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Northern Star (1837-1852), 1st September 1849, Edition 2 of 3, Page 2

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      , ^ September L < L&I Q . * The Northern...

      , ^ September l < l & i Q . * THE NORTHERN STAR , •____ * - ——— ======

      3? Omgn Gnteuigenfe* Tiie War In Hungary...

      3 ? omgn gnteUigenfe * TiiE WAR IN HUNGARY . Viexsa , August 13 . —The papers sav little about the grc-at event of the day . The ' Presse ' bints that the war has been brought to a termination by-Paskiewhcb ' s diplomacy rather than generalship . * Lloyd' h ? ars that on the lltli , at New-Arad , the Hungarians held an assembly of the Diet , in which Georgey , upon the proposal of Kossuth , "was appointed dictator . Bath * Lloyd' and the ' Wanderer' report from good sources , that Kossuth , after having resigned the head place in

      the government to Georgey on the 11 th , fled to Bel gra d e , accompanied by Bern , on the 12 ih . The * Wanderer' adds that Georgey , having submitted on t h e 13 tb , sent commands to the garrisons of Peterwardeia andComorn to follow his example and : lay down their arms . Arad had already surrendered . Another report describes the Hungarian government as having retreated to Orsowa , and mentions a proclamation of Kossuth declaring this . The Scbmt seems to be the place where warlike Magyarisni is most active at present . Here the troops of Klapka seems still to hold the same threatening front towards Presburg . "Neutra has been abandoned by the Magyars .

      The transportation of the Ban ' s troops acress the Danube was effected on the 1 st . On the night of the 7 iu , the corps sustained some loss before the lines of Porloas , within which there were 4 , 000 Magya r s , On the following day these were abandoned and occupied by the Austrian ? . Pancsova was evacuated without resistance . The unfortunate Major Lepier , burgermeister of Pancsova , whose daughter had proved such an object of attraction to the captain of the Deutchbanater regiment , whom Jellachich ordered to be put iu irons after his defeat at Hegyes , o n a ch a rge of treason , was shot by sentence of court-martial .

      Bern , ia his last battle , got a heavy fall , and hurt bis shoulder . His watch , which he left in the jangle under Temesvar , i s now i n t he han d s of General Hainan . A considerable magazine of arms mi found at Lippa . If Temesvar bad not been relieved by Haynau shortly , disease would not have left a man there alive . On the day of the Austrian commander ' s arrival , 120 men of the ( garrison died . The re-occupation of Raab by the Imperialists has been already officially announced in the ' Wiener Zeitung' as follows : —

      ' Raab was occspied by the Austrian troops on the 15 th . The burned bridge at Abda was replaced , and a squadron of hussars , left behind in the city , was expelled by a division of imperial cuirassiers All preparations were made for a general assault , hut the enemy retired , without accepting battle , to Comorn . ' I t does not appear , however , that a regular direct communication b & been jet re-established with Pestb . The Magyars still maintain their ground in the Schutt , and their outposts are in Bos . Deneral Czoricb . was in Presburg on the 16 th , and the battalions sent sudienly into the Schutt denied before him . These troops , howeve r , were presently countermanded and sent to

      Bub . A Berlin correspondent writes , on the 21 st ult . — 'Local polities have lost their interest in the presence of the last Hungarian events . We have received here from Russia and Warsaw fragmentary intelligence concerning the last movements of Georgey , which mar be woven into the following connected narrative . Georg e y wa s , on the 2 nd ult ., in the neighbourhood of the confluence of the Hernad with the Theiss . As ws see from Kossuth ' s letters , he had orders to join the army on the Theiss and Maros . Paskiewitch , however , having occupied Debreczin on the 2 nd ult ., Gaorgey had no other road left but

      that cf Nyiregyhoza and Jfagy Karol y ; and if possible he would form a junction * with Bern at t h e foot of the mountains of Transylvania . In the meai ^ me Nsgy Sandor , whose mission it was to kee : « Paskif ^ ifch in check so as to facilitate Gea r g e y ' s ptit-age southward , was attacked by the Russian army cares under Rudiger and that under Cap ri anow , together with detachments commanded hy Generals H ^ uutow and Gillenschmidt , an d b eaten in a biosdy bsUSe , the details of which have just appesred in a Russian bulletin . Georgey had in the meantime passed , with forced marches , to the east cf Debreczin , from w hich he w as o n ly thirtyfive wersts distant the day after the battle . So far , the Russian bulletins .

      The ' Kuner Warsawski' helps us to a step or two mare in this strange journey . When the Hungarian leader neared the mountainous basis of Transylvaniahekarnerl the fate of Bern ; who ; after various encounters with Luders and 3 rotenhielm , had turned towards Hermannstadt , and received before Heroanustadt and in the streets of that city a severe defeat on the 5 th ult ., at the hands of the Russian General Hasfort , and was t h en , hy reinforcemtnts despatched long before from Kossuth ,

      enabled to reach the Maros , which he crossed at St . Ivary , and from thence reached Klausarhurg , from which place he ma d e his way to Arad But on the 6 th he was overtaken at Grosscheuren by Lude r s , and defeated in a bloody engagement , wh i ch la s t e d twelve hours . His troops being pursued , dispersed among the mountains . Georgey , followed on his right flank still by Rudiger , left Grosswaradein , as be had done Dehreczin , to the ri ght , and so came t o YB 820 S on the 13 th .

      A letter from Vienna , dated August 21 st , states , thai notwithstanding the cessation of hostilities in Hungary , after the news of Georgey ' s surrender , a fre s h re giment of infantry l ? ft Warsaw to join the army of Paskiewitch . This countenances the general opinio ; 1 - expressed by persons iu Warsaw , who havs good opportunities of information , that the most iron coercion is meditated towards the Hungarians , and that Hungary will be reduced to the ahjttt state of servitude in which Poland lies prostrate . I met latterly with a jcung Polish squire , or count as he was titled , who was on th e point of returning to his estate . A friend asked Mm if there was much game on his property . His answer was striking : * Game enough , but no guns ; I am not allowed to keep a gun ; we are eaten up by rabbits and all sorts of vermin . ' Conceive the

      noblesse of a whole kingdom not allowed to shoot over their estates—not allowed to keen a gun ! The Hungarians are now on the point of being trampled upon by the same abominable tyranny ; and the noble Magyars will be crushed into serfs . The whole nation will be disarmed ; and the iron police letwork of the Czar will be nailed down over one of the finest countries in the world , and one which his proved itself the most deserving of the blessings of freedom . A great free nation has been extinguished ; a cha ri er of 80 0 years has been torn ; aud the destrustive inundation of Russian power creeps like the lava from a volcano through the Carpathians into the rich basin of that virgin land , burning and burying ail before it , until it settles down into a cold , stony , sterile tyranny , which will fake ages to decompose into a soil fit for the growth of fresh free , dom and prosperity .

      The * Ost-deutscae Post , ' contains two documents of importance , if authentic One is a proclamation of Kossuth laying do ^ nhis office of governor , and the other aii address of Georgey to the Hungarian nation . Although the date is wanting to both no internal evidence militates against their

      genuineness . KOSSUTH TO THE NATION . Alter the nnforrunate battles , with which God in these last days has afflicted this people , we have no longer any hope of being able to codinue our strug gle of self-defence against the great might of the united Anstriacs and Russians , so a s to a c hieve g successful result . Under such circumstances , the salvation of the nation and the security of its future , can only be expected from the general who stands at the head of the army , and according to the clearest conviction of my mind , the c 0 ntinu 3 r . ee of the present government in office , would not only be useless to the nation , but even harmful . I

      therefore niske known to the Hungarian people , that insp ired with that rare feeling of patriotism , which has guided my every step , and devoted uy v . bole existence to the fatherland , for myself , and in the name of the whole ministry , I retire from the government , and I invest with the supreme civil and military power , General Arthur G orgey , for as long as the nation , according to its right , dispose not otherwise . I expect from him , and make him , therefore , before God , the natien , and histo r y , responsible , that he exercise this power according to

      his best strength for the saving of the national and political independence of our poor country and its future preservation . May he love his fatherland with the same disinterested affection that 1 do , and may he be more fortunate than I cave been in founding the prosperity of the nation . I can serve the fatherland no longer usefully hy action . If m . death could do the country good , I w o u ld lay down my life for it with joy . The God cf justice and . grace be with the nation . —Louis Kossuth , go-« aar 8 Axra * j & « H 0 & 3 SzKisW i oiaigf cr of tha

      3? Omgn Gnteuigenfe* Tiie War In Hungary...

      uitjrior ; Sebastian Bukgvich , minister of justice ; Labisiaus Csakgi , minister of public works ; Michael Horwath , minister of worship . GE'iHGEYTO THE NATIOX . Citizens , —Toe provisional government exists no more . The governor and ministers have voluntarily retired from office Under these circumstances it becomes neefssary to establish a mili'ary dictatorship , which , together with the chief civil power , I provisionally assume . Citizens , —Whatever can be done for the country , under these adverse circumstances , I will do , either in war or in the way of peace , as need shall require ; ia all cases , however , I will ait so , that the sacrifices which have been b o rne may be mit i gated , and that persecutions , c r uel t ies , and murders , may cease . Citizens , —The

      state of things is extraordinary , the laws of fate are crushing ; ia such a situation calculation beforehand is not possible . My only advice and wish is that you should retire quietly to your habitations ; and that you should not mix yourselves up with resistance and battles , even when the enemy is in possession of your town ; for you can , according to the greatest probability , only obtain security for your persons and property by remaining quiet in your homes , and attending to your civic occupations . Citizens ! Whatever fate God , in his inscrutable decrees , destines for us , we will resi gn ourse l ve s with manly resolution to bear , upheld by the inspiring consciousness that the true right can never , through all eternity , he lost . Citizens ! God with ns . —Ahthor Georgey .

      KOSSUTH ' S CORRESPONDENCE WITH BEM . The following letters , found in the travelling cafecne of Bern , which was captured at the battle of Schassburg , and written by Kossuth to the comm an d e r of the army in Tran s y lvania , have been given to the world in the ' Oesterreschische Correspondents . ' They appear to he onl y a sma ll fraction of the documents which fell into the hands of the Austrians on that occasion , but they are replete with interest , and throw much lig ht not onl y on the war , but upon the character of the man who has been its soul—Louis Kossuth . The first of these letters was written hy the

      Governor to Bern on the day after he issued that celebrated proclamation of the 27 th of June , calling upon the people to unite in a general crusade against the invaders . Georgey , after the capture of Buda , had taken command of the army in the north , and was at this moment retreating before Paskiewitch through Miskolcz to "Waitzen and Comorn . Kossuth contemplated this retreat without making a stand as a fatal mistake , pregnant with ruin to the Hungarian cause . He mentions particularly in bis proclamation the advantages for defence presented by Erlau , and urges the lahdsturm to build barricades there . Anything to stay the Russians from

      reaching Pesth before a decisive blow could be dealt by Klapka on the army of Haynau . He therefore determined at once to abandon the defence of Transylvania , to bring Bern with bis whole corps to Grosswaradein , and appoint him commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army . This abandonment to Paskiewitch of the whole road from the Dukla to Pesth , without striking a blow , was the origin of disagreement between Kossuth and Georgey , whom the governor had not long before appointed Minister of War . He now sent Georgey his conoe , a p p o inted Mess a ros Mini st er o f W ar , and Demuinski Commander-in-Chief of the forces , Bern not being able to disengage himself from Tranyslvania .

      In all these letters of Kossuth are stamped the qualities which distinguish the greatest men . He sees instantly the thing to be done , and sets about the doing of it with an irresistible energy of will . He works with the spirit of a man who sees at hand distinctly the event , which others can onl y vaguel y surmise . ' To save the country this must be done ; if this is not done we are lost . ' Such is his language . Clear of eye , strong of will , indefatigable in work , just in purpose , of a loving tender heart . Nothing about him strained ; plain in speech and straightforward in dealing ; with an utterance full of fervour when he harangues the multitude , full of ease an d even at times humo r ous a n d p layful when he writes

      to a friend . His style is pregnant with genius . Each transition brings a fresh mood , which clothes itself in the most apt language . He stops to make an arithmetical calculation of the impossibility o ; furnishing Bern with the hank notes which he asks for , with all the exactness that could be demanded from a senior optvme . Then he flashes out about Bern ' s suspension of the constitulion . Now he is fretted by the dissensions of the generals in the Banat , ' when all must be as one or we are lost ;' but if we can only achieve the concentration of our forces , we will beat the Russian aud Austrian corps , one after the other , and conquer the freedom of the world . '

      ' THE GOVERNOR OF THE LAND TO LIEUTENANT

      FIELD MARSHAL BEM . Lieuteaant-Field-Marshal , —Ihe corps-d ' armee of Georgey overmatched has retreated without battle to Miskolcz . The generals , chiefly out of fear of being crushed and dispersed hy the enemy ' s cavalry , 18 , 000 strong , will not risk an engagement ; their idee fixe is to unite with our main army , and th e y refleet not that thereby they bring the Russian army about our ears here , and leave us no time to deal a decisive blew against the Austrians , so that we shall

      fall between two fires . I announce this to Lieut .-Field-Marshal , in the firm conviction that we can only be saved by a rap id conc e nt ra tion of a l l our forces ( which will then be placed under your command-in-chief . ) We shall have the Russians in a week at Pestb ; still worse , we shall have them in the rear of our array . We will do what is possible . I await news from ycu most anxiously . ( Signed ) Kossuth , Governor . Pe s th , June 2 S , 1849 . ' Pesth , June 28 , 1840 , at night .

      • Lieut . Field-Marshal , —Your lelter . dated Klauseuburg , 2 3 rd , has just reached me . The intelligence it contains concerning the Russian invasion in Transylvania was already known to me . The death of Colonel Kisz , at Cronstadt , has pained me deeply . I regret to see that the Lieut . Field-Marshal cannot come f r om Tran s y lvania into the Banat . Great is the danger there too , as it is , in fact , everywhere . Now come eur heaviest days . May God bless our endeavours , for truly we need it . In the Banat there is perpetual squabbling among the commanders . And yet without order , coherence , and union we are lost . For the Bacs-Banat , since the Lieut . Field-Marshal cannot come , we have

      arranged thus . There are three corps d ' armee ; 1 . The one formerly commanded by Vecsey , now by Guyon , 2 . The Bacs corps of Perczel , now commanded by Totb . 3 . That which yon , Lieut . Field-Marshal , were to lead there in person , in compensation for the auxiliary corps sent you to Deva , commander of the corps Banffy . Head consraander of all the army corps and divisions assembled in the Bacs-Banat , Lieut .-Gen . Vetter . Other contentions I have settled ; but Col . Banff y a ppeals to your order to serve under no one but you ( on the supposition that you are coming in person ) or Geo . Perczel . 1 have sent him the necessary instructions ; but I beg that you will also have the goodness , Lieut .

      Field-Marshal , on your part , to inform the military commanders detached from your army that , so long as they are separated from that army , they must regard as their commanding officer the person who is so appointed by the government . In the present'instance this is General Yetter ; since you are prevented from coming yourself . I must sincerely and o p enl y d e c l are my o pinion , that if we can : concentrate our forces rapidly , rapidl y mind , the country is saved ; if not ,, it is lost . My heart bleeds to say it , but I do say it with the firmest conviction , that if this were done quickly I . would be read y to give up whole p r ovinces , yea , four-fifths of the whole land , to see our forces concentrated with rapidity . For

      so we shall beat the enemy , and the enemy beaten , the provinces are our's again ; but the army scattered the nation is ruined , and the provinces avail us not a jot . Therefore it were my wish , that you come wi t h your whole force to unite with the other c a rps , and took the commander-in-chief ; so shall we beat our enemies iu detail , one after the other ; and corquer the freedom of the world . If this is not p r ac ti cable , then I fear that within a fortnight we shall have a catastrophe . Meanwhile , Twill defend the country to the last man . I have just surarao ned th e whole Hungarian p eo ple to arms . The order has been despatched to Grosswaradein to get

      ready in the course of this and next week the two batteries , and to send them to you immediately , as I promised . Whether they were to be horss or foot bat'eries I know not . But I believe that a foot battery is better to-day than a horse battery in a coup l e of weeks , for who knows how long Grosswaradein may be ours ? I beg you not to forget to despatch immediately instructions to the Banat about the command-in-chief of Lieut .-General Vetter over the trcops there—it is most urgent : else all will" be chaos there . And commend me to your friendly sentiments , which I hig hl y value . L . Kossuth , Governor . ' ' General Georgey has been attacked at Raab by 50 , 000 raw , and ia imoeasely strong artillery , and

      3? Omgn Gnteuigenfe* Tiie War In Hungary...

      repulsed . In consequence of this the pl an that he should advance against Austria and the lower armies concentrated here is become impossible . Hence the resolution has been token to leave a strong garrison in Comorn , and concentrate the whole arraylower doisn , so that the Transyhanian , the Deutsch-Banat , and the upper army , together with the corps of Visoczsky , should draw towards Szegedin , and unite with the Bacs-Banat army . I have to add that the Russian army has sent a strong detachment across the Theiss at Tokay , ' of 8 , 000 men , and according to other accounts , of 20 , 000 , and that these are to-day at Nyiregyhaza . The intention of this

      movement seems to be to occupy the country between Debreczin and Grosswardein in your rear , and cut you eff from the upper army . To hinder t his must be at p resent our main task , and for this purpose the above-mentioned concentration has been resolved by the government . It is midnight . At this moment the minister Csanyi , Lieutenant Field-Marshal Kiss and General Aulich start to take Georgey the decisive order for the concentration of the troops on Szegedin . I mayadd confidentiall y that the seat of the government will be also removed thither . Perseverance and hope for the victory of our jusi cause . ( Signed ) L . Kossuth , Governor . '

      ' THE GOVERNOR 0 * THE LAND TO GKNERAL X . F . M . BEM . « I hasten to inform you that the battle fought yesterday before Raab has turned out unfortunatel y for us our troops were obliged to evacuate Raab . So much the more urgent is the necessity f o r you L . F . M and your brave troops , to unite with us ; if this junction can be speedil y effecte d , the country is saved . ' Buda Pestb . The Governor , Kossuth . ' 'The governor op the land to L . F . Bem . 'Pesth , July 4 , [ 849 .-The course of action adopted by Georgey during the last days bespeaks the intention of operating with the cor p s d' armee

      under his command upon his own b o tt om , and independently of the government . After the battle lost at Raab it was his opinion that the government should transfer its seat , without loss of time , once more to the other side of the Theiss , as he could not answer for their security . in Pesth for twenty-four hours . Under such circumstances , a s gove r n o r of the country , i conceive it to be my imperative duty timely to transfer to a place of security the moveable property of the state , and particularly bank , ammunition , military clothing , arms-manufactory ,

      & c ; but to keep the seat of the government as long as possible in Buda-Pesth . The reports upon the march of the enemy to Grosswardein appear to be not quite exact . Nevertheless , Vi s oc k y h as received instructions to cross the Theiss on the 7 th . Meanwhile Perczel will pass that river , with nearl y 10 , 000 men , to-morrow . There was a bloody battle before Comorn on the 2 nd . It lasted from nine in the morning till late in the evening , when the enemy , c o mp letel y defeated , fl ed and was pur s ued by our troops .

      ' In c o nse q uence of this , the government is still at Pesth , and hopes not to be obliged to decamp . Meanwhile , myself must , for a time , take up ray abo d e in Cz sgled . Of the main army 20 , 000 men abide as garrison in Comorn , and while these keep the enemy busy , the remainder will withdraw against the Russians , and in connexion with the army of the Bacs-Banat , hold as base of the next operations of the war the line of the Theiss and Maros . General Kmeti goes from Stuhlweissenburgh to Pacs , crosses the Danube with the help of a boat-bridge which has been floated down thither from this , and puts himself in communication with the array of the Bacs-Banat , in order to strike a decisive blow at

      Jellachich , and raise the siege of Peterwardein . Arad is a / ready ours , and that Temesvar follow soon , should be our united aim . Visocky and Desewffy have bad agents for procuring intelligence . They never know where the enemy is . The last report is that he crossed the Theiss at Polgar . If this he confirmed , we will fall upon his flank with 180 , 000 men . This is a compressed sketch of our operations . Let me know , L . F . M ., what is going forward in Trans y lvan i a , and what we are to expect there ,-and please to send me reports , if enly short ones , daily by the way of Deva-Banga , Mezo-Tur , Szolnok , and Czegied . Louis Kossuth / ? Czegied , Ju l y 9 , 1849 .

      * I hasten to inform the L . F . M . on the state of the war here . Comoru has remained occupied by from 13 , 000 io 20 , 000 men , to hold in check t he Austrian army , or £ t toast a great part of it . From 20 , 000 to 24 , 000 men are on the march from Waitzen towards Hatvan . General Perczel has the chief command here over two armj ' -corps , his own , which we have newly formed of 10 , 000 men , and the corps of Visocky and Desewffy , 12 , 000 men . The first of these is to-day at Abody , and the second at Tortel . They proceed according to circumstances across the Thei ? s , or along it upwards , when the army moves on from Hatvan . powerful columns o !

      Iandstrum are a ^ Nagy Iv a n , Karczag , and Paspoki . The Russians , who crossed the Theiss and marched on Debreczin , were 15 , 000 strong ; but they have withdrawn again to join their army at Miskolcz , which consist s of 15 , 000 more . Tho Austrians are marching on Buda , and yesterday their outposts were iu Borosvar . The bridge between Buda and Pesth is broken down . The government is going to Szegedin . In the Bacs-Banat , General Vetter commands : under him Guyon . He has been reinforced by 6 , 000 veteran troops under General Kmeti , and has orders to fall on Jellachich . He is , moreover , to raise the siege of Peterwardein , and take Temesvar . The commander-in-chief of the forces is

      General Messaros , with Dembinski at his side as general quarter-master . This is the state of things , L . F . M . I look at the future full of trustfulness , but under the condition of a smart energetic military authority being at the head . I offer to you herewith , LiF . M ., the command in chief of all the Hungarian armies , and beg your speedy answer whether you accept , under what conditions , and whether you consider Transylvania sufficiently secured during your absentee . I request your answer at Szegedin . L . Kossuth . ' ' to g eneral bem . ' Szegeden , July 16 , 1849 .

      I have rec e i v e d your valuable despatches of the 8 th an d 9 th of Jul y , and h a sten to assure y o n th at for the p r esent Transylvan i a has nothing to fear from the Russians as yet on the side of Grosswardein and Debreczin . I have set the upper corps d ' armee under the command of General Perczel , and placed 12 , 000 new troops at his disposal . With these 24 , 000 troops he has marched from Cz g ! cd to Szolnok , ready , according to circumstances , t o cros s the Theiss , or to thrratcn the Russians on the right hank . At the same time we caused an immense levy of landsturm of the brave Camanians , at St . A ga t a , not far from Kardszag , under Colonel Korponay ; and for the covering of Grosswardein we provided

      with two battalions of infantry , tw o div is ions o f hu s sar s , and ei ght guns , strengthened by a partial recruitment to the amount of 9 , 600 men , in the camp at Paspoki . The consequences of these movements was the rapid retreat of the Russians from Debreczi n , and their evacuation of the whole line of the Theiss ;• so that ; the left bank of that river is completely-free . from the enemy , and the right bank is also in our hands . Gen . Perczel is to-day in the camp at Szolnok and Abony , with the intention of covering the right bank of the Theiss , and the space of land between , the Danube and Theiss , toge t her with Szegeden , as well as , according to circumstances .

      to operate on the flank and rear of the Russians ; who sweep with their main force towards Hatvan , and from thence to Pesth and Waitzen . The Austrian general , Ramberg , entered Buda on the 11 th , with 6 , 000 men , but seems to have retired again . After we have destroyed the fortifications of Buda , no regard will be paid 4 o the occupation of either of these com p letel y untenable places . Nevertheless we would have fain remained in Pesth ; but , in order to do this , I shoul d have ha d to brin g up and concentrate the Theiss and Danube array , and thereby to evacuate regions out of which I could stamp armies with ray foot after-lost battles , while Pesth offered me no resources whatever . Therefore I have estahlishe it

      as a principle not to make the operations of the war subservient to the secuiity of the seat of government , but to suit the soat of ihe government to the requisitions of the war . I know that it is better so . Today we are at Szegeden , next week perhaps we shall be at Arad or Grosswardein , which I should prefer to any other locality . As for myself I am on the pointof going from village to village to pick up vol unteers , for I wish to form a new reserve of 30 , 000 men , and to command this reserve army in person . In a month I believe that I shall have the 30 , 000

      men . General Vetter has begun to take the offensive towards Jellachich . The brave Guyon bas beaten Jellachich , who is fled to Titel . Guyon pursues bim to-day , while General Kmeti relieves Peterwardein to-day . Meanwhile , Colore ! Banffy taking up b ) forced marches the columtis in Ecsea Lucacsfalva and Arada * z , is speedy towards Peilass and will try to tike-Titel before Jellachich can gel there although be will hardl y SUC ceed , I think , and Titel will again be a hard nut for w . —Vetlremo The town ! iad tUe « fc & d , f » 8 are valiant , The upper

      3? Omgn Gnteuigenfe* Tiie War In Hungary...

      arm * fha 1 on that MibjeeU shall hose much to tell Sfi . tnut Comorn . . ^ n ( h 12 « h it had ereat battle without result , is still in the entrenched camp , greafloss on both sides , but the enemy ' s much the greater—particularly in cavalry . The following appears to form part of an curlier letter from Kossuth to Bem . — Theveis one circumstance for me , f o r you , and the whole country extremely afflicting and pcinful . General Georgey wrote from Comorn on the 2 nd of July : —' The battie ot Raab is lost . The enemy outflanked us towards BicsHe , for I cannot , in the face of 60 , 000 men extend my line so far from the point d ' appui . The enemy will , within forty-eig ht hours , be in Buda . The government will do well to think of securing the stores , bank , & c . '

      According to ' Lloyd , ' the surrender of Georgey was so utter ly unexpected that at first it was looked on as a snare , * and Rudiger demanded that the Hungarians should destroy their ammunition , w hich , upon Geor g ey ' s command , was imm e dia te ly done . Not until then did the delivery-up of arms take place . Georgey is reported to have set out , accom anied b y General Scblick , for Comorn , where he was to have a personal interview with Klapka

      concerning the surrender of the fortress . It is even rumoured that the Hungarian general is already at Presburg , and that he will make his appearance at Vienna to-morrow . It is asserted that Klapka has declared himself resolved to hold out Comorn . Meanwhile Guiloy , the Minister of War , has appointed a term for the surrender of the garrison , beyond which they will no longer obtain the same favourable conditions .

      The ' Constitutionelles Blatt aits Bohmen' o ffers some rema r ks upon Georgey ' s submission which are worth quoting : — ' Georgey already some weeks ago gave up the cause of the insurrection for lost . This exp lain s the , frequent dissensions between himself and the Hungarian government . He was chosen in sp ite of these views dictator . As such he declared thatthe only way to save Hungary from further devastation

      was to make immediate submission to Austria , and entered forthwith into negotiations with Paskiewitch . He required an amnesty embracing all the officers ; for himself he made no conditions : Paskiewitch rejected all conditions . Georgey at last agreed to send a courier to the Czar , who should bespeak an amnesty for the officers , in return for which he promised as dictator to procure the surrender of Arad , Peterwardein , and Comorn . '

      According to private intelligence of the 16 th from Temesvar , the Ban had reached that fortress without fi r ing a s hot . The Magyars had everywhere thrown away th e ir arms On the roads and in the villages ; a r ras , and al l sorts of sol d iers ' gear , are found . From the A $ ram papers we learn that after the Magyars had left Pancsova and its environs they concentrated at Orsova , not to offer battle , hut with a view of collecting at Adakale , and retreating to Turkey . A Magyar emissary had been seized in Servia . Letters to the Sultau were found upon him , the purport of which was to request an asylum for Kossuth and his adherents in the Turkish dominions . The individual was conveyed to Belgrade to be examined .

      RENEWAL OF THE WAR—HUNGARY NOT YET CONCURRED , Accounts from V ien n a , dated August 22 nd , s tate that the feeling of joy which the news of Georgey ' s submission , and the prospect of the immediate termination of the Hungarian war spread in the capital , were be ginning to he succeeded by misgivings , which are uot lessened by the protracted silence of the government concerning this mysterious event . Up to the above date nothing official had been uttered on the subject beyond Haynau ' s tel e grap hic despatch . All the rest was gleaned from bulletins out of Warsaw . On the 22 nd , the reports from Hungary took a fresh turn . The party which propose to carry out the war are said to be in bv no means so weak and

      subdued a state as was at first imagined . Dembins ki ha s tak e n the ch i ef command , and a considerable part of Georgey ' s force , that refused to lay down arras , is united with the corps that retreated before Haynau . With these forces Dembinski is concentrating his position towards Transylvania , and is resolved not to give up the war without risking a decisive battle . None of the other leaders bad followed Georgey ' s example . Neither the Comorn nor Peterwardein garrison thought of surrendering ; and Klapka , Vetter , Guyon , Perczel , and others of equally heroic temper , were resolved to die sword in hand rather than surrender unconditionally .

      A letter from Presburg , of the 21 st ult ., alludes to an engagement that had taken place on the 18 th between Raab and Comorn , which lasted twohours . Since then , a violent cannonading had been heard in that direction , so that Klap ka cannot make up his mind , it appears , to give in . ( From t he * Times . ' ) Our Vienna papers and letters are of the 23 d Au « They inform us of the capture at Arad of M . Kossuth's bank-note press and the staff of his Ministry of Finance . It is also officially asserted that Prince Paskiewitch was preparing to transfer Georgey and his disarmed troops to the custody of the Austrian Commander-in-Chief ! The exact number of the cannon which Georgey surrendered was 138 .

      To prevent a famine in Transylvania , a decree has been published which orders a temporary suspen si on of t he du t ies o n corn and pro vis ion s , when imported from the Danubian principalities , and the Turkish Commissioner in t h e Principa l ities ha s een solicited to license the exportation of provisions from the provinces under his care . Vienna , August 23 . — The following official account appears in the ' Wiener Zeitung' respecting the new position of the armies : The head-quarters of General Haynau were on the 18 th still at Temes . var , those of Jellachich at Uj-pecs . Arad was occupied by the first corps of Scblick , which had thrown

      out a strong advanced post towards Li ppa , and was in communication with Vilagos , where the Russian a r my cor p s , comm a n d ed by Gen . Rudiger , was enc a mped , h aving been joined again by the division of Gen Paniutin . The reserve corps , the Walraoden cavalry , and the third corps , all under Prince Franz Lichtenstein , had advanced to Lugos , on the way to Transylvania , an d there s plit int o two- c o lumns , one of which marched to Facsit , wh i le the othe r , much s tronger , took the road to Cavansebes , whither the Hungarian forces , under Vecsey and Guyon , had retreated on their way to Orsowa . The second corps , before Comorn , had , on the 20 th , reached the

      heig hts above Ac s , and re-established communication with Stuhlweissenburg , which was entered on the 18 th without resistance , by the brigade of Jablonowski . Couriers from Temesvar have already reached Vienna by this road . Raab is occupied by the brigade of Teuchest , while the brigade of MeVzer is advancing from Janoshaza towards Sameg , dispersing the single bands of insu'gents which yet show themselves here and there , an d take refuge in the Bakony wood . The troops of Klapka have retired to Comorn . Their commander proposed an armistice till he should receive confirmation of the surrender of Georgey . The Russian colonel , Issokow , had been at Comorn .

      GERMANY . BADEN . —Mannheim , August 22 . —Andreas Schmidt , of Blumberg , - formerly a lieutenant in the Baden service , was placed to-day before the courtraartialj charged with having been concerned in the late treasonable insurrection . From a defect in the proceedings , the court-martial ( mirabile dictu . ' J handed over the case to the civil tribunals . Freiburg , August 21 . —The soldier , G . Kromer , sentenced to death on the 20 th , was shot this morning near the town . Rastadt , August 21 . — Backof , an artillery quarter-master , has been sentenced , not to death , but to ten years' hard labour at Bruchsal .

      Batjen . —The ' Cologne Gazette' of Aug . 20 informs us that an amnesty would be proclaimed on the 29 th inat ., the birth festival of the- grand duke for a great part of the insurgents not seriously compromi s ed ; and , further , that from this day no more summary executions would take place , as the drum , head court-martial would then suspend their labours . Kin k el , as was rumoured , would be spared . More MunnERS .-The « Deutsche Zeitung' ha " letters from Rastadt of tne 25 th ult ., stating that

      four persons , who were guilty of taking an active part m the "Baden insurrection , were tried , condemned , and shot at llastadt on the 28 th ult ., viz ,, Zenthofer , gunner , and Lenzinger sergeant , natives of Baden ; and Lieutenant Berni gau , and Jansen , natives of Prussia . Niewski , a Pole , was tried and condemned on the same day ; his execution was to take place on the 26 th | ult . M . Niewski acted as major of the poli &' a Legion during the revolution in Baden .

      PRUSSIA . —Berlin , August 22 . —The intelligence conveyed of the Danes having consented to deliver up thtir prisoners without restriction , is confirmed . The exchange -will take place forthwith , consequently the main objection to the installation of the Commission of Administration on the part of Prussia is removed , wa this formality will alwbe

      3? Omgn Gnteuigenfe* Tiie War In Hungary...

      carried out immediately . The remon strances of Sn W . Wynn , Lord Westmorland , and Colonel Hodges have , it is admitted , principally contributed to tne removal of this difficulty . FRANCE . Saturday , Aug . 25 .-The ' Rcpnbliqne' publishes the following letter , d ate d London , August 21 , a d dressed b y M . Ledru-Bollin to the ' Journal des Debats' : — ' Mon sieur le Redact e ur -I call upon you io contradict the infamous calumny which you have extracted from a departmental journal , the ' Cbarente Inferieure . ' You say that I was iu intimate relation with a liberated convict at Salutes , who pointed out to me such citizens as bad amassed a certain fortune by their labour , in order that they might be despoiled of it . 1 really cannot conceive that political hatred and baseness can go beyond this .

      Paris , Monday—The' National' announces this morning that the president of the republic has asked a nd o bta ined the hend of h i s cous i n , t he daughter of the Queen of Sweden . Matters are not , however , so far advanced as the French journal would lead people to believe . There is no doubt that Louis Napoleon has asked , and that negotiations are going on to obtain , the hand of a lady who would bring a dowry of four ' millions of francs , but not h ing has been concluded as yet . The attempt to obtain a Wurtemburg princess failed , and this secon d att e mpt m a y fa i l also , and visions of connubial happiness vanish further in the perspective . In either of

      these channels , wheC . er through Wurtemburg or t hrough Sweden , the Russian s word wei g hs down tbe balance , and it becomes daily more evident how devoted to Russia the president and his immediate entourage have become . It is . well known , and has been said in this correspondence , that General Lamoriciere assisted , in his official capacity , ^ a grand review and ceremonial in commemoration of the surrender of Georgey . This mark of sympathy has not been held sufficient , and an autograp h letter of the president ' s , congratulating the Emperor of Russia on his success , was sent off yesterday from t h e Eiysee the bearer being M . Fialin de Persigny—one

      , of the most reactionary councillors of Louis Napol eon , w h om he uncea s ing ly pushes on to the empire . That Prance should have refused her support to Hungary » easil y exp lained when we see the eagerness with which every occasion is taken to flatter the Emperor Nicholas . The ' Op im one PnWique ' quotes a mot , which characterises curtly , but well , the conduct of the government , which has last issued from the revolution of February , * Louis the XV . is absolved . ' As it was with Poland so it is now with Hungary , and already one can see that the

      fluogarian s t rugg le will again be characterised as a Polish one h y the friends of Austria , who pretend to see the result in the surrender of Georgey , the pure Hungarian , whilst Dembinski and Bern , both Poles , still hold out . Until the motives of Georgey ' s surrender are more clearl y de fi ned , it is uieless to make deductions which would probably be ill-founded . Meanw hil e the pos i tion o f C o unt Teleki , who is now in Paris , is most awkward , for he is the accredited agent of a power which , it is feared , no longer exists , and it is impossible to say at this moment whether he is a plenipotentiary or an exile .

      The 'AssembleeNationale'and' CourrierFrangais , ' both the determined opponents of M > Dufaure , h ave been the journals that daily threatened a ministerial change . Two days ago the former announced a Mole ' ministry , of which it gave the names . Testerday the latter said that the Mole ministry would he inaugurated at the meeting of the Assembly in October . The ' Constitutionnef yesterday denied any change in the cabinet .

      Paris , Tuesday . —M . Victor Grandin , a wellknoffn member ol the Legislative Assembly , and formerly a member of the Chamber of Deputies , and who , besides , is one of the most extensive manufacturers of France , died in Paris , yesterday , of cholera . M . Cerclet , one of the former secretaries of the Chamber of Deputies , and General de Gueheneuc , brother-in-law of Marshal Lannes , th e Duke o Mont eb ello , died on the previous d a y of the sam e complaint .

      Paris , Wednesday . —More Tyranny . —The Abbe Chatel . a socialist was tried yesterday before the Court of Assize of the Seine , and acquitted , on a charge of exciting the military to insubordination . A National Guard named Phili ppe , who was chief of Battalion of the 8 th Legion , dissolved after the insurrection of June , 1848 , whs sentenced , on Tuesday , to one month's imprisonment , f o r havin g illegal ly worn the uniform of his corps at the manifestation of the 13 th of June . Another , a sapper of the . 5 th Legion , was condemned to eig ht month s' imprisonment for having carried a carhine on the same occasion . A brigadier of the Artillery of the Nati on a l Guard , arrested on the 13 th of June in the

      Conservatoire des Arts with two packages of ballcartridge in his pockets , was sentenced to two months' imprisonment . M . Rohilliard , editor ol the ' Revolution Democratique efc Sociald' was sentenced on Tuesday to three years' imprisonment a nd 4 , 000 francs fine , for a seditious article , entitled 1 Messieurs les Royalistes , Fire First . ' M . Bareste , editor of the ' Republique , ' was sentenced on the same day by default to 500 francs line for neglecting to deposit in the office of the Attorney-General the number of that journal of the 16 th inst—M . Marc Dufraisse , a representative of the people and editor of a p a p er has been sentenced , by default , by the Court of Assize of the Dordogne , to a year ' s imprisonment and 2 , 000 f . fine .

      Letters from Rome of the 21 st ult state that a note was presented on the 19 th b y the French Min i st er to Cardinal Antonelli , cont ain i n g a solemn and pressing admonition to the Pontifical Government againsttho course that has been adopted hitherto . " AVe rend in tho ' Assemble Rationale : '— ' Meetings of Montngnnrds are held every ni ght in the populous quarters of Paris . Ou Saturday night more than BOO agents were on foot , and at three o ' clock in the morning the police had received the accounts of all these nocturnal sittings . ' A pamphlet , entitled ' Petition demandant 1 'Appel au Peuple , ' has just been seized , b y or de r of the President of the Republic , and a prosecution has been commenced against the author and printer .

      ITALY . ROME . —A letter from Ferrara of the 14 th states that the corpse of the female , which was said to be that of Madame Garibaldi , who had perished from fatigue and privations during her fl ight , hss been exami n e d , and recognised to be really that of the fugative chief ' s wife . ( F r om the ' Daily News . ' ) August 19 . —Two edicts of great importance are expected to make their appearance to-morrow , and are , indeed , stated to be already printed , but the strictest secrecy is enjoined upon the subject , and the printers themselves are threatened with

      iraprisonraent if they make any revelations . Oudinot is said to have made the strongest opposition to the measures in qu e stion , although usel e ssl y , but as exactly the same thing was said when the value of the banknotes was diminished , one can h ar d l y suppose that the opposition is sincere ; for how , otheiwise , could the cardinals carry any point actually disagreeable to the commander of 30 , 000 or 40 , 000 men in possession of the capital and a great part of the state ? The first of these edicts orders the disbandmentof the Roman army , the Pope consideringthat it was eternally disgraced by siding with the people when the Swiss fired from the Quirinal , last Novem b er , and declaring that his faithful . S p a niards will supply the few troops necessary for his service thsecond

      ; e is a sentence of exile and perpetua l banishment against the triumviri , the deputies , the provincial prefects , and , in fact , all the agents of the late Republican government , besides the immediate dismissal from Rome of all foreigners who have not been domiciled there for more than five years . With respect to forei gners , I may mention that sevent y or eighty Lombards , who had enlisted amongst tho carbineers , on the entry of the French , after having been kept in uncertainty for more than a month , were dismiased and sent down to Civita Vecchia two days ago , in order to be embarked for Genoa . The Sardinian consul , however , refused to vise their passports , so that they remained in the predicament , and will pro b abl y be packed off to Corsica or Algiers .

      Garibaldi ' s arrival at Venice appears to he fully confirmed , and it is reported that he will be made admiral of the Venetian fleet , a position for which his consummate knowledge of seafaring matters ; renders him well adapted . Garibaldi has been blamed by some for not rather choosing the kingdom of . aples as his centre of action , where he had but little to fear from tbe royal army , and might have aroused the sympathy of the liberal part of the popnlatum , but be doubtless considered that there was no hopefor the south of Ital y whilst the centre and tbe north were in the hands of hostile and powerful foreign armies . l

      A religious as well as political , revolution appears to be unavoidable . The celebrated Padre Gavazzi is reported to have turned Protestant , and Padre Ventura , a man whose reputation as a theologian and a philosophM gvm him great influence in this conn , try , w said to be in a fair way of following the « s wagie , In fact , taoie who have hitherto supported

      3? Omgn Gnteuigenfe* Tiie War In Hungary...

      the papal cause now abandon if , declaring that tne priests hy their intemperate conduct are paving the way for the return of the Liberals , in the same manner that the zeal of the Republicans defeated their own end . Rome , August 20 . —Though no direct hostility exists between the French diplomatists and Ptu IX ., matters are very far from being arranged . ^ Tie Pope , I am told , positively refuses to recognise as his soldiers all who have borne arms against Wm ; on the other hand , the French have reorganised all who were willing to continue in the army . The three Cardinals at the head of the government have declined to receive the Roman officers ; so what is to becom e o f the 3 , 000 Roman troops here , eventually it is hard to sa v . Many think that they will be sen * to Algeria or Corsica , and there be subjected to a thorough military training .- hmes . ^

      SARDINIA .-The treaty of peace was communicated to the Chamber on the 19 th ult . Accounts from Turin , of the 22 d , state that the grand funeral service , which was ordered m honour of Charles Albert , has been s u sp end ed , as it was feared that it would be made the occasion on the part of the ultra-republican and war party to create » disturbance . ... , VENICE . —The * Soldaten Frennd publishes a letter from the artillery officer Uchatius . who first proposed to su b due Venice b y ballooning . From , this it appears that the operations were suspended for want of a proper vessel exclusively adapted to this mode of warfare , as it became evident , after a few experiments had been made , that , as the wind blows nine times out of ten from tbe sea , the

      balloon inflation must be conducted on board ship ; and this was the case on July the 15 th , the occasion alluded to in a former letter , when two bal . loons armed with shrapnels ascended from the deck of the Volcano war steamer , and attained a distance of 3 , 500 fathoms , in the direction ef Venice ; and exactly at the moment calculated upon , i . e ., at the expiration of twenty-three minutes , the explosion took place . The captain of the English brig Frolic , and other persons then at Venice , testify to the extreme terror and tbe moral effect produced on the inhabitants .

      More Atrocious Murders . — A l etter fr o m Vienna , dated August 21 st , says : — ' A detestable act of butchery has been committed by the cowardly savage who commands the Austrians before Venice , On the 15 th , fif t een I t ali a n s , habited as priest s , were taken by an Austrian picket as they were cros si ng th e fr o ntier , near the Pa n ta M a e str a , from the Roman into tbe Venetian territory . They were dragged before a court-martial and then all shot . There is no proof given that these Italians were not really what they affected to be . They were said to have been Austrian subjects . But tbey were suspected of being some of Q-aribaldi ' s followers , who attempted to escape from the Roman States in his disguise .

      ' The general of cavalry , Gcrgowsky , who has been entrusted with the chief command of the Austrian troops before Venice , has established a fresh battery at Campaldone , from which he is bombarding Marano , where many hous es have be e n burned in consequence . ' The 'Concordia' of Turin , of the 23 d , stales that Garibaldi has { written from Venice to his mo t her , in order to tranquillise her fears . On his arrival at Venice he was obliged to keep his bed for a week . He has , says this journal , been named rearadmiral of the Venetiau-fleet .

      CAPITULATION OF VENICE . The ' Venice Gazette' publishes in its official part the ^ roces verbal of thecapitulation of Venice , which took place on the 22 nd ultimo , in the presence uf General Gorzkow s ki , Baron Hess on the part of Austria , and three commissioners on the part of Venice . The surrender takes place according to the terms of the proclamation of Radets-ki latel y pu bl ished —that is unconditional surrender . The officers who have fought against Austria will be a llowed to leave Venic e , as well as all forei gn soldiers of whatever rank they may be , and certain c i v ic func ti onaries and persons , of whom a list was to be furnished by the Austrian general-in-chief .

      TUMULT AT MILAN . —August 19 . —A disturbance which , though of no great moment in itself , was particularl y deplorable under the circum s tance s , occurred here last night , after the conclusion of the ceremonies in celebration of the Emperor ' s birth-day . I think it proper to place the facts before you , in case they should be misreprespnted or exaggerated by the French or other papers . It appears that a milliner , wh o s e shop is at the north-west angle of the Piazza del Duomo , or Cathedral-place , chose to make her loyalty more conspicuous during the day by the exhibition of a large flag in black and yellow ( the Austrian colours ) ,

      with the inscription , ' A iva Francesco Josetb . ' This had the effect of drawing a good number of the rabble about the spot , many of whom testified their displeasure by groaning and hooting ; and towards evening the demonstration of a row became so menacing that a party of soldiers was sent to the place , to keep order and disperse the crowd . Ia doing so the y we re , or thought themselves , obliged to make use offeree , and I regret to say that several persons were wounded , and it is even said one kilkd . This unfortunate event has excited no small sensation in Milan , and the more from the irritable state in which the public mind remains after the occurrences of the last two years .

      It is impossible to go further in retrograde paths than the Austrian government is doing at Milan . The Mamelukes whom Mehemet AH destroyed would havo acted otherwise than we find the sbini of lladetski acting at Milan on the 22 nd ult . AVe haro recounted the riot which took )> lace consequent on the exposition in the windows of a house ot ill-fame * of an Austrian flag . The unfortunates who showed then- detestation of tho symbol of their tvranny were taken up and bastinadoed . The men ' in tho public squares of Milan , and the women in a retired place . This fact is not apocryphal—it is on tho taithof the official gazette of Milan . AVhen such is the conduct of Austria with regard to Italians , can it be hoped that less barbarism will be shown with regard to the Hungarians .

      AMERICA . By the arrival of the Cambria from Boston , we have the following : — ^ ew York , August 14 . —The feeling in favour of the recognition of the nationality of Hungary was increasing , and the excitement was considerably heightened by the despatches from Home relative to the treatment of the American consul by the French sol d iery , The President Attacked with Cholera . — General Taylor has actually set out on his tour , and

      when last heard from was at Pittsburg . He intends to cross over through Western New York , visit New-Eng land , and return by this city to Washington . His friends were at first in some apprehension lest he might take the cholera , but , as the day was fixed , he took his departure from the seat of government . While I write this we have despatches by telegraph announcing General Taylor has had two at t acks of cho l era , and is alarmingly ill . We have great fears about his recovery . In case of his death Mr . Filmore will be our president .

      The most exciting questio n now beforethe cabinet is the treatment of ouv c h arge at Rome , whose domicile was violated b y a visit from some French wWvmb . An explanation will be demanded ; and such is the popular feeling against theprench republic , that even war would be hailed with acclamation , i £ an amp le apology is not made ns . Our local news is somewhat interestin g . It is now firmly believed that the cholera is on the decline , in this city . The deaths last week were several hundred l ess t h an i n the week preceding . On Sunday tbe cases were about fifty-ssven yesterday

      , they were nearly doubled , and to-day there is a slight decrease of cases and a diminution of deaths Yesterday died the celebrated Albert Gallatin , ia tbe 89 th year of his age . He was a native of Geneva , Switzerland . He emi grated to the United States m 1781 , repaired to Maine , and was a volunteers the American army . For a time he tanght the * rench in the Harvard University . He removed to Airginia , engaged in bu s iness , acquired property , and was eventuall y sent to Congress . He was oa « of our ablest public men , a thorough diplomatist , and a man of learning .

      The Coar Or Prosecutions. —A Committee W...

      The Coar or Prosecutions . —A committee was l atel y appointed by tho Town Council of Sheffield to consider the subject of Assize Prosecutions , and suggest some means for diminishing their cost It ; appears that the annual number of prosecutions afi lork Assizes from the West Riding , during the six ff « to 1849 , was as follows JXk 111 * ; -L « , : ¦ " ' ¦ an < ! Rnd tQC avm § e c ° 3 t ofcach prosecution m those years was £ 48 17 s ., £ 55 3 s ., ± 43 . Ma ., m 19 s ., £ 51 8 s ., and £ 58 2 s . Tho average yearly number from Sheffield was nineteen , and the average cost £ 55 8 s . This Huddersfield and Manchester tunnel ia said to bo more than three miles in length , and to pass at a depth of 652 feet below tho ridgo of the hill , which it pierces so straight that on a clear day one can seo through from either eud ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 1, 1849, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_01091849/page/2/