of another prisoner , ) that it was all right , and that a clear gangway could be managed for them next time for twenty "CaUfornias * sovereigns ) . tip to ten o ' clock on Tuesday night the authorities of the prison had not learned any tidings of the convict In the course of the day the government inspector of prisons visited the establishment , and instituted an inquiry into the circumstances attending the convict ' s flight . The investigation was conducted in private , but it appeared that the escape was one of the most hazardous description , for a slip in scalinaLalong the wall from the chapel to the governor ' s hoose would have terminated in his destruction . In illustration of Backet ' s character we may be permitted to mention that in the course of Monday night he sent a letter , through the post , addressed to the governor , the contents of which , it is said , arc to the following effect : — " Monday ,

      Dec . 2 , 1850—George Hacket presents his compliments to the governor of the Model Prison , Penton-Tille and begs to apprise him of his happy escape from the gaol . He was in excellent spirits , and could assure the governor , that it would be _ useless for hia men to pursue him , that he was quite safe , and in a few days intended to proceed on the content to recruit his health . " Hacket is described as a stiff huUt man , about fivei feet six inches m heizht lar / re features , nose slightly turned up , grey eyes , a scar on his cheek , light hair , pale complexion , and twenty-two years , of age . All the covering he had was a shirt , a pair of stockings , and his trowsers . No person answering bis description was seen during the night . The dangerous character of Hacket , and the fearful threats he held out to the officers what he would do t « them when he got his liberty , has in no small degree alarmed them as to their personal safetj wHle he is at large .

      If Sir G. Seymour's Opinion That The Giv...

      If Sir G . Seymour ' s opinion that the giving of good dumers ^ s the soul of diplomacy is correct , " what a glorious ambassador . " mws the Fretton Ghrontele , " would M . Soyer rnakf t- HlB-maf 10 sfiwe would beat protocols hollow , aud his-York soup and Exeter pudkfogfor ever ^ ViUi © f » » f-

      Mr. Mechi On Agriculture. Mr. Mechi Deli...

      MR . MECHI ON AGRICULTURE . Mr . Mechi delivered a lecture at the ordinary sessional meeting ofthe Society of Arts last week . He confessed that he had a very mean opinion of the present state of our general agriculture , and although some advances had been made , we ought not to forget that formerly , as now , the self-gratulation of supposed perfection had been annihilated by the necessity for providing food and employment for a trebled population . There was still in the United Kingdom a wide and untilled field for agricultural labour and investment , as was shown by our statistics of moor , bog , and waste ; and that the reclamation of waste lands might be pursued with profit was a matter beyond dispute . The first

      and most direct evidence of the low state of farming was the gross acreable produce of the United Kingdom . The very largest estimate per acre , taking into account the poor grass and arable lands , and leaving out market and other gardens , did not reach £ i an acre . A reference to Spackman ' s Occupations of ihe People , to the agricultural reports of parliamentary committees , and other statistical works , would show that the rental of the United Kingdom ( excluding towns ) would certainly not reach 15 s . per acre . Taking , therefore , as a gross return , five rents , it was clear that £ 3 15 s . worth of produce was far too liberal an estimate . What each acre might produce by the application of more drainage , more manure , more labour , and deeper

      cultivation , more live stock , and better buildings , might be inferred from facts constantly obtruding themselves . As extreme cases might be instanced , the production of eighty tons of mangold wurzel per acre , sold at £ l per ton : of large productions of vegetables , worth at least from £ 100 to £ 150 per acre ; of six to nine quarters of wheat , per acre , worth , at only 40 s . per quarter , from £ 14 to £ 13 . It was quite clear , however , that the mere incr ease of labour and production to the extent of only 10 s . per acre would afford us all food and employment , and obviate the necessity of having recourse to foreign imports . He waa not one of those who preferred scarcity and high prices to abundance and cheapness ; and he held it as a principle that a

      nation which could supply itself abundantly with food and manufactures , and still have a large surplus of the necessaries of life to exchange with other nations for luxuries , was in a happy and prosperous condition . It was a disgrace to agriculture that it produced no superabundance , nay , not even abundance , but left us to the mercy of large foreign importations . This was the secret of the poverty of agriculture , and he ventured to predict that agriculture would never be rich until i ^ produced superabundantly . This could be done , would be done , and must be done ; for the concurrence of increased employment and food with a multiplied population , could alone prevent anarchy and confusion . He might be asked where the

      capital was to come from which was to erect new buildings , steam-engines , and carry out an improved system of drainage for the purpose of increasing the fertility of these islands ? He replied , from that long list of bankers , merchants , shipowners , manufacturers , traders , and professionals , who had become owners or cultivators of our soil . These , not having the agricultural precedents or prejudices of their predecessors , were devoting their powerful energies and energetic common-sense principles to the amendment of our agriculture and the increase of employment and food . "A painful question is often asked ? " said Mr . Mechi , ' What is to become of the poor farmer ? ' I reply , What has become of the poor hand-loom weaver—of the four-horse coach

      proprietor—of the road-side innkeeper— of the turnpike trusts—of the Gravesend sailing-boats —( hear , hear , and laughter , )—of the old hackney coaches ? ( Hear , hear , and laughter . ) These are days of movement and progression . Individual interests are no lonfhr permitted to interfere with the public good . ( Hear , hear . ) Mighty steam has worked , and will still work , great changes . Plenty and cheapness have superseded scarcity and monopoly . Agriculture can no longer withstand the common fate . The poor farmer and the poor landlord , or rather those who are in a wrong position , will necessarily make way for more useful members of society . ( Hear . ) The lecturer insisted upon the necessity of attending to the moral and physical

      condition of the agricultural labourer ; the expediency of procuring good farm and parish roads , and of pursuing deep cultivation after drainage . Mr . Mechi then entered into a technical description of ^ his feeding cattle on open boarded floors , illustrating the subject as ho went on by means of a small model of a farm lying before him . Having done this , he proceeded to a comparison of the prosperity of an English farm upon which no purchased manure or imported manure was used , with that of the Auchness farm in Scotland , upon which a different system was pursued . In the latter the animals were housed , warmed , ventilated , groomed , and their food was cooked , and the utmost made of it , chemically and physiologically ; in the former

      was observable the usual mode of turning out , and consequent waste and misapplication of food . The publication of my agricultural proceedings ( continued Mr . Mechi , in conclusion , ) has naturally exposed me to public criticism . All sorts of motives , good , bad , and indifferent , have been imputed to me . Of this I do not at all complain . I considered my farm in its original state neither creditable nor profitable . I expended my capital in its improvement . The result of that expenditure was a decided benefit to my fellow-creatures . ( Hear . ) My agricultural opponents say the money was thrown away , the property not improved , and that I am losing much money by farming . In order to test the correctness of these opinions I have , under the advice and suggestion of my friends , submitted to a valuation by three eminent surveyors , whose character and capabilities are beyond cavil . 1 am

      informed ( though I have not yet received the official document , ) that they have fixed my rent at 36 s . per acre , adding another 7 a . per acre for the use of my machinery , & o . Now , as plenty of land such as mine was in its unimproved state can be hired for 12 s . per acre , I might say 10 s ., it follows clearly that the fee-simple of my estate is more than trebled in value , leaving out of view altogether the extra expenditure for my own personal convenience . In reply to a question from a member , Mr . Mechi said that in one year bis farms had oeen remunerative . In one year the produce of the wheat crop yielded £ 1 , 030 , but in the following year the crop sold for £ 500 less . This was owing to the fluctuation of prices , and to the fact that the second year was not a wheat season . The thanks of the Society were then moved by Mr . R . H . Sollt , seconded by Captain Ibbeison , and accorded unanimously to Mr . Mechi for his interesting communication ; after which the meeting separated .

      The Flax Culture Movement. There Is Now ...

      THE FLAX CULTURE MOVEMENT . There is now an active movement for the extension of the cultivation of flax in Great Britain and Ireland , based on sound principles and full of promise . The view taken of the question , as it stands , is this . In addition to the quantity of flax grown at home , our linen manufactures require an annual supply of the raw material from abroad amounting in value to £ 8 , 000 , 000 ; there is an annual importation of linseed to the amonntof £ 1 , 000 , 000 , and of oil cake £ 600 , 000 : making a total importation of the produce of flax cultivated in foreign lands exceeding nine millions and a half sterling . There are large tracts of land in this kingdom well adapted for the growth of flax ; its cultivation and

      preparation would afford employment to a large number of the population ; it bids fair to make a profitable return to the cultivator , and its extended cultivation would increase the certainty of supply of raw material for an important branch of manufactures . All these considerations give impulse to the movement . The per-contra side of the question shows that the successful cultivation of flax , owing to its exhaustion of the soil , and its subsequent preparation , require peculiar management and HMIeulabourdiffiJrent from that of ordinary agricultural operations . These obstacles to the general introduction of the culture would , however , only arise at the outset . The successful results which have attended Mr . Warnes ' s exertion in the

      northeastern part of Norfolk should remove the doubts that have been entertained ef its practicability , and English farmers might be guided by his experience . It is an important consideration also , that the labour required for the preparation of the fibre would afford employment to numbers who are now supported in idleness in the workhouse . It is stated , in a recent publication by Mr . Warnes , that one acre out of every hundred under cultivation , if sown with flax , would give employment to double the number of the redundant population , and yet not supply half the demand . The view thus presenters limited to the existing state ot the linen manufacture ; but an extensive future prospect has been opened , the length and breadth of which are too vast even for the powers of speculative vision to determine . Some new processes for the preparation of flax have been recently invented , which , if they realise half the advantages nredicted . will ffive an immense stimulus to the

      manufacture of linens . The Morning Chronicle , which takes the lead in the flax-culture movement , and which seems ts be in the confidence of the inventor , announces that by the new modes of preparation much of the labour and time now required to dress the Sax is saved ; that the fibre is improved in beauty and strength ; and that it may be spun by the ordinary mechanism of the cotton-mill . By another improvement the quality of the fibre may be so altered as either to diminish the heat-conductiag property of linen fabrics and produce the warmth of cotton goods , " or to impart the glossy appearance of silk . The cost of the raw material is stated to be not more than half the cost of cotton wools : and if the process of preparing the fibre can be cheapened , and its facility of manufacture ha increased so J » to give linen the advantage oven eottoa flYOB in jriWk » «**»* *««• *» uM esauem

      The Flax Culture Movement. There Is Now ...

      direction of industry at homeland many thou-. ands of acres now lying waste would be brought i " -j . Profitable cultivation . Apprehensions of limited supplies from the United States would cease to disturb ; the cotton plant of India would ho disregarded ; and the slender stalks of the linum usitatissimum waving over the broad lands of Great Britain and Ireland would supplant the " blood , stained cotton" that so shocks the sensitive Ferrand . This sketch of the future of flax-culture and

      improvement may be tinged with roseate hues , and may prove as airy as the creations of a Turner ' s pencil , but there is enough of substance in the present prospect to found a . reasonable expectation of important results from the extended cultivation of the plant . Among the means of practical appliance may be noted the formation of a company for the growth of flax on a large scale in Ireland , which has so far received the approbation of government that the conditional promise of a charter of incorporation has been given to the promoters . —Spectator .

      Reorganisation For An Efficient Factory ...

      REORGANISATION FOR AN EFFICIENT FACTORY BILL , WITH THE RESTRICTION ON THE MOVING POWER . A few earnest men , most of them workers in nulls , after meeting together to consider the exiting condition and future prospects ofthe manufacturing population of England , especially in reference to the probable consequences of recent alterations in the Factories' Regulation Acts , have unanimously agreed to submit to the calm and deliberate judgment of their friends and fellow-countrymen the substance of their united deliberations . Moat heartily do they hope that others may see eye to eye with them in a matter so seriously affecting tlie personal and dome & tie interests oi all , whose lot it is to earn their daily bread in works where the sfeain engine compels the human agent to keep time and speed with the inanimate machine .

      It is needless here to recapitulate the manifold evils , economical and moral , which have resulted from the indiscriminate and unrestricted employment of men , women , and children in woollen , cotton , silk , and other factories . Tho struggles of two succeeding generations of mill workers to secure for themselves and their families the protection of the law , prove , more convincingly than any mere words could do . how intolerable , they feel the burden of their state to he , and how resolute of purpose thoy are to persist until they finall y obtain the reasonable object of their moderate desires . They must , indeed , cease to be men , before they can relinquish an enterprise upon which depends the only true worth of life itself , and the well-being of those , whose

      happiness , m the estimation of every true-minded man , ought to outweigh all else that this world has to offer . Alas ! how much has the factory system done already to blunt the feelings , break up the homes , corrupt the morals , and degrade the character of the once domestic , peaceable , and contented Englishman . Wo are not what our fathers were , nor are our children likely to be better than we have been , if the present course of things bo permitted to go on unchecked and unreformed . In certain respects , and to some extent , an improvement in tho condition of the people has taken place since the attention ofthe legislature was first directed to the injurious tendency of factory labour . But in other hoints of view , hereafter to be stated

      and discussed , their condition is more abject , more pitiable , and more perillous , than at any former period ; and the repeal of the Ten Hours Act in the last session of parliament is alarmingly indicative of the injustice about to be sustained by the labourer , whom it is evidently tho design ofthe capitalist wholly to deprive ofthe shelter and defence of the law , in order that eventually nothing may intervene between the insatiable thirst of gain and greed on the one hand , and the prostrate impotence of poverty on the other . This terrible consummation ofthe doctrines ofthe philosophy of selfishness is visibly approaching . Is it impossible to escape or avert " it ? We would fain believe there is yet a way whereby the threatened evil may be stayed , and

      a more rational , more humane , and more beneficial system established in the stead of that , which for many years has desolated the fair face of our formerly thriving and merry fatherland . We , therefore , propose to ourselves and to others io postpone the consideration of all other questions until the great question of Capital and Labour , or more properly the question ofthe right ofthe workman to the means of life , be more thoroughly understood . It will henceforward bo our endeavour to concentrate the thought and action of labourers of every class upon this one all-impcrtant point , being thoroughly persuaded that , unless some united and

      simultaneous effort be made to turn aside the im pending danger , it will soon be too late to grapple with the giant enemy , In the meantime , and as regards-ourselves , we propose ;—To re-open and re-discuss the Factory Question , as well in delail as in its general principle . We are of opinion that the cause of the factory labourer has been materially injured by the concealment of various modes of fraud , oppression , and cruelty , in general practice , by means of which the condition ofthe mill-worker has become almost insupportable . We shall urge both upon masters and men the disgrace and scandal of such a state of things , and where acts of tyranny continue to be committed we shall appeal for justice in the higher courts of law .

      Whilst thus attempting in our several towns , through the agency of local committees , to awaken and foster a kind and manly tone ot sentiment and behaviour , and to draw attention to every prevalent abuse , we shall , above all besides , invoke the old spirit of resolute , determined , and invincible resistance to the further encroachments of wealth and mi g ht upon poverty and weakness , and once more unfurl the flag whereon our fathers wrote the glowing words— " God and our rights . " We demand A Ten Hours' Bill for all ; and to ^ render such a measure operative and efficient , one of its clauses must provide for the uniform restriction of the

      steam engine or other motive power . A plain , practical act of parliament may easily be drawn so that all masters may be alike restrained , and all labourers alike protected and benefitted by its provisions . Future papers will unfold the details of our plan more fully ; this , however , will suggest with sufficient explicitness what we really intend . Brothers , friends , and neighbours , think over what we have said , and if you feel as we do , set in along with us , and let us all work together . Up and at it , one and all , with warm heart and ready hand , and trust to the God of truth to bring what we seek to pass . Right will forward . Then let us on , believing we shall win the day . read wht here writtenand weihed it

      Having ais , g well over , pass onr littie paper on , that it may run round amongst your workmates and acquaintance . You will hear more from us by and by , for we are earnest men , and mean to do what wo can . A copy of this tract will be sent to influential persons in every manufacturing town . All who wish to know more of us and ofthe object wo have in view , are requested to apply personally or by letter to either ofthe undersigned . On behalf of the General Committee , Joseph Wardlow , Davies-street , Bukinficld , President . Johx Avison , Biierley-street , Stalybridge , Secretary .

      The Census Of 1851. The Schedule Intende...

      THE CENSUS OF 1851 . The schedule intended to be left at every house in Great Britain , to be filled in on the 31 st of March next , has been completed and approved by the Secretary of State . The following are the general instructions : — " This schedule is to he filled up by the occcupier or person in charge of tho house ; if the house is let or sublet to different persons or families , in stories or apartments , the occupier or person in charge of each such story or apartment must make a separate return for his portion ofthe house upon a separate householder ' s schedule . "

      The instructions for filling up the column headed " Rank , profession , or occupation , " are as follows ; —The superior titles of peers and other persons of rank to be inserted , as well as any high office which they may hold . Magistrates , aldermen , and other important public officers to state their profession after their official title . —Army , Navy , and Civil Service . —Add after the rank "Army , " " Artillery , " "Royal Navy , " "Marines , " "East India Company ' s Service , " as the case may bedistinguishing those on half-pay . Persons in the civil service to state tha department to which thoy are attached aiter their title or rank ; those on the superannuation list to be so distinguished . Chelsea , Greenwich , and other pensioners , to be clearly designated . —Clergymen ofthe Church of England to return themselves as " Rector of — , " " "Vicar of , " « Curate of , " & c , or as not having cure of souls . They are requested not to employ the indefinite term " clerk . " Presbyterian ministers and Roman Catholic priests to return themselves as such , and to state the name of the church or chapel in which they officiate . Dissenting ministers to return themselves as " Independent Minister of Chapel , " "Baptist Minister of Chapel , " & C . Local or occasional preachers must return their ordinary occupations . —Legal Profession . —Barristers to state whether or not in actual practice ; officers of any court , & c , to state the description of office and name of court . The designation " attorney" or " solicitor" to be confined to those whose names are actually upon the roll . Persons in solicitors' offices should distinguish whether " solicitor ' s managing , articled , writing , or general clerk . "—Members of the medical profession to state the university , college , or hall , of which they are graduates , fellows or licentiates—also whether they practice as physician , surgeon , or general practitioner , or are " not practising ., ' —Professors , teachers , public writers , authors , and scientific men , to state the ? particular branch of science or literature- which

      The Census Of 1851. The Schedule Intende...

      they teach or pursue ; artists , the art which they cultivate . Graduates should enter their degrees in this column . —Persons engaged in commerce , as merchants , brokers , agents , clerks , commercial travellers , to state the particular kind of business in which they are engaged , or the staple in which they deal . —The term farmer to be applied only to the occupier of land , who is to be returned— " Farmer of [ 317 ] acres , employing [ 12 ] labourers ; " the number of acres , and of in and out-door labourers , on March 31 st , being in all cases inserted . Sons or daughters of farmers employed at home or on the farm , may be returned— " Farmer ' s son , " " Farmer s daughter . "—In trades the master is to be distinguished from the journeyman and apprentice ,

      thus— " ( Carpenter—master employing [ 6 ] men ;" inserting always the number of persons of the trade in his employ on March 31 st . —In the case of workers in mines or manufactures , and generally in the constructive arts the particular branch of work , and the material are always to be distinctly expressed if they are not implied in tho names , as in coal miner , brass founder , wool carder , silk throwster . Where the trade is much subdivided , both trade and branch are tobe returned , thus— " Watchmaker — finisher ; " " Printer—compositor . " — A person following more than one distinct trade may insert his occupation in the order of their importance . —Messengers , porters , labourers , and servants to be described according to the place and nature of their employment . —Persons following no profession , trade , or calling , and holding no public office , but deriving their incomes chiefly from land , houses , mines , or other real property , from

      dividends , interest of money , annuities , & c , may designate themselves " Landed Proprietor , " " Proprietor of Iron Mines , " "Proprietor of Houses , " " Fundholder , " " Annuitant , " Ac ., as the case may be . Persons of advanced age who have retired from business , to be entered thus— " Retired Silk Merchant , " " Retired Watchmaker , " & , c . —Almspeople and persons in the receipt of parish relief should , after being described as such , have their previous occupations inserted . Women and children . —The titles or occupations of ladies who are householders , to be entered according to the above instructions . The occupations of women who are regularly employed from home , or at home , in any but domestic duties to be distinctly recorded . So also of children and young persons . Against the names of children above five years ef age , if daily attending school or receiving regular tuition under a master or governess at home , write " Scholar , " and in the latter case " At home . "

      Dinner To Joseph Hume, Esq., M.P., At So...

      DINNER TO JOSEPH HUME , ESQ ., M . P ., AT SOUTHAMPTON . A most gratifying demonstration , in honour of this veteran reformer , took place here on M 6 nday evening . Advantage was taken of Mr . Hume ' s temporary visit to the town ( to witness the departure of his son by the West India mail steamer ) to invite him to a public dinner , which the old English patriot accepted , and the banquet took place at the Victoria Rooms . Although the arrangement had been only a few days in progress , 400 persons were present , including men of all classes—from the borough magistrate down to the humblest working man . The respected mayor of the borough , R .

      Andrews , Esq ., filled the chair . Mr . Sheriff Payne , Mr . Aldevman Laishley , and several other members of the Town Council were present . The toast of Mr . Hume ' s health was drunk with every manifestation of honour and delight—the ladies in their gallery waving their hannkerchiefs as those of the sterner sex ( all standing ) shook the building with their loud cheers . Mr . Hume in responding said , that it might probably be new to many present if he stated that he was the first man in the House of Commons who declared himself a Radical Reformer —( applause)—and at a time , too , when a Radical Reformer was thought little better than a wild beast . ( Laughter and cheers . ) But ho made up his mind . He saw fearful abuses existing in our institutions ; he saw

      the necessity for reform of those abuses—that there must be no mere patchwork-no mending bit by bit—but that they must remove as speedily as possible those abuses and that injustice from which the nation was suffering . No country in the world was richer than England . Her inhabitants were a finer race of men than any other country could boast of . For skill and persevering plodding industry , none could rank with Englishmen . Such were his observations forty years ago . The question , then , arose in his mind , why there should be SO much misery in a country which possessed materials amply calculated to make her people prosperous and happy ? He believed one great reason to be the abuses in our constitution—political evils—that ,

      instead of ruling for the benefit of the many , those in authority too much consulted the mere interests ofthe few . In the abuses in the House of Commons was the foundation of much , if not all , the evils from which they suffered . In his early days he attached himself to the Whigs , because they appeared to be greater friends of liberty than the Tories , and he had generally been a follower of that party . He had in those days witnessed certain members of the present government toast the people , whose power , he regretted to see , they now appeared to dread . They abused the people who had brought them into power . Every Englishman had a right to a voice in sending members to

      Parliament ; but was it so ? Out of a population of twenty millions , there were only some 050 , 000 electors on the register ; and , after deducting double and treble qualifications , he believed the actual number of individual electors would not exceed 800 , 000 . Referring hack to the commencement of his career in 1811 , he repeated that he found the root of all these evils to be in the House of Commons ; and to tho work of reform , and a change for the better , he had devoted his life . ( Loud cheers . ) No country in the world had more reason to be proud of her institutions than England , if they were only properly carried out . No man was more anxious than he was to see the abuses which bad

      creptinto them removed—none more anxious topreservethe good and destroy the bad . ( " Hear , " and cheers . ) And therefore he had , in the two last sessions of Parliament , introduced a measure to give the people a registered suffrage , the ballot , the abolition of the property qualifications for members of Parliament , equal electoral districts , and triennial Parliaments . ( On each of which several points Mr . Hume dilated at some length . ) He had great confidence in the future , and although he did not expect to live to seethemall carried out , he believed the day was not far distant which would witness the advent of many great and wise changes . After a few complimentary references with respect to the conduct of the Mayor of Southampton , who , Mr . Hume said , had always proved himself a true friend of the working classes , Mr . Hume proposed the " Health of the Mayor and Corporation of Southampton , " and sat down amidst enthusiastic cheering .

      The toast was drunk with much applause , and briefly responded to by the Mayor . " The Magistrates ofthe Borough" was acknowledged by G . Laishley , Esq ., who paid a high tribute of admiration to the conduct and character of Mr . Hume as a consistent and unflinching reformer . " " The Members ofthe Borough " and other toasts wore drunk ; and , amongst others , " A free and unfettered Press . "

      Soiree To Mr. W. Williams, M.P., For Lambeth.

      SOIREE TO MR . W . WILLIAMS , M . P ., FOR LAMBETH .

      On Wednesday Evening A Soiree Was Given ...

      On Wednesday evening a soiree was given by the electors of Lambeth to their represeetative , Mr . Williams , at the Horns' Tavern , Kennington . The hon . gentleman , on entering the room in company with Mr . Hume , M . P ., and Mr . H . Vincent , was most cordially received by the assembly . The chair was taken by Mr . C . Jones . The example set at several meetings of auxiliary reform associations in providing musical pieces was followed on this occasion , the first being the ''The People ' s Anthem . " The Chairman said , Mr . Williams' past course was known to most persons present , aud his future course would no doubt correspond with it . Could a better man have heen found he would have been

      presented to the electors : it was because the committee believed that te be impossible that they had recommended him for acceptance . ( Cheers . ) Mr . John M'Leob then proposed the following sentiment : — " William Williams , Esq . May he long live a consistent and able advocate of all useful reforms , and thereby commend himself to the continued approval and support of the electors of the borough of Lambeth . " Mr . W . Williams , on rising , was received with loud cheers . He said , at the period of the election he made many promises , but never should it be said that the committee had introduced a man who had

      violated his word . He might fail in talent , but they should have no fault to find with his acts . ( Cheers . , ) One of his promises was that he would come before them at the end of every session , and that if they disapproved of his conduct , he would resign hia seat . So short a time elapsed , last session , that it was scarcely necessary for him to appear at the close ; but he had the pleasure of opposing the Coercion Bill , and even of raising his

      voice against it , and thus inducing some one to say that the new member for Lambeth had made his maiden speech . ( Laughter . ) During the progress of the election there were but two points raised , namely , financial reform and the best means of securing it ; secondly , the giving the people a share in the representation . He had joined with Mr . flume in a great many divisions , and on no occasion had they been disunited . They were told that next session the Chancellor of the Exchequer

      On Wednesday Evening A Soiree Was Given ...

      would have a surplus of abont £ 3 , 500 , 000 . He would tell them what use ought , in his opinion , to be made out of this surplus . ( Hear , hear . ) The most objectionable of all taxes was the window tax —a tax on the choicest gifts of heaven , light and air , without which neither animal nor vegetable life could exist for a single instant . He would use his utmost efforts to sweep away from the statute book that impost It amounted to about £ 1 800 , 000 . The soap tax affected the cleanliness and health of the masses of the people ; it amounted to £ 1 , 000 , 000 , and he would urge its abolition . ( Cheers . ) The next tax which he proposed to the tax

      abolish was on paper , amounting to about £ 800 , 000 . With that he would unite the taxes on newspapers . ( Cheers . ) Would any one suppose that the duty levied upon newspapers and advertisements—a " duty which impeded the diffusion of knowledge amongst every class of the communit yonly amounted to £ 360 , 000 ? ( Hear , hear . ) The abolition of those four taxes would just about absorb the expected surplus . But , further , the whole system of taxation required to be arranged through out . ( Hear , hear . ) There was not a single tax , except perhaps the income fax , that was not unjust to the great body of the people . It was a remarkable fact that a reduction of taxation was

      generally followed by only a very small diminution in the amount collected . The falling off consequent upon the reductions made since 1815 had seldom amounted to more than a third . Immediately before the great reductions which took place in 1840 , the taxes were * 2 , 000 , 000 « 5 per annum less than in the last year . ( Hear , hear . ) The abolition of the bread tax would , perhaps , explain that anomaly . He repeated , however , that they stood in need of a revision of the entire system of taxation . "Vtby should the inheritance of the duke be exempted

      from the probate and legacy duty , while the poor man who inherited more than £ 20 bad to pay ten per cent ? ( Hear , hear . ) Were that tax made applicable to land , the duty on tea might be reduced at least one-half . He might mention the malt tax as another public burden which required speedy re . duction or abolition . Neither these alterations however , nor others which were loudly demanded , could be obtained without a change in the representa t ion , and to that object their efforts should all be directed . Again he thanked them for the honour they had done him .

      Mr . J . H . Slack proposed the next sentiment ,, which was an aspiration of the success of Parliamentary and Financial Reform . They all liked Financial Reform , and therefore they should support all those movements by which it might be attained . The true base of Financial was Parliamen'ary Reform ; without that , if taxes were removed by Whi gs or Tories they might be put on again ; but once let Parliamentary Reform be secured , and such a result would be impossible . Mr . Hume , on rising , was received with great cheering . If a public man desired reward , he said , such a reception was an ample one . He had come

      there to thank the electors of Lambeth for having preferred the best man , and enabled him to take part in promoting the object to which his ( Mr . Hume ' s ) life had heen devoted . ( Cheers . ) He was often spoken of as a veteran reformer . Would that he could throw bis glance fifty years forward : for he bad seen so much improvement in the last fifty years that he could see no limit to the advantages which , if men were true to themselves , might be realised within half a century . ( Hear , and cheers . ) There was no country in the world so famous for its wealth as England ; none which had more skilful workmen ; a greater number of patriots or better women to assist in efforts at amelioration .

      Why was there so much wretchedness where there were such capabilities for affording happiness and contentment ? The labouring people of ^ England were more indefatigable , more continuous in labour , than those of any other country in the world . Why , then , should they be unable to enjoy the fruits of their labour > That the land of England was worth more than that of Poland was owing solely to the fact that greater industry was employed upon it . ( Hear ,

      hear . ) Why , then , should those who were eo useful and so patriotic be in a worse condition than the labouring population of almost any other country ? These were questions which had for forty years pressed strongly upon his mind . Mr . Hume then glanced at his political life , paid a tribute of respect to the memory of Sir Robert Peel , whose merits , he said , were much undervalued , and concluded by calling on the people to be their own regenerators .

      The next sentiment , which had reference to the advancement of reform , was spoken to by Mr . Doulton . Mr . H . Vincent proposed " The spread of civil and religious freedom throughout the world . " By religious freedom he meant the freedom of every man to worship God according to the dictates of hia own conscience . The Church of England people wanted to know what was to become of them a few dissenters thought there was danger ; and a statesman , who ought to be the guardian of all the public liberties —( cheers)—a statesman whose chief glory consisted in having fought the battle of

      religious freedom , bad now tarnished his character , ( ' « No , no . " ) Those who cried " No , no , " were , he presumed , firm believers in the right of private judgment —( hear)—aud every man who rudely cried " No , no" when another spoke had a Pope in his heart . He maintained that it was unstatesman * like for any man to use the powers which he possessed as a statesman to brand with scorn the faith of any . It was contrary to the spirit of the constitution . It was said that the Pope claimed infallibility . Had the Church of England never claimed infallibility—never refused to bury the dead ? ( Hear , hear . ) Truth never sought royal protection , or sheltered itself under a Prime Minister ' s letter : she

      asserted her supremacy openly , and in spite of all opposition . If laws had been violated let them be put in force , but he warned them , lest in the excitement of the moment they should give encouragement to coercive measures , which , if they struck the Romish cathedral on the left , might also strike the Dissenting chapel on the ri g ht . ( Hear , bear . ) Legislation on religious matters was the bane of the State , and he regretted that men whom he respected should stand beside the vicar of their parish and say that which might be pleaded in parliament in favour of the most arbitrary measures . Anything like a retrogade course would be fatal to the cause of civil and religious freedom ; ( Hear . ) The company did not disperse till a late hour ia the evening .

      Intended Literary. " Retreat."—Our Reade...

      Intended Literary . " Retreat . "—Our readers know how often we have pointed out the pressing urgency which exists for the establishment of some form of provision for the literary man , established on more intelligible principles and clearer responsibilities than the literary fund , —and available to the unfortunate of that class who are strangely excluded from the benefits of the fund in question by the present interpretation of its statutes . Some such institution on a broad scale , which might be partly self-supporting and partly endowed , would probably develope itself out of any good beginning earnestly made ; and we have , therefore , heard with great satisfaction of a munificent ofier made by Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer at the close

      of some dramatic entertainments which he has been giving at Knebworth , —the performers consisting of the company of amateurs who usuall y play under the managerial directions of Mr . Dickins . Sir Edward proposes to write a play , to be acted by that company at various places in the United Kingdom : —the proceeds to form the germ of a fund for a certain number of houses to be further endowed for literary men and artists , —and the play itself , if we understand rightly , to be after " wards disposed of for the added benefit of the fund . Sir Edward will likewise give in fee ground on his

      estate in Herts for the erection of such asylum , rest , retreat , or whatever else it may be determined to call the residence in question . The actors—to whom a conspicuous share in this good work will be due—hope , we understand , to take the field in the spring of next year . Here is the first step which we > have bo long desired to see taken ; and as one quality of liberality is its inieotiousness , and one move suggests another , we will hope that out of this beginning will grow a shelter for the failing literary mmd proportioned to the wants of the class and to its more than common claims on society . — Athenceum .

      A Gallant Debd . — The Welcome , of Xewry , Martin , master , laden with coals for Mr . James M'Makon , of this town , which went ashore in the Bay of Dundrum , during the severe gale on the SOthult ., has been cot off and brought round to this port without having sustained much damage . She had spent her sail ! and sprung . aJeak , » nd when she struck the crew wore so much exhausted launch their boats , fctwse / named John H ^ w surf to the vessel and res-S ^' aSTSBfi ofthe master and four seamenVfrom their perilous position , thenoble horsa swimming back to the shore with his burden in sa fety . —Newry Telegraph . There are unwritten and immutable principles Of right and wrong , far more saored than the laws of ( utafa-S ophQtles ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 7, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_07121850/page/7/