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    Untitled Article

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    Untitled Article

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    GARIBALDI'S WORK.

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    MR. BRIGHT ON" SOCIAL SCIENCE. .

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    Untitled Article

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    Untitled Article

    SOME , of our contemporaries are enjoying the pleasure of depicting Garibaldi at rest , after the close of another act of his noble drama of a patriotic life ; but -whether the popular chieftain is at his little island farm , or at the head of the army of Naples , his brain is equally busy , and his mind equally intent upon the completion of his great design . He tells his countrymen that in March he shall require a million of men , and if the telegram speaks truth , he has followed his promise of assisting the Hungarians by giving cannon and arms to Colonel Tuer . In point of fact , no one knows better than Garibaldi how much more has to be accomplished before Italy can be consolidated , and the reign of peace and internal development really begin . There can be no diminution of expenditure and no cessation of military preparations until the Austrian question is decided , and either the improbable event occurs that the Hapsburgs are once more triumphant , or what is more likely , until their power of doing mischief is completely destroyed . The approach of winter will serve to allay fears or expectations of a great struggle occurring during the present year ; and as every day that passes brings Austria nearer to a national bankruptcy , the postponement of the conflict may possibly be equivalent to its avoidance altogether . There is of course the supposition that Francis Joseph may repudiate his pecuniary arrangements at the very moment , and for the purpose of plunging into war ; and it is worth remembering that a great part of his loans is held by Dutchmen , whom he would not object to cheat . Moiwver , most of the materials of war exist :-within the Hapsbuiig dominions , which can furnish food , clothing , iron , sulphur , and charcoal , in return for the paper promises whose currency is enforced . Whatever may be the intentions of the Austrian Court , the preparations for war continue with unabated vigour ; every day witnesses some addition to . the Quadrangle , and both shores of the Adriatic are ready for attack . It would also seem as if Fratstcis II . lingers at Gaeta in some expectation of assistance which the House of Hapsburg dare not afford directly , but which might come from a collision between Austrian and Sardinian troops . Our opinion is against this stipppsition , but it is difficult to assign any other meaning to the obstinate stand which the , ex-King is making , and which is calculated to induce a useless , highly criminal waste of life . Garibaldi has managed his Neapolitan business with admirable skill , and he will act wisely if he stands aloof from all the political questions of internal administration , and bide his time for another patriotic and military move . As a European incident , few things are more important than the union pf Naples with Sardinia , and the acceptance of Victor Emmanuel by universal suffrage ; and Garibaldi has immensely advanced the cause of national demopracy by the dignity and simplicity with which he gave freedom to nine millions of people , and handed a crown to their elected king . Victok Emmanuel , too , has played bis part well , and those who think humanity is higher than kingcraft , wi l l delight in contemplating the essentially popular character of the movement , and also to find in Garibaldi the model Republican hero who despises ease , luxury , and wealth , and seeks to be rich only in doing his country good . If the Italian leader had allured himself into the courtier , or the newfangled man of title , the moral value , of his career would have been lost , but as il is , we reverence the old Roman simplicity attending the popular hero and wonderful chief . The way in which Garibaldi has been singled out for admiration and praise is both satisfactory and hopeful , for the man is the especial representative and embodiment of the virtues which are most necessary in a period of revolution and transition , and opposed to the peculiar deflections from a sound standard that characterize our present industrial state . We look at France , and with every disposition to make the best of the Empire , and acknowledge the services its foreigu policy has rendered to Europe , we cannot help feeling that the success of' the Eiropire is a sort of apotheosis of fortunate and audacious crime . France in her difficulties could only raise a Napolkon , Italy has given the world a Garibaldi , who , without pretending to the skill of the French Emperor in dexterously balancing him- self upon the tight-rope of despotism ^ has recalled men to a better , faith than the mere worship of success ,-and taught them the old lesson , that there is a mighty power in a pure unselfish heart . We do not know any man of our times who has done so much to raise the moral character of public leaders , and wish that we had a few Garibaldis at home . Hpw far OA . youit is really hostile to the plans of Garibaxdi the future must show , but wo believe tho die- orepanoy frj for xnore in appearance than in faot . There is ,

    however , one thing that will test the quality of Victor EM-MANUEL and his ministers , and that is how they act in the question which Garibaldi has just raised—that of arming the people . Notwithstanding the large population who now own the Sardinian Sovereign as their king , Italy cannot expect to cope with Austria by means of her regular army alone . Gakiba ldi is not far wrong Avhen he asks for a million of men , and not half their number could be maintained out of the State revenues , or entirel y withdrawn from industrial life , without occasioning too great a pressure to be borne . Nothing but a well organized Volunteer system , which will make the citizens soldiers , cau fully answer the demand . No doubt while the union is still unconsolidated this course will have its dangers , but they cannot be . compared to the far greater perils of leaving the country too weak to withstand the shock of Austrian arms . Europe has the greatest interest in seeing Italy strong , and the day that she has the million armed men recommended by Garibaldi , she will cease to be in danger from the meddling of France . Venetia must be rescued ; and , ultimately , Rome must become the governmental city of a united Italy . Nothing short of this consummation will give a fair chance of keeping down jealousies and gratifying aspirations ; and if Lord John Russell can do that very difficult thing for a Whig— -stick closely to the spirit of the admirable statement he has just expressed . —England will assist in the completion of the design . We rejoice in the universal praise which all the world accords to Garibaldi , because the general prevalence of such sentiments of admiration cannot fail to benefit the Italian cause , and because no honour which opinion can bestow can equal the merit of the man ; but while we join in the genera ! chorus of " Glory to Garibaldi , " we are not unmindful that others have done their part also , and that , not to mention other names , Italy would never have reached her present position but for the" labours of men so opposite as Mazzini and Cavolmj .

    Untitled Article

    Nov . 17 , 1860 ] The Saturday Analyst and Leader . qqq

    Garibaldi's Work.

    GARIBALDI'S WORK .

    Mr. Bright On" Social Science. .

    MR . BRIGHT ON" SOCIAL SCIENCE . .

    Untitled Article

    ¦ i i i ; i ] i MR . BRIGirr having received a letter from a Blackbum manufacturer , complaining of the ignorance of the working classes in regard to their own interests , as manifested in " strikes , " has replied in a letter , in which he discusses certain principles of political economy , and the question of what share the citizen should have in the making of those laws by which he is governed and taxed—raising points that go to the very core of social science . On the subject of " strikes , " he tells his correspondent that it is not to be expected that the workmen should be wiser than other classes ; and we know -well , he says , that other classes have , whenever able to do it , enforced combination jmces , and endeavoured to make a scarcity of the articles in which they have dealt . Tho fact is , Mr . BniGi-iT considers that there is a lamentable fynorctnee of the laics winch ought to regulate labour and trade , and that the study of political economy Ls totally neglected in the education of the people . We have quoted Mr . Brioiit ' s exact words as reported in the nowspapeiu That , there is a lamentable ignorance of tho laws which ought to regulate our societarinn arrangements in general , labour and trade inclusive , wo hold to be an obvious fact , patent to every one ¦ capable of seeing bolow the more surface of things ; and that the study of political economy , which is simply a . written description of tho workings of a portion of our present sooiotariau arrangements , has a tendency , by showing tho badness and misery-producing character of some of thoso arrangements , to indirectly bring about improvement and reform , wo also hold to be certain . But we do not believe that thu more study of a mere written description of how wealth < w produced , und in distributed in the present state of things , is calculated by direct moans to make that state better , l ' olitioal economy shows us that ( whatever individual employers may hold iu theory about workmen being entitled to enough wages to live upon , and to be paid what their work ia really woith , notwithstanding their readiness to sell it for less ) tho actual faot in practice is that wnges lire rogulatud by what is called the law o £ supply and demand . That is , if tho labour nmrkot ia overstocked , if there arc , for cxnmpki , in oonnofiiuinoo of a icdumltmt population , fifty workpeople computing for thirty situations , wages will not only bo forced down to a minimum , or starvation price , and tho employer's l m ) fit proporlumubly inoreased , but some of tho workpeople will bo without cmploymont . and consequently without the nunuis of subsistence altogether , If , on tho oijhur hand , the labour market should happen to be understocked—if , for example , there should bo fifty situations for only thirty workpeople , thon tho oompeU-

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 17, 1860, page 939, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2374/page/3/