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Northern Star (1837-1852), 23rd May 1840, Edition 1 of 1, Page unpage, Untitled Article

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    • PUBLIC MEETING.
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      Untitled Article

      PI 5 XKSSS OF THE INDUSTRIOUS . Uurlna : * e last forfaii gut the Socialists hate been hold " ^ iheir-Annnal Congress , composed of a number « r dete ^ H , , m the numerous branches of their ^ jciv in B" « lfa 4 aid Scotland . The French g ^ afets hare also sent a deputy to fraternize with Oa Monday evening , they convened a public ^ jjng in the Music Saloon , South Parade , as * £ jej in the placard , for the purpose of consider-, !* : jhe causes of the wide-spread and long-con-Ij ^ ed distress of the industrious population of this rLaom , and adopting petitions to Parliament , so * , o impress the public with a due sense of the thongs entailed on all classes , by the present jj ^ ir anged modes of applying capital and skill . " A t e ^ t 0 cIock *«» hour appointed for the meet-> , ? the Saloon was filled ; and

      Robert Owen , Esq ., having been called to the ^ c , opened the proceedings by observing , thai the i iftrft -s which existed i » this country for some jice pa-4 , until within the last few weeks , when it jj jbsea somewhat alleviated , was the most poigjjot which had been felt for a great number of , k . Nor was it confined to the working classes ; jjj , except those of fixed money incomes , were ju de tauxl it . And yet , there neTer was a time j 3 the history of the world when there was so great fi amountof mean 3 to produce all sorts of useful ( realtk The objects of this meeting was to lay j ^ forel arliameni andthe Government the extreme joomit of suffering which existed , and the enormous jjnoiiniof means at their disposal for its removal , ge would not detain them longer , as these subjects ff ocld be fully treated of by the . various speakers $ 0 would address them . ( Cheers . )

      , Mr . James Right rose to propose the first resolugoa , vhich was as follows : — « That the general distress which has long preyed , and continues to exist in every part of this ijngdom , and to a considerable degree in every branch of national industry , impresses this meeting rich feelings of the most poignant sorrow and regret [ ind they feel fnlly convinced that much , if not the whole of the ; prevailing . distress , maybe traced to m entire&new position the . nation has attainecLby U rapid and extenave infiwjfeefion dfahednmieS L ^ oJimical inventions , discoveries , and imptefve-Seiib , in almost every department of industry ; and l- pyjhe accumulation , ia the hands of capitalists , of kiDCTabnndant wealth , without corresnocdint ?

      ataitwa being paid , and progress made , in relation ¦ 0 ihe correct usa of these resources for the prodscii on of die happiness of the millions , who are defe at on the results of their industry . " Rr . Ricur , in moving the first resolution , stated Lvjiit was one which would meet with no opposite either from Whig , Tory , or Radical ; it was Uihat appealed to the finest feeling 3 of human Uore . It called upon the meeting to sympathise fczl those who had long suffered , and was now Bftriug the most severe distress—distress that bide the stoutest heart quake whilst contemplating pat thousands of our fellow creatsres were at that Ujnent starving for the want of food ;—( hear , hear ) Ps timug at a time , too , that the country possessed

      iaore wealth than we knew wisely how to direct ; ' siz time when we possessed an enormous amount of mechanical and other scientific powers , equal to the hbour of sis hundred millions of able-bodied men—a power , if properly directed , that would produce far more wealth than would be necessary to feed , clothe , shelter , and educate every individual in Great Britain . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) Butforwantofkuowti ; e we beheld in every town through this great enpire , large masses of the industrious portion of car population , waiting only for the hour of death to pa an end to their miserable existence . The sjeater then endeavoured to show that , in proportion is these powera had been introduced , in the same jroportion had the condition of the working

      fees become more miserable . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) Be quoted in proof of his position ; from the evidence given before the committee on manufactures , Spping , and commerce in 1833 , that the master aiuutactures and their workpeople received 72 per art- , lessfor labour , expenses , and profit formanulicturiiig articles , of cotton in 1832 than they did in B 15 . And that for manufacturing six leading artists of cotton manufacture , which are afair criterion $ the siate of trade , the . manufacturers now get on aaverage of 39 per cent , less for labour , expenses cd profit for producing these six leading articles , pan they got in 1826 " , when the consumption of pton was about 12 , 000 bags a weefe , and it could be panoustraicd that in 1815 , for working up 65 oo oa ^ g

      , : cotton a week , of 30 jMb 3 . each , into four leading tides of cotton manufacture , the nuk-ter and idr men received after , the rate of £ 13 , 000 , 000 per mum for the whole quantity , for labour , expense , sdprofii ; whereas in 1832 , for working up 17 , 300 !<* s a week , of 3001 bs . each , into the same four ading articles , they only got after the rateof £ 10 , 58 , 000 per annum , for the whole quantity , for ibonr , expenses , and profit ; andihat too , notwithaudlug the amasing increase of the number of ereous engaged ia this manufacture , and depeasu , upon it for subsistence in 1832 , as compared tthl 815 . He then referred to" the statement of ages paid by William Cannon in 1814 , for weaving ieces of 48 reed , twenty shillings ; in the year

      514 , six shillings and sixpence ; and in 1833 , 3 s . Gd . Rie earnings of men , women , and children , at 3 a . 6 d . sr week , allowing 3 d . in the shilling for expenses , tares them clear an average of 2 s . 8 ^ d . per head , k working this kind of cloth . Mr . Rigby then sad , from an account of a survey of the condition / f the poor in thirty-three townships of the manuaeiuriug districts in Lancashire , and two in Yorklire , mostly employed in the manufacturing of sitoii , of woollen , and of silk , and it appeared that a these thirty-five townships the population was &j , 349 ; t ' ae families visited were 8 j 3 i ) 2 ; the persons n these families 49 , 294 , being nearly one-fourth of in whole . The nnmber out of work in the families riatcd was 237 ; the number unfit for work in the

      oe was 28 , 060 ; the number of workers 23 , 947 . le total weekly wage 3 which the families visited rn are £ 4 , 447 18 s . This sum will give for each of o ? e who work a weekly average of 3 s . 8 M ., and xeach of the whole number of persons visited , a eddy average of Is . fljjd . The rent paid by the anilies visited wa 3 , per annnm , £ 32 , 693 17 s . 5 d . fe sum gave an average of 3 d . per week for each 'dividual in the families visited . Fuel , light , and xt of implements would , on an average , be for 1 & individual at least 3 Ad . per week ; and this , i : h the average rent of 3 d ., being deducted from - !)| d ., the average income of each individual oaid leave for food and clothing , for each individual t a week , Is . 3 ld . The whole parish relief given

      re eUy to the families visited was £ 139 7 s ., or for idi five-eighths of a penny ; and the average inome of each for a day , for food and clothing , from pth wa ^ es and relief , was 2 | d . Mr . Rigby coniaded by stating that during the last six months he ad travelled some thousands of miles through difseat counties ; he had seen hundreds—nay , thoum > i $ , of poor unemployed operatives walking in recession , many determined that , if something was * t done to relieve them , they would destroy the iovernment under which they lived , sooner than bey and their children should starve . Was it not onible for our country to be in such a state , where be labourers were dying for want ; our shopkeepers a the brink of ruin ; our manufacturers and

      mer-¦ un ts in the Gazette ; and our bankers bankrupts . i > " iat mind , he asked , was there that could look pa our country with pleasure ?—what mind dared u look into our future prospects ! If something be h done to stop these dreadful things , something kte dreadful must follow . ( Mr . Rigby sat down k . d loud applause . ) Mr . BccuAXAS , in seconding the resolution , said , bat no one could deny the existence of great disjte « : all were agreed about Jheflril , Though differpS with respect to the-proper remedy . Mr . Klgby N « i told them many startling facts respecting the Mhion of the working population ( in addition to picb , he ( Mr . B . ) would state aVfew more , to portray tho deplorable distress so extensively

      cxistk- lie would exhibit the condition of the niann-( luring operatives in the principal towns in the ¦ fcgaom , by means of statistical facts gathered from se most unexceptionable authorities , many of which cts vreie taken from Parliamentary tables , and all which had been declared in the Honse of Comou ? , this Session . According to such , it appeared , at in Bolton , one of the largest manufacturing * us in England , there were 1 , 126 nntenanted mses , proving that either the population had eniiated to other quarters , and left these buildings nnenpied , or had been forced to submit to inferior > mestio convenience than formerly , huddling toiher two or three families in one cottage . ( Hear , ar . ) In Burv , near Manchester , taking the

      numrof 3 , 000 labourers from a population of 20 , 000 , iiieh the town contained , and analuing their coudi-> a , it was found that 773 slept three and four in a i ; 250 four in a bed ; and above 1 , 000 without any ¦ th accommodation , deprived of every thing in the ape of bed and bedding . ( Shame , shame . ) Uvn-* l coatained 30 , 000 person * , who lived , or rather Rotated , in dark , unwholesome , cellars , buried in » es under gronnd , like rabbits in a warren ; while , ^ Manchester , the manufacturing metropolis of the <* ld , there was , at least , an equal nnmber so bated , besides many other thousands as miserably Bsed ,. for , in the latter town , there were 2 , 200 kk courts , withont any ventilation whatever

      Kar , hear . ) Nottingham , containing a population about 60 , 000 , had 11 , 000 houses without any Kiig like drainage or proper ventilation . One Bid of the lower class of nouses in Bristol were ft ' uout drains , and most defectively supplied with ¦ tter . These facts illustrated the wretched domestic ¦ commodaiion afforded by the present system to mt producers of wealth ; those v / ho formed the bul-Brks of society , without whose daily and ever » Ernng aid , the rich ones of the world , in a few fir : would be as cold and senseless as the clods of MM ou which , they walked . ( Hear , hear . ) An ¦ n ^ se deterioration had undoubtedly taken place ¦ M jjfc Kauuw d of comfort , throughout society . L /^ & **}** eommereial panic , which had % m /

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      more three years , there were , at onetime , out of employment in Paisley alone , the immense number of 20 , 000 persons , and manv ^! ° iR' ^ r - 5 ° rtion of the »«> e time , as many as 18 , 000 received sustenance from a public soup kitchen . He was under no necessity to state S ° aU of Sl ° nf ? t 0 Wa ^ wel 1 k " to aU of them . ( Hear , hear . ) They had suffered WT ly ^ T Ot ^ er Pkce ' **>** & at one & IS ?? n by the Proceeds ° f Pnblie subscriptions , and still , an enormous amouut of miserv and f ™ ° ? remi ? - - ^ ng stated these facts in refcrenco to exisbng distress , he would proceed to discuss the more important feature of the resolution ; SRdmte ? l ? *** ¥ ° . fthe distre 3 s » wl * ich ' a . l admitted to have a radical and extensive existence . To reason this subject properly , it would bo necessary for him to compare two ^ periods of society ; that before the extensive introduction of mechanic power ss a substitute for human labour , and societv

      f T " «»»« . In doing so , - it would be found that , n 1790 , and for a numW of subsequent y l Jr , fi B e c ? ™ sP 5 uner 3 of LancashiiK ^ and the west of Scotland , could eartfupon an amrainfrom four guineas tofour pound ten shillings ; while the same class of workers , at the present day , under much more inferior circumstances , could not , when fully employed , earn more than about a pound . From 1790 , up to 1800 , the weekly wages of ffiS handoomweaverrnnfrom , £ lfia ; tp £ f lto . | arf wSSSSSS ^^** " . JS ^ asskw wane aowit warwita the utmost exertion , that a

      weayer , womng twelve or sixteen hours daily . couia manage more than from five to six shillin g s per week . It ought also to be kept in view , that the nand-loom weavers were not a small section of the population , whose happiness or misery added to , or subtracted from , the sum total of society , made little alteration in the general account : for thev were 400 , 000 individuals , which , with those dependent on them for protection and support , made above a million of human beings , or a twenty-fitih part of the whole British population . ( Hear . ) In nearly all branches of manufacturing industry , similar depreciations had taken place , especially among the lace workers , fustian cutters , stocking weavers &c ; all of whom could give but too

      melau-: noiy proofs in illustration of the truth of what had jeeu advanced . It would also , upon examination , be found that the prices of provisions at the periods which had been referred to , were sonwwhat about the 8 ame . Upon comparing wages with the expense of food during 1790 , and some other years , wuh the rate of wages and prices of food for the last few years , it would be found that the cotton spinners' capacity to acquire comfort had been reduceiUOOper cent ., and the weavers 600 percent Evident as it was that the working classes had deteriorated in physical comfort , they had also the striking fact before them—of the elements of wealth increasing in a ratio unknown during any other period of human existence , and misery of a most fearful

      nature , arising from the strangest of all causes—a superabundance of wealth . A hundred years ago , the population of the British Islands was fifteen millions , with an effective manual power of three millions of men , and a mechanical power equal to twelve millions—thus making the population and the power of production equal . Since then the population had increased to nearly thirty millions , with an efficient manual power of six millions of men , and a power in mechanism and chemistry tantamount to 600 millions ; and for the last twenty years mechanical power had been increasing annually at the rate of five niiflions . ( Hear . ) Even now , thousands were threatened with starvation , that a few years sincethought themselves

      compara-, tively safe from the prostrating power of this modern leviathan . Sueh have have been the giant strides of human invention , auel yet With SttCk enorttlOUS powers of production , there were two millions and a half of paupers in Ireland dependent , in mo ; t cases , for support upon wretches almost as poor and miserable as themselves . England has one million of its population subsisting on the tender mercies of the Poor Law Commissioners , under the benevolent provisious of that boon given to the poor by the Malthusian economists , the New Poor Law Act , framed to make all of them independent labourers . In addition , thousands were existing in squalid wretchedness wherever we directed our attention , in town or country , ia manufacturing or agricultural

      districts . Ha objected not to machinery in the abstract , but to its misapplication . Who would stint or stay the progress of invention , or say to the human mind , thus far shalt thou go , and no further ! Who feels not a glow of proud satisfaction at the triumph gained by thought and inventive genius over the inanimate powers of nature ? Rot because of what may have resulted , but from what society may be led to expect in the future under a proper system . ( Cheers . ) It was not in the existence of machinery , but in its mode of application , and the principles of society under which it was applied , that the real cause of national distress was to be found . The principle which regulated the distribution of wealth lay at the root of all society ' s

      economical evils . The individual possession aud application of mechanical power , the competition carried on between every class « f producers aud distributors , and the isolatiou of interests and feelings consequent thereon , had given birth to the errors , evils , and anomalies of the existing system . ( Hear . ) Britain had theelements of wealth sufficient to support a population far beyond the present number . It was not the want of sufficient means , but the ignorance of those that managed the affairs of society that called forth the necessity of such meetings as the one he was then addressing . There was land enough , if properly cultivated , to support four times the present population ; machinery sufficient to supply a world with , monui&ctuted goods ; with an ample supply of sinews to put the whole

      into motion , and all now required was to blend these harmoniously together , so as to produce the most wonderful results , and to banish misery and privation for ever from the dwellings of men , Political economists might tell them that distress arose from the want of foreign markets , aud that unless trade was more extended with other nations , there was no hope for tho people . It was ridiculous in such men to think of opening fresh markets , when the home market—the most important of all—was so much neglected ; sound legislators and economists , instead of begging ioreiguers to take their goods , would take care that every person at home was well provided for , before seeking to effect exchanges with foreign countries . Let the ragged and miserable human beings which cover the laud ,

      "Like putrid sores , On an unwholesome carcase , " be clothed in proper apparel to shelter them from the summer ' s sun and tnewint&r ' s storm- Let the thousands of ill-fed , ill-sheitered , unfortuuate human beings , which inhabit Britain , the first of civilized natiuus be supplied with the comforts and luxuries which should distinguish the civilised from-fche savage state . Let ail be made useful in the work of production , and placed in situations to enjoy the fruits of their labour . These once done , n will be then time eaoujjk 10 search out otW markets for exchanging the surplus produce of this country with other nations . ( Hoar , hear . ) If the working classes meant to emancipate themselves , they must abandon the fallacies which had hitherto led them astray so far from the real nature of the

      disease . The political economists , in guiding the peopls as they had done , had proved themselves to be blind leaders of the bund , and both had fallen into the ditch of anxiety , misery , and crime . Some new principle must be devised by which the elements of society could be scientifically combined to realize the comfort and happiness of all . What such principle or plans should be , he would not say , as they did not come under the province of' the resolution . These he would leave to the speakers that were to follow . Sufficient had been said in proof of the resolution before the meeting , and he was quite sure it would command their entire approval and support . ( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was put and carried unanimously . Mr . Hoixicii , in an excellent speech , for which we » gret we have not room , moved the second resolutionwhich is as follows : —

      , ... ... " That this meeting is of opinion , that the politicoeconomical positioa of labourers , as well as of artizaus , and others dependent on wages in Great Britain and Ireland , is one of extreme insecurity , liable to frequent and severe privations , and destructive of all sympathy with other classes ; rendering their position practically worse than that state of Slaveryfor the abolition of which , this nation has recently paid £ 20 , 000 , 000 of British money . " Mr . Flshisg , Editor oi TheNetoMoral World , " said he would not trespass long upon the attention

      of his fellow-townsmen in secondi ng the resolution now proposed . They had constant opportunities of hearing his opinions by his ministrations in the Hall in which they were then assembled , and therefore they would naturally prefer to hear the sentiments and opinions of the talented gentlemen from a distance by whom he was surrounded . There were , however , one or two points in theresolution to which he was desirous of specially directing their attention . It was stated that the position of the labouring classes was destructive of all sympathy between them and other classes . To illustrate this position , it would only be necessary for him to allude to the

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      Meeting recently held in Leeds , for the relief of the unemployed poor . The magistrates , ministers of religion , and gentlemen then assembled , had in contemplation the raising of subscriptions and organization of measures for bestowing alms upon the thousands of starving operatives , who at that time paraded our streets , and who with their famishing families loudly proclaimed the erroneous nature of our preseut commercial and manufacturing system —for the system which , at frequently recurring periods , consigns tens of thousands of our most industrious fellow-countrymen to misery aud destitur tion , must be essentially wrong in principle / seeing Us results were so pernicious in practice . >^ ell , these gentlemen , however , had apparently a goad ; a noble object in view ; the relieving of

      distresshow-, ever caused . If upon any occasion unanimity could have been looked for , surely it was when the rich had come to give of the superfluity of their wealth ^ the starving and unemployed producers . Such wiM however , not the case . Jlany then present wonjlpj no doubt recollect the speech of a Rev . GentleJiHe who ascribed all the inequalities of rank andJnH tion to be found in society , with tlicir-coijtSfflKanl evils of excess aud destitution , to a divine , and overruling Providence . Poverty was , according to him , a divine institution . Distress and stawation were sent to try their . faith , and the poor werTassured thatfthe rich had to bear , their burdens , and feel ^ fe ffs eTen a ^ theitiinmbler brethren , and farther , « 5 ^ n ^ BM ^»« s % they were much harder to endure thanFthe Bufferings arising from poverty alone .

      ( Laughter . )* . That gentleman proceeded to dilate upon -the beautiful , effects' of this inequality and distress , in generating benevolence on the one hand and gratitude on the other ! ( Laughter and cheers . ) The workmen sat aud listened in silence to these sentiments , but it was the stern silence of contempt and dislike for such doctrines , and implied no acquiescence in them , as was proved by the wild shout of approval wrung from despair , aud desperate snffering , wherewith they greeted the memorable declaration of their Chairman , that before he would starve in the midst of abundance created by the labours of himself and fellow-workmen , so help him God , ho would take it where he could fiud it ! ( Cheers . ) Far be it from him or that meeting , to give any sanction to doctrines , which

      would tend to any violent interference with existing institutions —( cheers)—or counsel conduct which must end in bloodshed , retaliation , and revenge . ( Cheer ? . ) rw , they knew , a more effectual and peaceful mode of removing distress , than such bootless and insane attempts ; but the circumstance to which he alluded , was a preguaut illustration of the slender sympathy which existed between these classes ; that even when they were met , the one to confer favours , the other to receive them , tho ill-dieguised and deep enmity which their mutually antagonistic position engendered , onl y wanted an accidental spark to cause its explosion— ( cheers ) -and to shew the fact that as wide and impassable a gulph existed between them as that which they were told , in another state of existence , separated the representatives

      ot the two classes , Dives and Lazarus . ( Cheers . ) After speaking at Borne length upon this topic , Mr . Fleming adverted to tho concluding part of the resolution , which affirmed that the position of the working classes of this country was practically worse than that of the slaves for whose emancipation we had recently paid £ 20 , 000 , 000 of British money . Was this really the case ? or was it an exaggeration —a figment of a gloomy imagination , unsupported by facts J Did they really stand there , to say truly that , in the middle of the nineteenth century , tho Government of the most enlightened and advauccd country of civilised Europe were sowofully defective in the knowledge requisite for their station , that in the midst of unbounded means for producing Wealth , the position of freemen—of Britons , was worse than that of slaves ? ( Hear , hear and

      , cheers . ) Yea ! such was the fact . The master of the slave had an interest in his welfare . He was a property which was valuable , only so long as it was kept in good order . ( Hear , hear . ) His master was therefore directly interested in seeing that he was provided with such food , clothing , lodging , and medicine , as would keep him in a fit state for labour ; but tho master of the white slave—the miserable victim of competition—had no such stimulus . Machinery had created a " surplus population ; " aud it mattered not to the capitalist how many labourers died ; pf famine or disease today ; tomorrow the vacancies were sure to be filled up by wreiches , equally fettered , equally helpless , equally slaves , in the worst sense of the terms , as their predecessors . Mr . F . continued for some time to illustrate this point , and sat down amid very great applause , by seconding the resolution .

      Mr . L . Jones rose to move the third resolution , and said however he might fail in proving the several remedies forreleving the public distress , which had not as yet been applied , he thought it would require no stretch of ingenuity to show that those which had been applied had proved to be failures . Their present suffering ; their deep distress , and their violent agitations now going on , proved that the disease was yet gnawing at their very vitals , and that the great work of human redemption was yet to be accomplished . He would , therefore , say a word as to the political botching which had hitherto taken place , and in doing so he should merely refer to those which were now offered to the consideration of the public . Of the Charter he should say nothing , those who were its advocates were shut up within

      dungeons , and an attack would be ungenerous . Although he might dispute the efficacy of the Charter , he would not deny the right of the people to its possession . The suffering of its advocates he regretted , and shame upon the Government who , with the means for the removal of the agitation , left a cause , and a bitter one which had ended in so much suffering . ( Cheers . ) Wherever they saw a disposition to rebel on the part of the subjects of any Government , they might safely come to the conclusion that such Government was an uu wise one . ( Hear , hear . ) The people were proverbially patient ; they were not to be aroused into violent action by a vision ; the mere representation of a wrong which existed not , would never lead them astray ; there must be a a hard and stern reality , to give a force

      to the eloquence of the agitator , or the agitation could never take place . ( Cheers . ) Another of the plans proposed as a remedy for their evils was emigration . There were , it seemed , too many of the people , they occupied too much room in the country ; they werenotneeded by thecapitalist , anditwas therefore necessary that they should emigrate that others might eujoy in safety the fruits of an unjust monopoly , but thi 3 scheme should not be listened to until it was proved that the country which they inhabited , when properly managed , possessed not the means for the support of its intiabitauts , and he was sure this could not be proved . Besides , how much of pain , and suffering , and regret was connected with the emigrant's farewell . ( Hear , hear . ) How many tender ties were snapped never to be

      reunited—( hearj—how many early and heartfelt associations Wtre rudely severed , and all that the possessor of wealth mijjht count his gains in security . Why should Englishmen have less regret at leaviug their home than was felt by the red savages , who when told by their tyrants to emigrate , replied , "Cau we say to the bones of our fathers , arise and come with us ! " No ; the Englishman , although toil-worn and oppressed , would turn from the heartless proposal of the " emigration" reformer . ( Cheers . ) There was another question which had lately made some noise in the country , upon which he would say a few words , namely , tne Corn Laws . He would beg however , to state , so that there might be no misapprehension as to his sentiments , that he was not an enemy to the repeal of the Corn Laws , and the

      reason why he would make the statements which ho intended to make was , that he considered it right that the people should estimate as justly as possible the amount of good likely to result from any plan of reform which they might propose , so that » 8 little disappointment as possible might accompany the people ' s struggles . He considered this rignt , masmuch as the repeated disappointments of the people led to a relaxathm in their endeavours for the public good . He believed that the lecturers upon Corn Law repeal were holding out promises which could not be realised ; they were promising resultB which never could take place , so long as competition existed . What did these gentlemen say , " Repeal the Cora Laws , and instead of a half loaf , you will have a whole one ; and your wives , instead of cotton gowns , will wear silk ones . " But he , ( Mr . J . ) would ask upon what grounds did they found their assurance ;

      they tell us that it will give the foreigu corn grower am opportunity of bringing his produce into English ports , and taking our manufactured articles in return , and thus cause an increased demand for our labour , by which we may charge a fair price for it , while on the other hand , the bread being cheap , we may all enjoy ourselve 3 and grow fat amidst the good things of this life . But , he would beg leave to ask , upon what data such conclusions were founded . Could we be assured that the capitalist , with unlimited means of increasing his machinery , would not meet the demand , g lut the market , and bring the working man to the lowest possible point . ( liOuu cries of " hear , hear . ' ) Let them take facts to regHlate their conclusions in this particular . It would be admitted on all hands , that tte commercial speculator before hecaUedmechaaual power into existence , must seo a likelihood of such -power being required ; in other words , there moat be a real or expected

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      SrSiiSS ? n T * " ; fapplyingenchdemand S X ^ Cou ples Ms w » h tho following tapts , what conclusion must they : come to 1 . The mechanical power of this country in 1792 was equal 5 ? fcS r ? tTOlTO » il « ons ^ hKman befogs ; Srtte - ^ at an ? the Periods was not HI k i % lnt 0 ^ count ) . That waSi the demand lahLSSP i ° ? P rodu 00 » and Squired much JfiSEirtW * ^ »™ er , thia demand so iawTi . *!?* ? , the year 1 {! 17 we were for «' S *« S ? nical JT ^ " > t « e labour of two £ mrS milhon 8 . ° ] *™> beings ; and this demand SnvTJr F " ^ thafc in the vear 1833 we era-IKLW *^?* P ° equal to the labour of ™^ mil llon , humaa beiD S » and at this CXh Stt ^ * ° the l abour ofraore thanks nundred rBuIhons of human beiugs ! Now hore they would , perajive wa 3 au increaseV ; IS

      S t ^ ater - than a rePeal of Hie ComLaW Sfi n P 0 f * 8 ive > He asked them , did ^ e JS" * W -any benefit correspond ng to S tocrease mihe demand for manufactured goSds ! No ^{ J e ciutraiy , from the statistics wM % M * » lgb » rtod read , they peneM # nf in manFof "S ^^ &iSPortant . , rbran « ies of manufacture * the P " ° . ^ te » our : had actually decreased . How was this to be accounted for ! He would ask the Corn Law repealer ; if the increase in-demand from 1792 to , tne , present , mqaient—an increase .-which had ° S ! S * M $ "& •*¦ supPlffo increase ' from twelve mimoBl ^ torsixhuridredmaUQn s-had not given the workinana-better prico for his labouror a . lariwr

      , loaU , Howcould ^ he with" confidence predict that any increase caused b y ; a repeal of the Cow Laws could do it ! ( Loud cheers . ) The thing was impossible ; it could do so but for a very short time , aud why was thia ! Ho would try if he could to solve it . In the first place , it had been discovered that mechamcallabour was cheaper than human labour , and that the manufacturer would always prefer-the wooden machine to the human machiuo , as it was cheaper and more obedient . The very moment , then , that a demand came , whether it was caused by a repeal of the Corn Laws , or otherwise , the manufacturer called into existence as many wooden machines as he could to supply it . But it must be remembered that there were a large number of isolated

      speculators , without any proper understanding between them , each trying to supply as much of the demand as he could , so that he might have as much of the profit as possible . Tims each made mora than he should . A glut took jplace , the active demand ceased , and the labourer was again thrown out of employment , with a new mechanical power , as well as his fellow labourer , to compete with . And , no matter how low the price of provisions might be , the competition existing amongst the masters , as well as amongst the men would cause labour to sell at as low a price as it was possiblo for the labourer to subsist on . ( Hear , hear , hear . ) Away , then , with such miserable patching , and let them at once come to the consideration of a proper remedy for the ef

      cause the disease , which was competition . ( Cheers . ) As the physical condition of the people was effected by competition amongst commercial speculators , so the mental condition of the people was injured by competition amongst clerical speculators . Take a simple and recent case , £ 30 , 000 was offered for the purposes of education , hwas a paltry sum but the conduct of the priesthood in relation to it shewed how they would act if the sum were larger . The very moment it was thrown amongst them a most violent and unseeml y quarrel ensued . They could not agree upon what kind of religion should accompany the education , and it' the people were to wait until their priesthood settled the disputo they were likely to wait a long time . Thus wliile the multitude was thirsting for knowledge ' aud crying out for assistance instead of rendering such assistance , thev

      were enueayounng to put out tho little light which was beginning to dawn upon . them . ( Loud cheers . ) But theBe things could not last ; the Bishop of teeter might attemptto put ' his extinguisher upon socialism , but its light would burat forth ; there was a vitality and a beauty in it which could never bo extinguished ; a hearing might bo denie ' d to Robert Owen , but the people were giving ' a voice to his demands which could ^ not be resisted , and as the mountain avalanche gwwHip by . the silently accumulating snow flake , bo a mighty inassofhumah ' thotight was growing , up among , the people ; tho mighty efforttheylareuow making will causeitto ru 3 h forth , and error , ' however " time honoured" must b * oru 8 t ibd- > benoathut 8 progress . Mr . J . eat down amid loud cheers * by moving the following resolution : — ' -

      That this meeting is of opinion , that all remedial proposals heretofore made , whether political , fiscal , or economical , have been inadequate to meet all the circumstances of the case ; and that completely to meet these oiroumstances , would seem to require the scientific combination of large numbers of individuals , and the application of their industry , so as to secure the cultivation of land , in conjunction with manufacturing pursuits , insuring to every individual a participation in the results adequate to call into healthful and vigorous exercise the united energies OI Stil *

      Mr . Buxt on seconded the resolution , and said , had he consulted his own individual interests aloue , ho should not have been present on that occasion ; butit ' wasalovefor his fellow-creatures , as well as himself , that had induced him to address them on that important resolution . He thought that as Mr . Jones had so ably exposed the fallacy of all tho schemes hitherto proposed by the different parties for alleviating the distress now existing in society , that it was unnecessary for him to say anything on that subject . But he thought it essontially necessary to make a few remarks on tho other part of the resolution . It was a fact admitted by all parties that a great amount Of misery existed ; and ho thought the foregoing speakers had clearly proved

      the cause ot the misery . The next question was , tho real remedy to be applied for Us removal . Many attempts had been inado , but they had all proved ineffectual ; and why ? The reason is obvious . It was simply because they had never started from first principles ; they ought to understand how wealth was produced , the source of wealth , and , above all , the proper means of distributing it to the advantage of all . This had never yet been done by any party , nor even recommended , except by the benevolent Owen and his Bupporters . But now it was imperative on all sects and parties to turn their attention to thia important subject . Let them remember that every improvement in machineryif

      , it eftected the labourer at all , struck a blow at Mb interests ; and would continue bo to do , so long as the competitive system exists . ( Hear , hear . ) How , then , were they to avoid these evils ? Wh y , they must become intelligent , for it was utterly impossible that any improvement could tako piace without it . He rejoiced , however , that such a change had taken place within the last twelve mouths , tie would not attribute it to their exertions alone ; but he would say , that no pavty could possibly havo done more , with the same means , than the Socialists had done . ( Hear , hear . ) And it reminded him of the Iauguag 8 of the immortal Milton , who said— v

      " Methinks I see . with my mind ' s eye , a noble and puissanthatlbn , lousing herself like a strong man after sleep ; and shaking her invincible locks . " ( Cheers . ) Mr . Buxton concluded by showing that the people must become intelligent before they become happy . Mr . Campbell , in rising to move the fourth resolution , said , when he saw around him on the platform , delegates from Birmingham , Manchester , London , Oldhani , Leicester , Sheffield , Edinburgh , Liverpool , Glasgow , and Franco , who were well acquainted with the stato of public feeling and distress which pervaded the industrious classes , it was sufficient evidence that a change in our social arrangements were necessary . Some of the speakers , who had preceded him , had proved incontestablv

      from numerous facts , that destitution existed in all the manufacturing districts , and that the condition of the agricultural labourers was equally bad ; other speakers had shewn that a wide guiph then existed betwixt the productive classes and the other sections of society , which severed all . the social feelings , which ought to characterise a well arranged coiamunity 5 and that none of the Bchemes hitherto suggested by any party , were calculated to remove these evils , 'the question , then , which every one should ask was , " What shall we do to be saved" from the immense evils which nowafflict society . ( Cheers . ) In the progress of this enquiry they Bhould be cautioas not to blame any individual or party , for it was evident that the evils were the reBult of the system

      , and not of the individuals . It was also proved that there was plenty of laud in this country , sufficient for the maintenance of one hundred million of human beings , and that besides these agricultural sources of wealth , they possessed a mechanical and chemical power for producing wealth nearly « qual to the whole population of the world ; a power which , when in full activity , produces results as though they had bix hundred millions of slaves at w > vk , who required neither food nor clothes to induce them to labour . This was the evil wiih which the working classes under the present competition system had to . contend , and until its direction was changed , the evils cf over production , uudcv competitive society , would go on increasing . ( Hear , hear . ) The people of this country had paid away to tbe West

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      ** j ^ 2 ____ r- ^ India slave owners , twenty million sterling sm a SgW&aSuift oeen lettered , and whose cond tidn # aa ^ intrf in to the West Indian slavo-mait ^ wMS .

      s smi ^ B extraordinary circumstances , if belmf ^^ ffi ¦ v £ Li A Bri j ish , overumeWf ^^ B ¦ healthy , and profitable employment Mfflffim and to provide for ; the rational . educatii § M ^ children . ( Loud applause . ) This fcWaWB Ldbne by umtiiig lanfolabour , ' aadScwi tallift ^^ proportions , as the basis of , a new systeSSiociM iand gradually . ^ harawing ; thfc p ^ d ^^ m ' presenfc OYe $ tonfllated . oitta&fttowf ; whufewn ?

      w reamyJfnp&ejfp than dens for the formation of ; th ^ wprsfr ^ pharaofer 3 ... > - ( L 6 ud cheexs . ) Several y ^ O ^ SJjghfebe ^ stilted . . for , raising the means To . effect ' this most desirable end . One of these , plans -was , for tho Government to institu n e , ? 9 » iry inttf-the . principle and ' practioai proppsals . of Mr . Owen , and if they . were found tobe correct , - a * he , ( Mr . C . ) had no doubt they would , ctienj- surely , it would not be too much to ask tho Government aild Legislature to advance one million ot Exchequer Bills for the purchase of a few estates for the formation of "homo colonies- * " where the productive labour , of the now unemployed , the uselessly employed , and the miserably-pail operatives combined with the most improved machinery to work lor them instead of against them , as at Drawn t .

      would be so directed as to refund tho whole capital with interest , in a short time ; again to be employed for a similar purpose until the whole people became prosperous and happy . ( Cheer ,. ) Some might say that the Legislature would not pay attention to tho subject . He granted that the House of Commons was a rotten House of Commons , but it miaht be considered a fair index to the rotten stato of society , and both must be infused with now life audeuer"v m order to prevent the fearful rcBuks that would most inevitabl y flow from a longer continuance of the present stato of things . Tnero was at the present moment a calmness , apparently , in the public mmd , but it was onl y deceptive ; theio was now a strong under current of feeling pervading all classes of the community , which again , oro long , would

      burst torth in either a peaceful manner , such as they now recommended , or in anarchy and confusion . ( Hear , hear . ) Let them , thcreforo , all unite under one banner , and peacefully , but powerfull y , demand a , fair enquiry into the principles propounded by Mr Owen , either before a Committee , or before tho bats ot both Houses of Parliament—to elfcct the great change in . the system of society , without doin « - injury to the person or property of any class or individual , and which will , in reality , make this country and people , the envy of surroundingnations and the admiration of the world ; in which , ignorance , poverty , and crime would be unknown , and tho ieaiof want never even imagined . ( Hear , hoar . ) Mr Campbell concluded by moving the following resolution : —

      That it is the opinion of this meeting , that though the change required by this nation to render the industry of its inhabitants permanently beneficial , and productive of comfort aud intelligedce , is vast in its nature and malts ; yet , if fully and iairly enquired into , and deliberatel y arranged , cuch chalet ) may be made easy of practice , peaceful , aud gradual and without injury to any individual . " Mr . Mackintosh rost ) to second the resolution lhe meeting had heard the lucid and cogent arguments of the various talented speakers who had preceded him . He would not , therefore , detain them at that late hour . It had been clearly shewn that machinery , under the competitive system of Kouiety by working against tho productive labourer and a--uoaiii au conbiam to

      ^ a , tendency enrich those who weroalready rich , and to impovarish those who were poorj . whilstunder Co-operative or Social arran « emente , that same machinery would , as had been clearly demonstrated , become a blesaing to all It had been shewn that the repeal of tho Corn Laws could hot effect any real or lasting benefit to the productive classes . That those laws are unjust in principle aud injurious in practice , is unquestionable , but the good which might accrue to the people from their repeal , could at best be of but a transitory or palliative kind . ( Hear , hear . ) It had been shewn that emigration to a foreign land was totally inefficient as a means to relieve the nation from the enormous pressure of distress under which it groaned . In a word , all the nostrums of the

      noliucal economists and others had been shewn to be altogether inadequate to a cure , and would onlv serve as expedients , whereby the old rickety ma-»" . ' vur conjpetitive sooiety mi fi t be kept in a kind ot hobbling motion for a few years longer . This plan of applying a salve to every exterior political sore was nothing better than quackery , rheyliart better , like enlightened inen-liko able physicians , go at once to the root of the evil This patching . planreminded him of the Btoi-y of Pope and the link-boy . Pope was deformed and ho had a habit of saying on some occasions , "God mend me . " 'God mend you" said the boy , « why he had much

      better mako a new . " ( Loud laughter . ) So it might be said with respect to the mending and patching of the present system of society . They had better give it up at once , and try whether they could not construct a new and a better system . The Social system held out such great results—such a prodigious augmentation of human happiness , that every good man , whether ho be rich or poor , must desire to tee such a system carried into practice . The Socialists sought the co-operation of the good and the wise only . With the countenance and support of such men the Socialists would submit to all tho abuse that was so regularly hoaped upon thorn by eyil-mmded and belfish individuals . ( Loud applause . ) y

      The resolution was then put and carried unanimously . The following petition was then read : — UXXO THE HONOURABLE THE COJWONS OP GREAT BlUTAlK AND IllELAND , Iff 1 MRLU 3 IENT iSSHMIiLED , — The Humble Petition of the . Mabilnits of Leads in Public Meeting Assembled , ' Siieweth ,-. That tho functions and powers of youv Honourable House , if properly cpplied , should secure tho happiness of the people , who are subject to your legislative control . Hut those functions and powers aro misapplied , and the people are misraiMo . This has been often represented to your Honourable House , but you disbeheve it . Your petitioners will , therefore show on tins occasion , in what aense they tfeem it too true General distress prevails throughout the leunn awl breadth of the land ; aud deaths from starvation , and diseases occasioned by excessive fatigue and privation are , alas ! button frequent . ' ¦

      The industrious ami intelligent artizan , and the hard-working labourer endure unceasing toil , twelve , fourteen , and sixteen hours a-day , to obtaiu a pittance of wages , which has been proved , in the proceedings of you * Honourablo House , to be totally inadequate to maintain his family from week to -wetk . The poor , the miserable , and the broken-hearted , worn down by excessive labour , and hard fare , are to be found in every street and alley of our towns and cities . No one is at hand to ofR * them consolation or relief . They have long been strangers to kind sympathy ; they aro forlorn and helpless . They are unemployed and in want . The instigations to crime become familiar to tiiem . In some hour of deep despair they commit crimes to which they are driven by privation and your arrangements hurry them to the prison and the gallows ; or the utmost of your mercy has only provided a -workhouse , cold , cheerless and forlorn

      , As if to render the dreadful and inhuman system mote certain in its results , you license innumerable ptaces--8 ome or which , on account of their « o * ge < mS display , are called palaces ; where gin and other poisonous aud intoxicating drinks are sold to those who woald drown their sorrows , but who find them thereby only augmented . Their homes are homes of desolation surrounded by filth and disease . wsw . auon , let your surveyors , commissioners of police and others , faithfully report the facts . There they arc ? S too true . Too largo and deep h * uin on the escutcheon of England , to be denied ; and too much tho source of futuredu'eful consequence * , tobo neglected or overlooked oy tne sincere and inquiring mind . Yet the poor and their petitions are alike deemed worthy of but slight consideration iu the exercise of your functions .

      Then behold the state of tho agricultural labourer . In the midst of the beauties and tho bounties of nature his mind is a blank , and Ins hardest toil does not enable him to enjoy vhat the earth produces , nor has liei tne skill to increase the productive powers of the soil . Ho is the abject slave of the oNvners or possessors of ho surrounding acres . He Is isolated in position and m feeling , and easily led to tlio passive suwort oJ whatever is most pleasing to his superiors . Turn we next to the shopkeepers aud dealers of the nation , of all sorts .

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      mo ?^ V / . ftal ftMd Md deception , lu their ¦ :. . Er w ^ T idi 0 m fonus - ™ basis ot all - £ S ^^^^ SL ^ jasg ^ . TO ^ &is ; IS ^^ 9 i 8 t - «« - famine ? tho of

      ^" .. speedilrsink . ^ 6 sphere the d ^ lle Zi criminal : and thero is no one . to help or to pity them . Send , forth , your Political Economists who have a theory on such subjects , and , even they will report tho tt . 'Uh , that the Inml is overrun with crime , actual or incipient , and that-all ' are struggling cither against poverty , or the stionglf felt fear of poverty . Nay , the fact is confessed in your statistical records , by tho mighty / sums expendod annually in support of means for the repression of crimo , aud to overawe the ignorant and turbulent

      But whilst on evefj side misery , poverty , ami erime are to be found , assuming thousands of . hideous forms , thuro are those whoso csly care is to secure the rectipfc fit large per-centages . 'fb « y live Injuriously on profits 4 ? rtvod from the employment of those who would starve , f lowed one week to cewe from the hard toil they ¦ gpB . -been , by an untoward fate , habituated to endure . y $ > 7 imagine timt it is by divino right they have been caat'lnto so easy and comfortable a position . Iu general SS ^* no-more for their poorer neighbours , than for imniftcbinery by which they continually incttaso their

      « j ^ ow petitioners bo lieve tbat thsso- iH a rkec 3 features ^ f ^ V ?* state of "W iety , use contrary * to Uie llfSP " 811 of man-opplSBBidbta . iUo will of God—Pite le with tho peace efcaociety , asd the S 8 few » oi the Mta «« w » of jiitHw'Wvixi the tWByj lftsses of tho . counmjmty . l ^ vlst" ! . 1 lh 8 Ta S * advailcai mads in mecliaiHcal p ^ cnenffiBai inv entions , discoveries , imdiimprovements ^ ajftiost e V ^ t depairtmeatof industry , during a w TPfA . P ^ poica--and ^» pio ( : c . lented mental activity , . ltr-tno factj-. thaPthese iimnoiiee powers which haW > Dean OuvelopBd , and use now at work iu tliis iiut ' on hare been kept . im . tho hactls ot capitalists , So a » to weld at pleasure . . tfce / whole labour of millions of human bemgs-and that artificial / conttivnucos aro otteaer turned against thalabouror , than made to lessoa His exertions—your petitioners discover a sufficient cause to account for many of tho worst evils width now so grievousl y afflict Boeioty .

      Lyery ytar , during the pro-grew of this stato of things , tho table of your Hunourublu House luu gioancd uuder Uie weight of petitions , from etwy class of persons whoso interests havo suffisrtd frMn the operation of machinery , and seiemifia alliances , so erroneously directed . Those petitions Lava been disregardudL . V try general discontent ptevatts-hus long existedand cannot bo expected t » diminish until tho causes are removed , and some well concuived and effectual remedy » adopted , adequate to couutcruct the evil tendencies u ( Uie presunt system .

      x our petitioner we profoundly impressed with theconviction , thai some remedial features aro at present in operation in the social machine , which will , by gradual progress , commensurate with intelligence , tend to relieve society from those now existing dangerouselemoite of extreme poverty and excessive riches . The chango is already in progress . Let it be wisely superinti-n-. lud : let it bo promoted by unbounded general education : kt tho people be aiciedin tho development of their best and kindest sympathies ; and glory bo toihoso who shall , by thui acting , reign iu the newts of trua Englishmen .

      iourpttitiouer 3 are aware that much that is good exist * in jnauy of the institutions aud forms under which this country is governed , but that good ia mixed up with so much that is evil and of baneful ttuduuey , that they beleye truly beneficial results will not be fully realised until somo means arc adopted to exhibit , experimentally , or gradually at least , theso goud arrangements in attch a manner as to prove their prosperous aud healthful action . Your , petitioners believe , in particular , that the coopt'Kittvo and economical principles embraced ia tho plans for national improvements , proposed by Robert . Owen , late of New Lanark , and now MboRited by a large and associated body of persons , are oi sudi importance , and are so well calculated to promote tho hsn > pif

      ness oall classes , as to demand tho mobt careful and miuuto investigation . Your petitioners , therefore , pray that tho causes of the distress now existing amongst tlie pro-ClUCtive aud ( liStri ' OUtiVIS Classes of ilns country , may be carefully enquired into by your Honourable House , or by tho appointment ot ptuciical and enlightened Commissioiwra , who may report under what arrangements scientific combinations of largo numbcro of individuals may bo effected , ao as must productively to apply their industry to the cultivation of land , iu conjunction with manufacturing pursuits , and to insure to every individual a participation in tho results adequate to call into healthful and vigorous exercise the united energies of all .

      And your petitioners will ever pray . It was then moved by Mr . Joshua Hobson , and seconded by Mr . Charles Frederick Green , "That the Petition now read , bo adopted by thi * meeting ; and that Earl Fitawilliam be requested to . present it to the Houso of lords , and Sir William Molesworth to the Commons . " Moved by Mr . George Counard , and seconded by Mr Jenneson , " That a Memorial to Government , founded upon the resolutions passed by this meeting , bo prepared by a committeo , consisting of the Chairman , aud Messrs . Hobson and Pontey , and that they bo charged with forwarding the same to Her Majesty ' s principal Secretary of State . " The interest of the meeting was kept up to tho last , and tho proceedings terminated by Mr . G . A . Fleming moving ,

      " That tho thanks of this meeting be given to Robert Owen , Esq ., late of New Lanark , for his kindness in taking tho Chair on tlie present occasion . "

      HAilFAX . Fovertv Punished as a Cjume . —The article headed thus in your last week ' s Star , and which drew forth a warm , comment on that subject , was as a whole correct , from what might bo gathered from the officev ' a statement , whaso name ia Harvey that had taken the boy up , but an error was mad e in his name ; it should have been Thomas Knowles . f he magistrates no doubt committed him under the real or supposed crimo of begging , but connected

      with circumstances that rendered it extremely doubtful , even it' he had thus offended , as thero was n . oihiri « bnt the officer ' s word for it , and the boy ' s runaway companions , which he could r . ot catch , were spoken of as the groat offendors . Surely the fending of an orpban lad fifteen years of age to Wakofiem for one month , ia a greater crimo by far , both in law and reason , than asking a few half pence to pay for a , nights lodgings of those Christian people , who were returning from the different places of worship . Messrs Pollard aud Ralph were the commitling magistrates .

      Halifax Radicals . —Agreeablo to notice , a meeting of delegates for Halifax and the out-townships took place on Saturday last , at the Black Lion Inn , for tho purpose of considering tho propriety of petitioning Parliament for the return of Frost , \ Vilham 3 , and Jones , to their country and friends . JUolegatespresent , E . Crabtree , Halifax ; James Rawson Stainland ; James ¦ Pickeregill , Holdsworth ; John Lawson , Warley ; Robert Towusond , Wadsworth ; and Thomas Bancroft , Mixendensiones . James llawson was called to the chair . After a good deal of discussion it was finally agreed by a majority present , and the iellowiug resolution was moveu by Jului lA-viiw ., awl seconded by James Pickowili , That as far as practicable , public meetings should bo held in every villiage and hamlet throughout the district , in favour of petitioning both Kuutos of Parainenfc to resioro Frost , Williams , and Jones , to their country and friends . " '

      Attbmit to break out of Prison . —On Monday ast , two men named Lawrence and Wilson , were brought up before the magistrates at Ward ' s End in this town , charged with having stolen a quantity ot joiner ' s tools from Mr . Highley ' s shop . i ) nrin » tho time of their imprisonment , whilst under the care ot Mr . i eathers , in Jail-lane , they attempted to make their escape , and succeeded in making a holo through the top of the room in which tuw were confined , and thus got into the room above * they then mado another hola through the roof aucLgot out on to the top of the building , and Lawrence descended mto the yard below . Whilst this operation was going on , Mrs . Feathers , who slept 111 an apartment near the prisoners , heard them at work , and got up to give Mr . Feathers information , when no went out and secured Lawrenco in the yard . They were afterwards heavily ironed , and on the articles ? ein £ C sworn to , were committed to takeihoirtrialB or the offence at the sessions .

      Public Exhibition . —On Monday last , tho New Assembly Rooms and Musoum , in Harrison Road in this town , were open to tho public for the inspection of the curious , who wish to have an opportunity of witneasing the improvements made in . mechanical ecionce as well as those of nature and art . Tho bells were ringing during tho day , and other rejoicings kept up iu commemoration of the event . C . Rawson , Esq . had his brass cannon sent up , which was occasionally Sred . ANSWER TO THE HUDDERSHELD RADICALS .-It 13 the same Jonathan Ackroyd that was chairman at the late Corn Law meeting . Wo are not quite posiive whether it was him or hia son , but we are Jo - uvethat it was one of the firm that said the Sad . cals wero a bloodthirsty set of men . The Radicals op Halifax .

      Public Meeting.

      PUBLIC MEETING .

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      AND LEEDS ( tENAaE ADViitTMEIi

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      SA Y " ' I been in existence for than VOL . Ill , go . 132 . TURDA , MM 23 ^ 1840 . : —»—— - ^ STT 1 * WsimUngs per Quarter

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      Daulikgtos . —Mr . Binna addressed the Reformers of Darlington , on Wedno 3 day last , in the Association room . There vras a good spirit , and we trust the men of Darlington vnll bo onward with their Charter . No surrender !

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 23, 1840, page unpage, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2685/page/1/