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    \vm AND JAPAN ^kANO AffW oS

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    In coiiiicxion with the Liverpool Borough Bank , Mr . Dixou has applied successfully to the Court of Queen ' s Bench for a new trial . .. The tragedy at Bradford is a fit climax to the story of fraud which was . Jjrought to light a year or two back , -when upon careful examination it was found that wholesome and unadulterated articles of food were exceptions to the rule regulating supply . A . "wholesale confectioner at Bradford makes a villanous compound of sugar , plaster of Paris , &c ., and sells it as peppermint-lozenges . He buys his plaster of Paris of a chemist , under the names

    of "daft " , or " alibi . " Once , when he sends foi " daft , " the chemist is ill , and his shop-boy , not yet conversant with the " mysteries" of his profession , has to inquire of his master where the " daffc" is kept . He is directed to go into the cellar , where he will find a tub containing a white powder—that is " daft . " He goes down ; finds two tubs containing white , powder , chooses from one , and supplies as " daft "—arsenic ! The "

    peppermint lozenges" are compounded ; a retail dealer purchases between thirty and forty pounds of them ; sells them in the open market-place of Bradford , and—fifteen people are destroyed , and 170 more are at this moment dangerously ill . But what is to be done ? Alas ! the poison-lozenges of Bradford are only the results of a system of trade . We may vow never to eat another lozenge ; but , while the standard of trading morality is so low , we may not hope to escape plaster of Paris , in one form or another—nor even arsenic .

    In London , at the present moment , we have a horror of a different kind . The parish of St . Martin * s-in-tlie-Fields having determined to build upon , tire site of its burial-place in Pratt-street , Camden Town , has set a number of navvies to work to clear the ground of its dead ; The fellows set to workiu the most revoltingly brutal way , and scattered the fragments of bodies right and left , until the oulooking public is " ^ worke d , into a frenzy of disgust and indignation . The navvies have been stoned from the ground , and a riot is not unlikely to be the end of the hideous struggle if the matter is not decided by the interference of the Home Secretaiy .

    South Kensisgton MusKUM . - ^ In order to aid in the formation of a series of the works of British engravers , which is in progress at tlie Museum of Art , South Kensington , Mr . Sheepshanks has given a valuable collection of many hundred engravings , chiefly proof impressions , together with several series exhibiting the various states of the plates . The donation includes many impressions after paintings by Leslie , Landseer , and others , whose works form portion of the gallery of pictures which lie gave to the public . Mr . Sheepshanks has also given an interesting and valuable collection of etchings by Landseer and others .

    A Nxvr Discovery in Photography . — -The problem of the possibility of taking photographic pictures and portraits by artificial light has been satisfactorily solved by a gentleman named Moule , . who has discovered a light by the aid of which pictures can be taken at night . The pictures are remarkable for a beauty of shade seldom seen in those taken in the ordinary way . The light is produced by burning a compound called " photogenic composition , " and no doubt , in a very short time , photographing by night will become as popular as it is now by day .

    Memorial Window . —In the beautiful little chapel erected by the Rev . R . W . Sibthorp , the Rev . H . Usher , of BroadweU Rectory , Gloucester , has placed anothor memorial window—one in all respects unquestionably the finest which modern art has produced . The subject ia the Adoration of the Magi—all the figures being life-like and piotoriaUy grouped . In gem-like brilliancy the glass far excels any other modern-stained glass ia the city , and the foliage , adopted from the windows of the cathedral of Bourges , is unsurpassed . The following is the inscription : —¦ " In affectionate remembrance of Humphrey and Susannah Waldo Sibthorp , his father and mother , Humfrey Waldo Sibthorp , Rector of WasUIngboro ' , places this window . "—Stamford

    Mer-GUW ' Public HBAt / wi , —The health of London is reported by the Registrar-General to bo in qbout the usual state for tho p orlod of the year , the rate of mortality being only slightly in excess of the average . There waa no diminution last week in the deaths from scarlatina j they agftlp amountoU to 15 G . The total deaths were 11 Q 3 , and births 1780 . Dr . Lothoby roports the mortality returns for the City as a little below the average , the total deaths being 40 .

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    THE EDUCATION MOVEMENT . Secondary Education . — On Saturday , Burnley ' there was a large gathering of tlie East Lancaslnre Union of Mechanics' Institutions , at the distribution o prizes to the successful candidates at the recent examinations held by one of her Majesty ' s Inspectors . I he Marquis of Hartington , who presided , saul he was glad to find that Mr . Gladstone had expressed tlie same views xaminations which he

    as to the importance of competitive e himself ur ^ ed upon the members of this Union last year . He believed it was impossible to obtain any success without the introduction of the principle of competition . The education of the working classes terminated very early , and it was acknowledged that some further education , or some assistance towards self-education , was absolutely needed . The only way in which this could be provided was by mechanics' insti tutions or schools . It wag one of the great objects of this

    Union to revive and strengthen ; and he was glad to find that it had been successful . A letter had been received from Mr . C . B . Adderley , M . P ., offering , as a proof of the cordial interest which he took in the present experiment , to give a prize . Mr . Adderley added , " I am anxious to do this * as a ' mark of the sense I ought officially to entertain of the importance of the Union which you have well established for the secondary education of the working classes . ' — Viscount Goderich , M . P ., said ; This work of secondary

    education is at present the ; important urancu the great subject of education . All who are engaged in the conducting of primary schools are met by one great difficulty , that the children of the working classes are taken away from those schools at so early an age as to make it impossible that they should have received any extended education , or have been soundly grounded in the elements of knowledge . The remedy which has suggested itself is this , —that we should endeavour to get hold of these lads and young women after they have left the day school , and devise means whereby they may continue the education they have received , either in evening classes or in mechanics' institutions . Various institutions have been established for this purpose ; but our experience teaches us that in numberless cases , they do not satisfactorily fulfil the function of institutions for secondary education . Something ^ then , was wanting by which institutions of this kind might be made more effectually to do the work for which they were intended . I think that no means of which I have yet heard seem so thoroughly and effectually to carry out the object in view as that which you are endeavouring in this Union to apply . The distinguishing feature of this Union is not merely that it brings about a union of institutions of a particular district , but that it provides them with trained teachers , persons whoeo competence has been tested , and who are able to go week after week seaching in their classes , and pointing out to those engaged in the local management the means by which those classes may be altered effectually . This Union affords the means whereby the various institutions of which it is composed may be brought together , and their respective merits tested by competition . Tlie result of that is to give a great stimulus to the exertions of each individual institution . At the same time , by the incentive of prizes , the sttidents of the institution are stimulated to exercise , and stimulated by tlio particular kind of examination which has been adopted to strive for the attainment of a sound English education . I am glad to see that in theso examinations too much is not attempted . And now a few words as to the students . It is no easy task for them when they have left their work in the factory to attend these evening classes night after night for the purpose of cultivating their intellects . I am not one of those who think there is anj'tbing inconsistent between learning and work ; on the contrary , I believe that they mutually aid one another ; and if you are to choose , 1 would prefer to have a combination of work and learning rather than of study and leisure . In conclusion , let me say that I consider the experiment as one of the most important that is going on ; and I trust that our example will bo followed in other parts of the kingdom . —The Bishop of Manchester spoke in warm terms of the progress of the Union . Ho advised the students to road English from the best authors ; and when studying geography , to connect it with historical events . — -The Right Hon . W . Cowper saul i I am glad to have an opportunity of saying that I think the organisation of this Union deserves a good deal of attention , and might advantageously bo imitated elsewhere . — Mr . R . M . Milnes , M . P ., strongly advocated the establishment of d rawing-schools , and also congratulated the meeting upon the success which hod hitherto attended the Union .

    \Vm And Japan ^Kano Affw Os

    the convention ( as far as they have reached us ) with the circumstances attending tlie negotiations and visit of the representative . of Great Britain , possess much interest . With' regard to the treaty , the North China Herald justly remarks that" it has been effected upon , advantagepus terms for us :- — " We understand that the American treaty , signed immediately upon the arrival of the intelligence of the Treaty of Tien-sin , forms to a great extent the base of the treaty which has just been negotiated by the British Plenipotentiary . It provides for a resident minister at . the Court of Jeddo , for the opening of the ports of Kanagawa , Nagasaki , and Hakodadi , within the term of one year , and later a port on the west and another ' on the cast coast are to be opened , while the cities of Jedclo and Ohosaka are to be thrown

    open to trade . The commercial arrangements are on the most liberal possible scale . Exports are subject to a duty of 5 per cent . Imports are charged with a duty of 20 per cent . A list of articles on which an import duty of only 5 per cent , is charged , is exeepted from this general \ rovision , and one of the most important concessions which we are informed was obtained b y Lord Elgin was the insertion in this latter list of cotton and woollen goods . The market thus created fur our liorae manufactures will rival that afforded by the vast empire lately thrown open by the treaty of Tien-sin . Another important provision , which is not contained in the American treaty , is that by which it is agreed that the tariff shall be subject to revision at the end of five years . -The Russian Minister , Coimt Putiatine , was at Jeddo while Lord Elgin was there ; his treaty differs in no material points . "

    A correspondent of the ' Times at Shanghai says that " Lord Elgin upon his arrival at Jeddo found the late Liberal Japanese Government , vith whom the Americana had treated , had been turned out of office . The Conservative or aristocratic party had replaced the enlightened Prime Minister with ' whom we expected to treat by men of aiiti-progressive tendencies . So determined , indeed , was the resistance made to any innovation , and so keen their investigation of our demands , that the work of negotiation was not unattended with difficulty , and afforded no prospect of a liberal tendency .

    On the 3 rd of August her Majesty s ships Furious , Retribution , Lee ( gunboat ) , and sfeam . Tyacht Emperor , destined as a present for his Majesty the Tycoon of Japan , entered the port of Nagasaki , and cast anchor immediately off the city and Dutch factory of Deeiina . On the following day the Calcutta , having on board the Admiral , accompanied by the Inflexible , joined the squadron , and it became necessary to decide upon the steps which should be taken for the presentation of the from the ital of

    yacht . The distance of Nagasaki cap the empire rendered it undesirable that so important an act should be performed there . As Mr . "tt ard , who commanded the yacht , had been instructed to deliver it over if possible at Jeddo , it was therefore determined that he should proceed at once to that place . Lord Elgin determined , by accompanying the yacht , to avaii himself of the opportunity which would thus be presented of gaining access to the capital , as by these moans additional facilities would doubtless be aflorded for

    carrying out the object he hud in view . No sooner was it decided that the presentation ol tno yacht should take place at Jeddo than tho squadron started for Simoda . Heavy gales obliged all four ships to run in for shelter at the Bay of JbswJ and it was not until the morning of the 10 th that they entered the bay of Simoda . Here wasJUn Tpwnsend Harris , Consul-General of the United States , who kindly offered his services to Lord . wgin as an interpreter , which , with us knowledge of the language , were most valuable . The Ambassador heard ? rom Mr . Harris that he had only returned . , j fcw days from Jeddowhere ho had concluded h teat ,

    , and where Count Putiatine was At that moment nog tiating . The Dutch Resident at Nagasaki had 1 al o been for some time engaged in negotiating at Joddo , but had failed altogether in signing any treaty nt mi . i « was at that time on his return journey overland P gasuki . Simoda is eig hty . miles fromi Jeddo , n ; thei ex treme point of the gulf , nt tho head of which the oapUaJ is placed . Up this bay tho squadron proceedo , witi a fair wind , on the 12 th , and reached a point oppoaito « ie T > ™* « f TCnn «< rnwn hftVOnd wllioll nO foreign SH'P """

    over ventu ^ T and where tho Russian ^ rH ^ es - then bo discerned at anchor . Captain Oaboni , proiw ing his readiness to approach « a near the ony i sible , Lord Elgin seemed determined no i toJoso opportunity of establishing , i pwoodont lllcoly to « important in our future intercourse with Japihi , an , the astonishment of both Russians and Jonnose , tn British ships deliberately pnascd the sacred ^ limit « ultimately anchored about a mio and o li ™ * ™ ftt 0 rt city . The arrival of the British ^«^ jJ M W £ - ng " J which the Japanese had soduloualy "F ^ W J b too shallow to admit of the onproaoU of U £ 6 ° J . filled them with dismay and M&ntahinont , J lowed each other , with officials of aaoon ^ . " ? , S huU 1 ranki to bog thorn to return to Kanagawa , t »• ^ tho anchorage was ««» S oro f' ^ f" , J ' , T , iemerits of Impo . slule to procure and send off W . ' , * '' ° ftnun ount Kanagawa wore expatiated on in , Vain i tho pan

    — f M I" "" h JSNGLANP AND JAPAN \ Tnm treaty -which tho Earl of Elgin has aucooodod in concluding with tho empire of Japan cannot fall eventually to produce Important results as affeotlng tho foreign commerce of this country ; and tho particulars of

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    Untitled Article

    THE LEADER . [ No . 450 , November 6 , 1858 . J-JLo" ¦ . ___ - —_—i—»———— " ¦ " ^ " - " *"' ~ " - - •• —

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Nov. 6, 1858, page 1180, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2267/page/4/