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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th September 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 7, ITALY, AUSTRIA, AND THE POPE* XO. VII. "...

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      September 6, 1845. Mw Wor^Tlebn Sta R. 7

      September 6 , 1845 . mW WOR ^ tlEBN STA R . 7

      Dftatgn . Mobtmmte

      dftatgn . Mobtmmte

      "And I Will War, At Least In Words, (And...

      "And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , "Witii all who wanvith Thought !" " I think I near a Htfle bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . "—Btbo >

      Italy, Austria, And The Pope* Xo. Vii. "...

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE * XO . VII . "We cannot quit Mr . Mazzixi ' s excellent work without extracting some further illustrations of the damnable character of the Austrian despotism . It is a sacred duty wc owe to our readers to impart to them all the information we may acquire as to the workings and deeds of the institutions aud rulers of other countries , that so they may be moved to sympathise with and aid the oppressed of all nations , and Become inspired with a holy hatred of despotism and determination to fraternise with all tme patriots in purging the earth of tyranny in every shape and form . To this end we give the following extracts , showing the way political prosecutions are conducted wherever Austria has rule or influence : —

      In 182 J , Count Prederic Gonfalonier ! was condemned to death ; which sentence , as au act of high clemency , -was commuted into the earcere duro for life . The only thing proved against him was a letter written to the Gensral-iliuister of War , Santa Itosa , at theperiod of the Ticdmontcse insurrection , and when the revolutionary troops , encamped on the Tieino , were preparing- to pour into tlie plains of Lonihardy . Here is tho letter : — " General—If I ever possessed any influence with you . let this he the occasion for evincing it . I plead our old friendship—I plead the good opiniou you formerly honoured ine wnh , to heg of you not to pass tho Ticiuo . Xomoaruy is not prepared to receive yon . Your advance -would only compromise those who should declare for you , who would have no force to support you . Spare this province the evils of a contest iu which you could not he -victorious . " This letter , written to a revolutionary General , was held to Be a crime against thfc State +.

      Giro 3 Ienotti . a young and rich hanker of Hodena , was at the head of those who in lSSl ' orgaaised an insurrectionary movement in that city . Attacked in his palazzo before the hour Used on for the outburst , after a contest heroically sustained for a wliole night by thirtyyouiig men who happened to he with him , he fell wounded Into ihe hands of the Bute . Shortly after , when the insurgents were successful , thcDuhetoolc to flight , and carried -with him his prisoner , bound , into the Austrian territory ; into the territory thus spoken of in au Imperial and Iloyal order of the 14 th September , 1 SIG- " Every slave is free from the moment he sets foot on Austrian territorv , or even on board an Austrian vessel . " Menotti was

      thron-a into a prison at aiantua . A deputation from Modena made ineffectual claims for his liberty . The new state of things having been subverted hy an Austrian army , the Duke rcconveyed liis prisoner to afodena , and there hanged him on the 20111 August . It may be that , as au Italian , I exaggerate the importance of this fact ; hut I know , if I were an Englishman , I should feel my cheeks redden at the mere thought that the correspondence of an Italian patriot has been covertly violated for a period of five months , by a Secretary of State for England , to gratify tlie Ambassador of a government on whose territory a foreign Prince was allowed to drag aftor Iran one of his subjects , in fetters , and to deposit him in prison as a reserve for the

      scaffold . Some months afterwards the Austrian Executive gave the following answer to a petition from Celeste McnottiJ , the victim ' s brother . Celeste liafl . been himself captured at sea with other patriots on hoard tlie Isotta , the vessel Tiefore mentioned ; and the petition claimed his liberty , for though a 3 f « den £ se subject , he was then iu an Austrian prison at Venice . The answer is , in my opinion , a chef tfft'uere of immorality : — "IBs Imperial and Itoyal ilajcsty , Atrfrom wishing to pronounce judgment against Celeste Jftnotti , recognizes an obligation towards his lloyal Highness the Duke of > loihna to give up the subject of that Sovereign to the competent authorities . But the petitioner being in custody of the Imperial aud Ilovat authority of Austria ,

      and his Majesty being desirous to afford him an opportunity of serving the cause of public tranquillity , it his is sovereign pleasure that the petitioner should be prevailed on to declare all that he knows if political events and revolutionary plots , and particularly of tlie origia and carrying out of the late revolution in Italy , aud other objeetsrslating thereto ; his Majesty deciding on his treatment according to the conduct the petitioner may adopt iu this affair . Consequently , if the revelations of the ddena are recognized as true , hisilajesty is disposed to hold -at to liiin the promise not to bainl him over to the 3 lolciiese Government , and , moreover , to set him at liberty , ifhe merits it ; adding , thatin easehls declarations should bo of such a nature as to be considered important , tlie petitioner would acquire a peculiar claim on his Jlajesrys consideration . '

      I need not say , that the invitation to tarn traitor tatt with tlie contempt ii deserved . The aliavc h horrible enough , but read thefoiiowinj , showing how they manage these things ia the unhappy province governed by that blood-gorged monster , that wholesale murderer , the Duke " ol " 33 oJena : — ( Jiulio B ; -sin 3 , a ci-devant C ' arbonara , but tlicn a director of jielice discharging Lis functions with the full perseculing energy of an ajxjstate , was poniarded in the street on the t- veiling of the 1-Olh 3 hry . lS 22 . Arrests took place « a ths s ; u ; ie night ; a commission of strte was appointed by the Duke ; and , as if bin ting , you must find me the gulky among those prisoners , a decree ( published sifter-Wards , at the close of tlie sauteuee . but with this date )

      was signed , fixing the place where those caphal punishmi-nts should be carriediuto effect which would he awarded by Hie Commissioners to tlie authors of the cr ime . Gioachino Zauoli and l'ietro Zoccoli were among tliysc chiefly inculpated . After two months aud a half of investigation , the commission , composed of the Advocate-President Alcssamlrini , the Judges Zeihini and Martiuclii , tlie Advocate Fiscal Ar . giolini , and the Chancellor Cremonini , acquitted them both . They were , however , rcf allied in prison , at the disposal of tlie police , till tlie middle —willit believed ?—of 13 : 27 . Por a year and a half Zauoli was confined successively iu two wrriched prisons called Ia -Jfunlocana and V OAku from thence he was ti-ansferri-d to the Camcronc , a prison with hire apertures for -windows . The air , the cold , and the damp lodged in his joints , and he pined in sickness , isolated aud unattended , for more tlian eighteen mouths . At length the surgeon of the prison , Giovanni Gauserli , made a report to the

      Government , declaring that he could no longer answer for the life of his prisoner it they did not remove him to another prison : tlie reply was , they did not know where ! to put him . The surgeon was soon afterwards dismissed . Zoccoli , shut up in solitary confinement , sometimes in Ia J / iz : itotsr . s , sometimes in a prison known as la C-Arkfflzra , received to roin-h ill-in-atmest , that in despair he resolved to die of starvation ; Out his keepers preveme-Jhim , by placing an lusirmnen : in his mouth to hold it open , aud then administering nourishment . On thel 5 t ' n of July , 1 S 2 G , a new Commission of State was n- > - pointcd , and a fresh investigation commenced . The exaniiuaiicinc . almost entirely hy night , began in September , and e-oadmlea j . « Apr il , lSi' 7 , by a decree ordering the TiSivratioa of tlic accused to liberty . This was at length earned into effect ; but accompanied as to Zoccoli , pursuant to decision of the Supreme Council of Justice , by the fnrnSUance of Cjc jioliee .

      » it h the two I have been speaking of , there was arrested , oa Ihe night of Besiiiis death , another JlodCllCSC , named Gaetano l ' onzoai . 'When pressed on lis deathbei , Kesiiii had said that if any individual could be suspcrted it was l ' tmzoiii , whom , four months before , lie had caused to be deprived of au office vra-jer the Congree'ati'jn of Charity- The Marquis Coeeapaiii , a creature Of the . Jake and Governor of -Modcna , ordered the Call-Cfcfiicrc Solmi , who was receiving- the deposition of the busman , to suppress all that nas mere suspicion , aud t > iYriu-ihat liesinihad ir . dlrated Pouzoiii as the mur

      cMinciian could be procured against ihe accused . One of llir judges , Zvruiui , gave judgment for death ; another , Alcssandrisi , the galleys for life ; the third , MariinelSi , an ariiai ; : 3 i ] : iLh . last , also , was soon alter dUmissed . 3 V , UZU " -remained iu prison , at tlie disposal of the ( : 0-Yei' ! i .-. . . £ : i , till is . 'j . Then , brought before another t om-3 nisfio : i , ]] t . was condemned to impiiscumtiii for lite—an MipriSiHi- caiagjravatc-. l with every severity bythcGe--ver miieiit ti ! :: ; s : in lsiy , he was trau > icrrcd to a prison at ; , is i ) , . , . ^ ^ k fu ] 1 of , ni . j > h jllc eii ,:, ! a . K < r ^ , tcEanttfil by these condemned for crimes on the v ]"" ' ssa , J & v ° ' "y aperture for light was boarded up . Id JUA , the hissm-ciioa restored him to liberty . Ui ** rf , e

      i ; . - ^ ' *" ' £ " «> bfeUU-s , against some forty inwvi . ! uas _ j T .. t . f (; r ^ .. jjj ^ jic n . s (; fej , v ; . r ; ., us terms of iniprfc- ouaeat . Of ti : e nine condemned to death , eig ht , lonmian-lv . made thtir c ^ eap ,. - one siioae suStred—• iusi-1-pe Andrcoli , an ecclesiastic , who ascended the sraaoid with ii , cahuntss and re .-. gi : a ; ion of a saiut , haiiriiag l , . aven ait . „( 7 i ] lathe was tlie only one to die . - » o > v , li * tvu T Zacco ' . i , Zanuli , P ., » zcJi 3 , —all the men nwHyrt-j imiu-j ; these Jong years , weie t-cnipletciy ir . nc "W ; th ey did ] lut CV ( , ^ , tJ ] e jjm , ^ , ^ f Utsiui . A » "" Sstuueiitit was , wlm , revolting at the ci-ueltics

      cX--it . u i , t j , „ ...., j iat j !; I ( . oKce iie 7 03 . jjc ( j IO t ] le jiational .. Z'S *? u t 5 ii ' - » sei ^ without saggtstion , without ^ .- ' ' ' ~ - » * o strike die Wow . This person , living to U 1 * < % had left Italy . During the trial of lVm » mi , j ^* "* "nlI- « "doa to the Jloueuese autliut itlcs a dcclaiitj . ' ^'" | i '*' ed b y proofs , aud l-galiy aataenticated accord" ' ^' - ? " . sJ 5 dl forms . But the duke , irritated that the h .-j \ "'" " , Jual , vas cut of his power , determined at ' £ ^ ' cake the responsibility of the act fall on thr ii ; .. J . laM ? - Tl » judges , selected liy him , knew tins : '• ' *•<¦* , were It onlv bv the dismissals I have recorded

      dv- ' ' " - . lla , J uein ai'IKunted to condemn . Had not the at , their master , chosen the place of execution on the jj ^ 'S 5 , t or the murder ? Had he net replied to an ob-^ att ' im that lVnzoni -wasevidently innocent : " Well , ¦ -um l „ i c h prison till tite red culpritbe found !" on tif ilESOra w « "s hung , there perished with him u .. seai ' old , one Lokeixi , a i-otarv . lie li . iu k ««« i ^ v ;' lth a ,, v Plote ; I : « lia < mtct bc-Wei r ( , " , lvel - thc national partv : hut he had * : * , i r- lnLis quality of notaiV , bv the Yroatiw ?* mnort © f 1 S 31 , who would have sect lift-l . ? on <] arnics f ° r him if he had refused , to ccrii ; , .. ? BatnrC 3 of t «« se individuals who drew up *~ aueta > eiBg the Duke ' s dcpcsifion .

      Italy, Austria, And The Pope* Xo. Vii. "...

      Equally , nay , ruorc iu . ioccnt , as the sequel has proved , was the Cavalier iticCf , e-xceutcd in 1831 , on the chargeof conspiring against the life of the Duke of Motlena . This unfortunate man was condemned on tb . 3 declaration of two wretches named Tosi and AlpuTAXAni ; the fonncr . aged Sftv-cight . had " passed thirty years of his life in tlnj ptMM of Atuitiisi and Modena , for thefts of various iiiuds : :. 1 i > ijtaxaju , a « ed thirty-seven , the son of a criminal , had passed six years in confinement lov theft ; no sooner was that punishment complete than he was implicated In a case of assassination , and had onlv been released at the end of two years' detention bv a verdict hardly

      atnaunting to improved . Both had been some lime in prison for stealing cheese , when Ricci was arrested ; and here they concocted their evidence lhfCoinmission never confronted the accused with their accusers , never examined them , never saw them : they came to a decision on the written process , based , according to the language of the sentence itself , " on special indications furnished by the troverninent . " § Ricci was condemned to death : h is family threw themselves at the feet of the Duke to implore his favour , anil the ducal assassin made a display of sovereign clemency by ordering the condemned man to be shot , in place of being hanged '

      llcre is sonietiiinjj still more horrible than anything we have yet detailed . The miscreant 13 esi . vi who was so justly poniarded , but whose death caused the persecution of so many innocent men ; this devil ia human form—the worthy agent of his hellish employer , the Duke of Modexa—used to cause tiic infusion of belladonna ( atropos belladonna ) into the aliment destined for certain detenus , so as bit weakening the nervous system , to obtain revelations from titan . ' Among the unhappv patriots to whom this potion was administered , Mr , Mazzisi names Giovaxsi Maszotti , Secretary of the Commune of St . ilario ; the advocate Axro . vio Rami-am , of Montecchio ; Doctor J . B . Oavaxdow , of Canossa ; and the Jew Latis , of Modena . Tho dread of this accursed potion among the detenus was such that the Cas iere Toscni starved himself to death in prison .

      These horrible doings are not confined to the Duchy of Modena . The Duke of that state is matched by the infamous Marquis del Carretto , Minister of Police , of Naples . The deeds committed by this miscreant in 1 S 2 S , in the province of Salerno , at Catania in Sicily in 1337 , the Aquiia proceedings in 1813 , and the other debaucheries and cruelties of the Neapolitan Government , rival the infamies above narrated . For this week we close this list of horrors with the following extract oil the Piedmontese trials of 1 S 33 : — In 185 D , the general discontent had reached the

      Piedmontese army : vague rumours were m circulation announcing an insurrection at hand ; and whatever might have been the extent of preparation , I doubt not that if the initiative had lisen promptly from the boson of tbe middle classes , at Genoa , Turin , or elsewhere , a great portion of the troops would have acceded . Through unforeseen circumstances , the moment was lost . The Government , regaining courage , Seized the opportunity in its turn , ana determined ou striking decisive blows . Numerous arrests took place both among the army and civilians , at all the important points in the kingdom . Searches were made , with the object , it was said , of discovering depots of arms , or something which might bring to light the existence and the ramifications of the conspiracy . So fav thft Covciwncnt was acting Oil tllD right of defence : but in proportion as danger disappeared

      they commenced the attack , aud by frightful means . To calm tlie fermentation , and to deprive the arrested of public sympathy , the authorities did not hesitate to publish a proclamation affirming that tlie plan of the conspirators had been discovered , and that it consisted in blowing up by mines the various barracks , situated in populous quarters , as the commencement of manifold horror . Every species of terror and seduction was set at work in the prisons , not to confirm this shameless statement—that was not attempted—hut to justify as far as possible the acts of vengeance meditated . To some they promised life , to others gold ; whilst on young men of lively aud susceptible imagination , they brought iuto play all the resources of a system of'moral torture often more stringent than physical . The search had been entirely ineffectual : but they found informers in the prisons . The trials and death sentences had no other groundwork . At Genoa , of which I am now particularly speaking , as in other cities , a court-martial , or Military

      Commission , was appointed to try both soldiers ami civilians . These latter protested . A representation , addressed to the Monarch by five Genoese advocates unconnected with the proceedings , appeared on the 17 th July , to back this protest , and to demand that civilians should be reunited to the ordinary tribunals : this was answered negatively on tho 25 th . It was demanded that at least the civilians might choose their advocate for tlie defence : this also was refused . The informers , u-ho were promised a pardon , contradicted each other in their depositwus . On the l - 2 lU May , two-were lodged in the same prison ; on the i'Srd , three ; and on the 30 th , the whole four wtre thrown together . 3 v ow they agreed as they could ; and tha public heard , for example , one sergeant Turff declare , in confirmation of tlie evidence of an-Other Soldier , Piacenza , thatlw had himself given to the association tlie detail as to the artillery , though he had never made mention of this important circumstance in seven preceding examinations , that had exhausted all he ni-ctended to know . As to the time fixed for the

      insurrection , the heads of the conspiracy , aud the object aimed at , llie contradictions recorded in their separate examinations remained ineffaceable , completely destroying the i 4 entity of the fact they laboured to establish . One of the four went so far as to declare that he had been aililiated to the association ( O'ioviue Italia ) in 18 U 0 , when it was not yet in existence . Well , it was solely on the assertions of these men , to whom immunity had been promised—on the contradictory denunciations of persons who had been told , Tlterc is no way of saving your life bat by beaming informers against your brethren—and on a pencil note addressed to one of them , which I insert below , to show its i « isignificancc , || that the military tribunal declared the existence of a conspiracy to be established ; awarded I know not how many sentences of imprisonment foi live , ten , or twelve years ; and on the

      lath Jlay sent to death Francesco Jiighu . U sergeant of Sappers , Giueseppe LUglia , sergeaut of the Guards , and Antonio Gavotti , feueing-master . Similar oi-currences were taking place at Turin , Alexandria , and Cliambory . General 31 orra at Chambery , Governor Galateri at Alexandria , added revolting cruelty in the punishment to the iniquity of the trials . At Alexandria , one Voehieri , condemned to death after having i . uffered the most brutal treatment from tlie Governor , entreated as a favour that they would not take him past tlie windows of the house where his wife , then in a state to create sympathy , and his family , were residing . He was refused : the mournful procession stopped before the door on its way to the place oi suffering . This was the reign of monarchical terror . Iu one town they shot their victims as assassins murder , almost in the dark , at the very dawn cf day : in

      another , the troops refusing tho horrid service , convicts were set to slaughter honestmen . And as if the scaffold iliil not satiate vengeance , they sought to slay the soul before assaulting the body . At Genoa , Jacopo Rnfiiui , a young surgeon , had resisted every temptation to lead him to dishonourable inculpations . One day the War-Auditor called him before him : "You arc , " said he , " a noble but misled young man . You thought you were proceeding with companions worthy of you to the achievement of a generous aim ; you refuse now to save your life by confessions , that , by the by , will teach the Government nothing : hut I feel pity for you and for vour aged mother . See here , what tlie men are for

      whom you are braving martyrdom ! " Papers were placed before him : they were informations against himself ; and at the bottom was the forged name of one of his most intimate companions . In such a moment the young man could make no very critical examination . Deceived , Stupified , jrrief-striekMi , he asked till the morrow morning to take his resolution . Reconducted to prison , he tore oat with his fingers a nail from the door of his cell , and opeiiedw ' r . h it a vein in his throat . On the wall was found written iu blood , " EMd m <* ansicci ' . lucqucal . ' t the avenging to my brethren . " lie was my earliest and best friend . Sever would he have forgotten mc : neither will I ever forget him , or his last words .

      And to crush such spirits—to uphold such governments and such horror ? , you , Sir James , have descended to arts fo low that not tlic purest purpose could justify them ! To uphold such governments against the rtuognised will oiasufievingptupSv , you sought lo extenuate your iirst mistake by calumny * ! To uphold such governments falsehoods hare tec-u alleged , perhaps for the first time in full Parliament , by persons charged with august duties 1 To uphold such governments , you , Jlroistcrs of a free and constitutional nation , have extorted from a Parliamentary majority politically bound to yon , the disgraceful declaration " that it did not regret what had occurred . "

      Vve sicken over these horrible revelations . 0 , heavens ! that this car Enr ' and should , blindfolded and befouled , have been led to he a participant iu the jrjilt of these abominations ! Had the Peel Government been miiity of no other offence , in all other rejects been worthy of the confidence and approbation of the people of England , this damning crime alone of aiding the upholding of the Italian despotisms by espionage , fraud , lorgeiy , and tho vilest U-cacLcrv , would be fcuiiicient to blast the name of that Government with eternal infamy , lt mav be said that the murders and other abominations , above narrated , took place years ago , and llieieibre that Gbaham , Peel , ^ i oj . isc . tox and Co . ,

      canuot in fauT . ess be held responsible tor inose doings . But the assassins who committed those honors still rule , and are ready to enact all their alioiuinatioBs ovcra-ain rather than yield one jot to the claims ci humanity and the demsnd . soi justice This GitAiuM « nd Co . wsll know ; and yct , fc « o vui ^ this , thev hesitated not to be guilty of theft , foigciy , and caiu ' nmv , to serve these rascally tyrants , damaging their own countiVsname , and causing tlic mcou ^ patriots to flox- anew . And then our P ^ ous Parliament ! Mr . Mazzisi calls us " a tree and constitutional iiation" ( : ] -of course he spealcs the wn-« v . aacoi' bitter satire , and wc deserve it . liut tue Parliament—the House of Commons—what will the « . hi « K wha olcet that lmsisp do -with its present recreant

      members , the scoundrels who have disgraced ou EtiuiatKi ? We canuot go into tiiis question now , nui wfi will do so fully before wc quit this subject . jgr We have before commented on the crimina sik-i-ce of the British press as regards Air . Almrsi j pamphlet . There have been a few , very few , exeep tioas : andamomrstthoschononrabb exceptions w

      Italy, Austria, And The Pope* Xo. Vii. "...

      have now to number our influential contemporary , tie Leeds Mercury . In that paper of Saturday last , in a familiar letter to a friend abroad , " br a wriloi m that journal whose articles an ? ' printed Hi leaders , " there appeared the following : — M <\ z 2 i . \ -i , the Italian , whose letters Sir James Graham opened , has j-ir . t published a : i eloquent and glowing pamphlet , entitlad " Italy , Austria , and the Pope . " lie is a line fellow , and it would do you good to read his exposure of the wretched misgovernmeut of Italy , —of the detestable tyranny maintained by Austria , the Pope , and the minor princes . The only inconvenience would be , that a copy of his pamphlet found in your possession , would inevitably subject you to earcere duro . He does " a tale unfold" that excites horror and disgust , and

      compels one to sympathise with the men who , throughout all Italy , from the Alps to Cape Bcggio , are panting for the liberation of their line country li'oin Austrian and Papal despotism . He shows that Lombardy is , and in the nature of things must be , held in military subjection , with ail the rigour of a governiusnt that knows itself to be detested , and that seeks safety in chaining tho mind of the people , aud repressing every tendency towards impi'Ovement . Of the " organized anarchy" of ill 0 Pap . il territory , with the gross corruption , personal immorality , and rapacity of its priestly rulers , he speaks with unmeasured contempt . He declares that nearly all the young and educated Italians belong in heart to the party

      of "Young Italy , " and seek the union of the entire peninsula under one native and constitutional government . The insurrections Of 1820 , 1 S 21 , and 1831 , with the many partial outbreaks since , go far to bear out his assertion . Mazzini himself avowedly iind enthusiastically promotes the conspiracy to throw off the yoke . He does it on noble principles , and maintains that iu spite of every obstacle , La Giovine Italia will realize its beautiful vision . The want of a dynasty or a constitution , —the influence of the priests , —the long habituation of tho people to arbitrary government , —and the power of Austria , are formidable impediments . Yet his strong faith overleaps them all . He addresses his pamphlet to Sir James Graham , whom he gibbets geatecllv .

      * " Italy, Austria, And The Pope. A Lett...

      * " Italy , Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to Sir James Graham , Hart . By Joseph Mazzini . " London : U . Albanesi , 8 , Queen-street , Go } den-s < uuiro-. Cleave , Shoe-lane ; lletheriiigtonjlolyv . ell-strect ; Watson , Paul ' salley ; and Strange , Pateruoster-row . ' t Af ter fourteen or fifteen years' residence at Spielberg , Confalonieri was amnestied . t Xow living at Paris . § At the lluhiera prosecutions in 1821 , two of the members of the Tribunal , the advocates Bavclli and Mazzoli , refused to found tlieir judgment on depositions drawn up by the police : they were suspended from the exercise of their profession . II This will prove to you that we were a-t the place of meeting ; not being able to wait longoi ' , wu acquaint you that we will talk to-morrow of all that you have been speaking about to Oi . Endeavour to be to morrow at the Cafre dellc Quattro Staggioni , where you shall have an answer . Be sure to bring with you the note or list agreed on . "Yours , Si . 01 . " The names were interpreted to be those of JToii and Orsini . f Miglio made a will in favour of the indigent family of his fellow sullerer Gavotti .

      Tewultttt* Antr Gortfwlture*

      tewultttt * antr gortfwlture *

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Sept . 11 th , 18 ' 13 . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilhert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaitlnvaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Kowcll , of Farnley Tyas , near Iludderslicld , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to he undertaken on tkeir own lands . Tlie farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdcan , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttcmlen and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John DiimbrcJJ—tlic former at Eastdcan , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Kastboui-ne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . Tlicconsccutivcoperationsintheserepot'ts will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diaut Ls aided by "Notesand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Novell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " . The joys of these little ones shall be continually in tho hoped-fur success of their labours ; their thoughts shall bo turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , whs in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools selfsuraon'mo . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of tha produce of the sc / mol farm will be assigned to the boys , and one-seventh to the master , wlio will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to ctdtivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , tfcc , io convert their produce into bacon by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way tlie most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUSSEX . Monday—Willingdon School . Boys carrying red wheat . Easidean School . Boys had holiday " , master digging up potatoes , cleaning barley . " Piper . Preparing wheat stubble for rye or tares . L > v . m brell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung with the heifer , thrashing lares and wheat . Tuesday—Willingdon School . Boys carrying barley , getting out liquid manure for rye . Eastdcan School . Digging tare ground , hoeing cabbages , cleaning school-room . Piper . Disging potatoes . Bnmbrell . Mowing stubble , thrashing " ivhcat , carrying out dung with the heifer . \ 7 im . \ - £ SDAY— Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye as spring food . Eastdcan School , Boys emptying tho privy tubs , tank , and cleaning tares .

      Piper . Digging up potatoes . Jmmbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung with the heifer . TnunsuAV—Willingdon School . Boys digging for rye . Eastdcan School . Boys thrashing beans and wheat , and cleaning the pigstyes . Piper . Digging potatoes . Bumbrell . Mowing stubble , carrying dung . Friday—IV ' tlrr otjdoTi Scfiool . Boys digging for rye . Eastdcan School . Cleaning school-room , ttc . taking off turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Preparing dung heap . Bumbrell . Mowing stubble , thrashing wheat , carrying dung with the heifer . Satuhday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for vyc . Eastdcan School . Boys denning school-room , emptying the privy tubs , and gathering turnip leaves for the cows . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Bumbrell . Mowing and raking stubble , carrying manure with the heifer , thrashing wheat .

      COW-FEEDIXO . Willingdon School . Cows living upon clover and white turnips . Bumbrell . One cow grazed in the day , fed m the stall morn and even with mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer stall-fed entirely , with ICilbs . of clover for six days , and one day upon tares . Piper ' s . Cows living upon white turnips and lucerne , in tho stall . N . B . Be sure to keep your cows within doors at nights , for now is the time they will get low in condition if you are not very careful . Let them have a little extra food ; if vou have any chaff , give them each about a gallon of it , mixed with a gallon of potatoes , twice a day . If they happen to have the yellows , a complaint caused by obstructed perspira tion , the following is a good remedy for it , viz . —Joz . of soit soap , Soz . of caraway seeds , and 8 pints oi boci' boiled well together .

      Beneficial Effects Of Tiii.V Sowixo, Axd...

      Beneficial Effects of tiii . v sowixo , axd husbanding up all Manure . —At the animal meeting oi' the Bramham Agricultural Society , lately held , a communication was read from Mr . George Lane Fox , who was unable , from indisposition , to be present at tlie meeting . From that communication we extract tiic followimr , which is deserving of great , attention : — " You inav recollect that last year I said a good deal on the subject of thin sowing . I can now oni . v say that I continue to believe that thin sowing is ol the greatest advantage to the farmer ; without taking ' into consideration the great saving of seed hy linn sowing , the increase of produce resulting ! " » " it is a matter of extreme importance ; the experiments ovi

      I have tried in my farm arc few in number , waA a . eomparativolv small scale , aud at this season ot tao year you must be aware it is in-possible to come to any decided conclusion as to the actual increase , biu from what I have seen already , I have no iioiibt but that thev will be attended with the most sa tisfactory results . ( Applause . ) Last autumn I got irom A r . Trewbury , in Oxfordshire , a machine lor ( lib ilMg " corn , —it was tried in the presence ot Mr . ivell ami Mr . Garscd on a part of my farm , which is unloitunatelv rather wet land—this machine , I have 110 doubt , is capable of bein ? much improved , —i . ie lams that I iind with it is . that instead of deppsi nig one , two , or three seeds in each dibble-hole , itdepositc . from six to eight . This is a great fault , or l linu that in the common method of dibbling by mum t « - '

      seeds are quite sufficient—and when they spring , *• have generally found an advantage in taking o > " . plant away—so certain is it that the thinner you siw ., the greater the produce ; recollecting that the priipfi distance is from four to six inches in the row bet ween each dibble-hole ; and what 1 consider ot the yci ) orcatest importance is , that the rows should be at lean two feet apart . ( Ileur . hear . ) Lsvst year about a rood of barley was dibbled on this principle- the rows were two feet apart ; single seeds were dibbled iSivce inches apart in the rows ; after they had come ur they tillered to such a degree that it was found neccssarv to thin the plants to six inches apart , t . e ., te take out every alternate one . You ali know what . a bad season it was for barley—it not only came m irregularly , butit ripened iiTOtrularly ; when one pari was ripe and fit to cut , another part was in a greet state , so that to save that which was dead ripe , u was neccssarv to rea p tho whole , —so it was with mj

      keeping it so , might easily be adopted—let ever y former have in the centre cf his farm yard a liquid manure tank according to tlio size of his farm—let all the liquids from every sort of manure , cow-houses , pig styes , stables , and washings from his house , drain into this tank—let his dunghill be formed round the grate of his tank , and whenever the heaps become a little dry , let the liquid manure from the tank be pumped out upon them till it is well soaked through and returns again into the tank—in tin ' s way nothing is lost , your manure heap becomes a rich mass , and it goes fresh out of your yard whenever your land is prepared to receive it . Farmers are too apt to complain of the expense of a liquid manure tank , quite overlooking that tho groat increase of produce from such rich and fresh manure will speedily repay any money laid out in forming one . ( Applause . )

      coriaiti , that you may try as many experiments in different manures as you please , but you will never find any compost , cent-rally speaking , to be compared to good farm-yard manure . ( Applause . ) But allow mc to observe , it frequently makes my heart ache to see tho waste of good manure in farm yards . You seldom pass a iaiic ncava farm yard without seeing a large heap of manure by the road side , generally covered with a few ashes or a little soil , and the very essence of the manure draining away into a neighbouring ditch , in which you will sec growing tlie most luxuriant gvass—if farmers could only be persuaded to read Mr , John Harrison ' s beautiful essay upon the waste of manures , and practice tho remedies therein recommended , they would find themselves richly repaid —( applause)—but a very simple method of making the farm-yard manure rich and

      give you tho results of this experiment , and describe the component parts of the manure . ( Applause . ) . You will recollect last year I alluded to experiments which I had tried m sotting poUtocsin the autumn , instead of the spring , and at the distance of one set in every square yard , and planting them deep in the ground . I have found treat benefit from that method , and I have now about an acre and a half of land set with potatoes on this plan . They were set with different sorts of manure , and you will perhaps laugh when I tell yon that some were set in marl , some in red sand , and some in road-scrapings , and some with farm-yard manure ; the hitter have decidedly the healthiest and most nourishing appearance at present ; the rest I shall not be surprised to find failures . ( Loud laughter and applause . ) Of one thing I am quite

      of different sorts , the peodueeof which averaged in weight from 10 to 141 bs . each turnip . I do not attribute this result exclusively to wide sowing and thinning , hut in a very great measure also to a compost which was made by Mr . Garscd for the growth of turnips . I will take this opportunity of stating that Mr . Giti'Scd lias this year applied his compost to five acres of turnips in my farm . These five acres were the last sown , and they are now much more forward than other turnips sown a fortnight before them , and manured with a famous compost invented by tlic celebrated Professor Justus Lievig . The idea will naturally suggest itself—Wh y was this experiment tried so late in the season ? This was caused bv accidental circumstances , which it is not necessary to mention . _ I hope at our next mectimr to be able to

      rood of ground , notwithstanding which it produced at the rate of seven q ytiri ^ 's and a half per acre , and I have no hesitation in saving . that if ifc had keen a good average season it luuho ltt \ F produced tes QUAnXr-RS TO TUB ACRE . ( AppitlUSC . ) ? CiUlHOt llOl p talcing tins opportunity of stromrlr recoaWienci / nsf a I my tenants to carry out the same principles of wule sowing , turni ps-sow in the vow as thick as you may think requisite , - but thin out at wide distances ; and depend upon it , if the vows hi made one yard apart , and your plants in the row thinned out to form ten or twelve inches opart , barring accidents and bad seasons , you will have a much greater weight of turnips on tho laud , than bv cultivating on a more crowded system . U pon this principle Air . Gained sowed iu ids garden last year a few rows of turnips

      1 Agthoultural Instruction. Lecture By T...

      1 AGTHOULTURAL INSTRUCTION . LECTURE BY TUOFUSSOn J 0 IIXST 0 X , At the request of a . num bev of the parochial schoolmasters of Scotland , Professor Johnston lately delivered a lecture in the Ilijdi School Hal ) , on the introduction of agricultural instruction iuto elementary schools . There was a very full attendance ol schoolmasters and others interested in the matter . Mr . Guini , of the High School , on the motion of Mr . Brydcn , was called to the chair . Professor Johnston rose and said—Mr . Chairman anil Gentlemen , I would not have presumed to appear before you to-day to speak upon tlic subject even of agricultural education to persons so much belter acquainted with practical tuition than I myself can pretend to be , hud it not been that I have ' been

      requested by various parties , members of your own body and others , to come before you on this occasion for the purpose of presenting ; to you a few observations on the very important topic which is now engaging public attention , namely , the introduction of agricultural education into the schools of Scotland , under the hope ami expectation that I shall be able to present it in a light in which , to some of you , it may not have previously presented itself . The applicacations to which I particularly refer are a letter from Mr . Milne , accompanied by another from tlie Lord Justice-General , a -memorial from the schoolmasters in a district of Scotland , a letter from Sir John Forbes to his lordship , altogether foniijiig so large and strong an expression of opinion on the subject , that 1 think myself justified , " and I hope vou will

      consider me justified in appearing before ymi this day . ( Cheers . ) 1 have , besides , been encouraged by the result of a meeting held a short time ago in Glasgow for the purpose of considering , first , whether or not it be possible to introduce into our elementary schools any kind of elementary scientific instruction , bearing upon agriculture , which is 1 / JicJy to be useful to the children in after life ; and secondly , whether that could bo done without interfering with their ordinary course of study . Iliad doubts before that meeting ; but in order'to satisfy myself and those Willi whom I co-operate , we had a number of boys brought over from the school of Larne , in Ireland , for the purpose of examination . The result was , that all of my scruples were at an end ; and had you been present yours would have been so also . Had 1 not been satisfied , 1 should not have appeared before

      you this day ; but having this satisfaction and this invitation , I appear with the greatest pleasure . In any tiling 1 have to state to you , I express only what arc lhy own present views . I do not * appear as the officer of the Agricultural Chemistry Association , but simply as an individual in compliance with a requisition presented to me by other individuals . As regards the importance of agricultural instruction in general , you-M'ill see of how great consequence it is to all pureons interested in agriculture that such instruction should be given , because at present the population of the country is a-licad of the productive powers of the land—because the land does not now produce enough of corn for the people—and because the land of the country could easily be made to maintain a much larger poptdation ; asd in doiso bo , give moke iT . oi'ii to iiiK famier . Scotland is as

      niueii advanced m the science ot agriculture as any other country ; but in every other country the same opinion prevails , that even the best cultivated districts may be improved by the application of chemistry to thelunt } . If you no to any great manufacturing town , you find that scarcely a day passes without an improvement iu the art which is there practised . So agriculture is capable , like other arts , of being brought to a higher state ; and I do not think that we shall ever be able to speak of a time when agriculture shall have reached perfection . Not only in Europe but iu America , tlie conviction that agriculture must be improved is s reading . Such , indeed , is the general persuasion of its importance , that Agricultural Chemistry Colleges and Schools have been established at l- ' otersbiiWh . at Moscow , in the

      West Indies , in England , and also in Ireland—in fact , agricultural schools arc springing up everywhere , in a way adapted lo the circumstances of each country . If it be of importance for all to acquire this kind of knowledge , how much more so is it for thocc who derive , liiotr education from the parish schools ? Some farmers possessed of wealth arc enabled to send tlieir sons to other than the parish schools to receive education ; but it is otherwise with the small farmers in many districts , especially in Ayrshire , wiio . se sons have ilo other education than they receive at these schools . I need not tcllyou howdifiieiiitft is for the farmer to acquire new ami additional information when engaged in the cultivation of his farm ; therefore , it is of great importance , if the land isio be made more productive ,

      that that kind of knowledge which would conduce to accomplish so desirable an end should bo acquired wildcat school b y those who are to succeed their fathers in the cultivation of the soil . Besides the farmers ' sons these are the sons of the labouring classes Irom whom the grieves are selected ; and when you consider how much the prosperity of the country depends on the Ijiiiiwlcdjrc of ihe labourers , andot the overseers who rise from that class , vou will see how important it is that the sons of the ' labouring classes should acquire that knowledge before they leave the school , thereby giving them the means Oi raising ami battering their futun ; condition in life . Avery wide impression prevails , especially in the southern rave of the island , that it is of importance to give not only to tho labouring class connected with agriculture , but to the labouring class connected with

      other arts a portion ol land to cultivate ; and it is a welUounded beiiei that , thereby tlieir moral condition as well as their animal comforts mr . zt he greatly advanced ;—( cheers)—therefore , you will = ce how important it is that those ela ! -es should be properly ei . ucatcd , not only to promote the improvement of the country generall y , but that thev mi » ht bo prepared tor the . cultivation of allotments , should they obtain tlicm , and be htled to become more useful members ol society than they have hitherto been . You all recollect the saying of I . ' ean Swift , that the man is a great benefactor to his country who makes two blades oi grass grow w ] UTC 0 „ jv M 0 g , , befoi . 0 ; W ] l . lt good , then , m-ght be expected to flow from giving every man so much agricul tural knowledge as would ena ' iie Sum in this sense to become a benefactor to Ins country . ] come now to what must interest vou more immediatel y , namclv , what should be taught .

      1 Agthoultural Instruction. Lecture By T...

      Agriculture , divides itself , strict ! v , i « to throe branches—1 st , the culture and impi-ovcn . * . ""* of the soil ; 2 nd , the roaring and improvement ottfoek ; and , 3 :-d , the use and improvement of a"rictilt'd"'i implement * . These arc all neccssarv ; but , as you arc aware , the main force of agricultural societies has been directed to the second branch , consequently tlic improvement of stock has gone a-head of the improvement of tho laud - , and this in face oi the iiict that the land is the more important of the two , as being the feeder not only of the stock but of tho people also . Indeed , I hold iu my hand a letter from a most intelligent farmer , who states that the stock is too good for the Iand . There is some land which is fitted to rear any kind of stock , but the remark was nevertheless true in general . Tim subject of

      ncrlcimural implements has been taken up with verv great vigour , especially by the English Agricultural Society , and great , progress is now making ' \\ . 13 utas the cultivation of the land is of the greatest importance , tiic other two branches being subsidiary to it , the force ot the schoolmasters would bo most usefully , as it would be most easily , directed to teaching in regard to the culture and improvement of the soil . Now , your teaching , may bo of two kinds—theoretical or practical , or both . In elementary schools I think you may very easily and very completely inculcate and impress on the minds of those under your care the elemoutary princi ples on which tho culture of tlie soil ought to be based . These principles are theoretical in this sense , that they consist of a certain number of important

      deductions from a large number of important facts . Of the different sciences on which these principles depend , chemistry is tho most important ; and it is necessary , therefore , before you can instruct tbe pupil , and impress those principles on his mind , that yon should give a knowledge of so much elementary chemistry ns to make him understand the words used by chemists . In chemistry a word is a fact . A word often comprehends multitudes of facts . You must make him understand tho meaning of those terms . It is not enough that he knows such names as soda and potash , he should know also the difference between them . But , gentlemen , I must guard you here—and it is a very important caution—that thonjrh you must teach so much chemistry as will familiarise the boys with the terms you use , you are not to tench

      chemistry or any other branch of science for its own sake . I have had opportunities ot ' conversing with schoolmasters in many different districts of the country . The term " Agricultural Chemistry" has misled them into the belief that it is necessary for a muster to have attended a regular course of instruction in chemistry so as to er . ablo him to give the boys a regular course in turn . That is not the case . In order to s ; ive the young agriculturalist a knowledge of the principles by which his practice aftcrwards ' is to be regulated , it is not necessary to communicate more instruction in chemistry than lie requires to make him understand Its application in reference to those principles ; itis necessary to give him so much instruction in chemistry as may cnablohim to understand twenty or thirty or forty words which vou mav

      require to use . Were you to extend your instruction on this point , you would give the boy a great number of facts which would only confuse his mind , and which it is , therefore , better that he should never know at all . For instance , in this little Catechism which I published sorae time ago , at the request of the Ayrshire schoolmasters , you will see thatbnly six pages arc devoted to the explanation of those terms which it is necessary to use in order to explain the principles of Agricultural Chemistry . To explain the meaning of those terms , it will be necessary to perform a certain numbcrof experiments . They are very few , and very easy . Any man with ordinary dexterity of hand will bo able to overcome the difficulties . Yi hat more easy than such an experiment as this ? llcre is a little common limestone in one glass vessel , and here is a little soda in another—in chemical language carbonate of lime and carbonate of soda , llcre is spirit of salt —( vinegar will do as well)—which 1 pour on them ; the mixture boils up or eifervesces ; and you will explain the word c / fbi ' -

      vcacenccby this example . It is caused by the escape of a particular kind of air or gas , which chemists call carbonic acid gas . Alighted taper introduced into this gas is extinguished . " You will also perceive that the smoke of the extinguished taper floats on tlic top of this gas , thereby showing how much is in tho vessel . Then the gas is so heavy that it may be ponied from one vessel into another . You are aware that it performs many important functions ; but it is not necessary to give tiic boy more information than is requisite to fix in his mind the name and characteristic properties of the gas-. Then , as to phosphoric acid—here is a piece of phosphorus which j ' tm will observe , when I burn it under a glass , sends up white fumes ; all wc have to do , therefore , is to tell the boy that those white _ fumes are phosphoric acid ; that the same is in his bones , and in the food which he eats—and he will then easily remember what phosphoric acid is . You impress it on his mind not only by thefnet , but by making ita living fact , when you refer to the constitution of things around him . If von do

      not happen to have phosphorus , you may use inciter matches , which arc easily procured , and which , on friction being applied to them , send up tlic same sort of white vapour as the phosphorus which you have jusfcsccn burned . You can also connect cavbimic acid with the daily life of the pupil , by telling him that what is produced when charcoal is burned is the same with what he discharges from his lungs when he has breathed . Tell him that this same substance which fie throws off from his lungs is ivliattke leaves of plants suck in from the air ; that the carbonic acid I throw oft' is derived from the starch or sugar I cat ; and tell him that the plant sucks in this from the atmosphere , and with ir , in the stem of its own substance , or in the grain of earn , forms tlie starch . He will see how this ia connected with a

      most important process . The plant sucks in the carbonic acid and forms sugar or starch , which is eaten by man ; and he again converts it into carbonic acid . This is the rotation which is going on ; and you can take up and place the subject in such a relation to his own existence , that tho boy will never forget carbonic acid . I was told by a schoolmaster that he had shown an experiment with carbonic acid to a friend , and that he put a mouse into it to show how it extinguished life . They met some time after , when his friend asked him , " What was the kind of air that killed the mouse ? " But if Uio schoolmaster had explained the beautiful connexion between this gas and animal and vegetable life , 1 am sure his friend would never have forgotten it . It was the death ol the mouse that made the impression . Then let mc

      give you another illustration . Here is common hartshorn . Its smell is ammonia . Hartshorn is ammonia dissolved in water , which parts very readily with it ; and the ammonia floats above . One will understand what is ammonia from the effect on his own nostrils ; but you make ita livingfact if you connect it with tlie ordinary processes by which it is constantly produced around him . Ammonia exists in gas liquor , in liquid msimil'i \ itc . Apply it to plants , and yon find nincrease their bulk , darken their leaves , and raise the height of their stems . Take next sal ammoniac . MixitTwith slaked lime . An odour like ammonia is given oil ' . Apply a feather or a rod of glass to the mouth of the bottle in which it is contained , and a white fume is formed . If you fell him to go into the stable , and that there you will show him the same—if yoiipuint tM to him that

      the dung yields the same fumes—the name of ammonia ceases to puzzle- him when you thus connect it with all that is going on around him . The more simply tho teacher can make his experiments thebetttryou should teach no more philosphythan is absolutely necessary ; but at tho same time it must bo strictly correct . I would a ' vise you to confine yourselves to facts , not to announce principles—1 would a ' so pnss upon you , in endeavouring to fix facts upon the boy ' s mind , " to call to aid all his senses , —for instance , you should call in his sense of sight , as regards phosphorus and carbonic acid ; tor ammonia , his sense of smell ; his sense of taste will very often enable him to distinguish , as , for instance , in reference to soda , alum , salt . I attended an examination the other t- ' isy at a country school . Tlic boys were examined on a part of tho fourth book of the Irish schools . In that hook

      the teacher made them read a chapter of natural history , which contained an account of the diamond , of borax , & c . These words , however , they applied by an effort of memory . They might have an idea of the diamond ; but of borax they know only the- name , If , however , you call iu ( he aid of all the senses , you make that dead knowledge living and intellectual knowledge . Then touch will very often be of use . By breaking off a fragment , the nature of a substance may bo tested . Another important method it ? the employment of such tables as you see tlioro . These will keep the names before the pupil , but they also teach him facts . [ The Professor then directed attention to a set of tables which he recommended for the use of elementary schools ; oue of them , to which he specially called the c-bseivation of tho mcetiinr , was

      an exposition of the ash ofthe different kinds of grain , tamely , potash , soda , limo , magnesia , oxide of iron , oxide of maniiatiese , phosphoric acid , sulphuric- acid , silica , and chlorine . ! Such a table as this would tend much to fix the wordsuscd by chemists in the memory of the pupils , and also fo impress principles upon their mini ' s : as , for instance , that itt the ash * of all the different kinds ofgvidn , tUn-o was move phosphoric acid than any-olhcr substance . As to the means of information for themselves ,-it is a gieat convenience in brinaing the subject forward , botli here ami elsewhere , that I can refer to the Elements of Agricutliiral Chemistry , of which the Catechism is

      only a digest ; and the lectures on Agricultural Chemistry contain the fullest exposition of principles . A few months neo , and 1 could not have told , you where the knowledire you required could be obtained . As to the expense of making the experiments , it will not amount to more than five shillings a-year , as the materials can be procured at a very cheap rate . With regard to the apparatus , all that is necessary can be got for fhirtv shillings from Messrs . Griffin , of Glasgow , who have , at my request , prepared a sot of apparatus . Then , as to the time it would occupy to teach the science ; why , that is a point en -whieAi some misa pprehension mi ^ ht readily arise . The boys who attend school generally , do so for three or fom years ; t ow all that I ask is one hour a-weck— -that ii enough to learn all that is necessary to be taught oi

      1 Agthoultural Instruction. Lecture By T...

      the subject ; but if vou can give me two hours I should iike it tlic better , ' as then there would be' tinm to I spare . The children , also , would learn niticlt without teaching , from seeing the tables I have ailadctl . to , - and ;; ho from the experiments yo : i had show-. ' to the ' oifier boys before they wove themselves « M e «« i ? gh to be inm-. ieled in one branch of education . I dsnot wish that tin ' s one hour a-week should interfere with , the usual course of instruction , although it inijdrt not ) - necessarily be neiv or additional time to what is now given teaching . In fact , 1 do not wiili any of you Ur teach in one particular way or another—I leave thai ? to vourselves , merely taking the liberty of giving my opinion in the matter . As to the practical teaching oi " the science , that can he done in various ways . For instance , the teacher inigttt on a Saturday

      afternoon go with the boys to » farm in the neighbourhood , ami describe the operations of the farmer . After telling them ail about the rotation of crops—that a green crop followed after irrain , and so forth , tho teacher might- then say , " Lu us go now ami see lm » v the farmer works . " 'j'liic , 1 iliinlc , iui > lit heofamit benefit to the scholars . As to school farms , tho system of attaching pieces of land to schools has been adopted in the Irish . National Schools ; it « also dono in the schools which have been established in England : and it has been proposed to adopt a similar pr .: etieo hire . But this I do not hold to be indisputable . If I were asked thcqitestiou . Rlmr . idthe schoolmasters have a five-acre uleho ? I should say that , in no ease of a parish school do 1 contemplate that tiic master should work so many hours a-day in 1 m farmand

      , superintend the labour of the bovs . lint I have no crotchet in my head ou t ! iis point—rav mind is not made up on the subject ; and although I might afterwards recommend it , at present , my opinion / if asked , is , " as a general rule , Ko , at least at lirst . " Uv . t , if you differ from me , I leave you to do as you likemaking only these two conditions , namely , that you do not lower yourselves in station—that you nojdeco none of the other important branches of education . There arc two objections to tho proposal , in the first place , there is a jealousy on tho part of the schoolmasters themselves that it will lower them in public estimation to cultivate laud at the same time that they are engaged in the cultivation of thu youthful mind . Then there is a jealousy on the part " of UlliSis interested in the proper tcarhhiff of the scholars , lose

      tlie master , finding it profitable to cultivate the hivi , should take more than he could properly cultivate , and thus neglect other and more important mailers . But no general rule can he laid down iiv this respect , as all the schools arc differently circumstanced . The same mode will not suit for ail . as tho same necessity does not exist in every case for having pieces of kiiKbatfiielied fo the parish schools . As au inducement to yon to pursue a course of agricultural education , 1 may remark thatyou will have tin ; satisfaction of emiti'ilmlinjr towards a great nation .-il good , and you will also maintain the parish schools in lhat position and pre-eminence which it is desirable they should ever be in , and thus neutralise rivalry . The Government of the country lake an interest in the subject—they have shown that they do so by declaring

      themselves in favour of a cmivs . cnf agricultural education , and establishing schools for thai purpose . iS ' ow , the parochial sfliaoimasiei ' :, many <> f whom 1 now address , arc at present , thraiyh their friends , making an application to Parliament " for an increase to their allowance , which is admitted on all hands to be too small ; and I hold in my hand a letter from a gentleman who takes a great interest in the matter , which states that if tiic schoolmasters show an interest in promoting the fundamental welfare of the country , as , for instance , in ihe improvement of aericulturc , the application of tlieir energies to the diffusion ot knowledge having that tondemy , would have great weight with IVirliameut . Another point is , that , as

      individuals they will have an opportunity ofbriifging themselves into notice , and new means of rising presented to them , lt will increase their consideration in the localities where they reside . For instance , a schoolmaster may go to " a . farmer and talk to hint about Latin , which he will not care about , as lie docs not iindersfand it : but if he can hold the plough , thou he will think him a betturman . As an illustration of this feeling , I may mention what the schoolmaster o f * Kycmouth saiil 1 he other day to a friend of mine : " If I could teach fishinir , tho parents would take more interest in the school " , " ( Laughter . ) You will , 1 icpcat , render your .-c-lvns of nioreinipovtaiica in the district where you reside , and be thought more of by the farmers and others with whom vou come in

      contact . You may find indifference , nnd moy lnccfe with opposition ; biityourhaudsmay be . stieiifi ' tlicneil by the establishment of clubs ; and 1 would thercfoic recommend VOU to meet occasionally , and consult with one another regarding the mode ' of teaching" ; and by doing so , I have no doubt you will overcome many local difficulties . The way to pun over the old farmers to your views—to remove their prejudicesis not by opposin »; ami railiu'r at them . but . by becoming in appearance their pupils ; not bv propounding hastily-formed and positive opinions , but by calmly and dispassionately conversing with thenv on the sidject . In conclusion , the Professor said that if twenty of the gentlemen present would like to hear an address on the science itself , in order that they niiivht have au opportunity ot understanding some of its niceties , lie would he happy to meet them next forenoon in the same place .

      The oiler of Professor JnVmsW was at enco ae copted , and a committee named lo make the ncccs sarv arrangements . [ Wo shall give the second Lecture next week . ]

      Ox Tub Ti-Rge Of Till: Gllavk 1 Oil, A "...

      Ox TUB TI-RGE OF Till : GllAVK 1 Oil , A "MlRACfLOCS Ci'Ki : r . v I 1 oj . ( . owat ' s 1 ' ii . i . s . —James Allen , a ladies ' shoemaker ^ residing in A Hen-street , Geswell-street , caught a violent cold about tweJvc nionfh . s . since , which , being neglected , bt-oujht on a siu-liis . g in the legs and feet , pains in the side and shoulders , night sweats , with inability io keep food upon his .-temac-h ; indeed , he was at last reduced to such a stale of general weakness and debility , that no or . n thought he co til f ! long survive ; but by the use of Ilcllowa ' y ' g Pills , every dangerous symptom quirkly disappeared , and lie is now as hale and as hearty a man as ever he was in his lifii .

      Ixtci . uckst as most certainly the cc-nronwify now arc , comparatively with tho state of society in former times , still there appears to have been one essential matter overlooked in the scari-h fur iiitelligt'iii-e and happiness . How oil en do medical men recommend exercise to ( heir patients for indigestion , liver complaints , coslivcncrs , siik head-ai-V . es . & c . Females leading an inactive life , and thousands of both sexes arc . through their sundry avocations , debarred from that exercise in a pure atmosphere which is essential to health ; to all such , tlurefiire , wc would recommend tho CHTisional use of that excellent family medicine , '' Frampton ' s Pill of Health , " which , as a restorative , a gentle aperient , and a promoter of a healthy action " of the system , stands unequalled in public estimation .

      ^Mrkvugtes $:U

      ^ mrkvugtes $ : u

      Ijaskruttp. Ffrom Friday's Gazette, Avgu...

      IJASKRuTTP . fFrom Friday ' s Gazette , Avguit 'J « , 1845 J Genren Chennell . Cupel , Surrey , carpenter and builder — . lolni ' Guy , JJui'y . strcL-t . Vrestniinsiir . publisher— . Samuel Culium Jiiginare , llavevill . SnlhilU , slr :: w [ . liiit-uuniuiiicturcr— . lohii Hwhleu , Caiuio-idso , cuaeh-buiUtur— K > .-l » .-rt IJiifcliiiiSiiu , JeuT , v-sti' ( -ct , Aldgale , ie « tln > r . SB ! k > r--. Ii > hn . ) iipliii , ] iisiiniiwe ; iinii ; i . ith . l ) ui-liii : ii , cii- ; 'i . er— . I .-ii-obl . ' ieii .-srd Owen , Winchester , stock-brukir— YVjIiii in J-topfenl Hurley , Penzance , Cornwall . haller— . loteph Curtis , Liskeard , Cornwall , linen and woollen-drapi'i-.

      JiAAKUL'P'lS . fj'Vow Me Gaxctleof Tue * d « y , September % ) JM « : ird William JenUius , iiuuKPrforil-imivkvrt , winemcrchant —Walter Smith , Atserjruvcimy , innkeeper — (( forgo Stone Baron , l'lynimitli , nmoeyseriveoer—Win . Jlickertoii , Kingston-upon-Hull , tiusbcr-tiievehaut . UIVIUENOS . SVpr . 20 , W . mil , VTcohvirli , Kent , builder-Sept . 25 , . 1 , Yates , Yi'i-lt-roail , Lambeth , sltipou-ner— . *> C | it . - ' > . J . OieUhuru , Xi-w llroail . strct-t , City , merchant—Sept . -5 , J . and ( 1 . Ifiil'dv , Wisbcncli Rt . IV . ur ' si , Cainbiiiljje . sliire , jcroccrs —? cpt . ' , W . Jb . ll ' e . Tln-rlithl . Herir . inls-liire , Varui' r—Sept . , J . Ui ' eoUcr , Sor . thniv . pior .-vuw , l ' . loir . ns lsiiry , carver and jribier—Oct . 11 , It . Steaduiau anil W , Aid-. ' . Im-mintil ' . iiin , hutlun-maUe-. s . CisB . -viFic . vrEs to be granted , unless cause be shown to the contrary on the day nl ' mectiiv-.

      Sept . 30 , W . lhilisoii . Cliippir . ij I . iarnst , gr ^ ev-Scpt . - > > J . I ,: int ' , l > risuil . iici ; iisc < l victualler— Cut . •' .. > 1 . and Vv . fntgdeii , l . ci . 'i ! .-, inncbiiic makers—Sejit . 23 . II . Huberts , Liverpool , banker- Sept . 23 ,. ! . II . : tnd P . ircusmnn , Adelpiil-wbavf , Strand , coal-itiercliants—Kept . 2 o , . ! . 1 > . ISneUlvo , Kidderminster , Worcestershire , nuiveer—Sept . V ' o , ? . l . and W . Chcctham . Snu-dley . Lancashire , pwec-dealcvs— Sept . 2 : > , T . I ' aUciTu !! , Sliei-iff hill , Dm ham , earlhenwarc-iuanuf « cturer--P <; pv . t'ii , W . II . Williamson , iiu-. iyatc-lull , City , tobacconist—Sipt . iV ., J . VT . Summer * , Suiulcrlsuul , ' l > urham , eulte-iiinimfaL-lurcr-Siiit . ' 2 "> . It . Kinling , Woodstreet . Chcapside , warehouseman—Apt . 2 ii , T . Itobson , iun ' .. Jhmchcstcr , estate . ifc'cnt-Sept . , J . Louthiu and 11 . Ihinlcv , Xcwcastlcui -Tynr . pi inters . P . ARTNEI SHU'S DISSOLVED .

      J „ K ., and If . W . Taylor , Colchester , cabinet-makers as f-ir as regards . 1 . Taylor—W . St .-vcns , . f . Will-. insmi , ami J . Sati-heil , Quecii-sti-ei't , C ' he .-ijiMde , attorneys ; as far as regards J . Wiihiusim—W . Lawsuit anil J . llorilQ Wcilin . ! , "to ' n-strcet . London Bridge , lint manufacturer .- ;—F . Wills and 11 . Oadd . Chichester , nievcevs—W . K . Wilson and . 1 . Dai-fun . Pendleton , Lancashire , inoussclioedelaiuo lirintcrs—V . ' . 14 . Heed iunlW . 15 aher . llriai . l , trail tiers—J . Dixon a ml J . Nc-. e , Wolverhauipfuiii coalniastcis—C . Dennis and . 1 , 3 ) , Quy , Wilitc ' S-yroUiidK , llfil'ltliiltdsscy , size innimfiielttrers— . C'fiiylur and W . IW . isUcld , lloyton , Lancashire , cotton-spinners—AY . and N . llaniford , I ' ellh .-tr , lli'rttbrd . 'Iiirp , farriers—T . If . Irwin and J . Aspiunll , Liverpool , its cKbrolcors—K . Granwllc and VV . Warnc , Clieitpftlilc , merchants—A . Harrison , J . Sievoiison , J . anil 0 . J . Tciiiiiiiif , G . JJroivn . W . Stevenson , and J . C . Williamson , South Shields , manufacturers of alkalies ; as far as regards A . Harrison— . 1 . Wade , W . liiirjrrcaves , ami J .

      Wade . Bradford , Yorkshire , worsted-spinners ; as tar as regards \ Y , llavjiveavcs—S . May and V M . iitram , Shrewsburv , drapers—K . Hunt and ' G . T . Tyndale , Liverpool , merchants-S . and S . Smith . Manchester , ivoolleii-driuiers —ll . LcnhcrnmlT . Tnuieil , Learti'iih . 'sU-street , Cily , ironmongers—T . J . Kirton ami J . A ' cwnian . liaukside , South , wirk , white lead manufacturers—]!' . W . holler aud A . C . YVirsinsr , h ' mon . court , Old llnoiu-strcct . City , merchants—. 1 . Amis . . 1 . llatton , ami S . -Marshall , iiishopStfatc street Within , silk-mercers—K . and . M . Harnett , Great l ' rcseottstrec-t , Ooounuurs-lields , seliowhn . sli-i'Sses—J . Hall and J , II . . Vorctoii , Leadeiihall market , tnc-at-salomen— , 1 . nnd J . Thorpe , Kottiiieliaui , eui'fievs-. l . CidvevtsnH \ T . M'lntj-re , Leeds , woolleii . drapers — Y \\ Stawpcrt and It . l ' atinctt , Willington , Northumberland , grocers—J . M . and W . Carlcect , Ply month , general nieiehants-R . Uov , J . lilunt . D . G . . lolmstone , and C . Walton , Lothbuiy . Ci ' tv , attorneys ; as far as regards C . Walton—C . It . . V . eitzei- Iind J . Wadsworth , Ilecis , flax-inercliitiits .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06091845/page/7/