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Leader (1850-1860), 13th October 1860, Edition 1 of 2, Page 860, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      glaringly conflicting works- / "which treat ; of the ' condition-of the Muscovite Empire , or . has perused the writings of ¦ Russians themselves , will be able to . bear witness to the correctness of this remark . There are a hundred current opinions -on Russia which are received by the majority of people with implicit belief , but which have long since been discovered as erroneous by those who have subjected them to the light-of conscientious investtigaiori . ' :. . To remain within the limit of our subject , we . will only allude to the prevailing opinion that

      serfage Was established . in Muscovy only so lately as 15 V 4 , by the usurper Czar Boris Godtjxoff . This is a statement to be met with everywhere ; it is repeated even by Nicholas Turglteneff , who would lead us to believe that " xxnder the Rurik dynasty the peasants were free ; " that under the rule of the G-olden Horde they were at least as free as the landed proprietors themselves ; and that " the decree which Boms published in the interest of his own illegitimate position as a ruler , is the sole and only foundation on which serfage lias been established . " .

      It would lead us too far to prove circumstaritially that trie enslavement of the agricultural population in Russia dates from a far more distant period than is here Supposed . We could cite historical facts and documents from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries , atTording abundant evidence of the existence of serfage at that tinoe . Wl-adimi . k I . is reported to have arbitrarilytransplanted the population of entire , villages into distant and newly-colonised districts ; and Simeon Ivanovitch is related to have liberatedj for certain political reasons of Iris own ^ a number of village mayors who had hitherto been serfs . Certainly ) k \ sufficient proof ^ that the peasan try were ??<»? free , arid that serfdom must have been pretty prevalent ,, when \ ve find that evenvilla 2 e authorities were created from the

      bondsrrian ; " class ; It is true the gerieralisation of serfage : in the etripire dates from Ciar BpKis . That Usurper having • .. ¦ risen on the shoulders of the lesser nobility , sought ; to retain ppyver by pandering to their interests ; and as he carefully abstained from . granting :: thein great political . privileges , he strove to satisfy , theirifor . : tHe- ' -i 3 ? pnvatip ; n , ; b y .-, hariding ; -6 yt | r .- ' . to them the lives and property of thevuhfortunate peasantry . A decree , therefore , Veiit forth , that on a certain day every labourer found Avorkiiig qii the soil of a landed -propirietor , and every servant who had been at the time in the employ of a master for more than six months , should be henceforth considered a serf .

      It w . as a . social coup cVefatow / a-vas . t . scMej-rf-ra .- 'lassp ' . -.-as . it were , Buddenly thrown over tb . e heads of aii entire people . In this way , by ' a stro in the rural districts were incorporated in the class of

      bpnclsin . e" «; ., , ¦/ : . .. - ¦ v : . • v ¦ ¦ : . - - ¦ - ¦ . ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ - . ¦ . - ¦ ¦ : ¦ ¦ . ¦ : ¦• ¦ .-:--V ¦ ¦ ' .. ; - , ; ¦ - CATiiEtuisE ; II ., the philosopher Empress , completed live , wofki Ijy introducing thecurse of serfage intb Little Russia , a province ; which ; ; at the time of- ' - ; JJo » r , s lmd hpt yet belonged tp the empire / ^ as her predecessQr , the usurper Gzar ; only her mode of procedure ha , d ail even greater treachery about it . Shortly ; before the ; iappea r ^^ pLittle RUS ^^ eeqret , allured to their estates as ninny labourers as they could jnyeTgjc !; •¦ : $ * $ . thus , \ yljen the fatal day arriyed , reaped a gpqd

      harvest , of slayes ; , It is repprteci ; that JP () 5 Pjem « c ? n in % his jvay kidnapped for h , fs : ;' sfer | ila two grepiaitjier iregjiments , which had been <^ prefer to adej rnoipk ^ ry and in aul t to the ' wrong already infijigted by . lier ¦ on humahity , Catbieri ^ i : subsea . iiently asked the Irnjierial ; Academy to giye its opiniqii pji . thei > . rightedHsiies ^ of the ^ v . raeqj ? M ^ e : ' ; ''; : ; flh . d .:. ; . | h ; at ; body of learniBd sycophants tjvws deUyere ^ it 3 , ; ppipipn . u / W ;^ sedeaimptfiteiri rebWf ^ sentirheht was of- covirse , as it ; ^ as in ^ er ide < J tt-. be , ; highly gratify ? rig ; to- the J £ mprsBS ; arid the . fa "'' ¦ -. Xhb ^ fir ^^' -itteririptvid ^ .. jgi ^ -jl ln ig f . -b ' iiip . k . ' ' . to the pea ? ant populatiQh ^ he , Jbiumftn , rights of iVvbiqh they hind ' fa *! ceshtuipiies bejehi de- ^

      priyedi ; was pari $ e ^^ during tlierei ^ w of A- ^ jcAwpB ' ii ; 'I , It was after thp expedition of •• ¦ ' 3 SfA ^ owioN ' p G ^ aiide jLrmdc to : Moscoyv . and the in « irch ; of . th > united : Geripap ^ and Kusaiari armies to Paris .- ' :. The contact yvitU , more ejviliiecl •' ¦ : jn i ati 6 r ^ p ,-. ' ^ v ; hiiclx i the . CzAfl '/ S ' 'trPPiPafJ ^ RiJy ' . du ^ ng'the . fte' e ' vejfit ? , anni ; the consequent new ¦ j [ «^ le 4 ] 91--o ^ "• ¦ tfc ^ " * i | . i ^ j ( i jity : " fiiiF " ' ^ iipiicnJ&iix | Lt > T " ¦ w-SfcSftti . ' ^ H ^ pci " . ^ fe rfo i-i-iiji : " vinf ifor m thereby jnil ^ ibo ^ y Jiad tflje ' $ P $ pk ¦'«( irffu ^ Rg ijiito Jl ^ ssia ftP ele-TOent ; pf ';^ ajgita ^ pn aift ' er tb ^ jWusepvife troops had i'ettirned tp ^ hWir ^ Wy ^ - 'flotf ^ itic ^ . Ampng tli 0 Drficprs especSal |] yf liberal eentime > nits Iiad . t 4 « en > 'opt .. The paivB Uimsjalf , ^ jp 8 t . jresh . fr om » smuggle ; injit ^^ d l ) y' pr 9 graini | xes of fvee ^ orn , p ' piUcjl nlot ¦^ 3 C ^ , o \ . ^ ^ lian ' h ^ id ; ' mth ' e ' rtovpr ^ YAUed / ia :. 'iiia dQmjiupns . ' : ; Kp : ; wpp 'd 9 r ;^ fo at ; ' , 'tH 9 l sub-.. ¦ ¦¦; '" - 1 . ' ,:, ' , ' ,, ' :- . ¦ . ¦ . !; ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦ . ¦ ¦• ¦ ¦ ¦^'•' v , ;¦¦ . ' ' ¦' : ' -.. '¦' v ; : / v--- " ' v ' ,: . ' ¦ ! ' . V ' - i i ''¦"• ' ' . ¦ ' . ¦ ¦' ^ ' . ' ' " ¦ ' ¦ ' , ' ' ' . "'¦¦" : ;; , ¦ . .. '' " :, . ' ' ,: ' ' '¦ ¦ ' ¦ ' : " ' ¦ "' ' ¦ : ' y '' : ' ., , - ' . ¦ , '¦ " . , ' ,., " ¦ ' : ¦< ' ' '¦ ' - . " ¦ ' ., ' , , . " ¦ ' !¦ .,

      to he at last mooted ; that commissions of inquiry were estab - lished , and speeches made from which the most inattentive had nothing left them , but to conclude the proximity of a better fate for the oppressed peasants , ' But the gi'eat . promises of the reign of Alexander carao to nothing . Seeing that the agitators of the emancipation project acted always collectively , the Czar , whose rnind grew more morose year by year , came to entertain a suspicion of some aristocratic conspiracy which was to curtail the privileges pf the throne . He therefore suddenly dropped the whole project , and sooa after died in a mysterious manner . His successor , Nicholas , ascended the throne over the corpses Of insurgents that had risen in the name of a " constitution . " The impression which this sanguinary event left on his mind , indisposed him to radical changes , and filled him with a dread of all agitation . Under his reign , consequently , this question was not approached , though from a wish how and then to intimidate the aristocracy the late Czar , ' on- several occasions , showed himself inclined to look favoui-ably on the cause of the peasants . The Crimean Avar ,, which brought about the sudden decease of Nicholas , and the advent of a monarch of a . milder disposition , carried in its train the resumption of the emancipation scheme . The reception this time given to it by the aristocracy , differed in the several parts of the empire .. The landed proprietors in the formerly Polish provinces showed decidedly the greatest villingness to co-operate with government in the work of -manumission ' . On the other hand , in the old Muscovite provinces of the centre , there lias been considerable show of opposition ; , and the nobility there ; it : « ill be remembered , have been several times rebuked for-it by the Czar in person . But besides this reactionary opposition , there is also one springing fVoin liberal rnotives . Of l ^ te a ¦' . ¦ tendency has arisen among the nobles of Twer , and other provinces ih which , the ideas cf represeritative government have niade some way , to use the project . ' . or- serf emancipation as a . . lever , for agitating' the question of politicai reforrn . Provincial assemblies of nobles have refused tp go any further hi their discussionv-of the governmental project uriiess a rneeting of notables was convoked at St . Petersburg , with fuii ; powers , tp treat tbe subjeet in all its aspects . It is , prpbably , pecurrenees of that kind which , have frightened the . / -C-za-ii and ^ brought rnatters to a stand still . The Gz A it and the aristocracyare how eying each other with mutual distrust , sentiments of jealousy animating both , but neither possessing' sufficient ^ resolution to take a decisive step in advanced It is a situation iull of danger , and from whicti the Russian gpveriiment will , ' perhaps ; be top glad to escape by any means that foreign complications rimy offer ;

      Untitled Article

      A PARLIAMENTARY Returri , Ko . 330 , griinteel on-flie XX' in 6 tion .,. pf . 'Colonel-.-SvKEf ? , conttdns : i \ yaricjty of infprnmtipvi . respecting' Indian finance , aiid , shows , the Large ^ ebt qf publip gratvtiid ( i \^ WiVJsok for the zeal and energy > vifh ; which he ^ vpt 1 < c 4 out ithc first statqjQTcr » t ; pi' thefpxiblio-i . n : 6 pme : ' aflxl ^' ex . pep , 3 ituvo " pi ' India , tliat has ever yet been rendered ^ vith au : approach to ihtelligibilHy . The ' estimate is made : for ; ' tlifl "' .-y . c'ftr -ending SOth' Ajivi H X 8 ( iQ , as under : r— . ; ¦ .,. ¦/ .,, ' ¦ ' ; ' .-. ¦ ¦ ; . - , . '' -. ' ¦ . - . ; IN 06 iCL % : ' -: ' . , ' . ) . JRovohuo , Jittud , Bii , vov , ) uh 1 Abkniroo .,. ... ; ., ... ^¦ - , )> « L n' 5 !| 5 Qnstomfi , oxcliisivd of Duty on Stilt .... ... .... ... 2 , 080 , / OJ S ( v ^ -B «^ l « 8 nn 4 33 xoiHo ... ... ... ... xftn « 3 , 04 ft . ¦ Duty on Stilt imported ijito Ooloutta ... ... 7 /> 0 , Q C ><> _ . - ,.. , ' ' . -.- ¦ ¦ , ¦ . ..... ¦ .. ' ' JJ , iCJ ! J , lH . « l Opimh ... ... .,, ... .,.., ' . ... ••• , 'M'Sil'lr , ; Mi « . cellano < - ) U 8 ... ¦ . ¦ „ . ¦ . v > ¦ « l , u «) |< J / Kecointa'from Eixilway Oonipwniosi on account of Tniflio m . n .-India ... .., ; ... ... , . „ ... ... ^ ^ ' " , ' . ' . ' ^ 38 , Qrto , i )()(» Exqosn of Kxpondituro ovoi * Incomo i ... ... . / ti , 783 , 10 i | . . ¦ ¦ ' , ¦ '"' ' ¦ . cn ^ vo ia EXPMNDITUKE , Oppt of Oollieiotion of lWpuuo , Ac ,.. ... ... ¦«• £ W \ Af £ Ipterost of Debt in Intlia ; .., ' ... ... .., -. ;•;• , 3 , 08 A , ? fl < Military Oh « vvgos in Iwdltv ... ... ... ... ^ l 8 , Jt , « i > , 24 i ) Stovopfi'oin ^ ngltind ... ... ... ... 1 , 004 , | J 2 U ** , *(} & ] $ q ^ Tar iDO Oiiarffps , in India ... ... . . ... , „ ' 81 fl , ( Mfi , ^ tdroHfroia . Ellwand . ... ,, „ ... . .., ' 31-03 , 000 ¦ 1 <(>; . divil Olia-rpc'R in Jntlin . ... ' .., , , ' 8 8 « S , ' 8 OO . Stdtl 6 nory ,. Minti nnrt ptlior iStoros froin ICnglft ^ a . ^ 02 , 170 , ' fl ( J 0 MCiiMpllivuooufi Ohargosjn India ... ... , ' ., ' ' , 1 »?? H nft Iii ^ -evopt oil ¦ Raihvn . y'OrtlHlial to b « paid in I ) idl ( V ... .... P » uu p . ' . ' , "' „ . ' ,.. ( ' ] , ¦¦' . ¦ ; , ; -Jr [ , ' . : ;¦ ., ' : ' ¦'¦ < ¦;• ¦¦; , • .. ; , ; -jfedii ^ ift . 1 Ifc Will ' l ? o ob ^ rv ^ d 'that tho , b ^ qess ofpxpbmlituve cltu'in ^

      Untitled Article

      ggO The Saturday Aiwil ystand Leader . [ Oct . 13 , 186 ( 3

      ,;Indi^Fiisra3sfq,]3.:-

      , ; ; INDIAN' FIi ^ A 3 SfC 5 , ] 3 .: -

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 13, 1860, page 860, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2369/page/4/