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Northern Star (1837-1852), 7th February 1852, Edition 2 of 2, Page 6, Charge of Mtjhder by Poisoning.—An inqui...

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      The Northern Star. F Ebr^Ar^T^

      THE NORTHERN STAR . F ebr ^ ar ^ t ^

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      Llfcuni Or Lokoo.-The Official «J^Gg£?£ ...

      llfcuni or LOKOO .-The official « J ^ gg £ ? £ deaths from all causes registered m the me V " tricts have shown «^^*^ £ i ! £ i £ b tendency to decline , the "" mbegjetajg . £ week H ^ leHI . ! 3 f ^ firiS 1 ( 502 In the ten weeks corwhich en ^ 'ast Satarday LW-- ^ S Sot I fiflbtne raised . in proportion ^ numoer wab 1 '"" » . f oonulation now in London , it will gJSS SS ^ SSmAWi th e mortality of lub W ^ hows ; TK > of 176 . Lwt week the births of S « oo 4 «* SiSrfc in all 1 . 016 children , were resistered in London In seven corresponding weeks of 1815-51 the average was 1 , 415 . At the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , til mean height of the barometer was 29-71 G in . The mean temperature was 421 deg ., or nearly lour degrees above the average of corresponding weeks in ten years . The mean daily temperature was above- thc average of Torrespoadinit d ^ ys , on every day of the week , except Wednesday . On Sumiav , Monday , and Friday it was about six degrees

      above the average . The wind blew generally from the south-west . The amount of rain which fell daring the vreek was 0 ' 5 i in . Guildhall is Danger , —A fire took place in a warehouse in theimmediate vicinity of Guildhall , which , however , was fortunately discovered and sub : ued before it could damage ihe fine old Hall , which is so deservedly the pride of ihe citizens . Hobbiblk Death TROil Fire— On Saturday the inhabitants of Kentish Town were alarmed by tbe cries of bre from So . 1 , Graven-street , occupied by a milkman . Upon entering the house , they found Sarah Leignbour , ageJ seven , one mass of Amies . Thc poor creature , who was "hrirned to a cinder , was carried to the University College Hospital , w ! ere she exp ' re-i .

      The Fatal Lsmp Exmosiox at Highgate- ^ -Od . Monday , Mr . Wakley , M . P ., resumed the adjourned inquiry into the circumstances attending the death of Ahomas Wynee Edwards , aged twenty-four years , which was caused by the sadden explosion of a na ? btha mineral spirit lamp . The inquiry had been adjourned for tbe purpose of bearing the opinions of eminent chemists rejecting the construction of the lamps , and the composition of the mineral spirits used in them . Dr . Scoffern and Dr . Miller were both examined at someiength . eachexp laiinngtheparticulareoftheexperiments they had roafie , and they concurred in expressing their opinions that the death of the deceased had been caused by an exp . ' osion of gas , resaltingfrom tbe ignition of a mixture of naphthi vapour with atmespheric air . The jury , after a short deliberation , returned ^ a verdict of " Accidental Lbalb , " and esprerssa an opinion that great CaUtlOD Ought to he observed in the use of sneh lamps .

      Opexixg of the Nf . vr Church at Laubbth . —On Tuesday the | arn-li church of Lambeth , which hss been entirely rebuilt , was opened with much ceremony by the Bishop of Winchester , assisted by a large number of the local clergy . It is iu the early decorated style of architecture . The Rebellious Minister , of Long-acre Chapel . — It is stated by a morning paper that the Rev . J . £ . Gladstone has heen formally citedI into the Arches Ceurtat the instance of the Bishop of London . Five of the neighbouring clergy have attempted to mediate with the bishop for their rebellious brother ; and are assured by his lordship he lias no wish to be harsh . ExrE-vstrs Co . vflagratio . vs asd Gbbat DcsTRtrcrros or

      PaorEfiTr . —Ou Wednesday morning a fire broke out in the premises of Mr . James English , pasteboard-manufacturer , l ? e . 23 , Bulge-row , Cannon-street , City . Fortunately an abundant supply of water was instantly procured , but the flames continued to spread until the roof fell in , and it was hours before the fire could be got under , and not until the several floors were either burned out or most severely damaged by fire and water . In the lower floors great damage has been done to the valuable machinery and also to the large stock of papers , & c . The premises of Messrs . lie Blond and Co .. engravers , 24 , Budge-row , aud uf Mr . 21 . Cook , merchant , have sustained damage . Mr . English was insured in tbe Sun Fire Office ; Messrs . Le Blond and Co . were insured in the s * me office , but Mr . Cook was uninsured . ' A short time previous to tbe above outbreak a

      • very serious fire took place in tbe premises of Mr . G- A . Richards , cxbfaet-maker , 79 , West-street , Mile End . The factory was homed out . Mr . Richards was insured in the Hoyal Liverpool , and the premises were insured in the London Fire Office . Kossuth ' s Host is Loxdos —Two of the young gentlemen of the Guards have recently becn " permitted" to sell ont . The " Daily News" ascribes the untimely retirement to fist living—bat of one of the two , Mr . Algernon Massingberd , tho " United Service Cizette" says his retirement has been brought about , in a great measure , by an intimation he received that his attention to the celebrated Hungarian , in placing his mansion in Eiton-square at his disposal , was Uy no means benefitting the position he held in tbe household troops of her Majesty . It is Added , that Mr . Massiugberd intends repairing to America , and devoting himself to the llunearian cause .

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      The Explosion At Tkimdos Colliery- — An ...

      The Explosion at Tkimdos Colliery- — An inquest was held on the bodies of George Dixon , Nicho l as Hindmarsh , and William Dunn , putters at Trimdon Colliery , the two former of whom were killed by an explosion which took piece at that colliery , on Monday week , and the last mined died from the injuries then received . Matthias Dunn , E-q ., the government inspector , examined the workings , and attended the inquest . It appears from the evidence that blame U attached to Farrow , the deputy overman . The pit has been closed for some years , and was only rc-opened a short time ago- This accounts for so few men being employed in the workings at ihe time of the explosion . Several witnesses bavin ;; been examined , the inquest was adjourned to 20 ib February , in order to afford time for tbe recovery of one of tbe wounded men , who is expected to be able to give important evidence .

      A Lascashike ELrsrcji . —In thc township of Hapten , there is no policeman , no lawyer , no doctor , no magistrate , no church , no chapel , no person , n > beerhouse , and very few paupers « -r poor people —Preston Chronicle . Suicide at Wellington Barracks . —On Saturday last , while tbe men of the battalion of Grenadier Guards were preparing for parade , we . of their THrnvher , Oj 113016 GcOIge liidhy . eanimitteJ faicide in the presence of his comrades by firing a ball fiom his musket into his mouth . He instantly iell to tbe floor a corpse . _ Dreadful Colliery Accidents . —On Saturday n ght information was received in the metropolis of no less than four serious accidents at collieries in different parts of the nianufae : iirimr districts , by which five persons lost their lives l several others

      , an- sustained considerable injury . They are a-s follows : —On Friday , at Kewfjelds Colliery , Tunstall , Staffordshire , two mt-n , named Olivant and Orton , were killed b ; falling down a pit , in consequence of the breaking of the tackling chain . Two others were seriously injured , but saved lheir lives by clindng to the side of the pit . At the R'Jshtnn pit , near Blackburn , Michael Taylor was killed by a stone falling on his head while repairing to the side of the pit John . Wilson was killed by choke-damp at Ceppyvrook ' s coll cry , near Shitdon , Northumberland . —7-At the Back Wag-on j . ft , at Rowley Regis , near Birmingham , between fifty and sixty tons of coal fell from a rock npon two men and a horse . One man , named Harrison - * as Killed on « h- spot , and the other dangerously wounded . The horse was killed .

      Discovert of Gold at Oxford . —Some twenty years ago a learned and eminent physician ( Dr . Bourne ) died at Osfi-rd , where , bra ion * and successful practice , he armssed a large fortune . The house in which he resided , until a few weeks ago , bad been in the occupation of tbe family ; but tbe executors having sold the house , it was requisite to have an auction to dispose of the furniture . Previously to that taking place , the executors went over it . and ia a wardrobe , which it is believed has never been opened since the physician ' s death , they found a cabinet , which , to the agreeable surprise of those present , contained nearly 600 guineas .

      The late Mr . James Cummixg asd his Sox . — The bodies of iht-ss nnforiunate persons were found last week in the river Derwent below Matlock Bath . The unfortunate father and son were discovered locked in each other ' s arms , lying on the eastern side of the rivcr , near the hat factory . Since thi-s unhappy calamity the river had been dragged as far as Belper , bat with no success until Thursday , when four men , who had been hired by Mr . Hodgkinson , of the hotel , fortunately discovered the bodies , which had been submerged fourteen days . The boat in which the unfortunate father and son were in was washed down the weir a few days ago by a rise of water , and bscame a complete wreck , neat Croraford-bridp . e . —Derbyshire Courier .

      Suspected Morder op a Child nr its Mother . — A coroner ' s inqnest has been sitting two days at Alvineton , near Chepstow , to inquire into the cause of death * of a child , the body cf which was discovered in a ditch in that neighbourhood ; and a yoang Irishwoman , nauledPrggy Barley , has been tsatuined as the suspected murderess . The Qhwd appears to be about two months old , and from the circumstances that have transpired in evidence , and the contradictory statements made b y the suspected woman , it is fnlly expected that a verdict of wi ful murder will be returned by the jury agaiast her .

      The fc " air Sight Mtoder . —It will be remembered that on the 9 ih of November , 1 S 50 , a young man , named James Betts , of Snai / we / I , wfjitet returning home with his wife and sister from Newmarket fair , was attacked bv some ruffians , and in endeavouring to protect his companions , received a blow or blows , from which he died immediately . Some weeks back we noticed a report that a disclosure of the guilty party had been made by a convict , which was afterwards cantradkted ; aud it now appears that a notorious thief , named Chappel Brand Newman , of Cambridge , who was committed at Swaflnatii , in Not folk , for stealing some cloth , and sentenced to be transported for life , when on board the trans ort-ship gave information that a man named J . 'hnDagard , alias Cooper , alias B . itcher , alias Brown , a * fai IT ' traTtlin S thief , was the party who inflicted the ««« - !* % "f warran ,: wa s in ens qaence issued , and he ¦ w as remanded to Bury gaol . c —— - »* % wv Mjuxj Kavlt P

      « ereft » f > SisiEus on the "Welsh Coast . —The late < hiDmn » n ?!? ra been productive ff serious disasters to tbe shelWwb ""^ rf Wal . s , and the various harbou : s of belter , bavint c ., ° ^ , with Vesse , s Wu < cu have pat in for Island , at the f „ , aed moTe ° r less damage . At Thorn Francis , Morion ^ "f 6 to ^ ilford Haven , the George and was totallv lost thee ™ t ° b- and from Chepstow to Dublin , taping with Wfl The * j ? - to the boat » 03 re ) r es " ropensities of some thiert l ? ^ aPe Pterin , materials . The Haven h « L ° stoIe a 1 uantJ - ° tl , e , 1 ^^ have been the roads at a ^ T **!! Wi , h ws * e ^ a « red damage at the Mumbles . e " vesEels re " k .

      Birthday Festival To Thomas Paine. A Pub...

      BIRTHDAY FESTIVAL TO THOMAS PAINE . A public tea party , to celebrate this event , was held on Sunday afternoon , at tho Literary Institution , John-street , Tottenham-court-road . Prior to tbe chair being taken , and during the intervals between the sentiments , appropriate music and suitable choruses were executed with the usual ability displayed by the Appolonic Society . The Hall' « crowded to excess . „ Shortlv after seven o ' clock Mr . James Watson was called to thechair , and opened the business of the meeting by readingletters from Mr . Owen , Mr . Saul , and others , apologiain < r for their non-attendance .

      Tbe CHAinjMN then gave as the first sentiment : — The People-may they not relinquish the strugg le for social nnd political rights until the whole population have obtained them . " "What would Thomas Paine have said , could he have witnessed on a Sunday a gathering like the present , to celebrate his social , religious , and politics ! views ? they bad advanced greatly to procure this freedom . IMS was what Paine had thought , wrote , and fought tor . Honour in an especial manner was due to Thomas Paine , for being the first man that took superstition by the beard and give it a sound shaking , regardless of the calumny and persecution to which he knew he should he subjected . It was to Paine mainly that we owed the liberty of thought and expression on religious subjects , which we now enjoyed ; and yet many professing similar views were apt to speak of his writings as coarse and sarcastic , forgetful that the liberty they possessed was owing to the energy of his attacks upon their common foe

      . Mr . S . Kydd responded to the sentiment . Nothing that he could sav could add to the long tried and tested charaot er of Paine . His authority and reputation as a . political writer was settled by the general consent of all Europe . Those who abused bis writings were generally but slightly acquainted with them . His character for humanity was equal to his other qualities , and thus the name of Paine was appropriately connected with the sentiment to which he was responding . Thomas Paine was a Social as well as a Political Reformer . This was particularly evidenced by his work called " Agrarian Justice ; " and his name and works would live when those of his calumniators were buried m oblivion . Paine took an enlarged view of human nature , Instead of endorsing the views of the » reat or noble , he called upon all men to think and act for themselves . The modern

      truth of his views were being daily more felt . Our civilisation was every day proving itself more incapable of realising the good of society . The rich were equally jgnoMnt and culpable with the poor—one class was rendered miserable by the excess of wealth , whilst Iheotherclasswasmiserable from its poverty . Men were asking why these things were . Mechanicalandscientific inventions were daily being impressed into the service of man ; but tbey only tended to increase his miserv , to render him the slave of labour . The pale-faced weavers , the swarthy miners , the low-paid artizans , were , by thousands , thinking that to return to barbarism was superior to this state of civilisation . They tosked up to the rich , and said this may be a true system of civilisation to you , but it is a false one for us ; and with this moving in their hearts , it was idle to tell them of the prosperity of their country . Such scenes as were every where occurring in England were sufficient to break the bonds which held society together . Ships were wrecked

      daily on onr shores , because they were not sufficiently well manned , " owingl to the shipowner wanting to increase his gains . Everywhere health and life were being sacrificed to wealth . If they had not a civil war , like that in France , raging in England , they had one equally as fatal in its results . There was a civil war between capital and labour —between the employed and the employer . The working men of England were not free agents—they did not stand on equal terms with their em ployers . One favourable circumstance in the present day was , that tbe circumstances of the age were beginning to force all men to take part in the struggle . Heretofore they had much false philanthropy and mock humanity , mixed up with a little genuine benevolence and much hypocrisy , but , until now , no real interest was felt by society in the workman ' s struggle . This change was hopeful , and would ultimately tend to change the present relations of capital and labour . Mr . Kydd concluded a long and able speech , amid much cheering .

      Mr . G . J . Habset also spoke to this sentiment . Ever since he was a boy , he had heard that sentiment re-echoed , and he hoped , at no distant day , to hear it altered to the one of " May we zealously guard the liberties we have obtained . " Nevertheless , in spite of the totst beiug so hacknied , they must persevere . The perseverance of the people of this country was of an effervescing nature—it did not continue . They broke from the object of their desire , because the views of this leader , or that man , did not consort with their own . Baffled as they had been they must not despair . Perseverance never failed of success . Paine , in his life , left to them an example of the sublime effects of persereianee . Be first conceived the- idea of turning a simple insurrection into a struggle for national independence , and , notwithstanding

      all the seaming obstacles to his views , they at length achieved a gloriOUS realisation . His career in Prance was a proof of his undaunted energy . When imprisoned in a dungeon during that period of excitement , with death in all probability near , he penned the glorious thoughts on religion contained in his "Age of Reason . " On the views of that book—whether they went too far , or not f ;» r enough—he would not dwell ; but it was a grand example of his spirit of perseverance . On his return to America , notwithstanding tbe ingratitude of the American nation , equally with "Washington he was the saviour of America . On every occasion until his death , when his advice or presence was necessary , there was he present . Let them imitate this spirit . If they had not tbe genius of Paine , they could at least be imitators of his perseverance . It was the

      will—the spirit alone—that was necessary to ensure success . "Without this , all plans or programmes were useless . Mr . Habt was pleased with the opportunity of recording his sentiments on this great man . He did not agree with Paine in his religious opinions , still he felt it his duty to E ive his meed of admiration to his fame . His religious opicions were the result of his convictions , and were uttered amidst difficulties and danger . A man who asserted the right of free thought was equally useful with the man who gave a great thought to the world . It was only by the exertions of such great and fearless men as Paine that any gVCut CRYiSe Vi & S madfi to triumph . We © we

      its advance . They had struggled from one position to another ; first , the barons against the king , then the middle class against the barons ; and , finally , the operatives against the capitalists . In all things , except the possession of wealth , the people had progressed to be the " equals , if not superiors , of all other classes ^ He endorsed the sentiments glanced at by Mr . Kydd . If the intelligent men of the present day were to remain victims to the present sysf em of civilisation , better return to barbarism . There was something chivalrio and generous in the times of feudality ; the feudal serf was a superior being to the slave of a machine . Look at the present struggle going on between Capital and Labour . The masters had issued a pamphlet stating their right to do what they liked with their own . This was opening np a new subject—one which the working

      men had not previously entered upon . This would lead to tho question of what was their own . The masters said , " Our money , our time , our capital , our labour , our every thing , yes , our hands . " They were bands , and not men with hearts ; things with five fingers , not human beings . These men claimed all things , even tbe thoughts of UlC la « bourer , his time , and Hie manner in which he should spend his earnings . When Lcriru Bollin first read the inscription on the Royal Exchange , ho translated the word " Lord " and "Peer , " and read it " theEarth is tbe Peers and the fullness thereof . " This was the view of the masters . They were the true disorganirers . Their liberty was license ; t ; eir will would he robbery . Mr . Hart then , in eloquent language , dwelt upon the political and social question , and sat down amid loud cheers .

      Mr . II . Ksight gave the following sentiment : " The Memory of Thomas Paine , may his * Age of Reason ' speedily effect the destruction of the two great superstitions , ' the divine rights of Kings , and the right divine of Priests / " He believed these were the two greatest evils that ever afflicted the earth . All honour to Paine , who , in an age of comparative darkness , had dared to aim the shafis of reason at these superstitions . AH honour to the men of tho present day , who dared to meet and celebrate the fame of this ever famous and much celebrated man . Owing to the writings of men like Paine , the bubble of divine right had burst , and out therefrom bad come the sweet flower of the natural rights of the people . During a long logical address Mr . Knight was much applauded .

      Mr . Lb Blosd responded . Paine asserted the right of all mankind to entertain the convictions of their minds ; this he gave equally to those who differed from , as to those who assented to . his doctrine . Hence men of all shades of religious views could stand on the same platform and do honour to his memory as the great advocate of free thought . It was to him they must ascribe their present comparative freedom . Still , freedom of thought , though not legally punished , did not escape all punishment . The professed Atheist was still under the ban of Society . But the time was approaching when all men would not only be allowed , but encouraged , to give free vent to their convictions . He trusted the shade of Paine would visit and afflict all who would not act , as well as talk , in defence of these opinions . D . "W . Rcrar , in an energetic address , supported the sentiment , and called upon them to give honour not only to Paine but to Carlile , to their respected Chairman , and others who had continued to struggle amid all the persecution to which they had been subjected . The meeting concluded at a late hour by a vote of thanks to the Chairman .

      Charge Of Mtjhder By Poisoning.—An Inqui...

      Charge of Mtjhder by Poisoning . —An inquiry was held on Monday at Chtddmgly , a village near'Lewes , concerning the death of an agricultural labourer , named William French . The deceased , who was about thirty five years of age , had been married nine years . He was generally considered a sound , healthy scrt of man , but a day or so previous to the 7 th of last month he was taken ill , and died . The coroner held an inquest upon the body , but a verdict of " Died from natural causes" was returned . Circumst-inces however , subsequently came to light , which led the superintendent of the constabulary to institute further inquiries , and the coroner forthwith opened another investigation . The jury returned a verdict of "Wilful Murder" against Sarah French , otherwise Sarah Ann French . The unhappy woman was immediately committed on the coroner ' s warrant or trial at the nest Lewes Assizes .

      The French Co-Operativei Movement.-Mr. •...

      THE FRENCH CO-OPERATIVEI MOVEMENT .-MR . CONINGHAM ' S LECTURE ; ( by SPECIAL- reporter . ) On Saturday evening last a lecture was delivered by Mr . William Coninghara , of Brighton , in the Athemcuni , Portsea , on "The French Co-operative Movement of 1818-49 . The reputation of tho lecturer drew together a good audience , notwithstanding the very peculiar evening selected for its delivery , which circumstunce was aggravated by unfavourable weather . The Hall was well filled from the entrance to the platform by an assembly composed ot ttio elite of the working classes of Portsea and Portsmouth . The Rev . W . Chionelu , an Independent minister , occupied the chair , and briefly introduced Mr . Coningliam to the audience

      . . , Mr . Coningium commenced his address by a -few geneva observations on political economy , labour , and capital , and proceeded to state—that the produce of labour originally constituted the . natural recompense or wages of the labourer . Before the appropriation of land , and the accumulation of stock , the whole of the produce belonged to the labourer : there was neither landlord nor master to share it with him . If this state of things could have continued , wages would have augmented with the improvements m productive power , developed by tbe division of labour and the discoveries of science ; while all things would hare become cheaper as they would have been produced by a smaller expenditure of industry . But this , said the lecturer , could not last beyond the first appropriation of land and accumulation of stock ; the landlord then demanded

      rent , which was the first abstraction from the wages of the labourer . After further tracing the growth of tbe Competitive system , Mr . Coningham stated that the profit of the capitalist , or owner of stock , had been defined as the remuneration of " abstinence , " or what he gains by forbearing to consume his own capital , and using it for the employment of labour . But when one or more workmen possess stock or capital sufficient both to purchase the materials for their work , and to maintain themselves until it be completed , they then take the whole produce of their own labour , or the whole value which has been added to the materials in the process of manufacture . The profits arising from surplus production must , however , always be distinguished from mere money profit , obtained by buying cheap and selling dear , without any real increase of wealth

      to the community . Co-operative Association or concert , therefore , both in the division of labour and the distribution of its produce , may serve to adjust the proportional division between labour , talent , and capital , and between the employers and employed . After , at SOniC length , pointing out tho difference between simple and complex Co-operation , and arguing the important mental and moral results of Co-operation , Mr , Coningham passed to the more immediate subject of the evening . After briefly referring to his former lecture , delivered in the Town Hall , Brighton , a short time since , in which lecture he' had described the then state and prospects of the principal co-operative establishments of France from information obtained during a prolonged sojourn in that city , the lecturer stated that the only conservative element he could discover

      in the midst of the social anarchy prevailing in France was the wonderful capacity for self-organisation and self-employment manifested by the labouring classes . These opinions have been confirmed by subsequent events , aud these little social republics , as he foretold , have been enabled to resist the blind fury of the political storms raging around them , and disappointed the malignant incitements of the secret police . While the middle classes aud idlers of the city of Paris were mown down by the grape shot and musketry of the French Algerines of " order" iu the bloody massacre of December , the Paris Co-operatives never quitted their work . The terrible events which succeeded each other with such frightful rapidity , may serve as a warning to us ; and they clearly indicate that ail reforms to be lasting and permanent must be gradual , and that a government established

      by violence begets violence , which invariably terminates in disorder , anarchy , and despotism . He advised his auditory to avoid the errors of the extreme parties in France , and endeavour to profit by thc noble example of the brave and intelligent ouvriers of the French metropolis , who were about to seek in distant lands , and under a real republic , a wider field for their ingenuity and skill—a land where the workman reaps the produce of his own labour—a land where a man is a man , and not merely " a pair of hands , " —where every man has a vote , and pays only tbe road and the school tax , and where he is called upon only to support the minister of his own religion . In the United States he is no longer the slave of the priest and the tax-gatherer . After a passing reference to the illustrious men of ancient snd modern times who have given to the world their various theories of

      association , from the Etsenh to the French Socialists of tbe present day , Mr . Coningham passed on to describe the eventful year of 1818—and the scenes at the Hotel de Ville , and the Palace of the Luxembourg—in order to refute effectively and in detail the calumnies against M . Louis Blanc and the Socialist party , which have been so frequently iterated and reiterated by the Press . There could be no doubt , he said , that the revolution ol 1848 gave a powerful impulse to the social and Co-operative Movement , especially in France , but , indeed , more or less in all Europe . The Government proclaimed at the Hotel de Vine was not wholly Republican . The one great fact accomplished by the revolution of February was the decree of the Provisional Government , by which M . Louis Blanc was appointed to the presidency of tho commission of the

      Luxembourg . H « ( too lecturer ) would remind them that the Provisional Government had on the 2 oth February issued the memorable decree affirming the right to labour . This decree , which our readers will remember , Mr . Coningham read at length , as he also did that of the 28 th February , by which the commission of the Luxembourg , under the presidency of M . Louis Blanc , was inaugurated . He then described the commencement of its labours on Wednesday , the 1 st of March , when from a hundred to a hundred and fifty delegates from tbe different trades or corporations took their seats on the places recently occupied by the peers of France . M . Louis Blanc , president , M . Albert , the vice-president , was seated at the Bureau . Louis Blanc addressed the workmen in a spirited and affecting address , and pointed out the business for which that important

      assembly had been convened . Several delegates from the different corporations then mounted tho Tribune , and expressed tho views of the ateliers , or workshops which they represented . Two questions were especially insisted Upon on behalf of the working men—questions which require an immediate solution : —1 st . A reduction in the hours of labour ; 2 nd . Abolition of the contract or sweating system . The assembly next proceeded to nominate delegates who should compose the permanent Executive Committee , but differences crept in among them , and the meeting was adjourned for a time . Next morning Louis Blanc convened a meeting of the masters , or " patrons , " who represented the princip d trades of Paris , and explained to them that tho commission desired to consult representatives of the different interests , in order that full justice might he rendered

      to all . He then pointed out the most urgent demands of the workmen , which were as just stated , and requested explanations from tho masters on these two points . Mr . Coningham here entered into a full account of the middleman , or sweating system , as practised in Paris , which was as bad , at least , as in this country . Returning to tbe narrative , he observed , however , that the explanations of thc masters were " short and satisfactory ; " they cheerfully concurred in the reduction of the hours of labour , and tho government in consequence issued a decree reducing the hours of labour to ten , and abolishing the more odious foi'in of marchandage—the sweating system . Matters having proceeded to the satisfaction of all parties concerned , the workmen met again on Friday , tho 10 th of March , and elected ten of their numbers—taken by lot from

      eighty-eight trade societies or corporations—to form a permanent committee . By the 20 th of March the number of delegates had increased to 500 ; but the masters , 150 in number , met in a separate chamber , and held their discussions apart from the workmen . In committee , Louis Blanc developed a plan for tlie gradual redemption of the factories and workshops by tho State , and the establishment of associations of operatives on a system of equal wages ; the profits to be divided into four parts—one part to be devoted to the aged and infirm ; one to the able-bodied ; one to paying off the original cost of purchase ; and the fourth pnrt to form a reserve fund . The details of M . Blanc ' s proposal were also minutely stated by the lecturer ; but . the foregoing were its principal features . In committee , considerable opposition to the plan was manifested

      and in the general assembly the opposition would have been more decided . But the regular debates never took place , for party politics insinuated themselves into the Luxembourg—the general elections were approaching—tho re . ictionary party were conspiring—and the organisation of tlie ateliers of the Champ do Mars were becoming' a cause of serious uneasiness to the Luxembourg . On the subject of the Champ de Mars ateliers , Mr . Coningham gave some interesting particulars . The decree by whicii these organisations were set on foot , was never signed by M . Louis Blanc ; the decree was in faefc issued by thc other members ot the Provisional Government during his absence from tlie Hotel de Ville . Tbe labour of these ateliers , as our readers are aware , was totally unproductive , Their mode of organisation was as follows . Every

      individual who had resided for six months in the metropolis , and claimed to be registered , was at once enrolled without any other formality . By thc 7 tb of Juno there were 119 , 000 men receiving one and a half francs to two francs per day , in these ateliers , who , with their families were estimated at i 0 Q , 0 Q 0 souls , or nearly half tho male population of Paris . Their discipline was much tlie same us that adopted in the army—they were divided into companies , battalions , services , and so forth , each division being officered ! and such were the numbers and organisation of a body of men , who were suddenly turned adrift with arms in their hands bytheiutr / guesofroyalists . an'vlie folly of doubtful or " white" republicans . Being composed , in a great measure of tho irreguiar and fluctuating population , thoy were naturally viewed with distrust by tbe regular workmen of the Luxembourg ; and the violent disbanding of this enormous force proved fatal to tho Republic . Tho ateliers

      disappeared in the terrible days of June , in which the people were jonqu ^ red by the republican party , a victory by which reaction alone triumphed . Ater the loth of May the conferences at the Luxembourg had been interdicted , and no complete system of organisation emanated from thence , for tho simple reason that thc workmen never had a fair opportunity of discussing or deciding upon any practical scheme ; and tho ateliers were never looked upon as an industrial organisation , but only as a temporary expedient for the relief of the destitute . One leading idea , however , was brought prominently forward by the brief and imperfect discussions of the Luxembourg—tho idea of " cooperative association , " and upon leaving the halts of this palaee , tho workmen formed a central committee , representing the various groups desirous of forming associations , and a few large corporations , such as tho tailors of Clisby ; the saddlers and the lace makers had formed

      The French Co-Operativei Movement.-Mr. •...

      themselves into societies for the purpose of executing government contracts . After tho dreadful days of June tho Constituent Assembly , however , began to perceive that the policy of conciliation was more prudent than that of coercion and repression ; and on the 5 th of July , 1848 , three millions of francs were voted for the encouragement of the Association , and a Committee' of fifteen persons , most of whom were favourable to the Co-operative principle , were appointed to superintend its distribution . But many difficulties arose . The successive ministers of commerce unfortunately became ex oMeio members of the Committee , and they were imbued by old prejudices . Nor was there—the lecturer asserted—time nor opportunity to discriminate between tho various applicants who crowded the door of the committee—some of them

      mere adventurers , others crude theorists , and few practical and tried men . The distribution of the money was shown by Mr . Coningham , in a detailed statement , to havo been anything hut satisfactory to the government or tbe people . After further describing the wretched condition ot the Operatives of France , on tbe authority of M . Leon P aucher , Mr . Coningham proceeded to describe the foundation and management of the establishment of tbe much calumniated Tailors of Clichy ; pointing attention m the first instance to the condition of the Parisian Tailors generally . In the early days of tbe Republic the cloth manufacturers of Francs held meetings , and waited by delegates upon the Provisional government , urging , as a measure of public safety , to be furnished with the means of employing their workmen . The Tailors , on the other hand , were to

      holding a Conference at one of the barriers of Paris , decide on the best means of forming themselves into Associations , as their only chance of salvation . In compliance with the prayer of the manufacturers , the Provisional government issued a decree imposing on the communes the obligation of supplying the clothing of . ' the National Guards , The workmen , who were informed by Louis Blanc of what was going on at the Hotel de Ville , also addressed the Provisional government ; and on the 28 th of March the journeymen Tailors received a contract to supply Paris with 100 , 000 uniforms , at the rate of ten francs for a coat , and three francs for a pair of trowsers , without extras . Another bargain was also made with the minister of the Interior , to supply the Guard Mobile with 10108 uniforms . The old debtors' prison , which had become

      , untenanted in consequence of the abolition of imprisonment for debt , was granted to the Operatives to perform tbe work in . The men , however , had not even the necessary stock to commence with ; but the masters who bad assisted the men in procuring these contracts , raised the sum of 11 , 000 francs , and presented it as a gift to the Association , But the Associates declined the money , on these terms , and received it only as a loan , to be repaid when they settled accounts withthecity of Paris . The Association of Clichy could not therefore be considered a fair test of the Co-operative Principle , as the lecturer pointed out by reference to this and other disadvantages encountered by them at the outset of the experiment , such as the indiscriminate admission of its members , and its imperfect code of laws . As the goods were delivered , the workmen received seven-tenths of

      their cost , and were to have received the remainder on the completion of the contract . This latter arrangement was found by the ^ men to be very harassing , and , in order to surmount this obstacle they issued a ' real paper money or labour notes , payment of which was generally guaranteed by government credit , the notes varying in value from one to three francs . 30 , 000 of these notes were issued by the Association in three months , and they were readily taken by small traders in the quarters of Clichy and the Batignolles . There was no attempt malde to counterfeit them , and no disaster occurred to tbe little bank . A few of these notes are still preserved as acuriosity . Clichy must be viewed as a rate in aid—a kind of Co-operative asylum for men out of work , numbering from 800 to 1 , 600 a day , besides supplying 2 , 000 families with work at their own homes . After three

      montns' trial , the formation of a veritable association seemed within reach , out of the capital realised , when the disastrous day of June arrived . On the 23 rd the ouvriers never quitted their work . On the two following days they were unable to reach the workshops ; but when , on the 26 th , the work shops were reopened , twelve men only out of the 1 , 600 were found absent . These facts completely refute the accusations brought against the workmen of Clichy of having taken part in the memorable insurrection . The men returned to work , resolved to make up for lost time , but the reactionary party had gained a complete ascendancy and would not hold to the contract with them , by which the owners lost at least 1 , 000 , 000 francs , as they had not executed more than one-third of the order . As an indemnity for this sacrifice , the workmen could only procure 30 , 000

      francs , or less than 20 francs a head for the loss of six months' work . The ateliers were closed by the Government in July 1848 , and in the liquidation of the affair the workmen were again made to suffer . The goods delivered were submitted to a rigorous scrutiny ; 27 , 307 coats , and 27 , 948 pairsoftrowserswerehoweverpassedandacceptcd . Yet , six months later a fresh inspection was ordered , and 711 more were cast aside as too small . The three tenths remaining unpaid by the city of Paris , were paid in March . The remainder of the labour notes were withdrawn from circulation , and the money advanced by tbe masters was returned to them , and after thus honourably discharging all their own obligations , despite the unfairness to which they were themselves subjected , they divided among their own members the balance left in band . Altogether the

      tailors of Clichy received from the city of Paris , S 70 , 818 fr ., including the 30 , 000 fr . damages for breach of contract . The clothing of the guard mobile had becn already paid for by the Minister of tho Interior , and produced 142 , 000 fr . The great space we have already devoted to the valuable historical details given above , with the many other demands upon our space this week , preclude us from following tho worthy and estimable lecturer through the remainder of his subject—a circumstance we regret , as the details were certainly important . We may state that the elite of the men employed at Clichy clubbed together their resources , and started a veritable Association in the Faubourg and St . Denis . It comprised fifty-four active members , and 300 ad . berents—the original capital was 40 , 000 fr . The form of the society was a partnership en commandite , or limited

      liability . After at some length describing this Association and others , he had visited while residing in France , Mr . Coningham summed up by showing t—First , That M . Louis Blanc was not the originator of tho Ateliers Nationaux , hut , on the contrary , that they were organised as a military force , in order to oppose the Commission of the Luxembourg , and to descend into the streets , if it were necessary , to use words of a member of the Provisional Government . Second , That the plan of making government advances for the purpose of employing unemployed workmen , originated with the cloth manufacturers , of which M . Louis Blanc very properly took advantage . Third , That while the work of the AteHers Nationaua was totally

      unproductive , the work of the tailors of Clichy was not only productive , but profitable , and lastly , while thc military organisation of the Champ do Mars broke out into open revolt in the bloody days of June , the industrial organisation of the Rue de Clichy remained firm and loyal in its obedience to the laws , and faithful in its adhesion to the cause of Obpeb . After then quoting from Mr . Vansittart Neale ' s pamphlet , " May 1 not do what I like with my own , " as also from John Stuart Mill , and from Mr . Wilson ' s work on " Partnership en Commandite , " to show the important results accruing from that form of business in France , America , and in the island of Java , Mr . Coninjjham resumed his seat .

      The lecturer was listened to , during ihe delivery of this long address , with the utmost attention . The audience kept their eyes steadily fixed upon the lecturer , and except at times , when the pent up feelings broke forth into applause , no sound was hoard throughout the room . At tlie conclusion , Mr . Coningham was loudly cheered . Mr . G . R . Vike moved a vote of thanks to the esteemed lecturer for his kindness in attending their town , to assist them by his valuable services , and requested that he would consent to publish his address . Mr . Stroud seconded the motion , which was carried bv acclamation . ' On thc motion of Mr . Comkoham , a vote of thanks was also tendered to the reverend Chairman .

      . National Defence. The Rvflb Club At Th...

      . NATIONAL DEFENCE . The Rvflb Club at the Stock Exchange . —About ninety members of tho Stock Exchange have signified their intention of belonging to the proposed Rifle Club it is to be armed with double-barrelled rifles of the value of ten guineas each . Establishment of a Rifle Conps . —There was a public meeting held at Cheltenham on Saturday , at which a rifle corps was established to ' < act under siich organisation and rules for practice as her Majesty ' s government may think fit to provide . " The chair was taken bE G

      y Hallewcll , E * q ., M . P . The following resolution was adopted : — " That in consequence of the unsettled sfUrof affairs on the Continent of Europo , it is deemed exrm dient that the population of this kingdom should nlw itself in an attitude of national defence , and that as thl recent improvements in the rifle are likely to ronder ' i I most important arm in future warfare , n corns shonh 1 ) , « formed in Cheltenham , to be called the ' ' OhKnham Rifl ! Corps . » A committee and officers of theTub J ? ro akS appointed including a chaplain-an office which was u » ffflnK ^^

      A IUfle Brigade , to be called the "Leeds Hifl-Corps , " is in course of formal ion in m . i , . Leeds . Persons of all clas es cSL ? the , boro ?« of rapidly sending in the r intSion of !» * «!!» - ^' tieS . ° in tho volunteer corps , fie ™ i « nS 1 , Dg thero » 8 , w » government will supplv them i £ rl ° f ° Se t ,, Rt if ments they will suppTv thSvi wirh ^ U ^ aoco " - tl . roi . gh the requisite diulir & cV iKL ?^ ' ^ , " 1 ? 6 ° volunteers , as it appearedl 0 « " Sar 3 F ? ° m Hst f feeling pervading a my far ™ bolv ol ^ t ^ ™* ^ . ho habitats , the " " Leeds i fficZ ' Lo ^ lTlT ^ *' numerous and effective volunteer brigSc U * Tery

      A Martyr In The 19th Oenthuv T„* Hreache...

      A Martyr in the 19 th Oenthuv t „* hreached Amsterdam , that M Sohrrirfl ge " Ce h , "S ja 8 t Catholic missionary „ OoohSchS , ? ' \ 7 ° UnS Dutch for preaching Christian ^ m ?! ,. * ' aS bce , i ? ut t 0 doath darins , arrested , \ ^ J ^ S tT ' ? mnm capital , lludFo , and eoBdemniTrl 5 ^ , onve , od to the cial commission . Hb wm ZUl \ o ^ by a , , of i , ldU More than 10 , 000 troops attcndll H , n a m 7- ibl , efe - any hostile don . on . ffiS 7 n ^^ nart ft ' t 0 p , ' t Christians of Hue Fo . part o { tbe onerous Frightful and Fatal R * iiW . v a „„ 30 th January a number o ^ iabn ; ItI AcciDENr ' T On ths Birmingham line , at So Sud & ., J- ere " , WOrl f on the o ' clock u . m . np-t ^ nMS ' tJJ . a ^ iSH " ^ got out of the way of the train « n »• 7 ' Alltl , iemen knocked down and p assed ov' ^'" S 0 , le - " « o was University College iSftv ? W ScT *? * ^

      The Queen's Speech. -Meet Lnr T^ John. S...

      THE QUEEN'S SPEECH . -MEET lNr T ^ JOHN . STREET . * AT A public meeting , convened by the Executive Com of the national Charter Association , was held ^ Literary Institute , John-street , Tottenh am-co ,,, ? % > Theattendance was very numerous . '" ^ iiii Mr . Bbzeb having been called to the chair com the proceedings by reading the Queen ' s Speech wh ™? nc ^ Interrupted by shouts of laughter . He had written *»» which he thought would have come much better froma Peec of their rulers . Mr . Bezer then read his speech amiiS % applause . A desire was expressed that the speech ? Uc ^ be published . [ The crowded state of our column s ^ i prevents it being published . ] s &\ % Mr . J . Holtoakb moved the following resoluf " That this meeting , having heard the Queen ' s s ^ cannot but express disapprobation at its meagre u ' i satisfactory character ; more especially in reference t "' promised measures of Parliamentary Reform . in ^ to ministers , however , this meeting cannot visit unof . v ' its chief condemnation ; the really culpable parties \ ^ in nnr nnininn fhn maiftrifu Af tY > a n .. nDnn » Til .. " 6 lHn

      mons , who are notoriously oppose 1 to all real reform n " liament , and to the other leaders of the peoj fc out of 3 . who have shamefully neglected their duty in not eli • " '* such a manifestation of public opinion throughoutthe "'^ try as would force ministers to carry into effect some !! " '" sure for the enfranchisement of thc whole people " ji j not agree with thc verbal form of the resolution ' but 1 ' * ing with it in spirit , he would willingly co-operate with *? ' ** with whom he was working . However meagre the Sn might be , there was in it a matter of gratification f ^ proposed , however vaguely , to amend tho represent ^ ' Had this not been in the Speech , no party in tho coun » were powerful or popular enough to have forced it im the attention of the ministry . If the Speech had even n posed to restrict the liberties of the people , they vr equally powerless ; therefore it was a source of con / rit i ? tion , seeing that their own apathy had rendered them a « party , almost powerless . There was another good feature ' the speech ; it did in some measure recognise a eovprmJ

      , fnnnHad , mnn M , « > nn . » . nn ^ ll „ n „ # *! . „ „™ l . 9 n . "'" lent founded upon the representation of the people . The Sn » T did not praise tho arbitrary act of Louis Napoleon Im withstanding the glitter of the false glory that surrou nZ him . This circumstance showed that progress bad bell made during late years . He was not going to spend ill his time in continually blaming others , whilst there was anything in their actions open to praise . yj , ^ A from tbe uneasy manner in which he was heard , that tho meeting did not feel exactly similar with him . They h , m remember that the aristocracy and upper classes were wvl themselves , a portion of tbe people . They must look with . temper upon the exertions of others who did not entertain the same opinion as themselves . Few persons de ^ 4 much time to the study of politics . Few working men . were capable of leading a political movement . They miwt

      get rid of much of the distrust which now existed , before they could hope for success . There was one part of tk Speech which was a complete blank , and it would be also a blank in the speeches in Parliament . He meant the contingency of a war with France . He thought that they should not stoop to make any terms with the government . Their first duty was to defend their country . ( Great hissing , during which the Chairman appealed for order . ) lie was only speaking his own views , aud he believed the views of the majority of the people . Much as he hated tho oppression at home , he hated foreign oppression worse , It was tbe first duty of the government to give the people something to defend . Mr . O'Brien seconded the resolution . He agreed with

      its sentiments , and should support it strongly , for he consw dered Mr . Holyoake had said more in favour of the Speech than against it . He did not wish tO throvf more blame upon Lord John Russell than circumstances warranted , lie dared not , in the apathetic state of tho public mind , have put stronger words into the mouth of the . Queen . If he had , an amendment would have heen moved on the Address and he would have been driven from office . The fault lay with the leaders of the people . Parliamentary and others , who had not aroused attention to the only measure of Re form really beneficial to the masses . They found fault with the Speech , not because it proposed a Reform , hut because it proposed tocarry out the ReformBill . That measure went completely to alienate the middle class from the working

      men . This measure would complete the separation between the two classes , and would a / so include the arisfocrglic portion of the working men . He found fault also with the professions of amity in the Speech with foreign despots and brigands . If the government really represented tho People , our Ambassadors would , have been withdrawn from the Courts of almost all the crowned heads in Europe , Look at the state of things in France ; they ought not to be in amity with such a monster as Louis Napoleon . He was not the ruler of France . He was merely the ruler of half a million of African butchers . He had not restored Universal Suffrage to the people . The 261 puppets who wero to be elected as representatives , had not tho power to framo a single law . The real power was vested in the Senate . It

      was to be Composed of twelve ex-offleio Senators—six Mar « shals , two Admirals , and four Archbishops were to bo guardians of tho Social compact !! Eighty others were to bs appointed by Bonaparte himself , with a salary of 30 , 000 francs per annum . What independence could be expected from them ? He voted their salaries and they were to vote his . It was " scratch me and 1 will scratch you . " And a mighty big salary it would be . Sixty others were to be appointed as a Council of State with a salary of 25 , 000 francs . The Legislative Assembly were not to be paid . So that tlie only power to make laws or govern France , were to be a

      set of dependent slaves paid by himself . When they knew this , it was the duty of the people to tell the Sovereign and the Ministry what they thought of such a man . It was their duty to speak for their muzzled brethren , and to tell them , through the refugees now flocking to this country , that the people had np sympathy with such a man , and that when they had power they were determined to effect a union with their continental brethren , and proclaim tho solidarity of peoples . Mr . O'Brien then alluded to the exertions of Kossuth in America , and after alluding to the vacillating conduct of the Parliamentary Reformers , concluded his speech amid loud cheering .

      Mr . C . F . Nioholls supported the resolution . He trusted that if they differed they would agree to differ . He agreed with Mr . Holyoake relative to foreign invasion . If they had no land , as Mr . O'Brien told them , they had wives and children to defend , and any man , let it be Mr . O'Brien or whoever it might , he was a traitor to his country who acted otherwise . ( Immense confusion , during which Jlr , O Brien explained that he had never said that tbey should join the forei gner , or that they should not repel him if he attacked them . But if they only attacked the rich plunderers let the rich plunderers defend themselves . Great cheering and hisses . } Mr . Nicholls resumed bv savintr that

      A- « ? y on a certam supposition that he called Mr . O Brien a traitor . They should have heard him out , a . d not have cried him down . If they looked upon the speech as coming from the representatives of the people it was unsatisfactory . But if they looked upon it as coming from the general of the enemy ' s camp it was satisfactory , bfl ' cause it promised some measure of reform . The chief fault lay with tho people ; they should not ask for their ri ghts , but act in such a manner as to secure them . They should he prepared not to give up the Charter , but to act with all men who would go for Manhood Suffrage . There was no national party . Tbey should look at the great example sot them by Kossuth and the Hungarian people .

      Mr . U . Holvoake briefly supported the resolution . The present time was favourable to the people . They would soon havo the power in their hands to say to tlie rich , " You expect to bo invaded , we , the working men , love our native land , we are willing to fight and die for it , on the sole condition that we shall not be allowed to starve piecemeal . You can save us , if you will not we will not save you . " Mr . G . J . lUimv said Mr . Holyoake had congratulated them that some measure of reform was promised tlicm . V , as the Speech said , they meant to look to the " welfare oi the country , " it was good news . But he thought it was too good for tho "lords and gentlemen" to mean it . Tho Speech said that the reform was to be mcrelv an amendment of thc Act of 1832 : and Mr . O'Brien had shown

      them what that would lead them to . The urinciple of that Reform Bill was said to be a full , fair , and free representation . Thoy well knew that this was never realised . The present measure would be said to lead to the 4 « ne result ; but , while founded upon the same principles as thj d of 1832 . it was impossible that it could give them it tm fair , or frco representation . He warned them to expect nothing from thc Whig Nazareth , or from any other . V »«* reth , save that of Universal Suffrage . Cobden and others were clamourin g strongly for the Ballot ; but , without tbe Suffrage , it would be injurious to the cause of Democracy . At the first glance it might seem that the Speech w » s favourable in not formally recognising the usurper ol France . But he believed this recodiition mis W

      open avoided because tho moral feeling of the hufk of the Engp people would have burst out into a thunder of indignation . If he were to visit our shores , such was thc feeling of " people , little as they understood of foreign politics , that lw would be treated worse than Hayt . au was . But behind tno scenes the government of England , like that of all the Continental despots , did support tbe usurer . Lord Palme . ai " was , doubtless , well acquainted with the plans of JSspoleoBi v . 'hen he said tliero would be no revolutions in 1852 ; h ut tho year was not yet over , and if we were to have a large army and navy , it was better to have that army assist |» fe the democrats of Europe , than wagin" a war of rap » against the innocent Kaffirs . Relative ° to foreign inv . isio »» he thought that if they had hoard Mr . "Ninhnlls out , tli' 7

      would have saved much time and confusion . While they should oppse all open foes and false friends , they sl" > uia endeavour to keep together all the true friends of "l ) cr , - ' for all would be needed in the times which were coming ' If the men of England were as well trained to arm s as t" » men of Switzerland or America , there would be no dange ' of invasion . He advised them to act with all men "" ^ would oppose the increase of the army , or the turning of t ^ police into a more armed force than it now was . Let tneiu arm tbe people ; let them have popular bodies a »« among the people , independent of government influ ^ f . If an invasion should become more threatening , lie «' , '' . say with O'Coi noil , that the time of England ' s flifficuMJ tlit

      was the time fcr tl . em to aclreve their rig hts . Let " ground their aims , and say with him , tho difficulty w i , aristocracy is the opportu uity of the people . The brigM" * of France or Russia would not come to wage war i" SpU * fields or bivouac there . They would not come to pl «'" - , those who had nothing . If they were to defend the count' }' they must give them something to defend . If not , let tn n defend themselres . Multitudes of working men hf , 1 V wives or families to defend ; let them look to the facW districts , and say whether these men could be said to b ? ' " wives or families . They had nothing bat misery , vrl " ' their rulers monopolised every benefit . ( Cheers , ) The resolution was unanimously passed . A ocllcctioa was made at tho ciwo of the prwectuV

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 7, 1852, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_07021852/page/6/