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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th September 1845, Edition 2 of 4, Page 1, THE PRIZE ESSAYS. I have had some commun...

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    • TBELANDl TO THE WORKING CLARSTX.
    • #0mgu jEntellfaence
    • tfomwmins zRffrctmgs.
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      Tbelandl To The Working Clarstx.

      TBELANDl TO THE WORKING CLARSTX .

      Mr Dear Fjjiexds,—I Am Now About To Rede...

      Mr Dear Fjjiexds , —I am now about to redeem the pledge that I vrculd "risit Belgium , ia order to instruct myself in tie practice of agriculture followed in that country . I start for . Belgium on Saturday next , - with the intention of making a profitable agricultural tour . I will be the Northern Star ' s " CouinssroxEit" in Belgium ; and as it is my intention to perform my journeys on foot , I shall be able , like the Times ' * Irish commissioner , to poke my nose into everyfield , ifnotintoemyparlour . You must naturally suppose that I have a greater interest than any man living in the success of the Land project ; and , as I told you in the outset , that much of its success must depend upon confidence in myself , I have deemed it my duty to clear up , and " settle my accounts" as acting deputy treasurer , before I left the country ; which I notr submit to you as follows : — Feargus O'Connor in account with the Treasurer of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . 3 ) r . aspcr acknowledgment CV . - intte . XortlicrA Star . £ s . d . £ s , a # Suneltcash- - 15 2 0 21 „ - - 18 16 0 Paid to Trea-23 „ - - 6 2 7 snrer ' s accouut . July 5 „ - - GS S € in Bank- - . 323 12 0 1 12 „ - - 33 10 3 J 19 „ - - 62 IS 3 ¦ IS „ - - 65 911 Aug . * » - - ST 7 4 ° 9 „ - - 57 3 9 36 ,, - - 32 11 C 23 - 3 SS 1 Si So „ - - 371 C 8 " Cash i ¥ frivt'U from Secretary 220 0 0 £ 32 . "> 12 01 £ 92-3 12 Ci Hcxr , there is mj' account , up to Saturday the 30 th of August , withtnt the deduction of one penny expenditure . This account does not include this week ' s receipts , because there would not be time for the post-office orders to he sent for Mr . Roberts' signature , and to come" back to me ; however , if I should never return , the / post * a 8 ice orders arc in the custody « f my nephew , to Mr . Roberts' account . Having performed so much of my task , I have now to solicit a favour at your bands , which I expect you readily to grant , because doing so will further and protect your own interests and my diaractcr : it is , that you will Bot make any alteration in the Rules until my return , "Wlun I propose the following course as the Vest mode of securing the satisfaction and permanent interest of the Society . It strikes me , from communications that I have received from all parts of the country , that before Christmas this Land fund will amount to s . prodigious sum of money ; a sum , the control over which I should like to see vested in hands that would be sure to give universal satisfaction . To this end , I would urge upon you the propriety of the following course : that the shareholders shall , as speedily as the proper arrangements can be made to do this on system , proceed to nominate delegates to

      mec < , at Manchester , to discuss the rules and the whole question of the Land , and determine on the alterations necessary ; that a levy of threepence per member be raised to discharge all the expenses of the delegation , such as travelling and boarding expenses ; and tliat every 200 sliarcluMers appoint one delegate . The Conference being held at Manchester , and the travelling expenses of the Lancashire , Yorkshire , and Cheshire delegates being trifling , VliU , eimlh us to liavc « fair rcjircscnWttoii from dis _ lant parts . The various secretaries in the more distant localities could easily confer with their several

      branches , and arrange for a delegate amongst them , after they arc classed for that purpose by the general secretary . 1 anticipate , that before you can act npon this suggestion , we shall Lave 4000 paying members . Iudccd , I believe we have nearly that number now . However , we will suppose 4000 ; this will give a delegation of twenty representatives , wliicli added to the fire directors and our treasurer , would give us a Conference of twenty-six persons , who c object would be vvsisess and not talk , and from whose deliberations I would anticipate the most glorious results .

      I should like to see our own Duncombe and the glorious Oastlcr acting unitedly as the patrons of the Society ; and such men as James Moir , George lloss , and jolm Colquhon , of Glasgow ; James Macpherson , of Aberdeen ; L . Pitkethley , nnd Joseph Thornton , of U uddersfield ; Titus Brooke , of Dewsuury ; Win . Lonsdale , of Manchester ; David Weather head , of Keighlcy ; John Linton , of Sclby ; and several such like men , appointed as trustees : men who , one and all , would have an interest ia the success of the object , and who could have no object

      ia thwarting or retarding our views . Believe rac , my friends , that great , very great caution , circumspection , and wisdom will be required to carry out our plan . I propose Manchester for the meeting of tLc delegation , because there we can have the beneiit of Mr . Roberts' counsel without cost . For myself , without trenching on your funds , I have submitfeJ the whole plan and rules to an nminent counsel in that branch of the law ; and I shall , at the appointed time , be prepared with his advice upon all points . I shall also be strengthened by what I see in my travels .

      I will now suppose that we have the 4000 members -, a levy of threepence each will amount to £ 50 a sum quite large enough , without trenching on the fund—for that , 1 am resolved , shall remain whole and untouched—to pay the expenses of the Conference . Recollect that this is but a pint of ale each man and Hie object is to allow ivegv siiarsuoldek to have Jtisjiii' jcrupon the foundation stone , so that none shall say hereafter tbat he had not his fair share in the design . Though I ask you for a little delay for my

      own convenience , yet I beg of you to bear in mind that there is no necessity whatever fvr an earlier consultation . The thing is going on as rapidly and as successfully as it could - possibly do : and the very fact that the shareholders arc to be brought together hy their representatives at a sufficiently early period , to make all necessary arrangements for the future , will give increased confidence . In order to the carrying out of this plan , I would strongly urge upon the several secretaries to communicate with the

      general secretary as to the number of enrolled members hi their several districts . This may be done so as to appear in the Star of the 20 th : that is , by Monday the 15 th , tbe several secretaries should state to the general secretary the exact number * of members tlicy have enrolled , and then the general secretary may , in the following week ' s Star ( for I want to save expense of printing ) , "issuc the proper direction for the election of delegates . That done , the elections should be proceeded with forthwith : aud , as soon as the delegates are appointed , it should be the duty of

      the shareholders who elected them , to have meetings a ? i .-equcntly as possible , in order to instruct them as to their duty ; not trammelling them too much , because that presumes that the one district may not be induced to chau « c its opinion Ivy communication with the other districts ; but they should discuss the whole question deliberately , maturely , and coutinu-? usk ; and by so doing , their delegate will bring their judgment to bear upon his brother delegates . I wish ike shareholders to discuss the several propositions ikat 1 have laid before them from time to time in the Mar .

      » * slwH meet with this consolation , that there will he but one indivisible interest pervading all . There will bo no popularity-hunters—no Marplots —no schemers . The one thing , which above all others I wonhl impress upon you , is the necessity of appointing the wisest , most trustworthy , soberest , and besttempered nieu as your representatives . This plan wul give Scotland and the Vest of England a fair share of ^ rep resentation ; and bear ia mind that tae first and last expense would be but threepence Per man : for we must try so to arrange outguess , tbat further alteratro ^^ not be needed . * fch to remind you that I t < M the Convention from the

      ^ 'c h plan emanated , that it would take a coman ^* fi , Ii F five weeks to arrange it satisfactori ly ; "at what we thai did was merely to enunciate fir * ' ? 'Pk : M | l taking all things into considcra' u , l do not think the rules were very faulty . I * c had several applications requesting that one of } " letters should be published with the rales . I $ * k" 1 no opportunity of consulting my brother fltof ? BP ° n the sabJect » but ""ben the Conference piar led sejnySeU to ^ spared with a short etical essay upon the Land , which wUl serve to *™ ^ a guide , not only for our Society but for all ers Ttis week you will see neariv £ 200 ac-

      //J %Sc&& / Fa^- J Fyhzst^ & Fy J Jl \Y ...

      // j % sC && fa ^ - fyHZst ^ & fy j jl \ y // JtJUJtf /

      //J %Sc&& //Jtjujtf And National Trades'...

      AND NATIONAL TRADES ' ' JODMAL .

      " Voltyiii. Eg. 40s. ~ Wn^"Laiurday, ~ S...

      " vOlTyIII . EG . 40 S . ~ WN ^ "lAIURDAY , ~ S ^ TEMBER 6 , 1845 . ^ i ^^^^ " ^ __^_ ^^ * ¦ ¦ . - ' , j-v ^ j . »» vc Sl «» ii !^ ,. «* and Sjxjiciicc per « gi 5 ii « or

      Knowledged ; And Each Week Promises A Va...

      knowledged ; and each week promises a vast augmentation to our Society . Now ,, my dear friends , having said so much on this subject , I shall proceed to canvass the opinions of the Times ' s " Commissioner" now in Ireland , picking \ v » knowledge and information as to the causes of Irish distress and theremedy . The Irish press treats the correspondence of the Tinea ' s " Commisioner , " some approvingly , some sneeringly , and some selfishly . Many aver that what he states was known to them before . "Wh y , to be sure it was I How could abuses so long existing have been concealed from them ? But the question is , whether they have ever dared to assert the facts before ; and , if they have , have they brought the same acuteness , the same astuteness , the

      same wisdom , the same penetration , and the same happy mode of illustration , to bear upon those facts ? Their abuse of , or rather their sneer at , the "savoury hash" made oftainted meats is their own condemnation : because , from their long knowledge of the facts , their existence is chargeable to their subserviency . There is a value in this correspondence which to confess would be to admit their own littleness and their own proper position—the fact , that all classes believe the'faefs asserted by a stranger , while all equally know that if asserted by partisans they would go to the account of political partisanship . A " Liberal " paper never represents the atrocities of Catholic middlemen—a " Conservative" paper never divulges the tyranny of Protestant proprietors .

      Moreover , if truths ripen by repetition , why should rot the truth be now repeated , when its repetition may carry with it a correction of the evils complained of ? Why , wise as these heroes of the Irish press think themselves , the Devon report came upon them like a thunder-clap : whereas it was but the flash that preceded the noise of the " THUNDERER , " Now , vanity would induce mo to speak in these flattering terms of the productions of the HmcJs " Commissioner , " because I assert , without fear of contradiction , that in mv letter to the Irish farmers in 1 SS 1 :

      in my letters to the Irish landlords , from York Castle , in lSiO ; in my several letters in tlic Mrtlteru Star ; in my several speeches ; and in my Farming work , 1 have asserted over and over again every material fact that has been written by the Times ' s " Commissioner ; " and now I'll prove it to you from several passages in his letter in the Times of this ^( Thursday morning ' s date . He says : — I will give you the expenditure of reclaiming and sowing with a first crop a field ofl acre and IS perches , which was not worth 2 s . Cd . a-year , and the results which have been produced !)) ' it . The following was the expenditure : —

      £ s : d . SO men digging , & c ., at 8 d . a-day 1 4 0 S ) boys dropping potatoes , at 3 d . a-day ... 0 2 3 Manuring 8 2 0 Average rent ( not worth 2 s . Od . ) 0 IS 0 IS men , at S » . a-day , shovelling potatoes 0 32 0 SG men digging potatoes , at Sd . a-day ,,, 14 0 38 boys , as gatherers , at 0 J . per day ... 0 9 0 Expenses of reforming the ground 5 1 1

      County-cess ... ... 026 Total cost of reclaiming , rent , ma- nuring , and setting . -61 S 0 10 The produce was 52 barrels of potatoes , at CO stOllD the barrel , —which , at the low price of 7 s . Gd . abavrel , £ s . d . Amounts to VJ 10 0 Cost of reclaiming and first crop IS 0 10

      Profit the first year £ 1 9 2 The second year the crop was laid down iu oats and gmses . The produce was 10 score and 8 stocks of ' straw , covering the cost of rent , seed , labour , airl all expenses ; and 15 sacks and 8 stones of oats at 2-f stone the sack—which , at 18 * . a-sack ( the then selling price ) , left a clear profit the second year oi £ 1310 s . Tin ' s year , which " is the third year , tUcvo have been 4 tons 17 cut . of hay grown by this field , which , £ s . d . At 2 guineas a-ton , amounts to 10 3 S Deduct rent aud county-ccss 1 1 0 Leaving clear profit £ 9 2 8 The after-grass pays the labsur of cutting and making tiic hav .

      I walked over this field—there was on it a thick crop of after-grass . The adjoining field had been thus reclaimed two years , ana was growing a splendid crop of oats avid clover , as its second crop . At the other side of the hedge , Mr . Hamilton lcdnieintoa field , well lying on the top of the hill , the land of which he said was worth 20 s . nn acre rent . Two years ago it gave a crop of potatoes , followed last year by a crop of oats . It was not then laid down in glass , nor is it drained , but cultivated after the manner which prevails in Ireland . This , its third year , it is growing a very thick crop of ragweed , irixcd with rushes , a few windlc straws here and

      there , some thistles , half the ground black without any verdure upon it , and the rest natural grass , and , according to the estimation of the farmer with mo , not worth 2 s . Gd . an acre this year . The farmers iu the neighbourhood see , by example , the advantage o ! following this plan of improvement , and of cultivating their laud with skill aud labour , and under the wise encouragement of the landlord , who grants them £ 1 an acre for reclaiming their barren land ; under the superintendence of Mr . Hamilton , his agent and agriculturist , twenty acres were reclaimed two years ago , fifty acres last year , and it is anticipated from what the farmers say that 150 acres will be reclaimed this year .

      Agriculture is not my profession , but I have taken the pains to master these facts , and to understand what I have been endeavouring to explain , I hope with the clearness which will make the explanation intelli g ible ; and now I will bring them to bear on the object which I have in view , We have here si patch of land which was nicknamcil " Whistle-bare , " because of its sterility and rugged appearance—not worth 2 s . Od . an acre rent , anu which , estimating its utility as a drying ground , or play-grouud , or waste for pigs to pick up roots in , at the most extravagant rate , could not be worth one guinea a-year in value to the farmer . But take it at this value , which exactly covers the average rent of ISs . au acre and the county cess , and we have it in three years yielding no profit , but say Worth £ 3 3 s . After beinpr reclaimed , we have this same piece of land , in the last three years ,

      yielding—£ s . d . 1 st vear , over and above evcrv cost 10 2 2 nd ' ditto ditto ditto ... 13 10 0 3 rd ditto ditto ditto ... 0 2 8 Clear profit over and above rent and ¦ cultivation , in three years 2 ! 7 10 Now , just cast your eye to the amount of labour shown to have been employed in reclaiming this piece of land the first year alone , in the account oi the expense of it which I have above given . I am informed by Mr . Hamilton , the agent and the farmer , that this piece of laud of 1 acre and IS perches , thus improved , will yield on the average from £ 8 to £ 10 profit a-year to the farmer ; will give employment for 40 days' labour a-year ; and it is now worth tiro guineas a-year rent ; and there are thousands of acres of such land in Donegal which might be reclaimed with equal profit and advantage to all parties .

      Xow , my friends , let fools no longer talk of Feargus O'Connor ' s " exaggerations . " I have laid it down as an irrefutable fact , that by common industry any man may purchase , as "Ms own for ever , " any amount of laud that he can ] cultivate by his own labour , in four or five years : that is , if a man pays £ 5 a year for two acres of ground and a house , he can purchase it , at twontv-Sve years' purchase , or thirty years ' purchase , by paying £ 150 for it , at the end of five years . A ' ow , observe what this writer says : — "At the end of three years , out of an acre , and less by two perches than the eighth of an acre , not worth 2 b . Cd . rent , he made profit , over and above

      rent and cultivation , in three years , £ 2 i 7 s . lOd . " Now observe , at thirty years' purchase , he could have purchased that acre and eighteen perches for £ 015 s .: so that he might have purchased for ever exactlj eight acres of ground of the same description forthi £ 24 7 S . lOd . profit tbat he made of the one acre anil less than an eighth ! But that ' s i : ot all . At the end of the three ycaisthe " patch" worth £ 2 2 s . a year rent , instead of 2 s . Od . ; so that if he sold it then at thirty years' purchase , he would get £ C 3 which , added to the £ 2 i Vs . lOd ., would make a . profit over and above expenditure in three years ol £ S 3 12 s . lOd . ! I take the original cost of the ' patch" atthirty years' purchase , £ 315 s ., from the

      Knowledged ; And Each Week Promises A Va...

      gross amount . Now then , that's upon cold bog , " not worth 2 s . Od . an acre ; " whereas , if it had been worth £ 2 an acre , ho would have made to times as much profit . Then look at the slovenly acre belonging to Mr . Hamilton ' s neighbour , worth £ 1 an acre , but reduced by inattention , " growing ragweed mixed with rushes ; a few windle straws here and there ; some thistles ; half the ground black without any verdure upon it , and the rest natural grass ; and , according to the ostimatkn of a farmpr , not worth 2 s . 6 d . an acre this year . " Now , let every secretary of the Land Society read that extract over again and again to his brother members . I will give you another extract . The Times ' s correspondent , after very forcibly pourtraying the evils , thus lucidly , wisely , and briefly proposes the remedy

      ' f here stands a fact regarding this county , as an example of what Ireland is capable of becoming what it is , is but too well known . -Andyciybu will find Irishmen by the score declaim about the want of capital and the want of employment in Ireland Why , here is a perfect mine of capital , waiting to be realized ; and more employment for the people than there are people for the employment . But Ireland is disturbed , because its people want employment , and consequently bread ; and therefore they are ready to listen to any wild [ chimicra which promises them relief , or to enter into any combination or commit any outrage which they mistakingly imagine will procure them relief . Oh , how

      exquisitely absurd appear College bills , and Repeal demonstrations , and Orange demonstrations , to obtain peace , and order , and prosperity to Ireland , after contemplating such a palpable and straightforward means as this for insuring plenty , and occupation , and wealth , and consequent contentment and peace ! Yet the remedy is a social one : a Government can do little here . If Irish gentlemen and Irishmen will not put to use those means of prosperity and greatness which are abundantly given to them , it is difficult to conceive with what face they can ask Englishmen to help them . Why whine about "English capital , " when you have capital at vour verv

      doors whenever you choose to win it s It was not thus that Englishmen won their capital . Had , however , the Governncnt proposed a Rl'aut of equal amount to that which has this year been given ( apparently but to exasperate Ireland , in wounding her religious prejudices ) , to be spent in promoting the reclamation of waste lands in Ireland , in bonuses of £ 1 an acre to the farmers , and in salaries to intelligent agriculturists to direct the people and certify that the bonuses were deserved , as is now done by a private landowner at Pcttigo , though the relief would have been but trifling as compared with the extent of the mischief , yet it would at least have had this much in its favour—it could

      have oftended no sensible man in Ireland . In increasing- the wealth and means of comfort of the tenant-farmers ( even though tlioy paid treble rent ) and in affording employment to labourers , the capabilities of consumption of large masses of people would have been much increased , and so many taxpaying commodities would have been consumed , that ( what ca . UU . Gt be Siid of the present grant ) a considerable portion of the Slim granted Would have found its way back into the Exchequer in the shape of increased Customs and Excise duties ; and according to the increased comfort would have been the probability of increased tranquillity . It is , however , the landowners of Ireland alone who can work out this remedy eiliciently . "

      Now , how often have I told you , and how often have I told the House of Commons , that the remedy "IS A SOCIAL ONE , and the Government can < io little . " How often have I told you , not only that Ireland was not over-populated , hut that under a good system she would maintain five times the present amount of population ; and how often have I told you , English working men , that the prosperity of the Irish labourers was a question as much affecting you as them ; because the want of profitable occupation at home , where there is an ample field for their labour , compels them to come as competitors into YOUllmarfcrt . But see the other remedy that the Times ' s " Commissioncr "" proposes ' as a means of

      enforcing a better cultivation oi the soil . He proposes labour premiums , and agricultural premiums . In 1833 , without as much knowle dge of the subject as I have now , I pi'oposcd to the House of Commons the two following remedies : —Firstly , that the landlords should be compelled to ^' make leases for ever of their estates at a corn rent , and that the power of distress should be taken from them ; and , as a substitute for Poor Laws , I proposed a graduated scale of taxation , to fall equitably upon tenants having leases for ever , landlords in chief , middlemen , resident landlords , non-resident landlords , excepting altogether tenants who had no leases ; and that this tax should constitute a premium fund , the effect of which would have

      been , that for every hundred pounds so levied and distributed , an extra £ 2 , 000 , and more , would be spent in competitive labour by those who competed for the prizes : and thus the man who gained the prize would be honoured and enriched , while all those who competed with him , though they lost the honour , would have reaped the benefit of persuasive ixnus-TRY . Now , that was my remedy ; and not unmindful of the labourers , I proposed premiums for tltem also—for the neatest cottages , best cultivated gardens , awl best bvought-up children . But the

      foundation of all these improvements must bo CEuTAlSTY of TEXunE ; and for this reason : that without that basis , you can have no scale of taxation : for the landlords of steel will throw it all , with a profit , olr their own shoulders on to those of the tenants of Straw . And well knowing the power which is required to keep what my own industry and your confidence in me may put you in possession of , I here give notice that I shall submit to the consideration of the delegates the propriety of adding some educational plan , as well as a labour premium plan , to the " Rules of the Chartist Co-operative Land Flan . "

      Again , how often have I told you that the remedy is a SOCIAL ONE , and "that Government can do little ; " and that " all is in your own hands . " Now , my friends , weigh those tilings which 1 put upon record twelve years ago , and have been repeating every day since , which the Times ' s " Commissioner " now announces as crying sins ; and bear in mind , that the " ragged rascals" who have been eating and drinking aud waving the very sweat , and the mav > row , and the blood of the poor Irish people , have

      never yet proposed one single solitary practical atom of social relict' for them . They got Emancipation ; but no further relieved themselves from tithes , than by a change of masters from parsons to landlords . They lost their forty shillings' holdings ; and became paupcrcd beggars . They got Municipal Reform ; and their share was the "honor" of dressing daws in peacocks' feathers . They got'Reform : and their sliare was ousting , ejectments , clearance , and distress , while their leaders were made Lords , Members of Parliament , Baronets , Knights , and Salaried Paupers !

      No wonder that such a set of ragamuffins should clamour for objects which they never intended should be realised ' . If they had spent all the money they have filched from the people in agricultural improvements , Ireland would now have been a paradise , and not a single Irish labourer would be in the English market . We have set them the example ; and before this day Ivckawantlis "impracticable- Chartism" will have erected its own monument ; aud every occupant located upon thy laud will be a good auxiliary in the Chartist ranks . Now , my good friends , before I wish you farewell , I have to holloa in your cars that awful wore !

      dishonest ;/ and the Executive . I will say no more , ihan that you employed them , and contracted to pay them their wages ; " that they have worked hardly and honestly ; and you have withheld their just reward . You must lay a levy in your several districts , and pay off your just debt . And let mc see that my absence , instead of increasing ap athy , will increase your desire to teach me that you do not require ma to teach you your duty towards yourselves . In my absence all monies may be sent precisely as heretofore , addressed to me , and made rAVAiiia * to Mr . Rodbbts . My nephew will see to their insertion each week in the Star ; and he and ^ Mr . Wh . 'cler can confer upon all money matters . ^

      Knowledged ; And Each Week Promises A Va...

      - Alter this week you will read of my tour . I shall ' necessarily address you at considerable length ; for it is my intention that my tour shall be a profitable one to you . Farewell , then , my friends , till we meet again . I am growing actually childish in my desire to see the first hundred freemen sitting down to dinner , in commemoration of their release from the house of bondage , —the rattle-box and the damnable hostile ;; and no monarch at his coronation , no warrior at the news of victory , no culprit at the announcement that his life has been spared , will more rejoice at the announcement that what has been done by a hundred may be equally effected by a nation . Again farewell , and God bless you and prosper our righteous object , until the return of

      Yonv faitl'lml servant and affectionate friend , Fjjarqus O'Coxxor . P . S . —One circumstance which I had intended to ¦ communicate to you on my return from my recent tour , but which slipped my memory till now , will be very pleasing to you to hear . It is this : —Mr . Fcrrand , the member { or Knaresborough , has let out in allotments a considerable tract of ground , I believe as much as filty acres , in the neighbourhood of Kcithlcy , at the same rent that it would fetch on a lease in the bulk to a fanner ; while paVSOUS and " Liberals" ilV the same neighbourhood are charging at the rate of as much as £ 20 , £ 30 , and £ -10 an acre . This circumstance , together with his well-known humanity , hatred of humbug , and love of justice to the working classes , should recommend him to us as another valuable patron to our society . Once more farewell . F . O'C .

      The Prize Essays. I Have Had Some Commun...

      THE PRIZE ESSAYS . I have had some communications relative to three prize essays that were sent to the Trades Conference , and I have been asked why no notice has been taken of them ? My answer is that my disappointment was as j . reat as the writers ; and upon appealing to Mr . Barrett for some explanation , lie told 111 C that the essays were not in his possession in sufficient time to use for the purpose for which I intended them , and for the only purpose they could serve ; namely , as' a means of assisting the Conference in drawing up the plan of organisation . I have not had time to read more than one essay . It is admirable . On my return I shall read the remaining two , and shall then communicate on the subject with the writers , if they will favour me privately with their address . Feargus O'Coxxon . WIWW ^ H I II I I II ¦¦! II ¦!¦!¦¦¦¦¦ nil

      #0mgu Jentellfaence

      # 0 mgu jEntellfaence

      Germany. The New Llbformatios. It Is Now...

      GERMANY . THE NEW llBFORMATIOS . It is now something like six months , or nearly so , since we lirst introduced to our readers the question of the " New Reformation , " now agitating Germany , and exciting the attention of Europe generally . We dare say at the time sonic of our readers thought we wove rather unnecessarily occupying our columns with what they would look upon as the mere quarrel of religious sectaries . We , however , took a different view of the question , and acted accordingly . Wc thought wc saw from the outset of this movement something more than what at first view was apparent . Rokob denounced the imposture of the " lloly Coat , " the supremacy of the Pope , and the despotism generally of the Romish

      hierarchy : but these denunciations were regarded by us but as indices of the spirit moving beneath the surface—the spirit of free inquiry , which , not confining its exertions to the merely pulling down of one pricstianity and setting up another in its stead , was gradually undermining all priestly power , and all domination founded on fraud , whether of priests , kings , or any other description of usurpers . Every fresh event , every new step taken by tho new movement , . convinces us of the soundness of our views . Six mouths ago we foresaw too , and predicted the success of this movement . Then we almost stood alone . Now there is not a paper , daily or weekly , but is devoting article after article to a subject which six months back wc made our readers conversant with . In again calling attention to the subject , it may not be unnecessary to present a brief review of the question and its progress . In this country , seeing tho Pusevitc schism in the Established

      Church—witnessing , too , the system of proselytising , which for sonic years past has been carried on by the Romish priesthood , and listening to the " arrogant assumptions" of the Irish Romish hierarchy , we might have been tempted to have believed , not only in the vaunted impregnability of the Popedom , but more than that , in its asserted gradual re-conquest of universal dominion . But what are the facts ? Why , that while in England , apostate Protestant priests , and a tew unfortunate ignorant dupes , numbered by units , have been gathered into the "true fold ; " in other countries—in States where even the efforts of Luther and his compatriots had been without cfiect ; in some of the oldest strongholds of Romish power , there has been , for many years past , a growing spirit of resistance to Papal tyranny ; and , at length , an insurrection against that tyranny , which , at the present moment , bids fair to relieve "his holiness " of the trouble of ruling some millions whose fathers were content to be the " slaves of Rome . "

      The much calumniated French Revolution first called iuto active life the seeds of free thought sown by tho first Reformation , and by the subsequent progress of intelligence . So far back as 170 S , the spirit of free inquiry had made a ^ lodgment even in the ranlcs of the priesthood : aud * one of that order , the priest Becker , of Padcrbuou ( Westphalia ) , was imprisoned for a time , by order of his ecclesiastical superiors , for certain "heretical" doctrines avowed by him . His "heresy" consisted in this : he had laboured to establish Sunday schools ; had inveighed against religious processions , as inciting to , and productive of various immoralities ; and finally , ho had

      assailed the laxities and tyrannies of the superior orders of the Romish priesthood . For these " offences" he was persecuted through life : but his persecution did not prevent other Beckers from raising their voices , from time to time , against the monstrous abusus existing in their church . The Silesian priesthood began to clamour against the odious celibacy imposed upon them , and demanded to be allowed * to take unto themselves wives . At length Johaxxes , or , Jonx Roxou—ho who has been called the " second Luther" —arose : and rallying all the elements of dissent and resistance , produced the explosion which is now reverberating through

      Germany . The Roman Catholic clergy at Treves lay claim to the possession of the coat which , it is scticl , Jesus Christ , wore at his crucifixion !! and for which the Roman soldiers " cast" lots . " There are a nuuibcr of other " coats" in existence : all atmU'd by their possessors to be the true and genuine " old clo \ " All these coats have of course " worked miracles : " and the devil himself has been regularly iloorcd several times by the exhibition of tho rotten old rag at Troves . InlSll , tho somi-centciiiiial anniversary of the exhibition of the " coat" came on : and not

      to lose so excellent an opportunity of strenghtcning the belief of the faithful , confounding the "heretics , " and stifling tho growth of dissent within the bosom of the Church , Bishop Aiixw . ni determined upon renewing the exhibition of former times . The garment was exhibited for only one month : but in the course of that time , fo well had the priests succeeded in inflaming the superstition and curiosity of the people , that it ' is calculated that more than a million and a half of pious pilgrims visited Treves to e , et their shaves of the beneficial influence of the holy relic . Miracles , of course , wcr < -

      not wantiiiir : nm ) own savovnl nuovilmva i . t ' iho vm not wantmsr ; and even several members of the very highest society declared themselves healed from ' diseases of long standing by a more touch of the wonderful frock . So far the impostors had cause for triumph : but in the height of their intoxication a dread voice sounded in their ears—the voice or truth and commos sexse , exposing the fraud , and denouncing the fraud-mongers . That ram avis , an honest priest , appeared in the person of Jons Ro . ngk , who boldlv denounced the farce as he called it , of the "holy coat . " His letter to Bishop Akxoldi appeared in this

      paper some months ago ; and we need not now goover its contents . The earnestness and eloquence of the venter , exhibited in every line , will not be soon forgotten . This letter immediately placed RoscEat the head ol the liberal Catholics , who shortly alterwards renounced their allegiance to Rome , and resolved themselves iuto an independent German Catholic Church . The progress of the movement lm been from time to time noticed in this paper . There is at present scarcely a town with a Roman Catholic population that has not one or more congregations of the new Church . Even at Cologne , for centuries past the stronghold of Popery , tiro congregations

      Germany. The New Llbformatios. It Is Now...

      have- been already formed . Indeed , the movement daily advances with giant strides . Wt < confess onr sympathy with the new sect : and we do so , not because wc feel any particular Jjostilitv towards J ; lie creeds , and religious notions of the Romish Church ; but because we regard that church as a political tyranny , setting up a monstrous despotism over the souls and bodies of men , and enjoining all to acknowledge and bow to its infallibiliti / , From the wmc that the Poi'es have sat in the scat of the CiGHAivS , to tho present hour , they have been the champions and representatives of dc & poltem in its

      worst aim deadliest form . To tell us that " Rome has ehangeJ " is fudge . Wherever " His Holiness " has full and uncontrolled sway , the darkness of the middle ages yet survives ; and tyrannv , mental , political , and ' . social , is maintained by lies , corruption , persecution , and deal !) . The selections we have given from Mr . Mazzixi ' s pamphlet , showing the horrible condition of the " states of the church , " prove this . The Popedom , ar , a political as well as theological despotism - . , stands in the way of human progress , and Its fall is necessary for tho salvation of mankind . Therefore it ia that we are compelled to respond to the- appeal of lloxtiv ,, as recently addressed by him t » the nations of Europe ;—

      "Ansc , then , men 91 Germany and 1 'rniico ! men of Great Britain , Italy , and Spain , arise I men of Europe and America ! Let us rawte in t ? io noble enterprise . To the work , like nieu—tlia- work of penes and fi-eed « m . The ir » ar is come . Let us break the yoke imposed on faith mid conscience—drags down lying priesthood and the Hierarchy ! Annihilate disdainful Jesuiiism , instilling God and man ; and usSer in the glorious reign ofi truth , light , and righteousness—of virtue , oi : freedom , aud of love . " / Tho recent disturbances in Lcipsic demand a few } words of explanation . These disturbances have been imputed to the independent Catholic movement ; : but we believe this to he not the fact . It appears that , in'Saxony , about ninety-six per cent , ol the population are l ' rotestants . The new Catholic movement , therefore , cannot miicll affect that kingdom . But ?« new movement has also taken place nmonc , st tiic Saxon Protestants . We find tit * following explanation of this new movement iu the Times : —

      The liberal religious sect or party in Protestant Prussia and l ' rT ) testantSusony has assumed the title of tlje Liehtfreuudc , or Friends of Light ; and are simply lVotestant Dissenters—seeeders from the forms of Protestant worship which ave established iu the Horth ol' Germany . It is beside our purpose to inquire into their theological tenets , though we suspect that they are more remarkable for the extreme laxity of their ou-u interpretation , both of the doctrines and moral precepts of Christianity , than forauflitof the dogmatism and severity of the elder reformers . It is snuicient for us to observe , that iu Prussia this sect lias manifested a spivit of active opposition to what arc termed the Pietists , or II jg ! i Church party , in that country ; and in Saxony th > y have formally dissented from the doctrines of the Confession of Augsburg . 'Uho ICiuj- and the ltoyal fun . ily of Saxony bvlollg

      to that small fraction of the Saxon people which adheres to tho ltoman Catholic faith . 1 'lij spiritual ail ' airs of the kingdom are conducted by three ministers , who are specially designated as ministers in eccksiastieis ; they are of course Luthereans . As the guardians uf the Lutheran chureh , professing to hold l-y the Confession of A n ^ shur ; . ; , which may be regarded as tho established n . l % i . ) n uf die Siixou people , those ministers ineeclesiasticis viewed with extreme dissatisfaction ami a ' : nrm the progress of a sect of Protestant Dissenters hostile to that chureh and creed . They proceeded , therefore , a few woiks ago , to promulgate a decree , in the name of the King , but in reality on their own responsibility , forbidding the iUvmatioii « : «! assembly of religious eowgwgations professing opinions at variance with the Confession of Augsburg . This

      measure was , of course , especially calculated to cheek the progress of the Protestant Dissenters calling themselves the Friends of Lnilit . As might have been anticipated , such an edict created very great surprise and irritation . Saxony is a country possessing a constitutional Government , and an educated aud intelligent people ; and it required no very great penetration to discover that to tie men down to the Confession of Augsburg by a royal ordinance was singularly inconsistent w ' tii the true principles , of the Usl ' oraiauon of 1 S 20 , and with tho tolerant usages of our own age . Prince John , of Saxony , who , like lUOSt of the German Princes closely connected With the throne , has a seat in the Council of State , and , we believe , presides over that uody , is supposed by the people to have contributed to induce the ministers in ecctcsiajticis

      to try this unlucky experiment . It was regarded at leinsie as a direct encroachment on the fundamental principle of the Protestant lteformatiun ; and thucUiv . eus , or rather the n > . ob , visited their indignation , probably most unjustly , on an unpopular Prince , Tho above is tbe version -glven by the Times ; but other journals represent the excitement to have been caused by the King's refusal to permit the Catholic Reformers to assemble for the exercise of worship . lie that as it may ; whether the " rioters" were Protestant Disscniors ? or Catholic HcAv-mere , or composed of br . th parties , which is the most likely , judging by their shouts and soncs , one tiling is certain— blood has been shed . This blood-sheddma ; rankles in the hearts of the Saxon people , who , with the Germans generally , are beginning to learn the

      lesson of practical resistance to kings . ¦ \ V e know that some of the friends of political and social progress in Germany look with distrust on these religious movements , as calculated to mislead the masses from the pursuit of political and social freedom . "Wc do not share their fears . So long as the people arc the slaves of religious fanaticism , they cannot be brought to listen to the truths of political and social equality . Once "thedry bones are well shaken , " and the masses are brought to think on religious questions , independent of the dictum of any church or priesthood , they will not pause there . ItosGK is but the precursor of others who will teach the people tothink , independentof kings and masters , as well as popes and priests . Indeed , the I ' russian Government , already alarmed at tho revolutionary

      tone or some ol It oxen's late discourses , have placed him under the surveillance of the police . On the other hand , the King of Saxony , incited by the llomish and other zealots wi ; o surround him , seems determined to crush , if he can , the . l ' rotestant Dissenters and Catholic Reformers , both . Ho finds himself , however , opposed to a people who , if roused , are very likely to crush him . The students and the Civic Guard of Lcipsic gave their assistance to restore order and prevent the further effusion of blood . But , that accomplished , they forthwith demanded of the kinsr , in a tone little suited to tV , ft tasto of the court , that a strict investigation should be made into the circumstances of the riot ; and that those who had caused the blood of the people to be shed should be punished . The king'

      replied , stating that his confidence i » tbe loyaitv ol the people of Lcipsic was shaken ; reminding the citizens that his brother had been " grossly insulted , " and the public authority defied by the " mob . " Of course , the good people of * Lcipsic care not a straw for this "kingly lecture . " It is enough for them that the l-fag hasrefused them justice . Thccoiiscquciicc will bc , lhat when next ho visits Lcipsic , he wih stand a good chance of being himself " grossly insulted" and his authority "deiicd . " "KingMob"' is daily acquiring increasing contempt for all rival kings ! It is not difficult to see that the next great revolution will be in Gcrmnnv . All tho educated classes

      scorn the superstitious of the various priesthoods ; and these new religious movements will tend to open tho eyes and hasten the mental enfranchisement of the masses . The principles of Republicanism , Communism , and " a Germany , one and indivisible , " are the principles of nine-tenths of the students and other young men , who constitute the strength of " Young Germany . " The pioent time is pregnant with a movement which ttw future will see brought forth , and that too at no distant day , when all the existing despotism * , spiritual , political , anil SOt'ial , will ho swept away by the lava of revolution ; and what in ' 93 France talked about , Germany will DO !

      SPAIN . The accounts from Madrid of the 24 th and 25 th ult ., show the complete restoration of tranquillity-Th « shopocraey have no stomachs for lighting , and , as their passive resistance could not long have remained " passive , " they wisely succumbed . On the 25 th all the shops were open as usual . M . Mon was persisting with the utmost activity in the execution of his financial plans , calculating , ro doubt , that a suppressed emeutc would rather aid than otherwise the resolutions of the Gevenvtacv . t .

      INDIA AND CHINA—OVERLAND MAIL . The overland Mail has arrived , bringing advices from that Presidency of the 10 th July , from Calcutta of the 10 th July , and China of the 22 nd May . IJie news from Scindc is of some interest . I he tract ot country on the western bank of the Indus ,, recently ceded to the Governor bv Mcer All Moorad , having been invaded and plundered by tho neighbouring tribes , it had been deemed expedient to send a wing of the 18 th Bombay Native Infantry for the purpose of chastising the marauders ; and the non-arrival ol news from this detachment had led to the interacts that reinforcements would be wanted , and that the afhir bad been i'onnd to be more serious than was in the first instance anticipated , The dissatisfaction occasioned by the re-introduction of the transit duties after their abolition by Lord Ellenborough , had sultcred no diminution . Our intelligence from Laltore cornea down to the 2 dth of June , and is of

      Germany. The New Llbformatios. It Is Now...

      soiuo importance . The eholcrA . was considerably on the decline , the average number of deaths per "day having dwindled down from COO to from twenty to thi ' rfv . This terrible disease , however , still continiietriis ravages in other parts of the Piiujaiib , and had occasioned a great mortality at the British station of Ferozoporo , whoro several of the privates oi her Majesty ' s 62 nd Ileghncnt had fallen victims to it . We have \ ilrcniJv mentioned tho insurrectionary

      movement of Poshawur Singh , and his surprise and capture of a party with a large amount of treasure . An attempt to assassinate Ghoolab Singh had been 'discovered , and the originator oftlicti ' ot , after having taken poison , denounced Jcwahir Singh and Lai ! Singh ( the commander of the forces ) as his instigators and employers . It is added that Jevraliir Sfiujby . in a subsequent attack with a large force on GhooMrSngh , had been worsted with a lass of 3 , 000 men' . This account Was , however , considered somewhat ajp ' ceryphal , and had certain ); - not rtum confirmed frori . any

      authentic - source , Ghoolab S ' Bglr still continued at Lahore ., The rumours that wera current- of the | attention of the ( Ssvcrnmciit to make an incursion j iftto the Sikh couniry appears to rest on no hotter 1 ib & mliition . Fran Southern MaiVAti'ta we have 1 tils news beyond the fart that the clvok-ra had proved exceedingly feftrf at Jlolgaum ami Kh . vl . ipwc , and had sot spared the Ihirope-. m vesidsnts . Bv accocntsj ' rom Ai & hanislan , wo learn ' that AUhbav Khan Ixmcd to obtain a remission oi" his sins by a journey to Mecca ;• an arrangement or which the Dostjiis father , altogether diVapprovcd ^ ' s-.-eing that the King of Bokhara had intimated his intention to invade and appropriate- tlic territory of the Wulleosi Khoolooin , Tho cholera , was still raying at t . Thuznee and Jcllalabadv- l ' u China , trade was stated t . " > be rapidly improviiiij . M appears that Seyoing , who had been degraded last year , had rcceivs-dascat in the Cabinet , as Assistant Minister , the nost formerly held by Kcshen .

      1 TAL # . Tii 3 Italian LwurcaEXTs .- ^ lLeUcrR from the Italian Islands make mention that on the 23 th of Ju : ; , v ( thu first anniversary of the laments ! death of tlm ' -miall band under the brntftcrc HawFisy . i , a funeral service was performed in the Latin church of CephnlorJa in memory of tlic deceased . The death-bell tolled , the sacred cdiiicc was hunsf with black drapery , ain'l in the centre of the nisja was -crested a magnificent catofalnue , surmounted by a crown of palm leaves , xymholic . il of mnrtynlora . No scroll or inscription

      indicated the names , or on what occasion ( lie deluded victims surre-. tdcrcd tlwir lives , !>^ . i two groups oi Italian Indies r . t opposite naglcs ^ V Xi ottiCVtttOCrmaps ot Italian gentlemen at tbe other ' angles , attired in deep maimiing ,. kneeling and shcddiKg tears , and the well-remembered day of ( ho pi'secding yew , marked out plainly the event . Aftui ? the performasceof high nias . T , and ibe offering up of a solemn prayer to the Almighty for the souls-aV the dead , a feeni ) dirge , printedm gold , on-bkek-e « f « c ( l paper , » -aa distributed to all the devout-assisting at this melancholy ceremony :

      SWEDEN . A LiiiEiMi ^ lvi . va . —It is kno-s-n that in iho last Swedish Parliament several bills , ci . istai . 'jJilg organic und radical illijirovoiMonls in the eenstit-stiou . Veru thrown out by the Lords and the clergy , in imposition to the voles of the burgooes awfUie peasantry , which latter is represented in Sweden . The King was , it seems , reluctantly compelled to yield to such a powerful impulse , lh one ease , however , he did not , and gave his assent to a bill equalising the lawof marriage and inheritance in . 'ill elaoses of society , which thu nobles had protested against . Thte is the first step , as it were , to do away with primogeniture and the enta ling of property j The Swedish papers are full in praise of King Oscar , and consider this act as an indication of a liberal and enlightened reimi , like that of his fate-father . T ' - ™ I | " *| W ¦ I III II I I I II III !¦ I ¦¦!¦ ¦ . 1

      Tfomwmins Zrffrctmgs.

      tfomwmins zRffrctmgs .

      c ii a imsT co-o i ' EiiA'TTv e l a KiTsoci KTY . Meetings for the purpose oi ' enrolling members illltl transacting other business connected therewith avo held every week on the following days and places : — SUNDAY KVK . MSO .-South London Chartist J kill , llo ,- BladdViars-roml , at half-past six o ' clock . —City Chartist-Hull . 1 , Tuinagain-iane , at six o ' clock . — Westminster : at the l ' artheu ' Hiin Club Rooms , T 2 , St . MartinVlnnc , at , halfpast seven . —Somen Tou-n ; at Mr . JJaddrcgd ' s , Ih-iek-Iryers' Arms , Tollbridge-street , New-road , at ei » ht

      —Tower Hamlets ; at the Whittington ami Cat , Church-row , iicthnal-grccn , at six o ' clock precisely . —liair . icti's llriijcidc : at the lioek Tavern , Lit-i-ougrove , at eight o'clock precisely .. MOXDAV KVKXlXC . Ccmbmvett : at the Montpclier Tavern , Walworth , at eight o ' clock precisely . TUESDAY EVKXIXG . Tomer Hamlets : at the Whittington and Cat , Church Bow , liethuat-greets . at eight o ' clock . — Greenwich : at the George and Dragon , Blackhuath hill , iitebAt o'clock .

      wunxEsnAV evknixo . ilkirtdeoowe : at the l'ahvtcrs' Anns , Circus-street , at eight precisely . City Ciiautist Hall , 1 , Ti-n . vAo-A : s-EAXE . — Mr . Cooper ' s fifth lecture will take place next Sunday evening , at a qwiVUv past seven precisely . Subject : _ " Knulhli llistoiy . " The C' ymri , aiul other early inhabitants of the country ; expedition of Julias Cffisar ; iloman conquest and colonization of the island ; a ; rival of the Saxons ; iho Heptarchy ; lna , Bendu , Ofta , and other lire two Idas , or l ; in » s-

      in-chief ; Egbert's union of the kingdom ; Alfred ' s birth , curly struggles , learning-, philanthropy ami patriotism , laws and cnaetiiionts , battles wid , tho i ) a \ ics ; Venerable Bode ; Efhj , -ir the ^ reat , and reinaining Saxon kings ; impostures oft St . Dunsfan ; reign of Canute ; Edward the Confessor ; Harold ; Battle of Hastings ; accession of William the Conqueror . The lecture to be interspersed wiih occasional sketches of Saxon manner . * and wsioms , i-ciigimis ceremonies , their poetry and literature , & c ., & c . The lecturer , from the fulness of the subject , again most respectfully desires early attendance .

      Cm- Chartist Hall , 1 , 1 urnagnm-lane , Farnnglou-street . —A meeting of shareholders will bo held ( it half-past ten precisely , in the cciYec-room of t ' llO instittitioli , on Sunday morning next , September 7 th . - —The public discussion will bo re-vumed in the hall at the same time . —At five o ' clock the Victim Committee will resume its sitting , when every member is requested to bo present . Yctw . m » P . \ raOTs' I ' uxn . —A public meeting will beheld in the City Chartist Hall , ] , Turiinpin-lnno , on Monday evening , September loth , to consider the propriety of establishing a fund for tho relief of suffering advocates of democratic principles , —tho

      recipients ot aid from tho proposed fund to bo not under sixty years of age . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock precisely . Feargus O'Connor , Est ] ., is invited to preside , and Messrs . Thomas Cooper , . Julian Harney , W . Uider , li . Uoss , lUlidley . T-MAYhecler , Skclton , Shaw , llron , and Bolwell will address , the meeting . At tho same meeting , a proportion' will also be made to establish an " 'Exiles " Widows' and Children ' s i'umY" —with a view to giving pci'lliniicnti relief to the guttering members ot tho families of those who have been banished from their country for Chartism : the difficulties under which Mrs . Ellis is now labouring have especially led to an intent to make this proposition . —Thomas Coopeu .

      Chartist Co-operative Lasd Society . — Tho adjourned aggregate meeting of the members residing in the metropolis and its vicinity will be held , fur the purpose of revising the rules , at thu South London . Chartist Hall , Jjlaekfriars-road ( corner of Webberstreet ) , on Sunday evening next , September 7 th , at seven o ' clock precisely . Lh-Mocit . vnc SiTJ'fiK . —The members of the City locality purpose commemorating the formation or * the i'Yci-ch Bcpublie , in 11 ' , by a little festivity , conversation , singing , & e ., to take place on the evening of Monday , tho 22 ml hist-., the 22 nd September being tiic date at which it was dcci't'td by the Rational Convention , that " year one of the 11 ^ - puiaic" should commence . ' - " . [ further notice will be given , aud all friends of liberty are very cordially invited - . cards of invitation will be sent to Mr . O'Connor and the other members of the Executive , and to the conductors of the JSVrthcrii Star ,

      Mauyuciiose Locauty . — -A mcmbvva' meeting will take place on Sunday evening , Sept . 7 th , at eight o ' clock , at the Painters' Anns , Circus-street , JS ' ewrosd . _ The members of the iccaiity respectfully acquaint their friends thAt they intend to wind ! up their water-trips for the season with a grand excursion , on Monday next , ? September the 8 th , and solicit their company on the occasion . They have made arrangements with the landlord of the 1 'lough , at Northall , to provide ilicm with all needfuls for recreation ; a good dinner will also be pvovidsd at a mode : ate charge . The boats will start from the Weigh Bride , Baddington , at half-past eight for nine o ' clock . Bare , there nnd back , mnoper . ee . Tickets may be had of Vincent Bakes , sub-secretary , Painters' Aims , Circus-street , New-road . lUMMUKfcMiTu . —A meeting will be held at the Dun Cow , Brook Grecn-lanc , ou Tuesday evening next , September the Dili , at eight o ' clock precisely .

      WiuucciiAi'EL . —Mr . Liudou will Ucture at tho Brass Bounders' Arms , WJiitcchapcl-road , on Sunday evening , at seven o ' clock . Subject : "Tho Land and its capabilities . " Towkk Hamlets . —An adjourned meeting of tho members of the Land Society , for revising the rules , will be held at the Whittinptwi and Cat , Cljurebrow , Bvtlllial-grccn , on Sunday evening , at , six o ' clock precisely . A general meeting of the members of the Central Locality will be held at . eight o ' clock precisely . Cambkuwell asd Walworth . — held at the Montpclier Tavern , day evening IWXfc , September Sth piwisuly . CiHEExwicii , Dr-r-iroun , and ing is held every Tuesday and Dragon , Blackheath Hill , at for the

      cisely , purpose of sur-wlvinc She' meYftDers , ' cisciy , ior uie purpose ot sur . nlvi » g stfie members . with portraits of reinnrkablo v & U'i &^ Mwfr r otemtnent public men . Vt ^ V & S >^ -V ' mfW ^ M ^ i n ^& nMmmy ^ n ^ t &^ V ^ vW .- -

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06091845/page/1/