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    new rnasters are only acquainted with the system of teachmg by which they themselves were taught . They have learned nothing new , and have made no improvement on old rules ; the consequence is , that the ° -eneral effect of the educational training deteauordtesi and the reputation of the school suffers in proportion . ' Besides , it is notorious that some of the masters— -we will not give names—are not the best qualified for the task of teaching youth . We Jiave . said nothing about the punishments inflicted , in the lower school principally . That is a question open to discussion ; but certainly the system of punishments requires regulation .

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    FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESS . —A YOUNG CONTEMPORARY . JouRNAiisM is now a great power in society . It is the record of what is done , and foreshadows by expressing our hopes and desires what is to come . The medium of communication for minds is the external world , and by facts all assertions are tested , all judgments corrected , and all conduct ultimately guided . The press being the instrument for carrying 1 on this communication , becomes , as reading and writing predominate over oral language , inevitable ; « tud its influence increases with all the circumstances which render oral communication insufficient for the purposes of life . As men are scattered , dispersed , separated , and yet continue to communicate , the press becomes more and more the voice of the un-. seen mind of mankind . Journals are iiumerous in proportion as men are multiplied and are free . They are many in England , and much more numerous in the United States . By the press the inventions of genius , the discoveries of science , the improvements of art , are . made generally known . The statesman has recourse to it to explain and recommend his policy ; the priest uses it to obtain suDUOrfc for his religion or enlorce its precepts . Its

    learn to appreciate its remarks ; and to avow none , is to be a mere literary co / idottiere , standing ready armed , and offering to take service under any flag . Our contemporary , exhibits a very determined hostility to Puritanism in all its forms , but chiefly because it is vulgar ; and High Church he cherishes and defends , less apparently because it teaches Gospel or any other truth , than because it is welleducated , very learned , and extremely genteel . Otherwise * we cannot make out that he has aiiy principle . He may represent the dandyism of the elub , the philanthropy of the cloister , the fastidiousness of . the polished politician , and be the trite exponent of the opinions of the well-drilled pupils of Downing-street and Oxford ; but he does not bear aloft either the standard of fixed iustitutious

    Revived , " which was as tunous against miiocent pictures as the Sabbatarians are against innocent recreations on the Sabbath . Our faith iii the honesty of the journalist and our respect for his consistency were entirely overthrown by finding ait intolerant purist , who had been held up to ridicule and contempt in one column , fighting furiously in another in favour of enforcing a conventional morality of decency . Our contemporary , like an

    Oxonian , has much learning , which has been obtained to serve a purpose , and is unscrupulously used to attain his own end in the case—not the emoluments of the Church , but the supremacy-of " educated and gently nurtured" collegians . The want of principle is compensated by a very specious appearance and great pretensions , which scarcely disguise the " superficiality and flimsiness" which it is the characteristic of Oxford always to substitute for healthy and profound doctrine .

    or indispensable progress . Oh one day , August 21 , he attacks the . Protectionist squires , shows that they made laws for the community in happy ignorance of " the existence of the manufacturing moiety of the population , " that an idle landlord—and most of the laudlords are idlers—is a mean and unhappy man compared to " the peasant who closes a life of incessant toil in the workhouse . " A man who is , like the bulk of the aristocracy , the heir to a large property , who "has been employing the labour of many persons during the term of his existence in the Sisyphean

    task of feeding his consuming appetites , must , according to our contemporary , pass a remorseful old age . He descants on the evils of a national debt—the work of the rulers he admires—which " has created a mass of property without ostensible duties . " He quotes the cynical saying that " the . greatest burden on the land is the landlord , " and warns the squires that this may swell into a formidable cry "if they can show nothing more . 'for . all they consume than a certain addition " to-the-. difficulties of draining the metropolis . " He sets forUi the evil which the creation of the national debt has done by

    weakening " anidng the rich the general sense of . the'duties of property . " . And on the same day he tells us that " peers and millionnaires , " the men who merely " add to-the difficulties of draining the metropolis ' ( coarse enough for such a polished-print ) are invaluable in securing the supremacy of the educal cd and gently nurtured classes . " He asserts that " the only institutions in ' Europe which are really free , have been fostered and maintained by a privileged minority" which did not know of the existence of the manufacturing moiety of the community , and was obliged to be terrified into resigning the

    cornlaws and into granting every other . freedom which the despised ana outraged multitude has gradually forced the privileged minority to concede and guarantee against itself . Generally advocating the claims ol the aristocracy—declaring even that " it is idle to expect that a colony of . fanners and traders will exhibit qualities which belong to a society originally founded by feudal landholders , " and therefore expressing a wish " that Canada might have a nobler political organisation than that of the United States , " the Saturday lloykw did on one and the same day make out our idle squires to bo a very

    worthless class of men , and held up tins portion oi the community to public admiration as the foundation of alL our greatness and all our amenities . Wo arc not contending now against the theories of the Saturday Jjteoietp , or it might be easily shown that feudal landlordism is the great source of the feeble senso of the duties and rights of property which prevail amongst the rich , and winch luud statesmcMjtp , establish national debts and other great and continual violations of tlio ' property of

    "industry—that the suavity of nmnnors ascribed to the " gently nurtured" or upper classes is duo to tlio resistance they have mot with from the traders and labourers whom they have never ceased to despise- — and that the greatness of Britain and the greatness of the UnitcdStatesare equally duo to the energies of farmers and traders 5 but wo waive contention , and , only aim at showing how our contompovary , from being destitute of principles , can contradict himself .

    Wo will now refer to another specimen'only , but , 4 f ^ ttooos . sftcy . ^ wiUMXuaujnQ-Qiii ^ g uard ^ iauahii ) of consistonoy aud truth against tlio invasions ofIho jircss " hereafter . On tho uump day , August 21 , also , the Saturday Review had quifco u liberal articles against Sabbatarianism . It waa ft good opportunity for hitting the Puritans . It was well done . For our pant , being consistently opposed to all suoh conventional morals being forced ou observance , oiChor by penal laws or public opinion , wo road tho article with groat pleasure ; but , in another page of the JEtoviow , wo found an article oalled " Hotywcll-stroot

    ^ excellence is derived from the circumstance which some persons regard as a degradation , and urge against it as areproach . The newspaper is a mercantile speculation . It is produced , like cotton , cloth , and wheat , to sell . It is worthless , accordingly , unless ¦ it be bought and read . To be read continuously it must please and satisfy the reader . It naturally therefore adapts itself to him . It represents consequently all shades of opinion , it records all kinds of events , it conveys the thoughts of one to another , it amalgamates all , and as the material world from which it takes its hues is common

    -to all , it unites all by a common knowledge and a common sentiment . Even now journals which are daily increasing ¦ in power are more influential than statesmen ; and , helping to form as well as express the general sentiments , their teaching is of more importance than -the acts of Ministers . The public are more dependent on them for knowledge than on lawyers , politicians , or clergymen . In the great system ot division of labour they are the purveyors of mental sustenance , and for the moral health of the nation it is essential that they be , above alt

    things , honest , and supply unsophisticated , unadulterated articles . Palpable deceit—the substitution < qf morsels of vvood , for nutmegs—is at once detected j it is the finer kinds of adulteration that deceive . Gross outrages of moral sentiment or taste in the press at once offend , but subtle distinctions , specious superficiality , casuistry disguised as logic , . plausible ye ^ oning dictated by sordid selfishness or wild ambition , lead the judgment astray , and make the press more baneful to the nation than the adulterations of shopkeepers it is never tired of reprobating . There iw , however , no censor of the press but the press jtself j and hence it is an important part of the duty of journals to keep watch over one . ftrtniiinr . On this annnnnfc ota vnnhnrA fn RnnnL- nf

    one of the youngest and most successful , and , therefore , one of the most influential , of our contemporaries , convinced that the good ho will do will bo enhanced tenfold by being warned in time against ( the evil he seems likely to engender , Tll ^ S ^ S ^^^ i ^ in a short time , chiefly by a smart boldness of style , a ready appreciation of events , aud an . apparent negation of principle . Wo « cannot object to a journal adopting any kind of principles , for amongst the public all kinds of principles exist , and it is tor tho comr : mon benefit that each and all should bo expressed . They are ' the really important parts of sooial life-7-• tho motives for action—and they ought to be kaown to be guarded against if wrong , and corrected . 3 ? roov the avowed principles of a journal the public .

    Untitled Article

    qog THE LEA DEE . [ No . 442 r SbptemberII , 1858 ^

    Untitled Article

    Mr . Coxisoiiam , M . P . —On Monday night the member for Brighton delivered before his constituents an address , reviewing the events of the last session . Although the . lion , gentleman was connected not very long ago with the party opposed to Lord Palinerston , he yet exhibited every disposition in his speech not only to forgive the noble lord ' s past offences ^ but also again to trust him -with place aud power , as the head of a reorganised Liberal party . According to Mr . Coningham , the time has not yet arrived when a Radical Government can enter , office , and perhaps for this reason he kept his Chartist principles in abeyance , and was equally silent with regard to the promised Reform Bill . He , however , extolled the Bowring policy in China , and indulged in a fling at the Ellenborough despatch , while he was ve ' rv severe upon the Derby Government for their inconsistency in presuming to abandon their old Tory principles .

    A . n U'NCQ 2 fTESTEi > Ejection . — -An official documenf , emanating from the election auditor for Hertfordshire , shows that the cost to Sir Edward 13 til we r Lytton of his last election was no less than 1117 / . 12 s . 3 d . The election was uneon-tested , only eight days intervened between the issue of the Speaker ' s warrant antl tho day-of election ; there was rio polling ; the nomination took place in a field in the vicinity of Hertford in the open air , and the candidate addressed the constituency from a waggon , thus dispensing with hustings ; and yet this purely formal proceeding subjected him to an outlay of nearly 150 / . a day lor each of the eight days , a Sunday included , or nearly a fourth of his salary as Colonial Minister . " What the pecuniary result of a

    contested election to Sir Lytton would -have been can lie * but faintly imagined . 1 G 01 . 6 s . 5 d . was expended in London ; 284 / . 5 s . lid . at Hertford ; 102 / . 7 s . at Hemel Hempstead and Great Berkhampstend ; 75 / . at Hitchin ; 57 / . 9 s . 5 d . at Bishop Stortford ; . 71 / . Id's . 6 d . at Stevenage ; 105 / . 18 s . Gd . at St . A 1 ban ' s ; 71 / . Ms ^ lOd . at lioddesdon ; 56 / . at Buntingford ; Gil . Is . 7 d . at Watford ; and 59 / . 5 s . at Ilatlield ; 20 / , 19 s . was the auditor ' s fee and percentage ; and 2 / . 11 s . for advertisements . Upwards of 800 / . went in the payment of " agency and canvassing expenses ; " 11 ) 2 / . 18 s . 9 d . in printing , stationery , and advertisements ( 131 / . ISs . 8 d . Uing sppnt under those heads in Hertford alone ); 73 / . 10 s . -Id . to tlio returning oflicor for hustings ( a few waggon . s drawn up in a field ); 22 / . 3 s . 6 il . for two commi tteo rooms , one in London ; and 20 / . 15 a . 3 d . for assistants , mcosongoiv , and miscellaneous expenses .

    Tun Dean oi < ' C ' auwsms and the Kkv . Pkecuntoji Livingston . — On Tuesday the Bishop of Carlisle , assisted by Dr . Trnvers Twiss , Chancellor of the diocoso "f London , and tlte Rev , C . J . Burton , Chancellor <> f tlio diocese of Carlisle , as assessors , held a Court in the Chapter House to hoar un appeal of the Ucv . T . ( j . Livingston , minor canon and precentor , arising out of a dispute which at tho time created , much interest in tho public mind . Mr . Edwin James , Q . U ,, mid Mr . Lnwrio . appeared for the Dean and Chapter . Mr . Temple , Q . C ., represented Mr . L'ivingfrt ' oiv ; the "defendant . Tho point at issue , which the bishop had to try , was the right to presoribe the selection of muwic to bo used in thu cathedral service . Mr . Livingston claimed this right under a clause which gives tho precentor tlio coinmnml of the minor canons , clerks , and choristers . Tlio ( loan prohibited Mr . Livingston from having anything to do

    with tho singing lists , and eventually suspended him from his office . Upon this Mr . LivingHton wmto «« J circulated certain charges against tho dean wliK'I' ' vainly endeavoured to induce the chapter to roivive . Tho dean then pronounced formal sontonco upon hfii ' i a course in which ho was supported by tho ciiiioiih rosi-. UftntiAry of tho cathedral . Against this decision Ur . IA v 1 ngaToTTnpp TJnT o ^^ tho case , and tho fa eta in tho appellant ' s petition , so fur as they wont , woro not disputed . Mr . Jnino « , on bohalf of the dean and chapter , contended that tho grown " of Mr . Livingston ' s dismissal woro not solely thoao «» - logorl iu tho document purporting to dl « in ^« 1 » I' »» » nlltl roud many lettorrt omlouvouring to follow 11 mL tho rovk proocutov had boon wilfully contumacious and < li » io-Hpootful to hia superiors since his appointment in 1 t * fi >*> - At tho conclusion of tho learned counsel ' s upcooh tl » i > roout adjourned .

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 11, 1858, page 938, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2259/page/18/