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thc laws set at ht the e -THE NORTHERN S...
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flgrtraltwrc ana Bortintltnit.
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FIELIMJAKDEN OPERA fIU.Ni>. For iU Heel ...
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. (Continued from ...
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ODD FELLOWSHIP.
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GENERAL MEETING OF THE MEMBERS OF TIIE M...
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BEWARE OF MISRULE! SECURE YOUR FUNDS! SP...
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Exclisii Politics at Bokhara.—Tho Ameer ...
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Jvst mihMcd, Sixteenth Edititn, illustrated milk Just publisM, Stxteeuih Ldititn, iterated with C as^ full-length engravings, price 2s. G«\, in a sealed ein^ and sent free to any part of the kingdom , on (hc ^> of a post-offioe order for 3s. Gd. "W or iLpviv-vjpw «<»w j.- ««. «**•
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Thc Laws Set At Ht The E -The Northern S...
e -THE NORTHERN STAR AcCTSl 2 ' >««¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ - - .... , —¦¦ ~ .
Flgrtraltwrc Ana Bortintltnit.
flgrtraltwrc ana Bortintltnit .
Fielimjakden Opera Fiu.Ni>. For Iu Heel ...
FIELIMJAKDEN OPERA fIU . Ni > . For iU Heel commencing Mond-iy , Aug . ' tit , ISiS . I ExttKtci frwna I *» wrtf . * W <^ w ^ on live small « .-=,.=.... t ' . cstates ol the late Mrs . D . Ulbeit n « ir j :. -i-: !« . mxe , iu Sussex ; and on several model Umv * - » . ! i ; bc estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at SJaitliw ~ : iu-, in Yorkshire , published by Mr . . \ owelI , of I-ariJi-v Ty . i- -= , near Huihfcndk'ld . in order tt . uuide other j . o > . -e >> ' ! .- - ol " field g-. ur . 4 vus , by shutting them vehia Isslwuis osnrlit to be undertaken on their own lauds . The farms selected as models are—Fir .-i .
Two school farms at Wiilingdon and Kasuleau , ol five ; i < rcscaiii , coadaited by G . Cruitenden aud John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or > ix acres : one worked by Jesse riper , ihei . ther by John Dambreil—the former at Eastdeau , the latter at Jcviinjtu ; : —all of them within a few miles t > f Eastbounie . Thinl . An industrial school farm at SJaitiiwaite . Fuarili . Sevcnd private model farms near thc samephce . 1 ' . ic-t ' « n « . \; utiveoj « .-r ; Hiollsi ( itiiC * crcpoI 1 S trill enable the curious reader to compare thc climate andann'Ieuitmtil value of the south with the norm of
England . J nc Uiauy is aided by ' v . otesand Observations from the pen of Mr . Xowell , calculated for t 3 x time and season , which we subjoin . 'Tiie wisest men—tlie greatest philosophers—after in » aiu stoking for happiness iu every variety ot pursuit , have found h iu tl : e eultivation of the ground . " J « Oii :. —The school farms are cultivated by l-oys , wh * in return for dtrce hours' teaching in tlie morning , give three hours of tlieir labour in the afternoon for tlie WAsters latent , which renders die schools
sklfsrrruiiTlsi :. He fcciictf tliat at Farnly Tgas tixstv & ttits of the produce of the school farm u-ill be assigned to the toys , and mn-tevaitlt to tlie master , who will receive die usual school fees , help the l-ous to adtivitle their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , < fcc , to convert dicir produce into lacon , ly attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas lnoy le divided , after putting rent and lery , amongst than in proportion to their services , and hemadi dots indirectly toreach theirparents iu a way tlvc most geairful to dicirfcclinys . ' ]
SUSSEX . Moxdav— Wiilingdon School . —Boys were reaping wheat . /' i ) ht . Digging the ground where the rye came up , and mending a rod of lucerne with liquid . Duin-lreU . Digging up tare ground and sowing turnips on the . same . Tcesuav—Wiilingdon Scitool . Uoys reaping wheat . Piper . Sowing white turnips * on the ground where thc tares dime off . Fhanbrell . Ilocing carrots , turnips , reaping peas , and mixing dung andi mould . Wed . nesdav—Wiiling don School . Boys reaping wheat . P ' qjcr . Gleaning mangel wurzel aud carrots , and carrying mould to the dung-mixen . Lianlrdl . Reaping peas , hoeing turnips and putting on 100
callous of liquid to 4 rods or 121 square yards of Italian rye-grass after mowing . TacnsDAY—Willinodon School . Boys reaping a quarter of an acre of peas . Piptr . Heaping wheat . Lumbrcll . Digging up the ground , aud mending the pig pound . ) Fbibav—Wiilingdon School . Boys hoeing swede turnips , sown after mangel wurzel had failed . JVncr . Reaping wheat and mending a rod of lucerne with liquid . Dumbrdl . Digging np tare ground , mending pig pound , and sowing cabbage seed . S & TCMM—Wtliiwnlon Scltool . Boys hoeing swede turnips . Pip-tr . Reaping wheat . Lmnlrett . Hoeing turnip ? aud reaping wheat .
COW-FF . EMXG . Wiilingdon School . The cows were eating thc second cut of clover . Dimlrtll . One cow grazed in thc day , and stall-fed with Italian rye-grass till Wednesday , the remainder of thc week with tares . Another , on Monday on lOOlbs . Italian rye-grass , Tuesday on lOulbs . lucerne , for the two following days and Saturday on lOw & s . tares , on tares and cabbage ou Friday . The heifer on Gifts , of tares each day with a few cabbages on . Friday .
The Economising or Maxire , Max ' s Dc tt axd Interest . —And here wc cannot fail to admire the wisdom of the design , which is doubtless intended , to lead mankind imperceptibly , as it were , into habits and practices necessary to the existence of our species . We sec that in thc processes of the animal economy , whereby life is sustained , there are formed , separated , and voided from the animal organism , substances endowed with qualities offensive to our senses , nauseous in proportion to their value , particularly to the sense of smell , so that we are compelled to get rid of them ; and which require of man that he shall put them away , or bury them forthwith , out of his sight , in our common parent the earth . The penalty for the utter neglect of this dutv would be
famine , pestilential disease , and a train of human ills . Nevertheless , in these things , thought to be so utterly vile aud offensive in their nature , arc contained " pearls of great-price , " iudecd above any price ; which , if husbanded and duly commingled with ihe earth he cultivates , are thc means of sustaining life by the production of his food . Let us not say that thc fungus is a choice product of the dunghill , without remembering that our own existence depends upon elemental matter derived from that humble source . How necessary then it is , that men and nations should attend to an object of such primary importance to their existence ! 2 llow deep the obligation we arc under to attend to the economising of all the manures created near our abodes as one of the first of duties .
The Field-Gjwdexer Compelled to Economise bb 3 Lt . vniE . —JJis operations being confined to a small area , . seldom more than four or five acres of land , he is obliged , in a space so confined and with limited means , to practise this necessary economy . He is early taught to value his cow or pig , as not merely yielding Mm a certain quantity of milk , or animal food , but also as producing hfm the manure absolutely necessary for his future operations . The cow and the nig arc his machines for thc manufacture of manure , and if its supply lie deficient , he goes not to obtain it elsewhere , but sets up a new machine for its production , in the shape of an additional cow or ; i pig . Hence he will husband it with the greatest- care : manuring as he does every crop , necessity compels him to do so , he knowshis labours , Trithout this economy , would be exerted in vain . Hence also , for the most part , arises thc superiority of small over large farms , in regard to their amount of produce .
Ecosomi of Maxcbe ix Elaxoiiis . — Strangers are perfectly astonished by thc frequent maivarhrgs of the Flemish farmer , and are led to wonder how all the manure is obtained , until they observe more minutely the method of soiling cattle , * A * e . In every town and village you observe the greatest cleanliness , for tlieir pavements and all dirty places are carefully swept with brooms , aud hourly resorted to by professed scavengers as sources of profit ; every particle Of vegetable or animal refuse is sought out with great avidity li . r this purpose ; and in Flanders , as in China , manure is quite an article of trade . The selling price of each description is accurately defined . Towns let die cleansinsr of the streets and public retiring pV . K-es nt great rates ; and wc are informed bv AL Chajital , " that there are in every town sworn brokers expressly for the purpose of valuing nightsoil ; and that thtse brokers know the exact degree Ol " fermentation Li that manure which suits evenkind of vegetable at the different periods of its
Cow J ^ iWiEs . —If then the collection , and application to ihe soil of all the manure created near our abodes is thc chief point , the very foundation of good husbandry , a few practical directions derived from experience , with hints relative to affairs of such importance , may be acceptable to thc reader . The eomiueiiei-UH'ut of thc manufacture of manure Is in the catilc- ! i » nsc , therefore let cverv exertion be made to have the place complete . Let the building itself stand high and dry , and if po « ib ! e let the animals Stand at t-ither end of it . facing each other , with a paved ro . i-J-w . iy betwixt for the convenience of feedtngthem . This read-way must be a thoroughfare with spacious doorways , su that your forage cart utav pass completely i hrongh the buildimr . and as it goes alon <' , thc attendant may toss green feed on either hand to the cattle .
Feemxs Tiioicns . —They ought to be fed out of stone , or brickwork biuns or Troughs ; tho former may be ea-i ' y formed by placing a doubie row of flag-stones on both sides of the ihoromrhfare and nearly across the cow-house , partly within the ground , at about thirty inches from each other , with thc row nearest ehher side of such thoroughfare standing about a yard above the floor , and that newest the cattie about iwo feet . Let the bottom and the enclosed space so formed , be paved and divided with Stones at convenient distances ; when , with a light ttfl of wood muning round the top aud bolted to the Soncs , a wries of feeling troughs will be formed and held firmlv toaetlier .
( roTTEia , « y . c ., wiTHix THE Cow Lodge . —The cows maj-he ranged with thc biuns in front , and tied in fhe oHial manner . They must enter at a door of ordinary nze , close in each corner of the buikliV , and pass along the group to their stalls , while at tfic corner opposite a small opening provided with a door must be led for the ejection of ' their manure . This group , as It is termed in Yorkshire , or space behind flie cattle , must be at least fonr feet broad , most accurately paved , and the joints well cemented . The pavings ought to be laid down upon clay pnddle , or well rammed earth , and must incline to a channel or gutter cat out of the solid , to a depth of two inches , m stones laid down in one continuous line , upon well wmmed day puddle , and jointed with the best cement . thss . Ime : of stones mast have an inclination to tlie manure hole , and paSs under it , through the wall , thi * Ir ' ;? . n ! lIie t ? Ps are hoed , they ought to be left farSjjjta ^ I , *" edes » aud vou to aWe to pull them a thL ^ n ;? , ' *' ; "' v ru ° bish , or weeds , or poor mould , put or fbar !¦ - ; , " " ; " - •«• ?« " 1 » SS , and when increased to three Lean w ¦ '" * K " WM'W and compost the mess into a and do iV '" - ^ "p" fiU « S » ' ; let yom pigs lie well and don i ! .,- . i : i-aia t . f getting too niurii nianurer-i'ij . v
Fielimjakden Opera Fiu.Ni>. For Iu Heel ...
so that Ihe liquid manure may run freely from thc floor , where it is received from thc cattle , and afterwards be collected in , and conveyed by the gutter to thc tank , placed for its reception without the building . CiiM * i . x . vn « w > or Am is the Cow Lodge . —With two spat-hut * doorways in front , and one of common size behind , and the ' manure holes" , but all of them placed so that uo currents of cold air from without may come in contact- with the animals , wc may depend on a free cirenlat ' wn of the atmosphere , and that the internal temperature , in summer , will be more a ^ rcc-. -il > :. ' . .-mil cooler , in general , than that without . In summer time these doorways may remain quite open during the day , and be only closed at nig ht by open wicket gates , " to prevent intruders ; in winter , of eour . ' . e bv tight doors .
CuXVKXIESCU OF A WEU .-AUUAXCF . il CoW LOoGF .. — In feeding cattle , the attendant will find the cowhouse thoroughfare most convenient . "With his cart , in the summer months , he may enter at one door and pass between two rows of his cattle , serve them with green food , and deposit the remainder upon the floor for future use , passing , without turning round , through the opposite door . In winter , with his handbarrow full of turnip mash , or boiled roots , he may , with his shovel , serve " out , by throwing into the stone troughs to eaeli cow , licr allotted portion of food , placing , as occasion requires , hay or straw in the same receptacle , with the greatest case and advantage to himself .
The ric . cr . BV axb Pmvy . —The piggery ought to be p laced at one end of the cow-house , thc privy at the other , the latter furnished with an adjoining covered shed , ifcc , wherein night-soil composts may be formed , and with a urinal for thc reception of whatever chamber-lye is made in the dwellings , or on tho premises . The piggery must be furnished with a yard , reaching to the back of the cow-house , and both offices must have gutters to convey thc fluids , vvided in them , to the composting yard channels , and thence to thc tank .
CoMrosTixo Yard . —The commencement of the manufacture of manure will be within these offices or cattle lodges , the continuation of its manufacture in thc composting yard , which ought to be placed on a lower level , anil immediately behind the cow-house . I would enclose this important place , from the main farm yard , by a wall six feet high , of a semi-circular form , ' and nicely coped , reaching from the external wall of the piggery to that of the privy , and embrac ing a roomy space , taking up on one side the length of the cow-house and breadths of thc pig yard and privy shed . An opening must be left in the centre of it , which I would close by a rustic door , of ne . it homely manufacture . From this entrance , a paved roadaboutiiveorsix feet broad , edged with flag-stones , and standing about three feet above the surface , may be formed up to the back door of the cow-house thoroughfare , so that a cart may pass through the yard and the cow-house without turning round .
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from our last . ) COM 11 USTIOX , REDUCTION , UECOMrOSITIOX , & C . S 2 . Cojiucsno . v . —1 . Ifa piece of iron wire be made red hot in oxygen gas , it burns with splendour , and increases in weight;—the oxygen combines with thc iron , and an oxide of iron is the result . This oxide weighs as much as the iron and oxygen together . 2 . When iron is violently heated in a smith ' s forge , it burns , in likemanner , at-the surface , until it becomes covered with a scaly oxide . In both instances a real combustion takes place , oxygen is absorbed , aud much heat and light arc given out . 3 . When iron is exposed to moist air , it soon rusts : now , this rusting of iron is as truly a combustion as either of the two preceding instances ; and , as Dumas remarksheat
, must be evolved also , though wc cannot detect it . Phosphorus , too , as wc have leamt ( 13 ) , undergoes two kinds of combustion : first , with much violence , with light and great heat , when wc burn it either in oxygen gas ( 17 ) or in common air ; secondly , with a very faint light , visible only in the dark , aud without any heat sensible to thc thermometer , -when we place a stick of phosphorus in a wine-glass standing In water , and invert over it a bell-glass . In both instances there is a union of phosphrous with oxygen , and a real combustion . Thus we see that a combustion of iron may take place certainly without light , and a combustion of phosphorus may proceed , and light may be given out by it without any increase of heat that is manifest to our senses , or the most delicate thermometer .
S 3 . When charcoal is made red-hot in the air , light and heat are given out , and the carbon vanishes . In this instance it is the air that increases in weight , and carbonic acid is formed ( 32 ) . Again , when we breathe , the air of the atmosphere parts with oxygen in tho lungs , and the Wood in the lungs parts with carbon;—where this carbon is actually burnt , whether in the lungs or in the course of circulation , is of no consequence to our inquiry : carbonic acid is given outwith the breath , as is shown by the beautiful experiment of breathing through lime water ( 51 ) . Kor need we trouble ourselves to inquire , whether all thc heat g iven out by warmblooded animals is thc result of respiration—or , in other words , of the combustion of the carbon in the
lungs . It admits of no doubt whatever that there exists in the blood a carbonaceous matter , capable of combustion , and of giving out much heat by that combustion . An ingenious French philosopher after comparing a man to a steam engine , proceeds to state , that the man requires two days , of twelve horn's , to climb thc summit of Mont Blanc . During that time he hunts {* " . e . consumes in respiration ) on an average between ten and eleven ounces of carbon . If a steam-engine were employed to convey him thither , it would bum three or four times as much to do the same work . So that , considered as a mere machine , deriving movingpower from the carbon consumed as fuel , a man is three or four times more powerful than the most perfect steam-engine . S 4 . When a seed of barley is sown , " thc process ol germination soon commences . A little rootlet is
pushed downwards , and a leaf-bud is pushed upwards —oxygen is absorbed , and thc carbon in the seed is consumed—burnt away . . Of course , no increase of heat could be detected in a single seed of barley , but we know that by this act of germination the seed does actually grow warm , because , in the process of malt-making , grains of barley arc made to germinate in thick layers , and the consequence is , that thc heat which could not be perceived in a single seed or in a handful , is very evident in the large quantities accumulated by the malt-maker . The loss of weight in the seed is also ascertained with great precision by those acute observers , thc officers of excise . There is , therefore , in thc germination of seed , and in the circulation of animals , a real com-I'ltstion , compatible with life—with vegetable and animal life .
S 5 . Malt dried artificiall y , and then infused in warm water , yields a wort to thc brewer , which he causes to ferment . In the process of fermentation , carbon is combined with oxygen ; heat is given off ; and carbonic acid gas is renerated . Fermentation , then is another form of combustion . Row it is well known that wort cannot be made to ferment without thc addition of what is called yeast . Yeast is an azotised substance . Wheat flour requires alsothe addition of yeast before it can be fermented and made into bread . The juice of the grape , indeed , passes readily into a state of fermentation without the addition of veast or any other ferment ; but the juice of thegrape ' is ifoelf azotised . The part performed b y yeast in causiii " fermentation is not well explained , nor is much
explanation required for our purpose . It contains nitrogen—that is thc main point . SO . It is of frequent occurrence that hay imperfectl y dried and hastily put together hi large stacks , undergoes such violent fermentation that it becomes seriously deteriorated in value , sometimes quite spoiled , aud actually burnt or decomposed . Just as thc seeds of barley , when heaped too much together , would become burnt and damaged in the proccss ' of malting , if neglected even for a short time . It mav be said that 110 yeast is added to the hay—how does the fermentation arise ? Tlie reply is , " that in the juices of the herbage nitrogen exists ( CO ) , in a quantity sufKeient to excite and promote fermentation in the carbonaceous matters .
t ? 7 . It has been stated ( 4 ) , that if air be excluded , charcoal may be heated red-hot for any length of time without undergoing change . Water , however , may be made to supply the place of air . If charcoal be made red-het in a tube of glass or earthenware , and a little steam be driven over it , the two elements of water unite separately with the burning carbonthe oxygen ' forms carbonic acid and carbonic oxide with OllC portion , whilst the hydrogen unites with another portion to form light earburetted hydrogen , or marsh gas , known to miners as fire-damp . " In every wet and stagnant ditch , a similar decomposition of woody matter is constantl y going forward . The carbon of dead vegetables , which , collected aud
duly fermented , would yield , with an azotised compost , both ammonia and carbonic acid , is here worse than wasted ; for the emanations from marshes , ponds , ditches , and fens , are deleterious to animal life . Manure is wasted below , and poison is exhaled from the surface by every stagnant pool—every swampy field . Doubtless the sun decomposes , and the wind dilutes and disperses , these pestilential effluvia : their effects upon mankind are thus modified , or at least disguised ; but poor sheep readily fall victims to thc rot in low lands , and other diseases seize homed cattle when first exposed to wet and boggy mountain pastures . To drain and to improve the soil is at once to impart fertility , and to prolong animal life .
bS . REnrcTiox . —The ores of iron , as extracted from mines , consist of metal which appears to have undergone some kind of combustion ( 82 ) at a former period . Reduction is a process just the reverse of combustion . It is the reducing the burnt or oxidated iron into its metallic sLitc—unburning it , in short . Charcoal is employed for the purpose;—at a violent heat the oxygen is attracted from the iron by the charcoal , the latter is burned , and the iron resumes its state of metal . Phosphorus is reduced in the same way . Phosphoric aeid ( or phosphorus and oxygen that have undergone chemical union or comb-jstion ) exists abundantly in bone , in which it is found united to lime , forming bone earth or
Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...
phosphate of lime . Ihe operative chemist first gets rid of the lime , then mixes the phosphoric acid with charcoal , heats the mixture in a fierce furnace , and so reduces the phosphorus . Charcoal , we see , is concerned in many operations ; but wc cannot reduce it from carbonic acid , any more than wc can combine nitrogen and oxygen into nitric acid , except in tiie minutest quantity and at a great expense . We cannot unburn carbonic acid ; yet a leaf of grass , a sprig of mint , aided by sunshine , can effect that which baffles the must cunning art of man . 89 . lkcoMi'osmox , putrefaction , or putrid fermentation , begins to take place in azotised organic substances , whether of vegetable or animal origin , as soon as tlic-fe arc deprived of that life which enables them to control the tendenc y ol their
elementscarbon , oxygen , hydrogen , and nitrogen—to obey the laws of chemical affinity . The phenomena of chemical decomposition are infinitely various in the number , proportion , and combination of the several compounds that follow each other in rapid succession , according to the temperature of the air , the presence of moisture , the proportion of nitrogen , the admixture of sulphur , phosphorus , etc ., —the influence ol light , of shade , —thc admixture of inorganic substances , < J . c . Under these influences , the elements of organised substances separate one from another , to combine again two and two , three and three , Ac . The carbon with oxygen departs as carbonic oxide and carbonic acid , with hydrogen as earburetted
hydrogen ; the hydrogen with oxygen as water ; the nitrogen with hydrogen as ammonia , and as products allied to prussic acid ; the sulphur with hydrogen as sulphuretted hydrogen ; the phosphorus with hydrogen as phosphurctted hydrogen , Ac . These bodies again mingle togetherand combine indefinitely— " the whole presenting an inextricable labyrinth , in which actual science is bewildered and lost , with all her boasted appliances of precise apparatus , —a laboratory of death , but an invisible laboratory , —Pandora ' s box , whence have issued all the pestilences afflicting every age of the world , at the bottom of which wc seem permitted to descry dimly the hope of a theory . " —( lliispn . il . )
90 . In considering the influence of water , of light , and of air , we shall have a future opportunity of recording some facts bearing upon these uninviting subjects , —Combustion , Reduction , Decomposition : the last of which , after all , is only another word for the first ; and there is much truth and beauty in the views recently propounded by Dumas , who describes the vegetable kingdom as an apparatus of reduction , the animal kingdom as an apparatus of combustion , the atmosphere as a mysterious chain of connection between thc one and the other . Vegetables , according to this theory , absorb heat , and accumulate materials which they arc empowered to organise . Animals merely burn and consume these organised materials , in order to derive from them warmth and locomotive power . Thc atmosphere forms thc bond of union between the two kingdoms , furnishing the four principal elements of plants and animals—carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , and oxygen .
91 . Waiving all common utility and _ vulgar applications , there is something ennobling in knowing and understanding the operations of Nature , some pleasure in contemplating the order and harmony of the arrangements belonging to the terrestrial system of things . There is no absolute utility in poetry ; but it gives pleasure , and refines and exalts thc mind . Philosophic pursuits have likewise a noble and independent use of this kind ; and there is a double reason offered for pursuing them ; for whilst ill their sublime speculations they reach to the heavens , in their application they belong to thc earth ; whilst they exalt the intellect , they provide food for our common wants , and likewise minister to the noblest appetites and most exalted views belonging to our nature . ( To be continued . )
Odd Fellowship.
ODD FELLOWSHIP .
General Meeting Of The Members Of Tiie M...
GENERAL MEETING OF THE MEMBERS OF TIIE MANCHESTER DISTRICT . A meeting of . the members of this body was lately held in thc Corn Exchange , for the purpose of considering the critical position of the district generally . The meeting was numerously attended , about 1000 persons being present a little after seven o ' clock , when thc proceedings commenced , and more afterwards came in . On the motion of Mr . Binnv , Mr . J . Richardson White ( P . G . M . ) was unanimously called on to preside , and took the chair amidst great applause . The Chairman said , that however he might regret the necessity of his brethren being called together to defend their rights and liberties as Odd Fellows , he
was def ermincd to abide hy thc general laws . He expressed his belief that the annual moveable committee at Glasgow had themselves broken the law ; and that the Manchester lodges were the Independent Order of Odd Fellows as by law established , and that thc aggressors were those who had taken on themselves to expel them . He was ready to meet any of them face to face , and discuss the points of difference . ( Applause . ) Though gentlemen were prepared to move and second the resolutions , he should be glad to hear any of his brethren express their opinions . ( Applause . ) In IS 13 they had a fair representation in the annual committees , but it liad now become a misrepresentation . He should be glad to sec them go back to the state they were in in 184 el .
He hoped this meeting would not allow any faction or split to take place , and thereby threaten the prosperity of thc order . ( Applause . ) Mr . Jo . ves ( P . P . G . M . ) , in proposing the first resolution , regretted that such a crisis had been brought aboutthat they were suspended , by which was meant that they were deprived of all the advantages which they expected to derive from thc order . Was it to be supposed that any of tho members present had clone anything which rendered them unfit to associate with their fellow men ? But they had not even had a fair trial ; they had not been brought to the bar of eommonsense . The late A , M . C . was of course legally convened , but he believed tlie meeting liad been packed ; and its resolution had struck such a blow at
the heart ' s core of the institution , that it was high time that the lodges took the management of their affairs into tlieir own hands . Those resolutions implied that the lodges were insolvent ; this was a positive untruth . The A . M . C . had founded their statistics on those of the Scottish Insurance Company ; and on this basis they decided that such and such payments ought to be made . But they had overlooked the facts , that great numbers joined the order simply out of curiosity , and that many left it without receiving any benefit ; besides , the Scottish Company paid a salary of £ 1000 , hut such things were unknown in the order . He moved— " That this meeting views with profound regret tho adoption of measures hy the Glasgow A . M . C ., which are in themselves unjust ,
unnecessary , and oppressive , founded on false data and inapplicable statistical returns , which , while materially reducing funeral donations , annihilate the very name of widow , spurn the orphan , and put aside charity , hitherto deemed to be the brightest gem of tlic order ; and yet , notwithstanding , calling fur largely increased contributions from thc members , for no other purpose than to place an enormous amount of rapidly-accumulating capital ultimately under the control of the officers of the order , for the exclusive patronage of themselves and their satclitcs . " ( Loud applause ) , Mr . Taylor , in seconding the resolution , said he was one of the five individuals who had been held up by the grand-master and the board of directors
something in the same way that farmers held up dead rooks , as a warning to others . ( Laughter . ) Many might be ignorant of * the precise cause of dispute " , whick-hc ' would endeavour to state . It had hitherto been the practice of all lodges to pay thc demands upon them ; and though some few , in remote districts , might have got into difficulties , it was not in carrying out the regular objects of the order , but in supporting objects put forward by the grand-master and others , and things advertised on the back of their magazine . ( Hear , hear . ) He alluded to the expensive regalia which had been provided , and said , though in some cases they might have paid a bonus of 10 per cent , to the order , the individuals had first put on that 10 per cent ., that it might be deducted .
Grand-masters Mansfield , Ogden , and others , had received multitudes of orders , not through tlic corresponding secretary , and a great amount of money had no doubt thus come into their hands . It had hitherto been supposed that those only were the . recognised tradesmen of thc order who put tlieir names on the back of the magazine ; but it ought to be known that other persons had been making up and manufacturing things without their names being known , and not deducting the 10 per cent . He made a charge of this kind against corresponding secretary Ratcliffc ; and he challenged him or any of his friends to denv the fact . ( Hear . ) Others who supplied these articles had truckled to ltatcliffe , and were comnletclv under his thumb ; in fact , the concentration ofpower
in that man was such that he was the greatest enemy of the order , and all their force ought to be directed against him . ( Applause . ) He would now proceed to show that the statements put forward in the name oi thc G . M . and board of directors were false and collusive ; for it was a fact that the tables which had been circulated were not those which had been adopted by the G . M . and board of directors . Mr . Sydney Mills declared that Ratoliffe never produced any such statement before the board , and that he never heard of it till he saw it in the Huddersfield district . ( Hear , hcar . \ This conclusively showed that they had not acted as a board of directors . These tables professed to be founded on all the information they
could possibly obtain . They set out with a most extraordinary supposition—that the average a " C of members entering thc order was 32 ( hear , hear ) it further assumed that all the members continued in the order till death , that all thc members were married men , and that they and their wives all continued in the order till death . ( Hear , hear . ) Was not that supposition false ? - ( " Yes . " ) The next supposition was that every man received sick-pay , and that every widow received a funeral donation . These statements were utterly void of foundation . The tables charged the members with a much greater amount of sickness , and a greater number of deaths than actually occurred . It would he within the bound to
General Meeting Of The Members Of Tiie M...
state that 4-5 ths of the members were married men on entering the order , and that 2-3 rds of those who entered continued . This would be shown from a statement of P . G . M . Peiser himself , relative to the Apollo Lodge , showing that out of 319 members , upwards of 100 had discontinued their payments—( heni ' , hoar ) , * and it was probable others might do the same , the tables further assumed that the order was confined to those actually initiated ; while the fact was that fresh members were continually coming in , and thousands were annually added , thus filling up the p laces of these who went out or were excluded for arrears . And those who came in were generally younger men than those who discontinued payment ; thev also paid a guinea for initiation , and received
no benefit from the funds for six months . All these facts were overlooked by the board of directors . In the Rose of Cumberland Lodge , out of 350 members , loo had been excluded for non-payment . Thus , the statement of those who had assumed the ollice ot directors was utterly false and unwarrantable . In thc lodge just alluded to , the average age st those admitted was 27 J years , instead of 33 , as assumed by thc board ; and that exceeded the average of the order . Payments had been made to the amount of £ 1 , 001 3 s . od ., while the balance in favour of thc lodge was £ 1 , 419 . So much for all the information which the board had been able to collect . Was it n t su ' - 'h as ought to be spurned and treated with contempt ? Were the members on such grounds to be
called on to pay an increased amount ?—( " Xo ! " ) Ought not those who sought to deceive them rather to be unseated and cast off ?—( "Yes , yes ! " and loud applause , in the midst of which some one called far a show of hands for the board of directors being suspended , and every hand in the room was apparently held up . ) If these proceedings were allowed to take effect , where were these things to end ?—when would oppression cease and justice begin?—( " Never , never ! " ) They could only put down this tyranny by determined unity of purpose , and by avoiding petty differences among themselves . ( Applause . ) Thc enemy ' s camp was weaker even than sand ; falsehood had nothing adhesive in it ; and they must- yield to thc vigorous attack of determined and united men . ( Applause . )
The CiiunMAX asked if any one had an amendment to propose , and suggested that as there were five or six resolutions to be brought forward , the time of thc meeting should not be unnecessarily occupied . Air . J . UIES Simxxox , of the Caledonian Lodge , wished to ask some gentleman on the platform whether the A . M . C . was a legally constituted court ; if so , he thought they were bound to abide by the decision of the body till they could sec themselves represented by men of more intelli gence , move honesty , or both . ( Applause , ) Mr . Moody said there was great difference of opinion on that point ; but so far as tne Manchester delegates went , lie thought the meeting was not legally constituted , inasmuch as open canvassing had been carried on at the March meeting .
( Applause . ) It was no use now to discuss whether that body was or was not legally constituted ; for their proceedings showed they would stop at nothing . ( Hoar , hear . ) Their animus was most distinctly shown by the notices which they gave before the last A . M . C . for the alteration of rules—the firstof which was that the rules were to be binding on the order for three years unless they were altered by themselves , ( llcar . ) If the government of the country were to adopt such a course , and say that the laws shoald not be altered for three years except by the ministry , a revolution would be the consequence . It appeared from the notice issued by the grand master aud thc board , that they were ready to reinstate lodges and individuals who had taken no part in these
proceedings ; and they had already restored some few lodges , although , by a previous resolution , they had declared that this should not be done till the first of August . In answer to the question o { the gentleman —why they did not stick to their representatives , and try to mend them—he would say they were too bad for that , and they ought at once get rid of them . ( Applause . ) Mr . Jackson , of tho Abercrombie Lodge , Salford , concurred in the opinion that the executive brdy ought to be done away with , and in proof detailed some proceedings with regard to the Salford lodges which appeared very arbitrary . The resolution was then put , and all but unanimously agreed to—only two hands being held up against it . Mr . Coates ( P . G . of the Earl of Oxford Lodge )
said he had ceased to take an active part in his own lodge on account of tho monstrous power assumed by certain individuals —( hear , hear ) . They were now in a position which he and others had predicted fourteen or fifteen years ago . Ho rejoiced to see such a spirit of independence manifested in a good cause . ( Applause . ) Every servant ought to be paid ; but to make a servant their master was cruelly unjust . He moved " That this meeting has heard with much astonishment and disapprobation that the G . M , and Board of Directors have despotically and illegally suspended the Manchester District , without trial and without even a charge of offence , thereby making an attack on the rights and privileges of the several members of the order , which it is the boundenduty
of all , for mutual and individual preservation , uncompromisingly to resist and to put down . " ( Great applause . ) He attributed the present disturbances ill the order to a co-operative trading community having sprung up amongst them ; and so long as this continued , justice would never be done . ( Applause . ) lie alluded to different individuals who had once entertained similar sentiments to his own , but who now supported the governing body from interested motives—one because he was a " dispensation boxmaker . " ( Applause and laughter . ) Many of these men chose to attend the animal committee voluntarily , not to sit and vote—that they could not do—but to influence the country members , by telling them that Air . So-and-So was a most respectable man , and
that they must not oppose his views . ( Applause and laughter . ) The speaker proceeded to make some personal remarks on Mr . Gray , of thc Olympic Tavern , and others ; but he was called to order by the Ciiairmak , who very properly observed that they had come on a respectable footing , and he hoped they would conduct themselves respectably . In this statement thc meeting testified tlieir concurrence by hearty applause . —Mr . Coates proceeded to say that it was impossible for the affairs of the order to be properly conducted so long as trading matters were mixed up with them . Ho had seen the Grand Master and asked him his reasons for promulgating tliis extraordinary order of suspension ; who alleged that ho had do : ic it in pursuance of a resolution of thc board ; but it was clear he had the power of acting otherwise if he had thought proper . Mr . Wjhttaki : k ( P . G . of the Earl Fitzwilliam Loilirc ) seconded
the resolution . It had been , said that the disatisfaewas confined to a few individuals , who ought to be excluded thc order ; he therefore rejoiced to see this meeting , and hailed it as a proof that the members had determined to gird themselves with the armour offrecdooiu . ( Applause ) . They had no chance now of meeting thc usurpers at the next A . M . C ; the thing had now gone too far ; it was the growth of years , and the last stroke was disfranchising the lodges from sending representatives to thc A . M . C , ft-om _ which all evils had sprung . ( Hear , hear ) . Was it to be supposed , had the lodges retained the
power ot sending representatives to the A . M . C , that these resolutions would ever have been passed . ( Applause . ) Instead of this dissatisfaction being confined to a few individuals , it was evident it was shared in by tho majority . ( Applause . ) Would they be slaves or be free ? ( " Free . " ) If they would be free , they only had to will it ; and if they would but follow those who were prepared to lead them on to thc goal of freedom , the Independent Order of Odd Fellows would be independent still . ( Loud applause . ) When the . order was reformed , it must be on the basis of equal laws and equal representation . ( Applause . ) The resolution was unanimously carried , as were each of the succeeding ones .
Mr . Bam . ( P . P . G . M . ) moved- " That thc bonds of the order arc unity , peace , and brotherly love ; its laws recognise no difference or superiority in reli gion , politics or wealth , beim ; oqnal and just to all , governing precisely alike the highest officers and the youngest brethren , and acknowledging no pre-eminence except such as may be attained by intellect and moral virtue ; its perfect equality of rights and privileges constitutes its unity , and Its unity is strength . " lie observed that their government originally was one of the strongest that could be formed—a series of little republics united together ; but it had now been converted into a despotic oligarchy . He severely censured the conduct of Air . Ratcliffc , and said that that individual would no doubt employ all the chieavery in his power to defeat the object of this mectin ^; but if they were united , they would prevail against him . ' Mr . Harper ( P . G . of the Rose of Cumberland Lodge ) seconded the resolution .
Mr . Mood y ( P . G . of the Temple Lodge ) moved" That , finding by present experience that the assumption of uncontrolled power by ambitious and unscrupulous men leads te e the destruction of our liberties , and the ruin of the order , this meeting declares that it is essential to the well-being of all that justice shall be dealt out with impartiality to each ; that every man shall be deemed innocent until he ' shall have been proved guilty by a competent tribunal and that punishment shall in no case be inflicted unless it shall have then been proved that a definite law of the order has been broken . " ( Applause . ) He observed that though it was alleged by the Aytounstreet gentlemen that their proceedings were leal they were unable to point out wli . it law had becnV fringed by the bulk of those who liad been so unjustly suspended . From the spirit of the men . tlmv \ ,-J
totally precluded from looking to them for any redress ; he believed they would risk the very utmost to carry their own arbitrary views . ( Hear , hear . ) ihe principle of tho order was so far democratical that every one ought to have a voice in making or altering the laws they had to obey ; but it was well known that such had not recently been the case Mr . 11 . J . RicnAuDsos ( P . G . of the Morning ' Star Lodge ) seconded the resolution . He said he had long foreseen what would be the state of things if the parties in power were allowed to continue their oppressive proceedings ; he had long foreseen that the result must be a severing of the wheat from the chaff of thc good from tlie bad , so that the order would be improved by being reduced to its better half , for the benefit of posterity . Gradually law bv law had been
General Meeting Of The Members Of Tiie M...
rescinded , until all thc laws were set at noug ht by the governing party , who were bound of all men to preserve them intact . What security was there for the welfare of society generally if their laws were not preserved free from the influence of tyranny and absolutism of every sort ? ( Applause . ) He had seen with p leasure the address published by thc governing body to-clav in thc public papers ; for they cordially agreed with these lodges in condemning the gewgaws they had long complained of , and yet knocked them down . Hear , hear . ) This proved that lodges had not become insolvent by charity , but by ridiculous gewgaws : and now tlie governing party told them they ought not to encourage these gewgaws which Mr . 1 eiser , Mr . Siniins , and others sold , while Mr . ItnteJiflo . . . ... „ ,, , . t nuilm
himself , as appeared by thc same paper , did not j refuse to receive presents . ( Loud applause . ) the . speaker read thc account of this presentation from the 'Courier of last Saturday ; it excited great j laughter , and was received with derisive cheers , particularlv the part which spoke of Mr . ltatclille ' s " servitude tothc order . "—Mi ' . Hifliarilson proceeded to say that the order had hitherto stood above reproach , and had been the means of relieving thou- j sands of widows and orphans ; and he trusted it would be so purged that it would continue to answer this ; laudable purpose , and that all the lodges in the unity j would gladly share in the work of regeneration . —; ( Applause . ) I Mr . Stott ( P . G . of the Shakspcarc Lodge ) moved j — " That to the full development of tho vast oner- j gies of an immense and benevolent society , as well ;
as to curb tyranny , afford protection from peculation of funds ! or abuse ofpower , each lodge should be severally represented at the A . M . C , as was the practice of * thc order up to thc A . M . G . held at Newcastlc-upon-Tyne . " Thc following resolution was also adopted : — " That after thc despotic 00111 * 50 pursued by the G . A 1 . and Board of Directors—a course in direct opposition to the laws of the order , and contrary to all principles of justice and equity , and conscious thatno redress will be afforded under the present administration , —this meeting , therefore , declares that they have lost all confidence in thc present officers and executive of the order , and that we immediately proceed to organise ourselves , and carry out in their fullest extent the true principles of Oddf ' ellowship . "—At thc close thanks were voted to the chairman '
Beware Of Misrule! Secure Your Funds! Sp...
BEWARE OF MISRULE ! SECURE YOUR FUNDS ! SPURN USURPATION ! KEEP NO TYRANTS ' . TO THE EDITOIl OF TI 1 K NORT 11 EIIN STAR . Sin , —I avail myself of your kind offer to lay before your numerous readers thc principal causes of the pr « ent rupture in thc Society of Odd Fellows . The Odd Fellows' Society , like most other secret societies , arose , from a very trivial cause ; and has been in existence about thirty-five years . Its progress in thc beginning was slow ; but within the last twelve years it has increased rapidly , and is now composed of 3 H 0 , 0 Q 0 individuals . This society is governed by a Grand Master and Board of Directors , wiiosc powers arc delegated to them by a grand
annual moveable committee ; and is , or ought to be , o purely Democratic institution . But of late years , bya system _ of manoeuvring on the part of those in power , it has become thoroughly aristocratic ; and a spirit of petty despotism now obtains in the Executive . This system of governing the order was introduced seven years ago , at thc Rochdale A . A 1 . C , and has gradually gained ground . All the power for good or evil is now cextiieu in the hands of about twenty interested men , seven of whom have within the last seven years received ttynvartfa 0 / £ 80 , 000 / or wJtat they call " sum , Yi . \ G tub oimi-it with goods , " which goods consist principally 0 / regalia anit inoitntcknifc dresses for the officers of ' lodges . The prime mover in these disgraceful events is the chief secretary ,
William Ratchile , " Esq . " I!!—a man as notorious for his doings among the race-runners as race-running is notorious to the world . This individual has contrived to arrogate unto himself a power over the destinies of Odd Fellowship unprecedented in any other society professing to be founded upon Democratic principles : and , although it is a fact not to be controverted , that he attends nearly all the races occurring in different parts of the country ( in which excursions he is frequently accompanied by—Dickinson , the " grand master , " tuvlbookbinder to the order ) , yet , so great is the influence he possesses , that thousands of hard-working men in mills and mines , otit of their hard earnings , have to pay him a princely salary of £ 300 per year !!
As Ratcliffc has alwavs thought it polite to keep the " TRADESMEN" of the order in office , because with them he knew well it was a " bread-and-chccsc question , " he has , by their slavish aid , launched a scheme of future payments , drawn up , as he says , on thc principles of Governmental - Statistical - Whig-Political Tables , Ncw-Poor-Law-Calculations , & c . The object is covertly to destroy the independence of lodges _ nv oettixg coxtroul over theik moxbv . To this end these parties have completely altered the fundamental principles of Oddf ' ellowship ; have centralised the system of representation ; have created a host of rotten boroughs , in the shape of little districts ; and have even descended to worse practices to influence the election of deputies in some
ot the large districts , as was the case in the Manchester district last March . They have likewise suspended lodges , and districts , and individuals , without either trial or law ; and to crown the injustice , some of them have even detained the banking books of districts and lodges , against the protests of overwhelming majorities , to the detriment of the sick , the unfortunate , and distressed . The order of Odd Fcllcws is founded on pure benevolence . Shall it longer be governed by a gang of fellows , the ready tools of a man who , is continually riding about the country to races , in a carriage that he purchased out of his " LOSINGS" on thc turf ? Shall these things longer continue ? Colliers of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ! will you pay your hard-earned money to support
them ? Agricultural labourers of England ! will you be taxed to keep this system up ? Cotton Spinners and weavers ! will you sweat in mills to give your money for these things ? Workers in iron ' will you pay the piper for playing to such a tune ? Answer " 2 > 0 . '" The honest indignation o f labour imposed upon , calls for a universal response— "NO ; " Up , then , and be doing ! Manchester has nobly struck the blow for our regeneration . Salford , Huddersfield , Stockport , Rochdale , Ac ., ifcc ., arc determined to destroy the incubus now fastened upon the benevolent and charitable spirit of our Institution . " Go , then , and do ye likewise ! " Attend in your lodges , and make inquiry . 13 c not cajoled and deceived . Olid Follows ! read the Manchester address , a copy of
which has been sent to every lodge in the unity . Do not let that document be burked by your enemies . Rend a small pamphlet , published by Robert Wood of Manchester , ontitlcd"i ?
Exclisii Politics At Bokhara.—Tho Ameer ...
Exclisii Politics at Bokhara . —Tho Ameer wished another day to have the names of the four \ iziers , and twelve little Viziers of England , and the forty-two Elders . I gave to his Majestv a list of the names ot the present Ministry , when tlie Makharam returned in a fury , and said " that his Majesty had found hi m out to be a liar , for tho four grand Viziers , according to Col . Stodhart ' s account , werc-Laard Malebournc , Laavd Jaan ltawsall , Laard Malegrave , Seere Jaane llabhaasc . I was brought into thc Ring , and then had to give a complete idea of the constitution of England , which , though his Majesty could not understand it fully , yet 1 convinced him that my list might be true also , especially as I was able to toll him the names of the Whig Administration . —J 9 r Wolff .
^ Departure of the Great BniTAix Steam-Ship ion New York . —Liverpool , Saturday . —This mammoth steam-ship , which has attracted so much attention not only at this port , but at London , Dublin , and Bristol , has at length taken her departure for the western world . At twenty minutes past throe o ' clock she left her moorings in the Mersey amid the enthusiastic cheers of thousands of spectators who had assembled on the shores both of Cheshire and Lancashire , independently of the hundreds who had embarked m various ferry-boats for the purpose of obtaining a more close aud accurate view other movements . On board was a large party of the merchants of the town , who accompanied the ship as far as the north-west light-ship , a distance of about
sixteen miles from the port , and for whom was prepared a very handsome entertainment . The ship went majestically down the river at about half speed , which was gradually increased as she approached the open sea , but up to the time of my leaving her at the northwest hght-ship she had not attained hev full speed ; however , she accomplished the distance in little more than two hours . She carried out forfv-five passengers , and had on freight about 300 tons of IWit goods , upon which £ 5 per ton was paid . The general opinion on board seemed to be that she would make the voyage to New York in about sixteen days . A Wonderful Cure of a Bad Leg by Houoway ' s
Pills axd Oistmext . —Robert Cairns , a hatter , residing at 53 , Collingwood-street , Blackfriars-road . ha ^ for seven years dreadful ulcerations , extending ironthe calf to thc ancle bone ; was twice in Guy '< Hospital for a period of nine months , and St . Thomas ' ' Hospital for some months longer , without being abh to obtain the least benefit . Yet after every othe means had failed , he was cured by the ahovemvalu i ™! fi - i . V ' « na > was well known , ai he vorked during thirteen years for Mr . Ellwood , ; hatter , m Charlottcstrcet , Biackfmrs-road , London The MeUon Recorder , a Conservative paper , estal ishedat Melton Mowbray , j February jist , cease * tossBtonMowliijTOek , ' JWSII , W " '
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Jvst mihMcd , Sixteenth Edititn , illustrated milk Just publisM , Stxteeuih Ldititn , iterated with C as ^ full-length engravings , price 2 s . G «\ , in a sealed ein ^ and sent free to any part of the kingdom , on ( hc ^> of a post-offioe order for 3 s . Gd . "W or iLpviv-vjpw «<» w j .- «« . «**•
Ad00613
a post- . . or iLpviv-vjpw «<» w .- . «**• THE SECRET COMPANION " , A MEDICAL V 70 KK on nervous debility ami the cealed cause of the decline of physical streiyi ) , *~ loss of mental capacity , with remarks on the elVeuts If solitary indulgence , neglected gonorrhu .-a , syphj ] , - , l condary symptoms , etc ., and mode of treatment ; funuu j hy observations 011 marriage , with proper dir ection * * the re 1110 v . 1 l of all disnualilications . Illustrated ,,-iti , gravings , showing the evils arising from the use of nier * curv , and its innuencc on the hoily . 13 v u . J . Brodie and Co ., Consulting Surgeon * , i . o , „ i Published by the Authors , and sold hy Sllw ; wood , Gilbert , and l'iper ,. Paternoster-row ; Mr . N 0 | ,, " II } , Chancer / -lane ; Mr . Purkiss , Comp ton-strcct ' ami 3 lordstreet
Ad00614
ALL MAY RE CURED !! BY IIOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT . FIFTY ULCEUS CURED IN SIX WEEKS . EXTRACT of a Letter from John Martin , Esq ., Chronicle OO ' wo , Tobago , West Indies : — February ith , 1 § 4 $ , To Professor Ilolloway . Sir , —I beg to inform you that the inhabitants of this island , especially those who cannot afford to employ medical gentlemen , are very anxious of having your astonishing medicines within their reach , from the immense benefits sonic of them have derived from their use , as they have boon found here , In several cases , t » cure sores and ulcers of thc most malignant and desperate kind . One gentleman in this island , who had , I believe , about fifty running ulcers about his legs , arms , and body , who had tried all other medicines before the arrival of yours , but all of which did him 110 good ; but yours cured him in about six weeks , and he is now , by their means alone , quite restored to health and vigour . ( Signed ) John Martin .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 2, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_02081845/page/6/
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