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Northern Star (1837-1852), 7th April 1849, Edition 2 of 3, Page 3, The Uzbndge Sp irit of Freedom, and Work...

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      April 7, 1849. The N0rthern Star.

      April 7 , 1849 . THE N 0 RTHERN STAR .

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      THE PEOPLE ' S ADVENT . ( From Xo . 1 of The Vxbridge Spirit of freedom . ) Tis coming up the steep of time , And this old world is growing brighter ; We m ay not see its dawn sublime , Yet high hopes make the heart throb lighter . We may be sleeping in the ground "When it awakes the world hi wonder ; But we have felt it gathering round , And heard its voice of living thunder . 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming .

      Tis coming now , that glorious time , Foretold and sung by prophets hoary ; For which , when thinking was a crime , Souls leaped to Heaven from scaffolds gory I They may not see the work they ' ve wrought—2 Jow the crowned hopes of centuries blossom ; But the quick lightning of their thought , Pulses alive the world ' s stirred bosom . * Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming . Out of the light , ye priests ! nor fling Your dark cold shadows on us longer ! Aside ! thou world-wide curse—called King ! The people ' s step is quicker—stronger ! There ' s an inward divinity That makes men great whene ' er they will it ; If they hut dare—they must he free ! And the time comes that shall reveal it ! 'Tis coming ! yes , ' tis coming .

      Sings , empires , systems rot with age , — But the great people groweth youthful ; And it shall write the future ' s page , To our humanity moretruthM . The roughest heart hath tender chords To waken at the name of " Brother ;" And time comes when brain-scorpion words "We shall not speak to sting each other . 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming FraAietmty ! love ' s other name , Bear Heaven-connecting link of being ! Then shall we grasp thy golden dream—As souls ^ fufl-statured—grow far-seeing . Thou shalt unfold our better part , And to our life-cup yield more honey ; light up with joy the poor man ' s heart , Affection ' s world with emiles more sunny . Fraternity , thou ' rt coming .

      Ay , it must come ! the tyrant b throne Is crumhlmg—with our hot tears rusted ; The sword , earth ' smighty have leant on , , Is canker'd—with our heart's blood crusted . Boom for the men of mind ! make way ! Ye bigot rulers , pause no longer ! Ye cannot stay the opening day , Theworldrollson ! thelughtgrows stronger 'Tis coming I yes , 'tis coming . Musey

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      The Co^O^Wealth. April' . London : J. Wa...

      THE CO ^ O ^ WEALTH . April' . London : J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . Politics , Poetry , and Political Economy , Facts and Fiction , well occupy the sixty pages of the third number of this " Monthly Record of Democratic , Social , and Industrial Progress . " " Whatis to he done with Ireland ?" is the title of an able article , the subjectmatter of which may he surmised . Another of the admirable series of articles on the Land and Labour question -will be found in this number , entitled " Social Effects of Peasant Proprietorship . " The lighter articles include ihe story of " The Weaver ' s Daughter , " some sensible comments on "Sundays Abroad and at Home , " and the "Hero "—a poem . We quote the following from an article on the

      ESTIKCTIOK OF I ATOERISM . Last month we gave an account of the principles on which a " Home Colony Society" was established in the Setherlands in the year 1817 . Begmning on a small basis , but proceeding surely hut but slowly , it has now become a permanent and prosperous society , conductcdonwcU provedprinciples of benefit to the classes on whose behalf it was founded—that is , the pooranddestitute of theland . Throug h the efforts of a number of persons all over the kingdom , and by means of so small an annual individual subscription as 4 s . 4 d ., the Society now possesses eig htcolonies in the provinces of Friesland , Overyssell , and Drenthe , the major part of which have been absolutely reclaimed from a sandy waste . The total amount of

      land now in cultivation is about seven thousand acres , from which , in 1848 , the colonists raised agricultural produce sufficient to supply their wants ; while the manufactures carried on by them also furnished clothes , furniture , tools , & c , even beyond their own requirements . The returns given in the report for that year show , that , in spite of the unfavourable circumstances that then weighed on the rural productions of all Europe , the colonists of the Netherlands Benefit Society , by their own exertions , directed as they were by the excellent modus operandi of the Society , fully supported themselves without the least necessity for Poor Bates or Bates in Aid ; without clamouring about protection , or groaning over local taxation . And yet who are

      these colonists ? They consisted at the end of 1840 of 11 , 301 persons , chiefly what weshouldin this country call paupers ; that is , persons with families , utterly destitute of means , and who would here be compelled to throw themselves on the poor rates . These persons are in Holland , through this Society , placed in a "Colony , " and by their own exertions , as we have before stated , fully support themselves -without requiring the least aid ; and , besides , return a very considerable balance of profit for the extension of the system . The latest report in our possession only comes down to the end of 1 S 46 , a . year in which the agricultural products Of the colony were greatly less than an average ; it would , therefore , be unfair to give any statements founded on the returns for that year . Even then , however , the colonies had defrayed all their

      expenses , and the colonists had been enabled to support themselves most comfortably . Why should the same thing not be done in this country ? "We have , it is well-known , in Great Britain and Ireland , 35 , 000 , 000 acres of waste but cultivable lands , the larger proportion of which are infinitely superior in natural fortuity to the sandy plains on which the paupers of Holland were originally set to work . At the same time we find that the poor rates are annually increasing in amount . For the year ending Lady-day , 1848 , they were upwards of seven millions and three quarters sterling , or nearly the amount paid in the last year of the old law , namely—eight millions . It is clear , therefore , that the measures we have formerly had recourse to , have failed to arrest the progress of this social disease . The measures of commercial

      relaxation from which so much was anticipated , have also as yet produced scarcely any appreciable improvement in the condition . of the operative classes . While manufacturers aud merchants are telling us that trade is improving , orders flowing in , and money plentiful , the manufacturing operatives state on the other hand that the only result , as far as they are concerned , is to give them work at such wages as are utterly inadequate to support existence * . In Spitalfielda six long days' work does not enable the silk weaver to earn the barest necessaries of life , lie is obli g ed to toil on the Sunday also . In the manufacturing districts it has been repeatedly stated in public meetings that the wages paid are insuflicient , and that in many cases they are made up out of the rates . Thus we find in these districts a repetition of the worst of the old poor law in the rural districts .

      So far as we can perceive , and we have anxiously and carefully studied this subject for many years , there is no hope of any permanent or extreme improvement under the present manufacturing and commercial system . Every attempt to extend markets will be met with determined hostility by those who wish to protect native industry in other countries , or hy fresh , vigorous , and powerful rivals in neutral markets . It is time , therefore , that our statesmen should attempt to grapple resolutely with this great and paramount question . Difficult as the problem may appear to those whose minds have been perverted by the dogmas of an erroneous system of political economy , nothing is in reality more easy , land , Labour , and Capital , are the primary constituents of every description of wealth . We have shown that we have plenty of waste uncultivated , but cultivatable land . The pressure of unemployed labour upon the poor rates shows that

      there is no lack of that element . K instead of i < rnorantly squandering upwards of seven millions in keeping that labour unemployed , we were to borrow some twenty or thirty millions on the security of the rates , and use that sum in the same manner as has been done in Holland , a speedy extinction of poor rates and pauperism would ensue . "What the Dutch have done we may do . It is no use for theorists to cry " visionary or impracticable . " It has been done—demonstrated . The only " visionary and impracticable" plans in the world are those which proffer to g ive prosperity to the country through the medium of commercial relaxations and financial reductions , which always fail to realise the predictions of their advocates . It is the master evil if this COUnrJy £ hai it has been ft * liiauy years past misgoverned by such theorists , and until a more practical and enlightened statesmanship shall supersede their crude and fallacious sophisms no real amendment in its condition can take place , ' We have only to repeat our good Tsdshse for flie faeces * of the " Commonwealth . "

      The Co^O^Wealth. April' . London : J. Wa...

      CHARTIST TRACTS FOR THE TIMES . No . 4 . The Factory System ; Trades ' Union Strikes ; The Operatives'' Remedy . Published by J . Barker , Wortley , near Leeds ; and J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row , London . In previous numbers of these abl y-written " tracts " the writers laid bare the real character of their , high mightinesses , the lords of the soil ; and the public misery caused by the

      oppression exercised by those " noble " usurpers . In the tract before us , an attempt is made to do justice to that still baser and more heartless crew , the "lords of the long chimnies . " The following extract , though somewhat lengthy , so truly and powerfull y sets forth the condition of the factory population , in reply Jo the lies of the Maitbnsian Castor and Pollux of Edinburgh , that we cannot bring ourselves to mar its force by any attempt at abridgment .

      THE FACTORY STSTEM . In No . 145 , New . Series , of Chambers' Edinburgh Journal , we find a false and fulsome article , in which the beneficial results of machinery are lauded to the skies , and wherein the author makes himself the eulogist of the abominations which we have recited . What pity , that twpmen , otherwise useful and talented , should desecrate their pages with such vile trumpery ; but , they have printed it , and our duty is toreply . In page 234 , he says , "Row the girl that serves for her humble ' penny fee , ' is clad in raiment which the Mistress . of the last century would have thought it extravagant to wear ; and the toiling mechanic , week day or SunT

      day , is habited in a style which no country , save a mechanical one like Britain , could supply . " Hear this , Jworking men ! Hear it , -you whose limbs are encased in the cast-off rags of the' rich , so abundantly patched that it would be hard to discover the original texture . Were it not for the seriousness of tho subject , we should feel inclined to laugh heartily at Chambers' caricature . Aud these are the men who have kindly undertaken our education , and have published numerous works for that avowed object . But stay , we have a little fact at our elbow , that shall stand in juxta position to the assertion of these teachers . Here it is . When the Anti-Corn Law agitation was at its full height . Mr .

      Ashworth , of Bolton , produced an old ragged cotton shirt , and exhibited it before the public , as a proof of the miserable condition of the manufacturing population : at the same time informing his hearers that its owner was a hand loom cotton weaver who had been compelled , through lowness of wages , to wear _ the said shirt for five years ! Splendid clothing , no doubt , and in this mechanical country called Britain , too . Here is another fact of a recent date . At a meeting of the Spitalfields silk weavers , held in Church-row , Bethnal-green , within the last month , Mr . Gurnell states that "he went into a house in which there were four or five families ; and he was grieved to say , that in some

      cases there were three or four families located in one room ; all the bedding he could discover for the whole of the parties , he could have tied up in a pocket handkerchief . In fact , bedding was out of the question , and the whole place , though carefully cleaned , looked most miserable from want of furniture , and even the commonest comforts . In another room he found a family in the midst of misery . He entered another place where two of the children had died of fever , and not a bit of food in the house . The state of all these families was most lamentable , and the scenes positively heartrending . But what surprised him most , was the fact , that in all these cases of destitution and misery , he did not enter a house in which the parties were without work . He attributed this state of destitution to lowness of

      wages , nor could they hope for improvement until labour was protected . " We could go on enumerating volumes of evidence of this description . We here have a description of the condition of the operatives in Bolton , as a sample of the style in which the Lancashire manufacturers enable their highly favoured work people to clothe themselves , and the other facts need no comment . Oh happy mechanical Britain ! when such scenes of woe are exhibited in thy gorgeous metropolis , not by want of employ , but through the heartless p lunder of their employers . And upon what sort of work are these suffering wretches engaged ? Hear it , oppressed people ! Making the costly velvets which grace the limbs of the nation's idlers , speculators , and land robbers . We need dwell no further on this

      part of Mr . Chambers mendacious assertion , as there is scarce an operativewho reads these lines who cannot furnish scores of similar facts . In page 233 , he further asserts , that "the order necessarily observed in all our factories and public works , in consequence of their strictly mechanical nature , insensibly induces to an orderly disposition ; while the fact of meeting together so frequently induces emulation , and this emulation leads to self-respect and self-improvement—facts which are amply illustrated by the establishment of educational institutions , lecture rooms benefit and temperance societies , baths , and places of public recreation , and the like . " Oh ! oh !! oh !!! this is really too bad !

      With what glibness and complacency this honied description of manufacturing life is here given . It leads to an orderly disposition , does it ? Let the evidence of the factory children and their parents , given before the parliamentary committee , answer that shameful falsehood . An orderly disposition ! Why , disorder , filth , and unthriftiness has been abundantly proved as the main evil resulting from the fact of females being cooped up in a factory from childhood , to the exclusion of all chance of learning the simplest household duties , and the prostration of their self-respect . Thousands of females bred in a factory cannot darn their husbands' stockings , or make the simplest g arment ; and those who are capable of performing their duties as wives , have to be taught to do so after marriage . The public may therefore easily conceive what a specimen of " order" must follow

      under the guidance of such housewives . True , there is a large portion of females who have been necessitated to enter a factory , and who , to their honour be it spoken , have afterwards learned to become the most exemplary wives , hut no thanks to the factory lord for this , as it is generally after quiting the " order" of those Babels of din and confusion that they learn to appreciate their existence , and become cognisant of the ennobling duties of then * sex . The reference which is made to the educational institutions , lecture rooms , baths , places of public recreation , & c , added to the splendid dresses mentioned in the previous page , must cause the factory districts to be viewed as a second edition of the Elysian fields to the bewildered

      imaginations of Chambers ' readers in the farming districts , and make the daughters of our sturdy yeomen fit to burst with envy , at the happy lot of the hitherto compassionated "factorygirl . " But , badinage apart , it is grievous to think that ihe facdities , that Chambers' also boasts of in the same article , which machinery has given to the " printer ' s art , " should enable men to deluge the land with such outrageous falsehoods . A painful and practical knowledge of the factory system , in Lancashire , Yorkshire , Leicestershire , Worcestershire , Cheshire , Somersetshire and Norfolk compels us to denounce this statement of Chambers' as the direct reverse » f the fact ; and they must know it to be so . God save the people from such instructors !

      Amen ! Happily we may save our breath , so far as appealing to Hercules is concerned . We have learned that "God helps them who ' hel p themselves , " and the people will he best saved from such " instructors" ( 1 ) as the Messrs . Chambers , hy encouraging the true men of then own order , who—like the Kirkdale Chartist Prisoners—possess a knowledge of the causes of popular suffering , and the necessary remedies ; and who are also "hold enough to be honest , and honest enough to be bold . " This tract is one of the most valuable of the series . We earnestly hope that its circulation will be equal to its value .

      The History Of Ireland. By T. Weight, Es...

      The History of Ireland . By T . Weight , Esq . Part VHL London : J . and F . Tallis , 100 , St . John-street . The commencement of the " Protestant' Reformation "— -a new element of discord in the history of this unhappy island- —is described in the part before us . Persecution of those who clung to the ancient faith , the destruction of religious monuments , and spoliation of church property , were the principal features of the socalled . " Reformation . " As in this country , the aristocracy sacked the spoil . In 1541 the Irish " Parliament '' conferred upon Henbt VHL thetitle of "King of Ireland . " In return the King made a creation of Irish Peers .

      Amongst the new-made Lords were two of the O'Briens , who bartered their independence and fame of ancestry for the titles of "Earl o p Thomoud , " and "Baron of Ibhackan . " The ceremony of then- investiture took place " at the King ' s favourite manor of Greenwich . The " Queen ' s closet , prepared for the celebration of High Mass " on the occasion of this ceremony , was richl y decorated with cloth of Arras , " and well sirred with rushes . " In loii , the native Irish were first engaged as recruits , to assist the English King in bis French wars . . The historian gives an interesting description or the « ondition of the Irish soldiery of that time . Sentlegeh , in his letter to the King , speaking of ihe Irish

      The History Of Ireland. By T. Weight, Es...

      cavalry , observes , that there are " no properer horsemen in Christian ground , no more hardy , nor yet that can better endure hardness . " The footmen , or infantry , wfcre divided into two classes—the " galloglasses , " and the " kernes . " The former are described as " harnessed in mail , " and carrying darts and axes . Of their courage it is said , "They do not lightly abandon the field , and bide the brunt to the death . " The " hemes" the English deputy describes as " . naked men , except onl y their shirts and small .. xjoats ; land many times when they come to the bicker

      ( fight ) , but bare naked , saving their shirts for decency . " Their arms were darts and short bows . They are described as being almost insensible to pain , and passing their lives eating such meat * ' as few others could live with . '' Nearly a thousand of these "kernes" were employed in the siege of Boulogne , September , 1514 . "They astonished . everybody by their bravery and ferocity . *' ,,.. S ^ njuursx " tells , . . a story to the effect that '' we . French sent a messenger to the English Monarch to .. inquire whether they were men or devils , whom he had brought against them !"

      This Part is embellished with a splendid engraving of the "Waning of New Ross , " an account of which was given in an earlier portion of this well-told history .

      The Uzbndge Sp Irit Of Freedom, And Work...

      The Uzbndge Sp irit of Freedom , and Working Man ' s Vindicator . Conducted b y Working Men . No . 1 . April . Published by J . Redrup , "Oxbridge , Middlesex . London : J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . A new monthly publication , of a thoroughly democratic character , conducted b y Working Men . We shall let our friends speak for themselves : — We shall ho accused of ckee-feeling , aud party spirit ; well , be it so . We would fam clasp the whole world in the arms of love : but ye will not , ye who spit upon us and flout us with being tho " swinish multitude . " What can be the nature of that union where the subjection-of the one party is

      maintained by -the force of the other ? This is treason to the sovereignty of the people ,, , and treason to God , by destroying that moral . beauty of unity which the Creator intended for mankind . We are slaves socially and helots politically ; and , if to work out our own redemption be called " party feeling , " we accept it . We call , upon true democrats of all ranks to support us ; but especially on the working class ; ve invite them to contribute to our pages , for we want the sledge-hammer strokes which working-men who do think can give , and , if we cannot reach the head . of the present , system of things , why we'll let drive at the feet ! Keepat' ivork , and the mighty Triune which crushes us now / shall ; ' erV'long , make way for an educated and enfranchised people , who shall yet make Old England a land worth living and worth dying for .

      . Such a publication appearing in Manchester or Leeds , would be nothing wonderful ; but we must say we are agreeably surprised to find a small town like Uxbridge containing men who not only dare think for themselves , hut who , also , are determined to give their free thoughts utterance , with the view of hastening the political and social emancipation of their order . Such men claim our respect and good wishes ; and most earnestl y we wish them success . The whole of the articles in this number are well

      written ; their titles are significant— "The Labour Question , " "Letter of a Labourer , ' ' " Emigration and the Aristocracy , " " Where is Religion to be found ? '' & c , & c . We must take another extract from this boldly-written " Vindicator" of the rights of the

      proletarians : — We have to play a grand part in the history of the future . Our gallant brothers of Paris , Vienna , and Berlin , must not bleed on their barricades for Labour ' s ri ghts in vain . Tho problem will again and again force itself on the world , and , if our rulers dare not grapple with it , we must do tho work ourselves . Working men , we must understand each other—let us learn what wrongs have been perpetrated , for that is the first step towards redress . We must , ourselves , assert our rights , or we shall never win them . We have been listeners in the political arena—now let us mount the platform .

      The Schoolmaster is abroad . Let the enemies of Justice look to it . ' Work , on ye "Men o p the Future . "

      The Reasoner. Part Xxxv. London: J. Wats...

      The Reasoner . Part XXXV . London : J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-rbw , Devoted to the usual subjects , the writers exhibiting their usual ability , and the editor his usual impartiality . We observe nothing unusual calling for comment on our part .

      Unrepormed Abuses In Church And State. I...

      UNREPORMED ABUSES IN CHURCH AND STATE . In our notice of Wade ' s Ohreformcd Abuses in Church and State , { Star , of March 31 st , ) wo accidentally omitted the name of the publisher : —Effisgham Wilson , Royal Exchange , City .

      Sunshine And Shadow; A Tale Of The Ninet...

      SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BV THOMAS MARTIN WHEELER , Late Secretary to the National Charter Association and National Land Company .

      Chapter II . He owned the spell . Imagination woke Within him and enthralled his willing soul . The charm of music o ' er his spirit broke , And o ' er each feeling held a sweet control . Fondly he how'd him ' neath young fancy ' s yoke , Bade fancy make his sorrows and console , Then the great song the blind man sang of yore , Old Homer open'd all his sacred store . —Beste . " Well , Arthur , " said Walter North , addressing the only remaining tenant of the room , " all our companions are gone ; our friends alone seem tardy . " " True , Walter , but their arrival brings our se-Saration , and after three years' companionship , uring which time I have looked up to you as an

      elder brother , I feel that I am about to bo thrust alone into the world ; you have parents , brother , and sister to love you , but I have only an uncle to look to , and he is so immersed in business that I fear I shall almost he forgotten . " "No , Arthur , " said Walter , warmly , " while I live you will never be forgotten ; my friends will be your friends ; no change in circumstances will damp my friendship ; my sister Julia will love you as a brother , and father and mother will be as proud of you as lam . " Arthur Morton was indeed a boy to be proud of . He was about fourteen years old , pale , light complexioned , and rather under the middle size , —his features were not regularly handsome , but of that

      cast which are generally termed interesting , —his eyes were hazel , and of remarkable brig htness and intensity , and his whole countenance indicative of intelligence beyond his years . Left an orphan at an early age , and consigned to the care of a bachelor uncle , Ralph Morton , a woolstaplcr , residing inthe dull region of Bermondsey , he had experienced none of those attentions and socialising influences which are generally the result of maternal or sisterly solicitude ; he consequently grew up a shy and moody boy . Having naught else to feel an interest in , books became to him what society is to boys more advangeously situated ; in them his whole deli g ht was centered , they were the only medium through which he could cive vent to his affections , and many a hot

      tear did ho shed over the woes of the Madelines , and Rosinas , the Algernons and tho Aubreys , of the romances which adorned his uncle's scanty and ill-selected library . At eleven years . old , more for the sake of ridding himself of an incumbrance than with a view to the boy ' s future welfare , our hero was sent to a second-rate boarding school ; his progress here was rapid , and though his reading was desultory , yet it was sufficiently extensive and varied to give him a general acquaintance with most of our standard classical and English authors ; poetry was his favourite study , and Homer and Virgil , Byron and Shelley , would wile him away from his boyish companions , and wrap him in an elysium of delight , and yet he was not altogether a dreamer ; there was in him , young as he was , sufficient of the

      iron of human nature to g ive something of a practical character to his most dreary reveries , and give promise that if hammered on the harsh anvil of human adversity it would emit sparks dangerous not only to his own safety but to the safety of others . This trait in his character arose from the habit of self-dependence -which he had been impelled to acquire under his uncle ' s lonely mansion , with his one aged and uncouth female domestic . School was a new era in the lite ot Arthur Morton —the shy , reserved boy was now jostled in the uproarious Babel of some fifty candidates for the empire of the school dominions ; willingly would he again have embraced the retirement of the lono house in Bermondsey , but he was compelled . to er » dure the con flict , submit to the jokes and taunts of the wild urchins around him , until one insult ' deeper

      Sunshine And Shadow; A Tale Of The Ninet...

      2 fn nd ih ° v d the iron k his nature , and ho Z « S « fwi shower of bI ° ™ «» two of the most ^ i ^ fiffra fc nft Xte iSi ^?"* ^ atsvntaihiI jfT ^ jH suburbans-a "dunce vearSL + L ^\ l tm ' ! Walter ™ ° two SiL Arthur and of a very opposite dis-Z ST ? wa S as fr * and freo as the other was sh yandreservcd j-self-confident , and proud of his & Jte * * P " ^ ? ir ' he ™ the self-constituted but undisputed leader of their frolic and

      every school-boy enterprise ; from tho hour Arthur socured his patronage he was exempt from all further annoyance , and gradually acquired self-confidence and self-respect , those primary qualifications to the respect and confidence of others . And Arthur , how his young heart bounded towards his friend ; he was ? k ! fc £ uman h , eiu who had » l » own him more than negafave kindness , the hitherto sealed up foun-S ? . » affe , otlons welIe < l « P to his benefactor ,-w , * i e / ° ? S his sole idol .-love for Walter E * T ? f fa 11 human km < l .-the very features of * mi rt- *?? assumcd to his eyes a kindlier look , ^ L » * I frolicsome deeds were no longer looked upon with disgust . Kindness , was to him m hovhood

      Phoned > , i 18 t t 0 ltiany in moro mature years ' Jt aft £ LS C 0 l 0 ured - the asPect of his existence * if + „ d a T smnt within him - Oh ! how wo bofJ JL "rtje l < Wons of kindness in youth ; !* IJ ? i a ^ ^ whoIe tenour ° » H » beon SSL E Md darken «< l »> y harshness bli ghting the the Jhv fnd and tend ; Bh 00 ks of 70 uthfuhmc tion ; JM ^ f t "f ^« ° y-niBetin ff with only insult Indfev ^ Ti ' com P anions , grows up the selfish b ? tter ¦ £ K 2 rt ^ T S back on h « killd with bitter interest the harshness received in his early days , and scattering around him the seeds of that f ^ ffr and hatred which early kindness would have eradicated or allayed ; so true it is that love begets lore , and happiness is born a twin , and cannot exist alone . From this period to that of their final leaving school , at the oneninir of our tale , the

      most perfect friendshi p existed between Arthur and Walter North ; often thoughtless and exacting on the part of the latter , but ever self-sacrificing and trusting on the part of the former , the difference in their dispositions served only to cement this union by rendering their mutual good qualities subservient to each other ' s welfare ; as the gases ejected by animal life give vitality and greenneaa to * the vegetable world , and impart beauty and fertility to the whole , so did their opposite tastes give freshness and health to their friendshi p . Nature delights in such contrasts ; the twining ivy clings to the supporting oak , —the modest primrose loves the shades of the umbrageous forest tree . At Walter ' s request Arthur had occasionally spent a portion of the vacation at his father ' s house , where in the company of his friend and his sister Julia , he spent hours of happiness , often afterwards recalled to his memory by unkindness and neglect ; and thus the ideal of home and comfort , of female loveliness and domestic peace , became attached to Arthur ' s recollection of his youthful friendship . ( To be continued J .

      The Ten Hours Bill. (Abridged From The T...

      THE TEN HOURS BILL . ( Abridged from the Times . ) Sir , —A bill to restrict the hours of labour in factories to ten hours a day and fifty-eight hours a week for young persons between thirteen and eighteen years and women of any age , was introduced into parliament in 1847 , and passed through both Houses with triumphant majorities on every division , and received the Royal and gracious assent of her Majesty the Queen . Since thepassing of this actmany varying decisions have been come to by different benches of magistrates as to the construction to be put upon a clause in the Factory Act of 1844 , still in force , relating to

      the time when women and young persons should begin and leave off work—whether they might be required to work the ten hours in such a way as to be exceedingly inconvenient and unfair to them and admit of a system of working by relays of hands , so as to continue the mill at work for a longer number of hours than ten per day . The practice of working in this way having been resorted to by some masters , much dissatisfaction still exists among those masters who work only ten hours , and more still among the male adult hands above eighteen , who aro thus required to work longer than ten hours—the time to which the women and young persons with whom they work are restricted .

      Having had the honour to conduct this Ten Hours Factory Bill through the House of Commons , these male adults are frequently sending their complaints to mo , and asking me for advice how to act . I should therefore feel much obliged by the publication in your journal of what I nave recommended them to do , and what I still recommend them to do . A feeling is growing up that in this country thercjis one law for the rich and another for the poor , and that nothing shows it more clearly than the neglect of the Executive to secure to the factory workers the protection which the act of 1847 was intended to provide , and does provide , for them , and about which intention there can be no doubt when we remember what the Speaker said in his address to the Queen on the throne at the close of the session of 1817 . He then said : —

      We have found it necessary to place a further limitation on the hours of labour of young persons employed in factories , - and by giving more time anil opportunity for their religious and moral instruction , for healthful recreation , and the exercise of their domestic duties , we have elevated the character and condition of a large and industrious class engaged in manufacturing operations . I am , Sir , your obedient servant , John Fielden . Centre Vale , March 20 , 1849 .

      TO THE FACTORY-WORKERS OF ENGLAND , IRELAND AND SCOTLAND . My Friends , —A friend in Manchester , who is most anxious that the Ten Hours Factory Act should be observed , wrote to me on the 9 th inst . — " I regret that some attempts are being made to induce the men to go for eleven hours with the restriction on the moving power , and in some instances the attempts have been successful . The spinners in Hugh Shaw ' s mill have decided by a very large majority for eleven hours . I have not any other particular case . I shall be g lad to have your advice . " The advice I gave in replying to this letter , was acted upon , and my friend writes to mo as follows : — Manchester , March 17 .

      Deaii Sib , —In compliance with your wishes , Mr . Hugh Shaw ' s men were got together . The matter was fairlyput oefore them , and they first agreed that whatever might be the result , whether for ten or eleven hours , the majority should bind the minority . The question was then put , when the numbers were for ten hours , twenty-four ; for eleven , three . There are but twenty-seven spinners in the mill . This resolution was binding , and Mr , SliftW has abandoned his intention of working more , than ten hours . I am , i'c ., John Fielden , Esq .

      The Manchester Examiner newspaper of the 24 th ult . has an article on this relay system , in which it is clearly indicated that the deputation from the " Associated Millowners" were not satisfied with the result of their interview with Lord John Russell and Sir George Grey on the 21 st of February , for the purpose of ascertaining what were the intentions of government on the subject of the Ten Hours Act . Tho writer of the article states that the government made no avowal . of their intentions as to the course they would pursue to the deputation , but that it had since transpired that the relay system would not be interfered with . He then expresses his fcavs tnat " this legalising of the relay system will only tend to keep 'alive the contest

      which destroys all healthy harmony between the operatives and thoir employers , " and goes on to ask this importantquestion "Is there . no common Oasis ou which the realfriends of both parties could bring about a permanent settlement ? The relay system is , after all , only a bungling and complicated evasion of the ten hours limit to factory labour . The mass of the adult males are anxious to work a shorter time than twelve hours . So far as they are concerned , the universal adoption of the relay system will preclude thorn from all the advantages of the Short Time Bill . The great majority of the millowners aro , on the other hand , we believe , favourable to an uniform reduction of the hours of labour to eleven . Such , a compromise cordially agreed to , as a fixed

      and permanent arrangement for hands of every description , would include the whole of the factoly operatives , and be conducive alike to health , harmony , and good feeling . ' This plan , we are convinced , would bo an infinitely better settlement of the question than any evasive complication by means of relays . " A stronger condemnation of tho relay system , and that from one who has violently opposed the passing of the Ten Hours Bill , need not bo desired . He might hare stated , too , tho impossibility , of doinj ; justice inthe apportionment of wages to relay hards working by the piece—a difficulty so great that rather than try to overcome it I would quit the trade altogether . My answer to the important question as the friend and well-wisher of the employers and employed—is a recommendation to all the masters and male adults

      who are now observing the Ten Hours Act , and they constitute a large majority of the whole , that they should unite and use every lawful influence to prevail upon those who are working longer than ten hours to cease to do so . If this lino of conduct were pursued by this majority , who have the law on their side , the minority of masters would soon be induced to leave off working b y relays , and those intending : to do so , hke Mr . Shaw , referred to above , would abandon their intention . It would also put an end to the just complaints of the masters who observe j w ' 0 I " . work tneir hands ten hours a day , and who are continually expressing their dissatisfaction that Others , their competitors in the same business , are allowed to work 13 , 14 , or 15 hours a day . These masters ask the promoters of the Ten Hours

      The Ten Hours Bill. (Abridged From The T...

      Bill why they do not cause the law to bo enforced . They say it is not fair that they should be restricted to ten hours , which the law . enjoins , and that tho transgressors of it should bo permitted to work fourteen or fifteen hours a days with impunity . If this minority of masters could thus be prevailed on to leave off working by relays , it would be conducive to that "health , harmony , and good feeling " which tho writer in tho Examiner properly considers as so desirable to exist between masters and men . If there aro any factory maskers who expect that the factory workers will either bo persuaded or cajoled to consent to an Eleven Hours Bill , or to any time longer than ten hours for five days in the week , and eight hours on Saturday , I can tell them—and I believe no one knows more of their determination on this matter than I do—that they will be disappointed in their expectations .

      " TO THB SIIOBT-TIMB COMMITTEE IN MAXCIIBSTKIt . " I am glad that the spinners in Mr . Hugh Shaw ' s mill have almost unanimously decided so correctly , and that he , like a wise and good man has resolved to work only ten hours . "If tho masters were wise enough to be united , and all resolve to conform to ten hours for all in their works , they may rel y on it they would be no sufferers thereb y , but , on the contrary , they would reap a benefit , and experience many comforts they never can obtain from fierce competition and being always in hot water and at variance with their hands as to the hours of work per day . Tho masters may rest assured that the men , now having the law on their side , must triumph in the end . The male adults should cause ten hours , that is , fifty-eight hours a week , to be the maximum hours of work per day in factories , and that , too , without

      a restrictive law being made to ensure it to them . They are said to be free agents ; it has often been thrown in their teeth in discussions on the Factory Bill . It is known to be in a certain sense untrue , and was altogether so while those between thirteen and eighteen and women were not by law limited to ten hours a day . As to either extending tho law to fix tho age at which restriction shall cease to twenty-one instead of eighteen , or a stoppage of tho moving power , I have no expectation of either being done . The male adults , therefore , must decide for themselves what hours they will work , and an unanimous determination on their part to fix ten consecutive hours a day and fifty-eight hours a week as the maximum time to work would be moro binding on their employers , more manly for the men , and be more uniformly observed , than it ever can be made to be by Act of Parliament .

      " Under the Ten Hours Act , the men in factories are better able to protect themselves than they were before , if they avail themselves of their power , and their own well-being and the well-being of their families and connexions demand it at their hands . It cannot be too often impressed upon their minds that long hours of work never did and never can secure high wages , but just the contrary . The difference between twelve hours and ten causes a demand for twelve hands instead often ; and this increased demand for hands of one more for every five , as a necessary consequence , not only insures at all ' times a better rate of wages , but when trade is brisk and hands somewhat scarce it also insures an advance upon those wages . If those male adults who are now lending themselves to carry on the relay

      system were aware of the injury they are inflicting , not only on themselves , but on all factory workers , by allowing themselves to bo made instruments to keep down wages , and , perhaps , prevent the possibility of any rise in wages , when they countenance in any way the relay or " shifting" system—if these male-adults were aware of this , I cannot , nor will not , believe that they would submit to do so longer . They would make a great effort and avail thornselves of every legal means , and there are manyami all illegal means should be studiously avoidedto put a stop to a practice so injurious to their own interests , and those of other factory workers .

      " The number of masters working only ten hours by far exceeds that of those working more . Why should not the male adults , working only ton hours , unite and point out to those working more the injury that is done to both , and endeavour by persuasion and reiterated entreaty to prevail upon them to abandon the practice ? Overlookers , managers , and all other male adults , if they wish to promote thoir own interests , and to emancipate themselves , should begin this good work forthwith . "Yours , very faithfully , "John Fielden . " Centre Vale , March 17 . "

      The Irish Exiles In America. (From The N...

      THE IRISH EXILES IN AMERICA . ( From the New York Tribune , of March 7 . The following paragraphs in relation to men who took prominent parts in the Irish insurrection of last summer , will be interesting to readers of tho Tribune on both sides of the water : — " John B . Dillon—the Mend of Davis and Duffy , one of the founders of the A a ( ion and lately the companion of Smith O'Brien in the South—is , it is rumoured , studying the American laws with tho view of resuming here the profession which he formerly practised in Ireland . [ It has been already stated in the Irish papers that Mr . Dillon has been called to tho Amfivican bar

      by special order . ] " T . Devik Reillv is engaged in writing for and editing the People , which he , in conjunction with other Irishmen , started in New York a few weeks since , as an organ for the naturalised citizens . Mr . Reilly was the etaiinch friend of John Mitchol . He wrote in the Nation and afterwards in tho United Irishman and Felon—his writings are remarkable for extensive knowledge and a peculiar sarcastic vigour . " Michael Dohent—author of the " American Revolution , " has , since his arrival here , made a tour through several towns and cities , where he has addressed the people on the subject of Ireland , and has been very warmly received . " Thomas D'Ancv McGee , the friondof Duffy , and one of the late co-editors of the Nation , is engaged in the editing of a journal of . the same name here . It professes to bo the organ for the instruction of emigrants to this country , and is well conducted . " John HEinEKiNGTON Drumm has avowed in tho

      journals his separation from the New York Nation , with which he was originally competed . From that fact we presume that he hns sought some other occupation than that afforded by tho public press . " Doctor Antisell has been delivering a very popular and highly interesting course of Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry in New York . We published abstracts of these excellent discourses in The Daily Tribune . —Dr . Antisell was one of the writers of the Irish Tribune ( one of the outlawed four ) , and is favourably known as the author of several papers and essays on Geology and Agricultural Chemistry . " John Savage , the friend of the poet Williams ( Shamrock ) , and the chivalrous Kevin O'Dohcrty , and the companion in outlawry with tho brave O ' Mahony on the hills of Tipperary and Waterford , is at present connected with The New York Trifomt establishment . He was ths leader of the Republican movement in the county Waterford in September , and one of the writers of the Irish ZVioimc and other

      journals . " William H . MnciiELand James Castwf . ll have been to Wisconsin with the intention , it was believed , of settling into the fanning life , but thoy have returned to this city within a few days . "

      The New Gold Region.—California Was Alre...

      The New Gold Region . —California was already , in 1541 , recognised to be an arid , woodless peninsula—a fact that was forgotten in the seventeenth century . We , moreover , gather from the narratives of Balboa , Pedrarias , Davila , and Hernan Cortez , that hopes were entertained at that period of finding in the Pacific , then considered to be a portion of the Indian Ocean , groups of islands , rich in spices , gold , precious stones , and pearls . Excited fancy urged men to undertake great enterprises , and the daring of these undertakings , whether successful or not , re-acted on the imagination , and excited it still more powerfully . Thus , notwithstanding the thorough absence of political freedom , many circumstances concurred at this remarkable time of the Conquista—a period jof overwrought

      excitement , violence , and of a mania for discoveries b y sea and land—to favour individuality of character , and to enable some highly-gifted minds-to develope many noble germs drawn from the depths of feeling . They err who believe that the Conqitistadorcs were incited by love of gold atd religious fanaticism alone . Perils always exalt the poetry of life ; and , moreover , the remarkable ago whose influence on the development of cosmical ideas we are now dep icting , gave to all enterprises and to the natural impressions awakened by distant travels , the charm of novelty and surprise , which is beginning to fail us in the present well-instructed ago , \ yhon so mar . y portions of the earth are opened to us . Not only one hemisohere , - but almost two-thirds of the earth , were then a new and unexplored world—as unseen as that portion of the moon ' s surface which the law of gravitation constantly averts from the glance of the inhabitants of the earth . Our deeply-inquiring age

      finds in the increasing abundance of ideas presented in the human mind a compensation for the surprise formerly induced by the novelty of grand , massive , and imposing natural phenomena , a compensation which will , it is true , long be denied to the many , but is vouchsafed to the few familiar with the condition of science . To them the increasing insight into tho silent operation of natural forces , whether in electro-magnetism , or in the polarisation of light , in tho influence of diathermal substances , or in the physiological phenomena of vital organisms , gradually unveils a world of wonders , of which we have scarcely reached the threshold . — . ffw > n & oMt ' s Cosmos The DJJfEAr of Charles Alber ? . — The Times states , that with one exception ( that of Lord Palmerston ) , which is too singular to be more nearly alluded to , the Austrian Minister , in London has received from the Q \ iccn of England in her Court , and from every one who deserves the * name ofa British statesman , the heartiest congratulations 11 the triump h , of an old . and faithful ally !"

      Fancttr*.

      Fancttr * .

      monn ^ Tl ™ 0 F - M ***™** Patriot .-if the v ' n l 1 Pr f ; ntln 2 . slavery have not bcv-. i provi ded m the first constitution ofa country , or from tho changes of times , corruption of manners insensible encroachments , or violent usurpations " f princes , have boon rendered ineffectual -ul . ) tZ people exposed to all tho cal anS ? Si ^ yt brought upon thom by the woakness , rices , md malice of the prince , or thoso who govern Him I confess the remedies aro more difficult and < hn <» erous ; but oven m theso cases they must be tried . " Nothing can be feared , which is worse than what is suffered , or must in a short time fall upon thoso who aro in this condition . They who aro already fallen into all that is odious , shameful , and miserable , cannot justly fear . When things are brought to such

      a pass , the boldest counsels are tho most safi- ; and if thoy must perish who lie still , and they c .-ui but perish who aro moro active , the choice is easily made . Lot tho danger be never so great , there is possibility of safety , whilst men have life , hands , arms , and courage to use them ; but that people must certainly perish , who tamely suffer themselves to bo oppressed , either b y the injustice , cruohv , and malice of an ill-magistrate , or by those who prevail upon the vices and infirmities of weak princes . Ifc is vain to say , that this may give occasion to men of raising ' tumults , or civil war ; for though those are evils , they arc not the greatest of evils . Civil war , in Machiavel ' s account , is a disease , but tyranny is thccTraCaofastate . Govvtlo ways are ftrsi to ' be used ; and it is best if the work can be done by them ; but it must not bo left undone if thoy fail . It is good to use supplications , advices , and remonstrances : but those who have no regard to justice , and will not hearken to counsel , must be constrained .

      —Algernon Sydney s Discourses on Government . Laugh at no man for his pug nose , you can never tell what may turn up . The annual cost of maintaining criminals in the gaols of England is upwards of £ 400 , 000 . During an inquest on a young man , whoso death was said to be caused by wetting postage stamps with his tongue , a Yorkshire schoolmaster stated , that ho licked a good many heads a day , and never felt any worse for it . A Moxstkr Room . —Onoroom comprises the whole of Marshall ' s flax mill in Leeds ; but such a room 1 If wo call it the largest in the world we cannot be far in error . About 400 feofc long by more than 200 feet broad , it covers nearly two acres of ground . Birmingham is justly proud of its Town Hall , but this wonderful factory room is nine times as large , Exeter Hall is one of the largest rooms in London , but it would require seven such to equal the area of this room . —The Zand ive Live in .

      Last Moments— Gallani , when dying , said , " The dead had sent him a card of invitation . " Wood died clasping in his hand tho papers of the Anthenas Oxoniensis . Here was the ruling passion strong in death , George Keithj a marahal of Scotland , when dying abroad , sent for Mr . Elliott , the llvvtish . envoy— "I have sent for you , sir , " said ho , with his usual gaiety , "because I think it pleasant onough that tho minister of King George should receive tho last breath of an olctjacobite . Besides , you may , perhaps , havo somo commissions to give mo to Lord Chatham ; and , as I lay my account for

      seeing him to-morrow , or the day after , I will carry your despatches with great pleasure . " James Butler , second Duko of Ormond—famed for his extraordinary politeness , and who died in Madrid , in 1745—when he was in the agony of death , fearing that the expression o his countenance in his pain might shock tho friends standing by his bedside , said , as his last words , " Messieurs , j ' espere que vdtts excueeres la grimace . " ( " Gentlemen , I hope thai ; you will excuse the grimace . " ) Haller died feeling his own pulse , and when ho found it almost gone , said to his physician , " My friend , the artery ceases to boat . "

      "Tho boys , " remarks the New York Spirit of ths Times , " follow the sojers in youth—tho women continue that exercise all their lives . '' A correspondent of tho Calcutta Enqlishman describes Moolraj as realising , in face and form , Lord Byron ' s Conrad . Momus Governments Wonsu iiiax tub Ancient . —Ancient and well-governed commonwealths were wont by thoir conquests to fill their treasuries with gold and silver , to give rewards to soldiers , to spare

      the people from tributes , to make triumphs and public feasts ; but in latter times , tho wars have used—first , to consume the treasure , and after—to impoverish tho people , without assuring them from their enemies . —Sir Walter IMcigh ; the Cabinet Council . The son of a fond father , when going to war , promised to bring home the head of one of the enemy . His parent replied , ' * I should be g lad to see you come homo without a head , provided you come home safe . "

      A lady , who was very modest and submissive before marriage , was observed by a friend to uso her tongue pretty freely after . " There was a time when I almost imagined she had nono . " "Yes , " said the husband with a sigh , " but it ' s very long since . " Cmuors Enaons . —A Boston paper , enumerating the errors of the press in a contemporary , mentions the following : —An honest farrier died from the kick of a " deceased" horse . —Miss W . proved

      herself an accomplished " sinner . '—Your petitioners will ever " bray . " Soup . —An old Dublin beggar woman asked a ladv , the other day , for a halfpenny . " I ' ve nothing for you , " said tho lady j " but , if you go to the soup -kitchen , you ' ll get a pint of excellent soup . " — " Soup is it ye mane ? " bawled the indignant mendicant ; " do you call that stuff soup ? Sure , and I'll just tell you how they make it I They get a quart of water , and then boil it down to a pint , to make it strong . "

      Sidney Smith said , that " the Court of Chancery was like a boa constrictor , which swallowed up the estates of English gentlemen in haste , and digested them at leisure . " The friendship of some people is like our shadow , koopinsr close to us while we walk in the sunshine , but deserting us the moment we enter the shade . Parental Advice in Choosing a . Husiuxd . — Take not a man , Boss , who counts kindred four generations bach—he'll call Ins ancestor a gentleman , and spill the brimming cup of thy fortune iu justifying his descent . Nor yet m . irry a man who scorns liis ancestors—the man who mocks his forefathers tramples on their dust . I hold a father ' s fair name equal with hoarded siller . Above all things , wed not a lawyer , lass ; ye should aye strive to mend

      your fortune and better your fame , flunk not of a sailor , for he thinks there is no Sunday in five fathoms of water , aud . finds a love in every land . Shun , too , the soldier , for shining scarlet , golden shoulder-knots , and a hat filled with fowl ' s feathers , will consume thy gold and fly away with thy happiness ; aud , oh ' . what a gowk he maun be who stands up to be shot at for sixpence a day , Sunday included ! But marry , lass—for all women love to be married , were it only for the sake of having somebody to scold at , and to bear tho fault for their follv ; wed , I say , a strong-handed chicld , who c ; m

      keep tho crown of the causeway , and mako himsolt bo obeyed at his own fireside . A ennnie , homely lad , who can clip seven score of sheep while another clips six ; kens the buttered frae tho bare side of tho bread ; loves nought so well as his own wife , but tho knotting of his own purse-strings ; and who fears the Lord , and can back five bushels of barley . The Literary Gazette states that preserved ginger is manufactured wholesale for Italian warehouses of lettuce stalks , compressed into shape by steel moulds , and sweetened and flavoured ; whilst marmalade is made chiefly of the pulp of oranges and turnips , the W . ingc skins being wanted for citron and candy . . is after all

      Goon Government . —Poverty , , the great badge , tho never failing badge of slavery . Bare bones and rags are the true marks of the real slave . What is the object of government ? To rouse men to live happily , which cannot be without a sufficiency of food and raiment . Good government means a state of things in which the main body arc well fed and well clothed . It is the chief business of a government to take care that one part of the people do not cause the other part to lead miserable lives . There can be no morality , no sinceritv , no honesty , amongst a people continually suffering from want ; and it is cruel in the last degree to punish such people , for almost any sort of crime , which is , in fact , not crime of tho heart—not crime of the perpetrator , but the crime of his

      allcontrolling necessities . —Cobbett . Why was Phidias laughed at by all tho Greeks ?—Because they said he cut a pretty figure . Why does a sculptor die the most horrible of deaths ?—Because he makes faces and busts . A sentimental youth , having seen a young lady , afe homo , bending over something in her lap , and weeping bitterly , took the first opportunity of questioning her as to the cause of her sorrow , and was perfectly awe-struck on being informed that she wag only peeling onions . . . Rational Idea op Liberty . —For this is not tho liberty which we can hope , —that no grievance ever should arise in the commonwealth t that let no man in this world expect : but when complaints are

      freely heard , deeply considered , and speedily reformed , then is the utmost bound of civil liberty attained that wise men look for . —Milton ' s Speech for the liberty of Unlicensed Printing . A merchant examining a hogshead of hardware , on comparing it with tho invoice found it all right except a hammer less than tho invoice . " Och , don ' t bo troubled , my honey , " said the Irish porter , " sure the naygcr took it out to open the hogshead with . " " I s ; w , Dick , don't you think that if the women had to do the fighting instead of tho min , they would make cruel work of it ? " " *? * "hy do you ask ! " " Because I think thoy would , they ha \ e such an ending way with them . " ' That 8 1 MJ true : but ' then they have such a eapUyatmg way that there would doubtless be more prisoners thaa killed . "

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 7, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_07041849/page/3/